DOCSLIB.ORG

Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (With Supplementary Data Through 1983)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (With Supplementary Data Through 1983) DOCUMENT RESUME ED 257 672 SE 045 768 TITLE Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (WithSupplementary Data through 1983). Manned Space Programsand Spar- L' Sciences. Part 2. Prepared at the Requesto! He Bob Packwood, Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United StatesSenate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session. INSTITUTION Congress of the U.S., Washington, D.C. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. REPORT NO Senate-Prt-98-235-PART-2 PUB DATE Oct 84 NOTE 314p. AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, DC 20402. PUB TYPE Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials (090) -- Reports - Research/Technical (143) EMS PRICE MFO1 /1DC13 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Technology; *BiologicalSciences; Gravity (Physics); Satellites (Aerospace); *Scientific Research; *Space Exploration; *SpaceSciences; Training IDENTIFIERS Congress 98th; *USSR ABSTRACT This report, the second of a three-part studyof Soviet space programs, examinestheir manned space programs and reviews their quest for a permanentlymanned presence in space. Also included is information concerning thephysiologici.1 and psychological findings related to theextended duration of Soviet manned flights and an executive summary.Chapter 1 is an overview of the manned programs of both theSoviet Union and the United States (1957-83). Chapter 2 highlightssignificant activities in Soviet manned spaceflight from 1981 to 1983.Chapter 3 provides detailed information on manned space flight programs,considering the early years of Soviet mannedspaceflight, first generation space flights (Salyut 1-5), Salyut 6, mannedmissions to Salyut 6 (1977-80), and other areas. Chapter 4 providesadditional information on the Soviet space life sciences,examining cosmonaut selection and training, space medicine,life support, negative and positivegravitational forces, biological research in space,and other areas. (fN) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the bestthat can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** N 4. ° rt1,4 2 sower SPACE MANNED SE4CE PRO Varawisx HAAN. Boa ,,,eiseczogosh Clwrni4.4 cxxtaurrEz.. ON 01-.A044,R.CE, SCIENCE, , Liliap,41 w 1.#1. DtPAR(PAtt41 31 EDUCATKM ,ONA1 T tOF EDLIC A t0F4 4 Pm-44)4 Cawatattua 11 :Nth Congress 1 S. Pier. 98-235 2d Session COMMITTEE PRINT Part 2 SOVIET SPACE PROGRAMS: 1976-80 (WITH SUPPLEMENTARY DATA THROUGH 198:3) MANNED SPACE PROGRAMS AND SPACE LIFE SCIENCES PREPARED AT THE REQUEST OF HON. BOB PACKWOOD, Chairman COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE Part 2 Printed for the use of the Committee cm Commerce, Science, and Transportetion U.S. COVEINMENT PRINTING OTTICr 98,6 U WARRINGTON 3984 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U S. GovernmentPrinting Office Washington, DC. 20402 3 #.0 (X)MMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION BOB PACKWOOD, Oregon, Ciinimur BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona ERNEST F. HOLLINGS, South Carolina JOHN C. DANFORTH, Missouri RUSSELL B LONG, Louisiana NANCY LANDON KASSEBAUM, Kansas DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii LARRY PRESSLER, South Dakota WENDELL H FORD, Kentucky SLADE GORTON, Washington DONALD W. RIEGLE, Jr., Michigan TED STEVENS, Alaska J. JAMES EXON, Nebraska BOB KAS'TEN. Wisconsin HOWFIL HEFLIN, Alabama PAUL S TRIBLE, Jr.. Virginia FRANK r., LAUTENBERG, New Jersey Gritst-o J. KOVACH, Chief Counsel RAuli B. f'hintr.n., Afinoray Chief Counsel RII -Ng LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE,AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC, October 9, 1984. DEAR COLLEAGUE: I,am pleasedto transmit herewith foryour in- formation and use, part 2 of theCongressional Research Service study, entitled "Soviet SpacePrograms: 1976-80." This part of the studyfocuses on the Soviet mannedflight pro- grams, including their space station activities,and the life sciences related to theseprograms. Part 2 of this study shouldprove to be of continuing value to the Members of Congressas issues related to Sovietspace programs become increasingly relevant. Sincerely, BOB PACKWOOD, Chairmar. 