Contract Wp 9711 Development of a Reconciliation Strategy for All Towns in the Northern Region

CONTRACT WP 9711 DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION

WATERBERG DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY AND MOGALAKWENA LOCAL MUNICIPALITY:

FIRST ORDER RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR THE REBONE CLUSTER

DRAFT VERSION 1.2

OCTOBER 2010

Prepared by Prepared for: SRK Consulting Department of Water Affairs PO Box 35290 Directorate: National Water Resources Planning MENLOPARK Private Bag X313 0102 PRETORIA, Tel: +27 (0) 12 361 9821 0001 E-mail: [email protected]

RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR REBONE CLUSTER REPORT NO. {1}

DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION FIRST ORDER RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR REBONE CLUSTER COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The rudimentary strategy objectives and methodology are presented in a separate report titled “ Starter document: Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study Northern Region ” and must be read in conjunction with this document. Location and Background Information The focus of this document includes the settlements of Bavaria, Breda, Blinkwater, Chipana, Dipere, Duren, Ga-Chere, Galakwena, Galelia, Ga-Monare, Ga-Mushi, Ga- Nong, Ga – Tlkako, Grasvlei, Ham 1, Hlogoyanku, Khala, Lekhureng, Lennes, Makobe, Mathekga, Matjitjileng, Mattanau, Monte Christo, Polen, Preezburg, Moshuka, Nkidikitlana, Rebone, Rapadi, Segole 1, Segole 2, Seirappes, Senita, Setophulane, Sodoma, Sterkwater, Taueatswala, Tennerif, Thabaleshoba, Tiberius, Tipeng, Uitzicht, Vergenoeg and Vianna

The Mogalakwena Local Municipality forms part of the Waterberg District Municipality The Waterberg District Municipality comprises of six local municipalities namely Mogalakwena, Lephalale, Bela- Bela, Modimolle, Thabazimbi and Mookgopong. The Districts municipality is bordered by Botswana on the West, and Capricorn and Sekhukuni on the eastern side.

Mogalakwena municipality has a population of about 320000 of which approximately 70% live in rural villages. These villages are spread over a total surface area of 6184 km2 within the area of jurisdiction of the municipality. Majority of the water services to rural areas in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality are based on individual schemes having ground water as their main source of supply. They typically consist of one or a number of boreholes, a pumping system pumping ground water out of the individual boreholes into a distribution reservoir and from there water is gravitated through an internal reticulation into the street taps and some yard connections [2].

Most villages have a pump operator who is paid by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). The pump operators, who do attend the Committee meetings, ensure that the equipment is in working order, that it operates for the given number of hours, that the storehouse is kept clean and that the Water Committee of the community is made aware of problems. Many villages rely on diesel water pumps and so are dependent on an adequate supply of diesel, which is not always available. The possibility of electrifying these pumps is being investigated [2].

The Rebone Cluster includes all the towns north from the Bakenberg Cluster within the Mogalakwena Local Municipality. This cluster is situated within the A62C, A62D, A62E, A62F, A62G, A62H, and A62J quaternary catchments.

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Confidence level of Information available for the study area The confidence level for the information in this area is medium as there is limited information providing groundwater resources. Priority rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy This cluster is considered to have a Priority 3 (medium high) rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy as this cluster is expected to reach a water deficit within the next 5 years. Water balance with reconciliation options The table below shows the water balance if augmentation measures/ WC/WDM measures are implemented in the area.

