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Space Race and Arms Race in the Western Media and the Czechoslovak Media

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Space Race and Arms Race in the Western Media and the Czechoslovak Media MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature Space Race and Arms Race in the Western Media and the Czechoslovak Media Bachelor thesis Brno 2017 Thesis Supervisor: Author: Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. Věra Gábová Annotation The bachelor thesis deals with selected Second World War and Cold War events, which were embodied in arms race and space race. Among events discussed are for example the first use of ballistic missiles, development of atomic and hydrogen bombs, launching the first artificial satellites etc. The thesis focuses on presentation of such events in the Czechoslovak and the Western press, compares them and also provides some historical facts to emphasize subjectivity in the media. Its aim is not only to describe the period as it is generally known, but to contrast the sources of information which were available at those times and to point out the nuances in the media. It explains why there are such differences, how space race and arms race are related and why the progress in science and technology was so important for the media. Key words The Second World War, the Cold War, space race, arms race, press, objectivity, censorship, propaganda 2 Anotace Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá některými událostmi druhé světové a studené války, které byly součástí závodu ve zbrojení a závodu v dobývání vesmíru. Mezi probíranými událostmi je například první použití balistických raket, vývoj atomové a vodíkové bomby, vypuštění první umělé družice Země atd. Práce se zaměřuje na prezentaci těchto událostí v Československém a západním tisku, porovnává je a také uvádí některá historická fakta pro zdůraznění subjektivity v médiích. Cílem práce není pouze popsat toto období jak je všeobecně známo ale srovnat zdroje informací, které byly v příslušné době dostupné a poukázat na rozdílnost v médiích. Práce vysvětluje, proč jsou zde takové rozdíly, jak spolu závod ve zbrojení a závod v dobývání vesmíru souvisí a proč byla vědecký a technický pokrok pro media tak důležitý. Klíčová slova Druhá světová válka, studená válka, závod v dobývání vesmíru, závod ve zbrojení, tisk, objektivita, cenzura, propaganda 3 Table of Content Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 8 1. Beginnings of the Rocket Science and Space Traveling .............................................. 10 2. The Second World War .................................................................................................. 10 2.1. V-1 and V-2 Production .................................................................................................. 10 2.1.1. V-weapons in Legal Press of The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia .................. 11 2.1.2. V-weapons in The Western Press ................................................................................ 11 2.2. V-2 Attack and its Real Impact ...................................................................................... 12 2.2.1. V-2 Attack in Legal Press of The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia ................... 12 2.2.2. V-2 Attack in Illegal Press of The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.................. 13 2.2.3. V-2 Attack in the Western Press .................................................................................. 14 3. Victory of the Allies ......................................................................................................... 15 3.1. The Czechoslovak Press after the Victory of the Allies ................................................. 15 3.2. Manhattan Project .......................................................................................................... 15 3.2.1. Voluntary Press Censorship in the United States ........................................................ 17 3.3. Soviet Project to Develop an Atomic Bomb .................................................................. 18 3.4. The First Use of the A-bombs ........................................................................................ 18 3.4.1. “Little Boy” in the Western Press ............................................................................... 19 3.4.2. “Fat Man” in the Western Press .................................................................................. 20 3.4.3. A-bombs in the Czechoslovak Press ........................................................................... 21 4. Cold War Period ............................................................................................................. 23 4.1. Causes of the Cold War .................................................................................................. 23 4.2. Situation at the Beginning of the Cold War ................................................................... 23 4.3. Arms Race during the Cold War .................................................................................... 24 4.3.1. Development of A-bomb in the Soviet Union ............................................................ 24 4.3.1.1. Communism in Czechoslovakia and its Impact on Czechoslovak Press ................. 25 4.3.1.1.1. First Soviet A-bomb in the Czechoslovak Press ................................................... 25 4.3.1.2. The Western Press during the Cold War .................................................................. 26 4.3.1.2.1. American Authorities Learn about Soviets A-bomb Test ..................................... 27 4.3.1.2.2. Soviet Atomic Bomb in the Western Press ........................................................... 27 4.3.2. Development of H-bomb in USA ............................................................................... 28 4.3.2.1. The Western Press about H-bomb Test in USA ....................................................... 29 4 4.3.2.2. The Czechoslovak Press about H-Bomb Test in USA ............................................. 30 4.3.3. Development of H-Bomb in USSR ............................................................................ 31 4.3.3.1. The Western Press about H-bomb test in USSR ...................................................... 32 4.3.3.2. The Czechoslovak Press about H-bomb Test in USSR............................................ 32 4.4. Beginnings of the Space Age ......................................................................................... 33 4.4.1. Development of ICBMs .............................................................................................. 34 4.4.2. Development of Artificial Satellites in the United States and the Soviet Union ........ 35 4.4.2.1. Sputnik I ................................................................................................................... 35 4.4.2.1.1. Sputnik I in the Czechoslovak press ..................................................................... 36 4.4.2.1.2. Sputnik I in the Western Press .............................................................................. 37 4.4.2.2. Sputnik II ................................................................................................................. 40 4.4.2.2.1. Sputnik II in the Western Press ............................................................................. 40 4.4.2.2.2. Sputnik II in the Czechoslovak Press ................................................................... 41 4.4.2.3. Vanguard TV-3 ......................................................................................................... 42 4.4.2.3.1. Vanguard TV-3 in the Western Press ..................................................................... 42 4.4.2.3.2. Vanguard TV-3 in the Czechoslovak Press ........................................................... 44 4.4.2.4. Explorer I ................................................................................................................. 44 4.4.2.4.1. Explorer I in the Western Press ............................................................................. 45 4.4.2.4.2. Explorer I in the Czechoslovak Press ................................................................... 45 4.4.3. First Man in Space ...................................................................................................... 46 4.4.3.1. Vostok I .................................................................................................................... 47 4.4.3.1.1. Vostok I in the Western Press ................................................................................ 48 4.4.3.1.2. Vostok I in the Czechoslovak Press ...................................................................... 49 4.4.3.2. Freedom 7 ................................................................................................................ 50 4.4.3.2.1. Freedom 7 in the Western Press ............................................................................ 50 4.4.3.2.2. Freedom 7 in the Czechoslovak press ................................................................... 51 4.4.3.3. Friendship 7 ............................................................................................................. 51 4.4.3.3.1. Friendship 7 in the Western Press ......................................................................... 52 4.4.3.3.2. Friendship 7 in the Czechoslovak Press ............................................................... 53 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 54 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................
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