5 LETTER OF SUBMITTAL U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC, October 3, 1984. Hon. BOB PACKWOOD, Chairman, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and nanspor- tation, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC. DEAR MR. CHAIKMAN: Transmitted herewith is the second of a three-part study, entitled "Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80." This report was prepared by the Congressional Research Service at the request of the Subcomxnittee on Science, Technology, and Space. Part 2 focuses on Soviet manned space programs, and reviews the Sqviet quest for a permanently manned presence in space. Also included in this part of the study is information concerning the physiological and psychological findings related to the extended du- ration of Soviet manned flights. Part 1 of the study, released in 1982, contained a detailed de- scription of supporting vehicles and launch facilities, political goals and purposes, international cooperation, and the future outlook for Soviet space programs. Part 3 will examine Soviet unmanned space programs, including space sciences, applications, and military ac- tivities. I believe that this second part, which details Soviet space station activities through 1983, will be of particular value to the Committee as we consider the administration's proposal to develop a permanently manned space station. The Congressional Research Service is to be commended for its scholarly effort in preparing part 2 of the study. This comprehen- sive and thorough research will be an important resource to the Committee and to the other Members of Congress as manned space activities in the Soviet Union and the United States become more frequent and consequential. Sincerelyi, SLADE GORTON, Chairman, Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space. (V) 6 CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Washington, D.C., February 3, 1984. Hon. SLAVE GORTON, Chairman. Subcommittee on Science, Technotogy, and Space, Com- mittee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. DE /.R MR. CHAIRMAN: We are happy to transmit toyou herewith part 2 of our review of Soviet space activities for the period 1976 1980. As you know, Dr. Charles S. Sheldon II, who spearheaded the preparation of earlier editions of this report and was to have been primarily responsible for this edition as well, passed hwgy in 1981. As a result, this report has taken longer to prepare thanwe had planned, and we have therefore included a supplementary chapter which highlightssignificantSoviet space activities from 1981 through 198:3. Information in this report is currentas of December 21., 1982. This volume has been written by Marcia S. Smith, Specialist .in Aerospace and Telecommunications Systemso`Nlfred Hellman, while he was an exchange fellow with CRS from the National Cancer Institute; and Christopher H. Dodge, Specialist in LeeSci- ences. Ms. Smith was responsible for all sections of the report deal- ing with the manned space program, while Dr. Hellman and Mr. Dodge were responsible for the sectionon space life sciences. Before his illness, Dr. Sheldon had preparedmany of the tables which appear in this volume. Mr. Terrence Lisbeth, Ms. Christine Anderson, and Ms. Kaseem Hall, under the direction of,,Ms. Shirley Williams, Production Support Unit of the Science PdIicy Research Division, CRS, provided editorial assistance in the preparation of the final manuscript. It should be emphasized that the report is based exclusivelyupon unclassified sources, including Soviet announcements and inde- pendent analyses made by Weeern observers of the Soviet space program and reported in the United States and abroad. The work of the Kettering Group, based in Kettering, England, has been par- ticularly valuable in preparing this edition, as it has been in the past. Special thanks are extended to Mr. Geoffrey E. Perry, head of the Kettering Group, for his peer review of chapter three. Special thanks are also extended to Mr. David R. Woods, an engi- neer with IBM Federal &stems Division in Owego, NY, who pre- _ pared most of the illustrilltions in the report, and to Ralph F. Gib- bons for allowing CRS to use several drawings he had previously prepared for other publications, These illustrations are copyrighted and may not be used elsewhere without their permission. All the illustrations are based on unclassified material appearing in scien- tific journ'th or actual models shown at/the Paris Air Show and other technical displays. Part1 of this review, dealing with launch vehicles and sites, po- litical goals and purposes of the Soviet program, the Sovietattitude towards international cooperation in space, Soviet organizationfor conducting its space activities, and the resource burdenof the space program on the Soviet economy, waspublished in December 1952 by your committee. Part 3, covering unmanned spaceactivi- ties (space science, space applications, and mi;itaryactivities), will be delivered to you in the near future. We hope that these compre- hensive reviews of Soviet spate activities, which CRS hasprepartd since continue to be useful in your deliberations on priorities for the U.S. space program. Sincerely, (111.11F.HT GLIDE, Director. CONTENTS Ng. Letter of transmittal Letter of submittal 111:CUTIVZ 81.111MAJIIY Steady progress toward a permanent foothold in space 447 CHAPTER 1. OVIXVICW or