Current Status and Demand Projections (Million m3/a) Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Groundwater 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 Surface Available Supply water 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Total Water Supply 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 Low Growth 2.877 3.133 3.575 4.200 4.586 4.687 Demand Requirement (no reconciliation options High Growth 2.877 3.173 3.699 4.437 4.945 5.155 Low Growth 0.774 0.518 0.076 -0.549 -0.935 -1.036

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.774 0.478 -0.048 -0.786 -1.294 -1.504

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Future Status with Reconciliation Measures (Million m3/a)

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Groundwater 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 Surface Available Supply water 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Groundwater 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Surface Augmentation Measures water 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Total Available Water 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 Low Growth 2.877 3.133 3.575 4.200 4.586 4.687 Demand Requirement (no reconciliation options High Growth 2.877 3.173 3.699 4.437 4.945 5.155 Low Growth 0.000 0.031 0.322 0.546 0.596 0.609 WC/WDM measures (Savings) High Growth 0.000 0.032 0.333 0.577 0.643 0.670 Low Growth 0.774 0.550 0.398 -0.003 -0.339 -0.427

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.774 0.509 0.285 -0.209 -0.651 -0.834

Conclusions The Rebone Cluster is completely reliant on groundwater resources. The current water demand is estimated as 2.877 Million m3/a and is projected to increase to 5.155 Million m3/a by the year 2030. Water use registration records quote only a portion of this demand as 0.765 Million m3/a from 7 registered boreholes. The total water supply to the cluster is estimated at 3.651 Million m3/a. This supply is sufficient to supply the cluster up until year 2015. Additional augmentation options will thus need to be made available The level of data supporting this estimate can be improved through the validation and confirmation of existing groundwater use. The water supply to this cluster is not continuous, and due to maintenance and operational issued many water shortages are experienced. Many problems relating to water supply are experienced within this cluster, which needs to be addressed as soon as possible as this cluster will experience a water deficit in the future. The Olifants River Water Resource Development Strategy (ORWRDP), which runs through the Rebone cluster, may be utilized for the water augmentation to this cluster. Available volumes for this alternative are not available.

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Strategy/Recommendations Short term (i) Develop the Water Conservation and Demand Management plan, with clear performance targets. (ii) Limit wasteful water use in order to control water consumption and utilise available groundwater to its full potential. (iii) Full Feasibility Study needs to be carried out to identify additional boreholes to augment water supply. (iv) Address the water quality in the area through a water quality management plan. Long term (i) Monitoring and development of the Water Conservation and Water Demand Management strategy. (ii) Feasibility study to augment original supply (iii) Investigate the use of excess sewage effluent that is expected to become available by the year 2020. (iv) Conduct a feasibility study for the utilization of additional yield from the Glen Alpine Dam, alternatively to the pipeline from Mokopane.

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Future water requirements

Augmentation options and implementation of WC/WDM requirements

This is a strategy for the Rebone Cluster and it has been accepted and signed Waterberg District Municipality, Mogalakwena Local Municipality, DWA Limpopo Regional Office and the DWA Head Office (D: NWRP) as follows:

Town WMA DM WSA

Rebone Cluster Limpopo Water Waterberg District Mogalakwena Local Management Area. Municipality Municipality

Names:………………………………………. Names:……………………………………….

Signature:…………………………………… Signature:…………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Position:…………………...... Position:…………………………… Mogalakwena LM Waterberg DM Names:………………………………………. Names:……………………………………….

Signature:…………………………………… Signature:…………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Date:………………………………………… Position:………………………………… Position:……………………………… DWA Regional Office DWA D: National Water Resource Planning

