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Acknowledgments Introduction Multiple Perspectives on Soviet Notes Acknowledgments 1. “In Memory,” Explorer’s Gazette 11:1 (January-March 2011): 15, accessed May 21, 2014, http://www.oaea.net/Volume11,Issue1.pdf. 2. Joni Schockett, “The Untold Story of Valery Spitkovsky,” The Jewish Advocate, 202:17 (April 29, 2011): 1, 24, accessed May 21, 2014, http:// spacejibe.wordpress.com/2011/04/29/; and Joni Schockett, “Valery Spitkovsky Rewrites the American Dream,” The Jewish Advocate, 202:18 (May 6, 2011): 1, 8. 3. William H. Waller, “Moon Bases: Lessons from Antarctica,” Sky & Telescope Magazine (November 2010): 86. Introduction Multiple Perspectives on Soviet Space History 1. Asif A. Siddiqi, “The Almaz Space Station Complex: A History, 1964– 1992: Part I,” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 54 (2001): 411–414. 2. On the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), which culminated in two orbital dockings of Apollo and Soyuz in July 1975, see Edward C. Ezell and Linda N. Ezell, The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, NASA SP-4209 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1978). 3. Rex Hall and David J. Shayler, Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft (Chichester: Springer/Praxis, 2003), pp. 186–187; Valentina Ponomareva, “Nachalo vtorogo etapa razvitiya pilotiruyemoy kosmonavtiki (1965–1970 gg.) in Issledovaniya po istorii i teorii razvitiya aviatsionnoy i raketno- kosmicheskoy tekhniki, vyp. 8–10, edited by Boris Raushenbakh (Moscow: Nauka, 2001), pp. 169–170. 4. Boris E. Chertok, Rakety i lyudi: Lunnaya gonka, vol. 4 (Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 2002), pp. 434–435. In the English translation, the wording was softened: “The crew didn’t know what was happen- ing”; Boris Chertok, Rockets and People: The Moon Race, vol. 4, NASA SP-2011–4110 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2011), pp. 497. 5. Recently, a valuable collection of documents related to the organi- zation of the Soviet space program came out: Yuriy M. Baturin, ed., Sovetskaya kosmicheskaya initsiativa v gosudarstvennykh dokumentakh. 1946–1964 gg. (Moscow: RTSoft, 2008). Technical reports on space- craft design, detailed mission logs and postflight reports, and accident 244 NOTES investigation panel documents, however, remain largely unavailable, with the exception of the design of the Vostok spacecraft and Yuriy Gagarin’s mission. On the latter, see Vitaliy A. Davydov, ed., Pervyy pilotiruemyy polyet: Rossiyskaya kosmonavtika v arkhivnykh dokumen- takh, 2 vols (Moscow: Rodina MEDIA, 2011); Larisa V. Uspenskaya, comp., Chelovek. Korabl. Kosmos: Sbornik dokumentov k 50-letiyu poleta v kosmos Yu. A. Gagarina (Moscow: Novyy khronograf, 2011). 6. See Yuriy M. Baturin, ed., Mirovaya pilotiruyemaya kosmonavtika. Istoriya. Tekhnika. Lyudi (Moscow: RTSoft, 2005), pp. 209–210. 7. “Cosmonauts Unfairly Blamed for Failure of Soyuz-15 Flight,” JPRS- USP-94–007 (October 5, 1994): 4–5, translation of Mikhail Rebrov, “Gorkiy privkus slavy,” Krasnaya zvezda (September 9, 1994): 2. 8. Boris Chertok, Rockets and People, NASA SP-2005/2006/2009/2011– 4110, 4 vols (Washington, DC: NASA, 2005–2011). 9. See Asif A. Siddiqi, “Series Introduction,” in Boris Chertok, Rockets and People, NASA SP-2005–4110 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2005), pp. ix–xix. 10. On the Soviet space propaganda effort and its resonance with the pop- ulation, see articles in two recent collections: Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture, edited by James T. Andrews and Asif A. Siddiqi (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011); and Soviet Space Culture: Cosmic Enthusiasm in Socialist Societies, edited by Monica Rüthers, Carmen Scheide, Julia Richers, and Eva Maurer (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). 11. Slava Gerovitch, “Creating Memories: Myth, Identity, and Culture in the Russian Space Age,” in Remembering the Space Age, edited by Steven J. Dick (Washington, DC: NASA History Division, 2008), pp. 203–236. 12. Nikolay Kamanin, Skrytyy kosmos, vol. 2 (Moscow: Infortekst, 1997), pp. 197 (diary entry for May 8, 1965), 199 (diary entry for May 13, 1965). 13. Catherine Merridale, “War, Death, and Remembrance in Soviet Russia,” in War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century, edited by Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 77. 