Load more

Recommended publications
  • USGS Open-File Report 2005-1190, Table 1
    TABLE 1 GEOLOGIC FIELD-TRAINING OF NASA ASTRONAUTS BETWEEN JANUARY 1963 AND NOVEMBER 1972 The following is a year-by-year listing of the astronaut geologic field training trips planned and led by personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Branches of Astrogeology and Surface Planetary Exploration, in collaboration with the Geology Group at the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas at the request of NASA between January 1963 and November 1972. Regional geologic experts from the U.S. Geological Survey and other governmental organizations and universities s also played vital roles in these exercises. [The early training (between 1963 and 1967) involved a rather large contingent of astronauts from NASA groups 1, 2, and 3. For another listing of the astronaut geologic training trips and exercises, including all attending and the general purposed of the exercise, the reader is referred to the following website containing a contribution by William Phinney (Phinney, book submitted to NASA/JSC; also http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/ap-geotrips.pdf).] 1963 16-18 January 1963: Meteor Crater and San Francisco Volcanic Field near Flagstaff, Arizona (9 astronauts). Among the nine astronaut trainees in Flagstaff for that initial astronaut geologic training exercise was Neil Armstrong--who would become the first man to step foot on the Moon during the historic Apollo 11 mission in July 1969! The other astronauts present included Frank Borman (Apollo 8), Charles "Pete" Conrad (Apollo 12), James Lovell (Apollo 8 and the near-tragic Apollo 13), James McDivitt, Elliot See (killed later in a plane crash), Thomas Stafford (Apollo 10), Edward White (later killed in the tragic Apollo 1 fire at Cape Canaveral), and John Young (Apollo 16).
    [Show full text]
  • Istanbul Technical University Institute of Science And
    İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY « INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DESIGN STUDY OF A COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM AND GROUND STATION FOR ITU-pSAT II M.Sc. Thesis by Melih FİDANOĞLU Department : Institue of Science and Technology Programme : Defence Technologies JANUARY 2011 İSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY « INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DESIGN STUDY OF A COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM AND GROUND STATION FOR ITU-pSAT II M.Sc. Thesis by Melih FİDANOĞLU (514071013) Date of submission : 20 December 2010 Date of defence examination: 24 January 2011 Supervisor (Chairman) : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gökhan İNALHAN (ITU) Members of the Examining Committee : Prof. Dr. İbrahim ÖZKOL (ITU) Prof. Dr. Metin Orhan KAYA (ITU) JANUARY 2011 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ « FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ITU-pSAT II İÇİN İLETİŞİM ALTSİSTEMİ VE YER İSTASYONU TASARIM ÇALIŞMASI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Melih FİDANOĞLU (514071013) Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 20 Aralık 2010 Tezin Savunulduğu Tarih : 24 Ocak 2011 Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Gökhan İnalhan (İTÜ) Diğer Jüri Üyeleri : Prof. Dr. İbrahim Özkol (İTÜ) Prof. Dr. Metin Orhan Kaya (İTÜ) OCAK 2011 FOREWORD First of all, I would like to thank my advisor, Gökhan İnalhan for the opportunity to work in the fantastic setup of Control and Avionics Laboratory and to work with the research team here. I would like to thank ITU-pSAT II project team including Emre Koyuncu, Melahat Cihan, Elgiz Başkaya and Soner Işıksal for being my project teammates. Also, my sincere thanks goes to Control and Avionics Lab's fellow labmates, including, but not limited to, Serdar Ateş, Oktay Arslan and Nazım Kemal Üre. A special thanks goes to TÜBİTAK. Without their contributions, this project would not be possible.
    [Show full text]
  • BRINGING HISTORY to LIFE Seesseeee Ppapagesgesgeses 32-33!