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... I

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II

ABBREVIATIONS ...... V

GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...... VII

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Overview ...... 1

1.2 Study area ...... 1

1.3 Regional Setting ...... 1

1.4 Economical Drivers ...... 2

1.5 Confidence level of Information available for the study area ...... 4

2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 4

3 CURRENT WATER REQUIREMENTS ...... 5

3.1 Present Water Requirements and historical water use ...... 5

3.2 Level of services ...... 5

4 WATER REQUIREMENTS PROJECTIONS TILL 2030 ...... 5

4.1 Future water requirements ...... 5

5 WATER RESOURCES ...... 6

5.1 Surface water resources ...... 6

5.2 Groundwater ...... 6

5.2.1 Quality ...... 6

5.3 Water Re-use ...... 6

6 WATER BALANCE WITHOUT RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 7

6.1 Water Balance ...... 7

6.2 Priority rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy: ...... 9

7 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 9

7.1 Water treatment plants ...... 9

7.2 Distribution network and reservoirs ...... 9

8 EXISTING SANITATION ...... 9

8.1 Level of services ...... 9

8.2 Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW) ...... 9

8.2.1 Return flows ...... 10

9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 10

9.1 WC/WDM ...... 10

9.2 Rain water harvesting ...... 10

9.3 Ground water ...... 10

9.4 Re-use ...... 10

9.5 Surface water ...... 10

9.6 Augmentation Options ...... 10

10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 11

10.1 Water Balance ...... 11

11 CONCLUSIONS ...... 13

12 STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 13

12.1 Short term ...... 13

12.2 Long term ...... 13

13 REFERENCES ...... 14

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Locality Plan ...... 3

Figure 2-1: Population Projection Comparison ...... 4

Figure 6-1: Future water requirements ...... 8

Figure 10-1: Augmentation options and/or implementation of WC/WDM measures ..... 12

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Historical and projected population (Greater Rebone Cluster) ...... 4

Table 3-1: Current service levels ...... 5

Table 4-1: Water requirement projections ...... 6

Table 5-1: Other water users dependent on the water resource ...... 6

Table 6-1: Future water requirements (Million m 3/a)...... 7

Table 6-2: Actual and registered groundwater abstraction ...... 7

Table 8-1: Current service levels ...... 9

Table 10-1: Current Status and Demand Projections (Million m 3/a) ...... 11

Table 10-2: Future Status with Reconciliation Measures (Million m 3/a) ...... 11

ABBREVIATIONS

AAD D Average Annual Daily Demand ALC Active Leakage Control CBD Central Business Districts CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research D: NWRP Directorate: National Water Resource Planning DM District Municipality DMA District Meter Area DWA Department of Water Affairs DPLG Department of Provincial and Local government FC Fibre Cement IDP Integrated Development Plan IRP Integrated Resource Planning LOS Level of Service LM Local Municipality MDG Millennium Development Goals Mm 3/a Million cubic meters/ annum NRW Non Revenue Water NSDP National Spatial Development Perspective NGDB National Groundwater Database PRV Pressure Reducing Valve RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SA South Africa SDI Spatial Development Initiative SDF Spatial Development Framework UFW Unaccounted for Water

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WARMS Water Use Registering and Licensing Management System WC/WDM Water Conservation and Water Demand Management WMA Water Management Area WRC Water Research Commission WRSM2005 Water Resources Simulation Model 2005 WSA Water Services Authority WSDP Water Services Development Plan WSNIS Water Services National Information System WSP Water Services Provider WTW Water Treatment Works WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be abstracted

Allocation A water allocation is an authority to take water in areas covered by a resource operations plan

Catchment The land area drained by a river and its tributaries

Demand/ A measure of the need for a portion of the supply of water requirement

Demand Measures available to a Water Service Provider to reduce water demand reduction and improve water use efficiency: for example, water restrictions

Entitlement A water entitlement is the general term used to describe water authorities granted under the Water Act, 1998 . This can be either a water allocation, interim water allocation or a water licence

Non Revenue This is the difference between the volume of water into a system and the Water billed authorised consumption for the area being supply by the system

Reliable yield The quantity of water that can be collected for a given use from a supply source or supply option with a specified degree of certainty and predictability, which is determined through analysis.

Reliability of The probability of providing a specified water entitlement under given supply operating conditions for a specified period of time

Supply The quantity of water available for meeting a demand

Supply option A potential future water resource, defined as any location-specific change to water availability, infrastructure or reliable take that will result in the total available supply being increased.

Water balance The differential of demand and supply baseline.

Yield The average annual volume that can be drawn from a supply source or supply option to meet a specified demand at a specified service level. Yield is always associated with some measure of probability of occurrence, whether that is reliability or probability of achieving a level of service. That is, yield is the volume of water drawn to meet demands in a sustainable sense

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

The Department of Water Affairs have initiated a study for the development of reconciliation strategies for the towns in the Northern Region in order to ensure effective and efficient management of water resources now and into the future.

