Mational Science Foundation

Twenty-Second Annual Repay t for Fiscal Year 1972 Letter of Washington, D.C. Transmittal -DEA-RTMR. PKHSIDENTI

I have the honor to transmit herewith the Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1972 of the National Science Foundation for submission to the Congress as required by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950.

Respectfully,

H. GUYFORD STEVER

Director, National Science Foundation.

The Honorable The President of the United States.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1973 Letter of Transmittal ii Director's Statement v Research Project Support Activities 1 Mathematical and Physical Sciences 4 Biological and Medical Sciences 14 Environmental Sciences 19 Engineering 25 Social Sciences 28 Materials Research 31 National and International Programs 36 National and Special Research Programs 36 National Research Centers 44 Computing Activities in Education and Research 48 Science Information Activities 51 International Science Activities 52 Research Applications 55 Advanced Technology Applications 55 Environmental Systems and Resources 58 Social Systems and Human Resources 61 Exploratory Research and Problem Assessment 63 Intergovernmental Science and Research Utilization 64 Science Education 66 Science Education Research, Development, and Demonstration 67 Instructional Improvement Implementation 72 Talented Students 75 Graduate Student Support 75 Science Resources and Policy Studies 76 Public Understanding of Science 80 Institutional Programs 82 University Science Development 82 Institutional Grants for Science 82 Appendices A. National Science Board, NSF Staff, Advisory Committees and Panels 85 B. Organization Changes and Appointments 96 C. Financial Report for Fiscal Year 1972 98 D. Patents Resulting from Activities Supported by the National Science Foundation 99 E. Publications of the National Science Foundation, Fiscal Year 1972 100 F. National Research Centers Contractors 102

Director's Statement About 100 years ago, Henry Le Chatelier studied the thermodynamic behavior of disturbed systems. He noted that a stable system which has one of its conditions changed will adjust other conditions in the system so as to accommodate the change. Social systems tend to behave similarly. The National Science Foundation, as any other social system, also adapts in the face of change to reach a preferred state of equilibrium. In a way, the Foundation's record of the past year may be thought of as a search for new and better balances. Balance may be static, but the search for it is dynamic, and we engage in a continuous process of maintaining or adjusting ongoing programs, eliminating programs which have served their purpose, and initiating new programs to meet changing priorities. We start from the proposition that the principal and unique mission of the NSF is to foster the health of science in the United States. To fulfill that policy, we help scientists search for answers to unresolved questions about nature and its laws and we support disciplinary research needed for future research appli­ cations and technology. We seek to maintain a base of scientific competence in all fields of science and to improve our national research capabilities by help­ ing to modernize instrumentation and other facilities. During fiscal year 1972, obligations for scientific research projects, National and Special Research Pro­ grams, and National Research Centers amounted to more than $374.2 million, or 60 percent of the total funds obligated by NSF. This represented an increase of $106.8 million over the previous fiscal year. A scientist engaged in scientific research does so primarily to gain a fuller understanding of the subject studied. His interest may stem from a great variety of reasons. To cite a specific example, one such reason might be the observation of some pattern of periodicity which attracts his attention and curiosity. Some highlights from this year's Annual Report of the NSF will illustrate this particular stimulus to scientific research. I; Sp-DADV vi DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT

For many years we have known that a variety of Lyrae stars observed outside our galaxy is interpreted changes in the terrestrial upper atmosphere, particu­ to indicate a narrow range of age, i.e., a single larly magnetism, recur regularly. Many such changes generation. come about every 27 days—the solar period of When we turn to periodic motions on earth, we rotation—and are believed to be due to particle find that notable progress was made last year toward beams coming from little-known sources on the sun deciphering the complex motions of the sea, particu­ known as "M-regions." Efforts to trace the particle larly the familiar oscillation of the tides. It has now beams to their solar origin had'been unsuccessfur beeiT concluded^hatThe North Atlantic Ocean has a until now because of the magnetic fields of the sun's natural vibration period of 14.8 hours. In addition, corona and the spiral paths followed by the particles tidal dissipation rates have been shown to be ex­ in interplanetary space. From studies completed this tremely high, particularly along the continental year, it now appears that ""M-regions" are not cor­ margin. Knowledge of resonance periods and dissipa­ related with solar activity per se, but are related tion rates are vital for oceanographic studies and at instead to local changes in the coronal plasma. Above the same time are potentially useful for predicting magnetically complex active regions, the lines of storm tides. magnetic force are closed, while above simple ""quiet" The study of periodicity^ in space, the upper atmos­ regions, the lines of force are more open and allow phere, and oceans described above are all motivated an outward flow of gas. by the desire to understand natural phenomena. But Periods of pulsation have also been used to tell us sometimes investigations of periodicity seek more something about distances in space and the problem than understanding. They deliberately seek utility, of galaxy development. Since the early 1900's, in contrast to the work on tides mentioned before astronomers have used pulsating stars to serve as which has a potential practical value only incidental brightness standards of space distance. These stars to the main thrust of the research. A good example expand and contract with a rhythmic regularity, and of utility-oriented research is to be found in NSF- as the dimensions of the star change there are corre­ supported investigations of chemical process dynamics sponding periodic changes of color and luminosity. which are typical of the petroleum and chemical In short, the brighter the star, the longer the pulsation industries. In this case, the object is not so much period. From this relationship, it is possible to more to explain regularly recurring phenomena, but to accurately calculate the distance between the star put them to use. By deliberate pulsing and cycling and the earth. Pulsating stars which have a period of operating conditions, using specialized computa­ of less than a day, called RR Lyrae stars, have been tional equipment for modeling and simulation, investigated at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American dramatic improvements in plant performance and Observatory in Chile, and two discoveries have been efficiency may be possible. made. First, thanks to better access to the southern Research, whether basic or applied, is not limited heavens at the Cerro Tololo observatory where the to studies of periodic phenomena, of course. For large Magellanic Cloud can be observed, we have example, it may be focused on specific areas of been able to correct previous determinations of RR societal concern as in the case of the Research Applied Lyrae periodicity and improve our estimates of to National Needs (RANN) Program. In this pro­ galactic distances. Second, astronomers have found gram, more direct and explicit consideration than in some RR Lyrae stars outside our galaxy with a much our programs of scientific research is placed on smaller spread in their period-luminosity relation improving our ability to deal effectively with social than the same types of stars in the Milky Way and environmental problems and on exploration of system where we are located. Since the spread in technological opportunities that can lead to improve­ RR Lyrae stars of our galaxy is attributed to varia­ ments in economic growth and productivity and to tions in the abundance of elements heavier than new products and services. helium—an indication of enrichment through suc­ In fiscal year 1972, the RANN Program reached cessive generations— the smaller spread in the RR a budget level of $53.8 million—more than 50 DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT vii percent higher than the previous year when it was From the point of view of science education, established. During this period, the RANN Program critical changes have taken place in the social en­ represented 9 percent of the total funds obligated by vironment. These changes include the movement NSF. With these augmented resources, research is toward a service-oriented society, the increased desire being focused across a broad range of projects with by greater numbers of students to broaden their edu­ principal emphasis on three problem areas. The first cational experiences and career options, and the need is energy, because of its importance to national pro­ to enhance the versatility of our scientific and tech­ ductivity and economic growth, environmental con­ nological manpower. To cope with these problems, cerns, and the decline in reserves of preferred fossil a significant restructuring and revitalization is under fuels. Energy studies supported by RANN have: way in the Foundation's science education program, • Provided a start toward a complete picture of with particular emphasis on research and develop­ the present and prospective U.S. energy prob­ ment in science education. Support for NSF educa­ lem; and tion programs, excluding graduate student support, • Identified energy research completed, under remained fairly steady, amounting to $65.0 million way, or still to be done in order to cope with in fiscal year 1972—about 10 percent of the total this problem. NSF obligation. Regional environmental systems are a second We will continue our long-practiced efforts to major focus of RANN because of their importance improve course content, curricula, and instructional for the maintenance of life in