    JuneJJuunen 201722001177 BRINGING HISTORY TO LIFE SeeSSeeee PPaPagesgesgeses 32-33! 1:72 Scale Eighth Air Force: B-17G and Bomber Re-supply SetIURP$LUÀ[ See Page 3 for complete details. Over 200 NEW Kits and Accessories Inside These Pages! PLASTIC MODELOD ELE L KITS K I T S • MODEL ACCESSORIES SeeS bback cover for full details. BOOKS & MAGAZINES • PAINTS & TOOLS • GIFTS & COLLECTIBLES OrderO Today at WWW.SQUADRON.COM or call 1-877-414-0434 June Cover 1.indd 1 5/10/2017 6:18:07 PM DearDFid Friends June is always a busy month at Squadron; especially with the upcoming shows we are attending. There is Scale Fest in Grape- vine, Texas and of course our main event of the year, EagleQuest, just to name a few. If you didn’t get tickets yet, there is still time. Visit our website at www.SquadronEagleQuest.com for updates. Every year this event has grown and the exquisite work from highly skilled modelers that is being displayed is a testament to the success of the show. So come and join us and bring friends and family for a modeling experience like no other. We’ll see you there! Another big convention that we attend every year is the IPMS Nationals in July. This year it is hosted in Omaha Nebraska. The “Nationals” is an event I always look forward to because of Squadron’s outreach to the public. We love to meet you and hear your feedback in person! Be sure to stop by and see us if you plan to attend.
    [Show full text]
  • ABM and SPACE DEFENSE A. Karpenko Nevsky Bastion, No. 4, 1999, Pp
    ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE A. Karpenko Nevsky Bastion, No. 4, 1999, pp. 2-47 The work on designing of the antiballistic missiles (ABM) began in 1946. Within the framework of the MX-C94 Wizard project the American Michigan University researched and prepared specifications for the ABM missiles intended for interception of long-range missiles of the V-2 type. The Soviet Union also started working on the ABM defense problems after World War II. Between 1948 and 1951, the NII-4 research institute of the Defense Ministry (the group of G. Mozharovsky) and the NII-885 research institute (the group of Khlebtsevich), which worked on development and application of ballistic missiles, performed the first, mainly theoretical, research of possibilities of the ABM defense organization. This research offered the schemes for ABMs equipment with two types of homing systems. For the television-guided ABMs a fragmentation warhead was offered with low-speed fragments and a circular-disc effective zone. The warhead was to be exploded with a deflection allowing for formation of the fragments' field. For the self-homing ABMs the directed effect warhead was offered, which had to turn towards the target together with the missile, and had to be exploded in response to the information of the self-homing warhead, creating the biggest density of the fragments' field directed to the target. In 1950, the Third Main Department (TGU) was organized within the Special Committee under the supervision of Lavrenty Beriya. The KB-1 design bureau, which concentrated the leading specialists developing guided missiles and homing systems, was the favorite of the TGU.
    [Show full text]
  • Årbog 2015 December 2015 Årgang 44 Nr
    Årbog 2015 December 2015 Årgang 44 nr. 5 ISSN 0905-1635 Søværnets smukke øvelsesskibe SVANEN og THYRA kendes nok af de fleste sejlere, for de har flittigt gennemkrydset danske farvande i mere end 50 år. De er brugsbåde, bygget af mahogni på eg. Jens Riise og den prisbelønnede fotograf Jan Grarup har været om bord. Foto: Jan Grarup Flere milepæle i TS: 1.000 medlemmer og udsigt til fastansat forretningsfører Formanden har ordet – også om nyt forsikringstilbud, nye lokalfolk og to dialogmøder med Skibsbevaringsfonden med debat om, hvordan skibene bevares, så de også kan bruges. Af Merete Ettrup Har du tjekket forsikringen på dit skib for nylig? TS har sam- med de nyudnævnte lokalfolk glæder os til at se udvikle sig men med Søassurancen Danmark bygget videre på aftalen om endnu mere i 2016. at lave gode forsikringer for vores skibe. Det er med glæde, at vi fra 1. januar kan præsentere en helt særlig ansvarsforsikring Debat om skibsbevaringen for TS skibe op til 20 BRT for 250 kroner om året. Forsikrin- Novembers to medlemsmøder om Skibsbevaringsfonden var et gen tegnes hos TS og afregnes sammen med dit TS kontingent. nyt tiltag, der gav anledning til gode diskussioner om Fon- Jeg er rigtig glad for denne aftale, især fordi vi i første omgang dens arbejde. Skibsbevaringsfondens sekretariatsleder Tom fik at vide, at TS skibene er for forskellige til at lave sådan Rasmussen svarede villigt på TS medlemmernes mange – og en kollektiv ordning. Men nu er der åbnet for et nyt produkt, også kritiske – spørgsmål om kriterierne for ’rigtig’ skibsbe- som jeg håber vil blive taget rigtig godt imod – og forhåbent- varing og uddeling af bevaringsværdigheds erklæringer.