The study area comprises the water management areas of Limpopo, Luvuvhu and Letaba, Crocodile (West) and Marico, and Olifants and encompasses the Limpopo and portions of Gauteng, North West and Mpumalanga provinces.

This report should be read in conjunction with a separate report titled “ Starter document: Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study – Northern Region ”.

1.2 Study area

This study area includes the settlements of Bavaria, Blinkwater, Chipana, Dipere, Ga- Chere, Galelia, Ga-Monare, Ga-Mushi, Ga-Nong, Grasvlei, Ham 1, Hlogoyanku, Lekhureng, Makobe, Mathekga, Matjitjileng, Moshuka, Nkidikitlana, Rapadi, Segole 1, Segole 2, Seirappes, Senita, Tennerif, Tiberius, Vergenoeg, Vianna, Breda, Duren, Ga – Tlkaka, Galakwena, Khula, LEnnes, MAttanau, Monte Christo, Polen, Preezburg, Rebone, Setuphulane, Sodoma, Sterkwater, Thabaleshoba, Tipeng and Uitzicht. The locality map is presented in Figure 1-1.

1.3 Regional Setting The Mogalakwena Local Municipality forms part of the Waterberg District Municipality The Waterberg District Municipality comprises of six local municipalities namely Mogalakwena, Lephalale, Bela- Bela, Modimolle, Thabazimbi and Mookgopong. The Distrct municipality is bordered by Botswana on the West, and Capricorn and Sekhukuni on the eastern side. Mogalakwena Local Municipality is situated in the Western quadrant of the Limpopo Province, within the Waterberg District Municipality, and is bordered by Aganang to the East, Mookgopong to the South, Lephalale to the West and Blouberg to the West. It covers an area of 6 200 km 2. [1].

The recently demarcated Mogalakwena municipal area comprises of the former Greater Potgietersrus Traditional Local Council (TLC), the Bakenberg Rural Local Council (RLC) and a portion of the former Koedoesrand-Rebone RLC. The former Greater Potgietersrus TLC is the major urban node and economic growth point of the Mogalakwena Local Municipality as well as that of the newly formed Waterberg District4 in the Northern Province. Some areas of the former Lebowakgomo homeland have also been incorporated in the Mogalakwena municipal area. The former municipalities in the Mogalakwena area were disestablished with effect from 1 October 20005. The local municipality covers approximately 6 000 square kilometres [1].

Mogalakwena municipality has a population of about 320 000 of which approximately 70% live in rural villages. These villages are spread over a total surface area of 6184 Km2 within the area of jurisdiction of the municipality. Majority of the water services to rural areas in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality are based on individual schemes having ground water as

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The Greater Rebone Cluster includes all the settlements located to the north of the Bakenberg cluster. This cluster is situated within the A62C, A62D, A62E, A62F, A62G, A62H, and A62J quaternary catchments. The population within this cluster reaches an approximate figure of 66 000 [1].

1.4 Economical Drivers As part of the Northern Province Spatial Rational a number of growth points have been identified in the Mogalakwena municipal area. Growth points are towns and settlements or a group of settlements located relatively close to each other where some form of economic, social and institutional activities and a substantial number of people are usually found. According to a recent management support document prepared for the Mogalakwena local municipality these growth point do not develop to their full potential due to the fact that capital investments are made on an ad hoc basis without long term strategy for the district as a whole. Growth points should be stimulated by higher levels of service delivery, which would provide higher levels of social, physical, institutional ad economic services [2].

Economic development is mainly expected to come from the mining and tourism industry. One of the distinguished characteristics of the northern part of South Africa is its richness in mineral resources. Mogalakwena is well endowed with mineral resources, in particular platinum, granite, tin, and chrome. Presently, only granite and platinum are mined. The largest operative mine is the AMPLAT platinum Mine near Ga-Molekane. The mine is extending its operations and is in the process of moving the village Ga-Pil. A R101m project according to the Mogalakwena town planner. Although the mine is a major source of employment, local communities complain about retrenchments and low salaries [2].