14. On the tension between the professional identity and the public image of Soviet cosmonauts, see Slava Gerovitch, “‘New Soviet Man’ inside Machine: Human Engineering, Spacecraft Design, and the Construction of Communism,” in Osiris 22 (The Self as Project: Politics and the Human Sciences in the Twentieth Century), edited by Greg Eghigian, Andreas Killen, and Christine Leuenberger (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp. 135–157. On how secrecy shaped the iden- tity of space engineers, see Slava Gerovitch, “Stalin’s Rocket Designers’ Leap into Space: The Technical Intelligentsia Faces the Thaw,” in Osiris 23 (Intelligentsia Science: The Russian Century, 1860–1960), edited by Michael Gordin, Karl Hall, and Alexei Kojevnikov (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2008), pp. 189–209. On the question of secrecy in the Soviet space program in general, see Asif A. Siddiqi, “Cosmic Contradictions: Popular Enthusiasm and Secrecy in the Soviet NOTES 245 Space Program,” in Into the Cosmos, edited by Andrews and Siddiqi, pp. 47–76. 15. Asif A. Siddiqi, “Privatising Memory: The Soviet Space Programme through Museums and Memoirs,” in Showcasing Space, edited by Martin Collins and Douglas Millard (London: Science Museum, 2005), p. 99. 16. Ibid. 17. The Russian State Archive of Scientific-Technical Documentation has published several volumes of veterans’ recollections from its holdings: Yuriy A. Mozzhorin et al., eds, Dorogi v kosmos: Vospominaniya vet- eranov raketno-kosmicheskoy tekhniki i kosmonavtiki, 2 vols (Moscow: MAI, 1992); Yuriy A. Mozzhorin et al., eds, Nachalo kosmicheskoy ery: vospominaniya veteranov raketno-kosmicheskoy tekhniki i kosmonavtiki: vypusk vtoroy (Moscow: RNITsKD, 1994). An inadequate English trans- lation has been published as John Rhea, ed., Roads to Space: An Oral History of the Soviet Space Program (New York: Aviation Week Group, 1995). Other important memoir publications include Vyacheslav M. Filin, Vospominaniya o lunnom korable (Moscow: Kultura, 1992); Kerim Kerimov, Dorogi v kosmos (Baku: Azerbaijan, 1995); V. M. Filin, Put k ‘Energii’ (Moscow: GRAAL, 1996); Vasiliy P. Mishin, Ot sozdaniya bal- listicheskikh raket k raketno-kosmicheskomu mashinostroyeniyu (Moscow: Inform-Znaniye, 1998); Boris I. Gubanov, Triumf i tragediya ‘Energii’: razmyshleniya glavnogo konstruktora, 4 vols (Nizhniy Novgorod: NIER, 1998–2000); N. A. Anfimov, ed., Tak eto bylo . Memuary Yu. A. Mozzhorina. Mozzhorin v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnaya programma obrazovaniya, 2000). Cosmonauts Feoktistov, Yeliseyev, Lebedev, and others have also published their memoirs. For cosmonaut Leonov’s memoirs, see David R. Scott and Alexei A. Leonov, Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race (London/New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004). 18. See Gerovitch, “Creating Memories.” 19. On memoirs of the Soviet era, see The Russian Memoir: History and Literature, edited by Beth Holmgren (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2003); Irina Paperno, “Personal Accounts of the Soviet Experience,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 3:4 (Fall 2002): 577–610; and Barbara Walker, “On Reading Soviet Memoirs: A History of the ‘Contemporaries’ Genre as an Institution of Russian Intelligentsia Culture from the 1790s to the 1970s,” Russian Review 59:3 (2000): 327–352. 20. See Aleksei Ivanov [Oleg Ivanovskiy], Pervyye stupeni: Zapiski inzhen- era (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 1970); Ivanov [Ivanovskiy], Vpervyye: zapiski vedushchego konstruktora (Moscow: Moskovskiy rabochiy, 1982); Oleg Ivanovskiy, Naperekor zemnomu prityazheniyu (Moscow: Politizdat, 1988); and Ivanovskiy, Rakety i kosmos v SSSR: Zapiski sekretnogo kon- struktora (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 2005). 21. Ivanovskiy, Rakety i kosmos, p. 166. 22. See Gerovitch, “Creating Memories.” 23. Jan Assmann, “Communicative and Cultural Memory,” in Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook, 246 NOTES edited by Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nünning (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2008), pp. 113–118. 24. Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, “Introduction: Building Partnerships between Oral History and Memory Studies,” in Oral History and Public Memories, edited by Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2008), p. x. 25. Ibid., p. xi. 26. Alessandro Portelli, “The Death of Luigi Trastulli: Memory and the Event,” in The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), p. 2; quoted in Hamilton and Shopes, “Introduction,” p. ix. 27. Slava Gerovitch, “‘Why Are We Telling Lies?’: The Creation of Soviet Space History Myths,” The Russian Review 70:3 (July 2011): 460–484. 28. On the double, military/civilian identity of space engineers, see Gerovitch, “Stalin’s Rocket Designers’ Leap into Space.” 29. For Krayzman’s memoirs, see Abram Krayzman, Abram obraztsa vosem- nadtsatogo goda (Boston, MA: n.p. [self-published], 2003). On the transfer of German rocketry equipment and personnel to the Soviet Union after the war, see Asif Siddiqi, “Germans in Russia: Cold War, Technology Transfer, and National Identity,” in Osiris 24 (Science and National Identity), edited by Carol E. Harrison and Ann Johnson (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2009), pp. 120–143; and Siddiqi, “Russians in Germany: Founding the Postwar Missile
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