    [Show full text]
  • Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space
    SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space December 1983 NTIS order #PB84-181437 Recommended Citation: SALYUT: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space–A Technical Mere- orandum (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA- TM-STI-14, December 1983). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 83-600624 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword As the other major spacefaring nation, the Soviet Union is a subject of interest to the American people and Congress in their deliberations concerning the future of U.S. space activities. In the course of an assessment of Civilian Space Stations, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) has undertaken a study of the presence of Soviets in space and their Salyut space stations, in order to provide Congress with an informed view of Soviet capabilities and intentions. The major element in this technical memorandum was a workshop held at OTA in December 1982: it was the first occasion when a significant number of experts in this area of Soviet space activities had met for extended unclassified discussion. As a result of the workshop, OTA prepared this technical memorandum, “Salyut: Soviet Steps Toward Permanent Human Presence in Space. ” It has been reviewed extensively by workshop participants and others familiar with Soviet space activities. Also in December 1982, OTA wrote to the U. S. S. R.’s Ambassador to the United States Anatoliy Dobrynin, requesting any information concerning present and future Soviet space activities that the Soviet Union judged could be of value to the OTA assess- ment of civilian space stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Reeification Feb 10.Pdf
    REEIfi cation NEWS FROM INDIANA UNIVERSITY’S RUSSIAN AND EAST EUROPEAN INSTITUTE Maria Bucur, Director Lauren Butt, Editor Vol. 34, No. 1 February 2010 Elinor Ostrom: the Romanian Connection by Horia Terpe February 2010 Elinor Ostrom Photo courtesy of Indiana University Features A few years before the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences put their ideas into the worldwide spotlight, the work of Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues at Elinor Ostrom: the Roma- the Workshop for Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University nian Connection 1 was already fairly known and well received in Romania and other countries in REEI on Base in Monterey 2 post-communist transition. The pattern of Romanian social sciences after 1990 has been to catch up On Thick Ice: Thoughts on to the advances in Western social thinking that occurred during the fi fty years the Russian Winter 3 of isolation behind the Iron Curtain. This process has unfolded quickly, with successive generations of professionals re-tooling their specializations. Classical, Faculty Profile: Ariann Stern- behavioral, institutional and (neo) institutional theories have found their way to Gottschalk 4 Romanian academic centers. This pattern is not limited to the social sciences; it 3rd Annual Romanian Studies is even more observable in areas such as technology, music and fashion. Among Conference 6 various infl uences, Ostrom’s ideas were at the top of the list. There is also a special compatibility between the Bloomington variant of new institutionalism (especially its organization in the Institutional Analysis Robert Gates Visits IU 7 and Development framework) and the specifi c instance of a country in post- Outreach Notes: 8 communist transition.