Expectations for a flourishing tourism sector are fairly high. The old mountains with caves and bushman paintings within the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve provide a habitat to a variety of protected and scarce indigenous birds and wildlife. There are a number of Nature Reserves (Masebe Nature Reserve; Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve; Witvinger/Tsotsodi Nature Reserve; and the Moepel Nature Reserve). The bushveld in the area is conducive to game farming, this is evident from the large number of provincial as well as private game farms found in the area. However, the area is also characterized by poor infrastructure and environmental problems such as overgrazing, erosion and poor water quality [2].

The national road N11 runs through the Rebone cluster from South Eastern to a North Western direction

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Figure 1-1: Locality Plan

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1.5 Confidence level of Information available for the study area

The confidence level for the information in this area is medium as there is limited information providing groundwater resources . 2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Population data for the cluster is included below in Table 2.1. Various demographics and geographical spatial information data sources were utilised to obtain population data. The methodology is explained in the separate document, “ Methodology followed for the Development of Reconciliation Strategies for the All Town Study Northern Region ”. Two scenarios have been analysed, one being a high growth, while the other a low growth projection.

Table 2-1: Historical and projected population (Greater Rebone Cluster)

Year Low Growth Scenario High Growth Scenario

2007 65,145 65,145 2008 66,795 67,082 2010 70,205 71,119 2015 76,235 78,882 2020 80,263 84,799 2025 83,321 89,839 2030 85,143 93,650

The low growth scenario for the Rebone Cluster was assessed as having a positive growth potential. Within this cluster the population is anticipated to increase from the 2010 figure of 71,119 to 93,650 in 2030. The comparison between these two scenarios is shown below in Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1: Population Projection Comparison

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3 CURRENT WATER REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Present Water Requirements and historical water use

The current consumption in the Rebone Cluster is unknown.

3.2 Level of services

The minimum standards for the basic level of water services are prescribed by DWAF guideline for RDP:

Level of Hardship (LOH) is used to evaluate the standard of water services provided to the communities based on the RDP criteria.

The current service levels are presented in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1: Current service levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP

Service level House Communal Communal Yard None/ own resources/ connec- supply supply connection supply (>500m) tion (<200m) (>200m)

WSNIS, 2007 41% 17% 33% 6% 3%

The LOH for water services is relatively low, with approximately 9% of households below minimum RDP water levels of service. A substantial 58% of the population is above RDP level of service. 4 WATER REQUIREMENTS PROJECTIONS TILL 2030

4.1 Future water requirements

The future water requirements until 2030 are presented in Table 4-1. The assumptions used for the generation of these calculations are summarised as follows: • Population projections: The projections are calculated using high growth and low growth population estimates, as indicated in Table 2-1.

• Current level of service (LOS) estimates: The current LOS is estimated as ///% of the population in the cluster supplied above RDP standard and the remainder by boreholes at below RDP standard (WSDP, 2008). It is noted that the borehole use indicated is not registered in the WARMS data. • Future requirements : For planning purposes, the future requirements are projected using “Scenario 3” i.e. LOS assumed to be at a minimum of a Yard Connection by 2015, with a 5% growth in house connections by 2015 and a further 15% growth in house connections by 2020 (total growth in house connections of 20%). RDP is assumed to increase from 25 l/p/d (current situation) to 40 l/p/d by 2015.

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Table 4-1: Water requirement projections

Population figures Population figures Water Water used in the used in the Requirements Requirements Year calculation (Low calculation (High (Low Growth) (High Growth) Growth) Growth) Mm 3/a Mm 3/a Actual (1) 65,145 65,145 2.877 2.877 2010 70,205 71,119 3.133 3.173 2015 76,235 78,882 3.575 3.699 2020 80,263 84,799 4.200 4.437 2025 83,321 89,839 4.586 4.945 2030 85,143 93,650 4.687 5.155 5 WATER RESOURCES

5.1 Surface water resources

The Glen Alpine dam is situated within the A62J quaternary catchment. This dam has a catchment area of 11 270 km 2 with a average MAR of 139 Million m3/a. The current storage capacity of the dam amounts to approximately 22 Million m3. The significant difference between these the MAR and storage capacity illustrates the high potential to increase the yield by increasing the storage. This can be possible achieved by rising the dam wall.

The Glen Alpine dam was constructed for the use of irrigation of the vicinity. No yield of the dam has been used for domestic use. Provision has been made for a 3 meter raise in the dam wall. The net storage capacity of the dam will increase to 40 Million m3/a [1].

This surface water resource may be looked into for the augmentation within the Greater Rebone Cluster.

5.2 Groundwater

Table 5-1: Other water users dependent on the water resource

Licensed abstraction (Mm 3/a) Name Domestic Mining Irrigation Industry Other

Boreholes 0.765 Unknown 0.758 0.007 Unknown

5.2.1 Quality

The water qualities of some boreholes are also marginal with the main problems being nitrates (135 mg/L - class 4), fluorides (8.25 mg/L - class 4), hardness and high dissolved salts. Due to operation and maintenance problems this water is not always available resulting in water shortages [1].

5.3 Water Re-use

No water re-use practices are taking place within the cluster.

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6 WATER BALANCE WITHOUT RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

6.1 Water Balance

Table 6-1: Future water requirements (Million m 3/a)

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Groundwater 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 Surface Available Yield water 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Total Water Supply 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 Low Growth 2.877 3.133 3.575 4.200 4.586 4.687 Demand Requirement (no reconciliation options High Growth 2.877 3.173 3.699 4.437 4.945 5.155 Low Growth 0.774 0.518 0.076 -0.549 -0.935 -1.036

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.774 0.478 -0.048 -0.786 -1.294 -1.504

Table 6-2: Actual and registered groundwater abstraction

Description Source Qua ntity Comment Dam Actual Abstraction 3 Transfer (Mm /a) Ground water 3.651 Dam Registered Use Transfer (Mm 3/a) Ground water 0.765

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Figure 6-1: Future water requirements

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6.2 Priority rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy:

This cluster is considered to have a Priority 3 (medium high) rating for the development of a detailed reconciliation strategy as this cluster is expected to reach a water deficit within the next 5 years.

The level of data supporting this estimate can be improved through the validation and confirmation of existing groundwater use. 7 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

7.1 Water treatment plants

No known water treatment is taking place within the cluster.

7.2 Distribution network and reservoirs

The entire cluster is supplied with water through boreholes. These boreholes distribute water to a network of approximately 16 reservoirs which in turn supply water to the communities [1]. 8 EXISTING SANITATION

The majority of the settlements within the greater Rebone cluster are supplied with sanitation below RDP standard. It has been proposed for the upgrade from pit latrines to VIP’s in the near future. It has been foreseen that these settlements will not be upgraded to water borne sewage systems [1].

8.1 Level of services

The sanitation facilities in the rural areas are poor with basic pit latrines at best. A good percentage of these could be upgraded to Ventilated Improved Pit latrines (VIP’s).

The current level of service is indicated in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1: Current service levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP Septic tanks, digester, Flush toilet Pit latrine Service level desluger, None, chemical, (connected to with effluent bucket or pit latrine sewerage ventilation discharge to an without ventilation system) (VIP) oxidation pond, etc WSNIS, 2008 33% 3% 9% 55%

From the above tabled information it can be calculated that the LOH for sanitation services is Priority 4 (High) with 64% of the population below RDP standard. Only 36% of the population is served with sanitation services either above or at RDP standard.

8.2 Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW)

No known waste water treatment is taking place within the cluster.

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8.2.1 Return flows

Not applicable. 9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

9.1 WC/WDM

Although a Water Services Development Plan (WSDP) exists for Mogalakwena Municipality, as part of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP), these plans have not taken existing irrigation or the potential mining and industrial developments into account. The WSDP has concentrated mainly on domestic water supply to urban and rural areas.