    [Show full text]
  • N O T I C E This Document Has Been Reproduced From
    N O T I C E THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FROM MICROFICHE. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CERTAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RELEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLE 0 NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM NASA TM-76719 HLNGARIAN COSMONAUT IN SPACE Translation of to Urhajos a Vilagrurben, MTIJelenti;'Special Edition, May 26 9 1980, pp. 1-31 882-11097 (BASt-Tit-76719) HUNGARIAB COSMONAUT 1h A;UronautticsandSpace SPACB (National A05/AF Adainistration) CSCL 22A Unclas G5/12 27783 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20546 September 1981 STANOAAO TITLN FAGG • I.. moved M1. ^. w«.r•wIO MA/MMA 11Ar 1 R••1^1«w'A CM•IM Mw NAt3A 'i'M-'rb'(1'^ 4. Tide end 16"ft Sept.emb^•r, l^fll IiUNGAIZIAN COSMUNAtrP IN SPACE 6. refoonafte Or towasues Code 1 1 T. A.••d 4 ^. ► «h•..1aq 099OW401160 R•Ar/ Nw IO. ...t u.11 N.. I1. C•,^.••/ « G.•wl Mw T. Fe le.m.nq O./o+1e•11•w N•i•• and AI/r•// NASM SCITRAN IT. Typo of Now sad ► «+•A C•••.d box 5456 Translation IZ. S.r.••^ A•^{ N•^•• w^1 A/1.•// tionar A^ ronaYtiCa and Space Adainiatration HasninAton. D.C. 10546 14. s,«o••.I.q Ago"T Code IeftenIwyNotes Translation of F-^t'7,y. ,lr U rhajos a Vilagrurbon, M'1'1jelenti," Specinl Edition, May 26, 1980, 1-31 Ile. Ab•n«t This: lengthy article describes the ,joint Soviet-Hungarian space t'light. Commander of ".,oyuz-36" was V.
    [Show full text]
  • Design for Chernobyl / Between Power and Plants
    Design for Chernobyl / between power and plants The designers at LOLA by Silke Rainen landscape architects, L+CC architects and TALLER Architects use glass as a metaphor for the dilemma of invisible danger in Chernobyl. 2 DESIGN FOR CHERNOBYL Nature returns, even in Chernobyl. Photo Kai van Reenen What could the world possibly learn from a world that has died? Bright yellow warning signs and a silver lining! The post-nuclear landscape of Chernobyl in Ukraine has been dubbed the mother of all lost land- scapes. Humans wisely abandoned the toxic zone cre- ated by the 1986 nuclear disaster. The cruel loss of a place of human habitation has in the meantime made way for the triumphant return of wild nature, to the astonishment of scientists. Despite the radioactivity, and faster than anyone would have imagined possi- ble, life returned to the death zone. DESIGN FOR CHERNOBYL The only difference is, this is not a ‘fun place’ at all Scenes of the village of Pripyat, founded in 1970 for the workers of the nuclear plant. Photos Kai van Reenen AN OBSERVATION Luxuriant nature overlaying an invisible dan- ger made people believe it was safe to return to Chernobyl. And they have done so in large numbers. So much so that souvenir kiosks have sprung up and it is possible to take a guided tour around the site. Visitors can locate the highlights on a map that would not be out of place in Disney World. The only differ- ence is, this is not a ‘fun place’ at all. Since the region has never been granted protected status, these devel- opments are all omens that Chernobyl’s Exclusion Zone could die another death.
    [Show full text]
  • École De Paris Tableaux Modernes Photographies Aviation Conquête Spatiale
    EXPERTISES – VENTES AUX ENCHÈRES École de Paris Tableaux modernes Photographies Aviation Conquête spatiale Paris - Hôtel Drouot - 8 et 9 octobre 2019 EXPERTISES – VENTES AUX ENCHÈRES VENTE AUX ENCHÈRES PUBLIQUES Hôtel Drouot Richelieu salle 6 9, rue Drouot à Paris IXe Mardi 8 octobre 2019 à 14 h École de Paris Tableaux Modernes Mercredi 9 octobre 2019 à 14 h Photographies Aviation Conquête spatiale Reproduction des œuvres sur : www.ogerblanchet.fr - www.jj-mathias.fr Expositions publiques : Le lundi 7 octobre de 11 h à 18 heures Le mardi 8 octobre de 11 h à 12 heures Le mercredi 9 octobre de 11 h à 12 heures EXPERTISES – VENTES AUX ENCHÈRES 22 rue Drouot - 75009 Paris 01 42 46 96 95 - [email protected] ASSISTÉS DES EXPERTS Pour les lots 5 à 10 Pour l’École de Paris Éric SCHOELLER Christophe ZAGRODKI Tél. +33 (0)6 11 86 39 64 Tél. +33 (0)1 43 21 44 52 [email protected] [email protected] Pour les lots 38, 82 à 136, 252, 253, 281 à 287, Pour les autographes et manuscrits 289 à 314 M. Jean-Emmanuel RAUX Cabinet PERAZZONE-BRUN Arts et Autographes 4, rue Favart - 75002 9 rue de l’Odéon - 75006 Paris Tél. +33 (0)1 42 60 45 45 01 43 25 60 48 - [email protected] Pour les photographies M. Serge PLANTUREUX 80 Rue Taitbout - 75009 Paris Tél. +33 (0)6 50 85 60 74 - [email protected] AVERTISSEMENT Concernant l’état des œuvres décrites dans le présent catalogue, des rapports d’état sont disponibles sur simple demande Pour les estampes, sauf mention contraire, les dimensions sont celles de la cuvette pour les gravures et du sujet pour les lithographies J.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Shuttle Program
    Space Shuttle program The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition, 1981 (NASA). For the first two missions only, the external fuel tank spray-on foam insulation (SOFI) was painted white. Subsequent missions have featured an unpainted tank thus exposing the orange/rust colored foam insulation. This resulted in a weight saving of over 1,000 lb (450 kg), a savings that translated directly to added payload capacity to orbit. NASA's Space Shuttle, officially called Space Transportation System (STS), is the United States government's sole manned launch vehicle currently in service. The winged shuttle orbiter is launched vertically, carrying usually five to seven astronauts and up to about 22,700 kg (50,000 lbs) of payload into low earth orbit. When its mission is complete, it reenters the earth's atmosphere and makes an unpowered gliding horizontal landing, usually on a runway at Kennedy Space Center. The Space Shuttle orbiter was manufactured by North American Rockwell, now part of the Boeing Company. Martin Marietta (now part of Lockheed Martin) designed the external fuel tank and Morton Thiokol (now part of Alliant Techsystems (ATK)) designed the solid rocket boosters. The Shuttle is the first orbital spacecraft designed for partial reusability. It carries large payloads to various orbits, provides crew rotation for the International Space Station (ISS), and performs servicing missions. While the vehicle was designed with the capacity to recover satellites and other payloads from orbit and return them to Earth, this capacity has not been used often; it is, however, an important use of the Space Shuttle in the context of the ISS program, as only very small amounts of experimental material, hardware needing to be repaired, and trash can be returned by Soyuz.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Museums Visit More Than 80 Million Visitors, 1/3 of Who Are Visitors Under 18
    Moscow 4 There are more than 3000 museums (and about 72 000 museum workers) in Russian Moscow region 92 Federation, not including school and company museums. Every year Russian museums visit more than 80 million visitors, 1/3 of who are visitors under 18 There are about 650 individual and institutional members in ICOM Russia. During two last St. Petersburg 117 years ICOM Russia membership was rapidly increasing more than 20% (or about 100 new members) a year Northwestern region 160 You will find the information aboutICOM Russia members in this book. All members (individual and institutional) are divided in two big groups – Museums which are institutional members of ICOM or are represented by individual members and Organizations. All the museums in this book are distributed by regional principle. Organizations are structured in profile groups Central region 192 Volga river region 224 Many thanks to all the museums who offered their help and assistance in the making of this collection South of Russia 258 Special thanks to Urals 270 Museum creation and consulting Culture heritage security in Russia with 3M(tm)Novec(tm)1230 Siberia and Far East 284 © ICOM Russia, 2012 Organizations 322 © K. Novokhatko, A. Gnedovsky, N. Kazantseva, O. Guzewska – compiling, translation, editing, 2012 [email protected] www.icom.org.ru © Leo Tolstoy museum-estate “Yasnaya Polyana”, design, 2012 Moscow MOSCOW A. N. SCRiAbiN MEMORiAl Capital of Russia. Major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation center of Russia and the continent MUSEUM Highlights: First reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when Moscow was already a pretty big town.
    [Show full text]