The mining industry is potentially the major user and will have a major impact on the water availability and the options available

For reconciliation purposes it has been assumed that the Water conservation and water demand management (WCWDM) is assumed to reduce requirements by 1% per annum from 2010 to 2013 and 2% per annum from 2013 to 2018. This is presented on Figure 10-1.

9.2 Rain water harvesting

There is a no potential for rainfall harvesting.

9.3 Ground water

Groundwater supply to this cluster is through dispersed boreholes. These boreholes provide approximately 3.651 Million m3/a. [1]. With the incorporation of Water Conservation and Demand Management practices, the current foreseen water deficit in 2015 can be prolonged to 2019.

9.4 Re-use

Not considered.

9.5 Surface water

No surface water is utilized within this cluster. The Glen Alpine Dam located to the north of the Rebone cluster is currently used for irrigational purposes only.

9.6 Augmentation Options

The Glen Alpine dam is located north of the Greater Rebone cluster. This dam is only utilized for irrigation purposes. The irrigation demand has been predicted to remain constant for a long period of time. The possibility of raising the dam wall will ultimately increase the dam yield making room for excess water to be possibly used for domestic purposes [1]. Taking into account the ORWRDP and this proposed distribution of water to the Mogalakwena Local municipality, the raising of the Glen Alpine Dam should be used to supply the northern portions of Mogalakwena with water, thereby reducing the pipeline size from Mokopane. Sewage effluent is currently utilized by the PPL mine. As effluent increases over time an excess will become available. This will need further investigation [3].

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10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

10.1 Water Balance

Table 10-1: Current Status and Demand Projections (Million m3/a)

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.774 0.478 -0.048 -0.786 -1.294 -1.504

Table 10-2: Future Status with Reconciliation Measures (Million m3/a)

Description Source Actual 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Groundwater 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 3.651 Surface Available Supply water 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.774 0.509 0.285 -0.209 -0.651 -0.834

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Figure 10-1: Augmentation options and/or implementation of WC/WDM measures

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11 CONCLUSIONS The Rebone Cluster is completely reliant on groundwater resources. The current water demand is estimated as 2.877 Million m3/a and is projected to increase to 5.155 Million m3/a by the year 2030. Water use registration records quote only a portion of this demand as 0.765 Million m3/a from 7 registered boreholes. The total water supply to the cluster is estimated at 3.651 Million m3/a. This supply is sufficient to supply the cluster up until year 2015. Additional augmentation options will thus need to be made available. The level of data supporting this estimate can be improved through the validation and confirmation of existing groundwater use. The water supply to this cluster is not continuous, and due to maintenance and operational issued many water shortages are experienced. Many problems relating to water supply are experienced within this cluster, which needs to be addressed as soon as possible as this cluster will experience a water deficit in the future. The Olifants River Water Resource Development Strategy (ORWRDP), which runs through the Rebone cluster, may be utilized for the water augmentation to this cluster. Available volumes for this alternative are not available. With the implementation of water conservation and demand management strategies, the current foreseen water deficit in 2015, can be prolonged until year 2019.

12 STRATEGY/RECOMMENDATIONS

12.1 Short term (i) Develop the Water Conservation and Demand Management plan, with clear performance targets. (ii) Limit wasteful water use in order to control water consumption and utilise available groundwater to its full potential. (iii) Full Feasibility Study needs to be carried out to identify additional boreholes to augment water supply. (iv) Address the water quality in the area through a water quality management plan.

12.2 Long term (v) Monitoring and development of the Water Conservation and Water Demand Management strategy. (vi) Feasibility study to augment original supply (vii) Investigate the use of excess sewage effluent that is expected to become available by the year 2020. (viii) Conduct a feasibility study for the utilization of additional yield from the Glen Alpine Dam, alternatively to the pipeline from Mokopane.

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13 REFERENCES [1] WSM Leshika (Pty) Water and Sanitation Strategy for Mogalakwena. May 2005. Ltd [2] MARALENE ROEFS Mogalakwena Municipality, Assessment of information: Access and Quality. Draft Report Prepared for UNDP. May 2001 [3] MOGALAKWENA LM Overview of the water resources

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