terms of available methods. These efforts will concentrate, however, natural resources. Although the studies of environ­ on projects which are problem rather than discipline mental systems in coastal areas, river basins, urban- oriented, and which place special weight on what rural and semiprimitive areas are aimed at the the student rather than the teacher does. We seek problems of specific regions, it is expected that the flexibility by giving priority to course and curriculum results can also be transferred to similar regions and projects which can be fitted, unit by unit as conditions problems elsewhere. permit, into existing educational niches. Similarly, The third major thrust within the RANN Pro­ we are most interested in the development of new gram relates to municipal systems and services. The training alternatives at the graduate level, particu­ population movement from farm to city has been larly where practical experience can be built into the called the silent revolution. As city and suburban educational program. populations grow and as people relate to one another Obviously, benefits can only flow from these through a network of increasing complexity, it be­ efforts if professional educators are informed about comes ever more urgent to analyze municipal prob­ them and can choose educational options wisely. lems systematically. Among these problems are Institutes of various kinds are maintained for this delivery of municipal and social services in communi­ purpose, as is the NSF support for improving the ties of varying sizes and in rural as well as tirban initial training for those preparing to become teach­ settings. Here, as in the case of environmental ers. In order to extend the benefits of new develop­ systems, we expect that useful results from one city ments as widely as possible, we are also engaged in can be used by other cities faced with similar experimental pilot programs for the improvement of problems. science education on a statewide or school system RANN is in a youthful phase of development as basis. a program. Synthesis of available information takes Educational experiments are also beginning in a time, and the determination of present day concen­ variety of large-scale projects which could result in trations of pollutants and trace compounds in the major changes in the way undergraduate science is environment requires patient and careful effort. taught. With Foundation support, the Illinois Insti­ Predictive models have to be debugged and tested, tute of Technology is replacing traditional class­ and policy alternatives assessed. We have some useful room lectures by a program of project-oriented results, but much remains to be done. studies; and at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, viii DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT traditional course and degree requirements for an munications activities on both a national and global entire college have been eliminated and students are basis. To meet these new responsibilities—under­ required instead to show competence in a field by taken at the request of the President's Office of completing study projects and undergoing a compre­ Science and Technology—the science information hensive evaluation. activities of the Foundation have been reoriented to Computer-assisted instruction in the classroom concentrate more closely on the needs of the users. advanced under a vigorous program of development Leadership responsibilities for NSF take on a and testing. Such instruction oifers~promise of bdST variety of'forms. The Federal Council for Science higher quality and less expensive education for and Technology has assigned to the Foundation the many sectors of our society. responsibility to coordinate, nationally and inter­ As indicated before, our search for an effective nationally, the U.S. effort related to the 1973 solar balance sometimes requires that programs be elimi­ eclipse. This eclipse will be the most favorable for nated which have served their purpose. Back in 1964, scientific research for the remainder of this century. NSF began a program of graduate traineeships to The most suitable viewing sites are located in north­ add to the flow of highly talented individuals seeking western and eastern Africa, and contacts have been science degrees. This program—now being phased made with representatives of foreign countries and out—has provided support for more than 35,000 international scientific union representatives regard­ man-years of graduate study. ing U.S. needs for studying the eclipse. Through these Two new programs not described in the body of and other coordinating efforts with interested Federal the NSF Annual Report because only preliminary agencies and private groups, scientists will be able to planning and discussion took place during fiscalyea r take full advantage of the approximately 7 minutes 1972 deserve mention. I refer to the programs of of total eclipse in order to observe solar features Experimental R&D Incentives and National R&D otherwise masked during full daylight. Assessment. Through the Experimental R&D Incen­ In still another remote area, the polar regions, tives Program we hope to learn how to help create NSF fulfills significant management and coordination an environment in which invention and innovation responsibilities. Beginning in fiscal year 1972, the can flourish. To do this we anticipate experimenting NSF has been funding the entire U.S. program in —on a small scale—with actual modifications of the Antarctica, except for icebreaker support. In the institutional or incentive structure involved in tech­ Arctic region, where many Federal agencies conduct nological innovation. Participants in this program research programs, NSF chairs an interagency coordi­ will be expected to identify known or suspeaed nating committee and in different ways coordinates blockages of the overall innovation process and to and extends U.S. research efforts in the Arctic. propose experimental changes by which the impor­ Sometimes the solution to scientific problems re­ tance of the blockages can be ascertained and methods quires concerted efforts on a broad front, as was of alleviating them tested. recognized in the establishment of some of our The companion National R&D Assessment Pro­ national and special research programs. An example gram represents a new effort to meet the needs of is the International Decade of Ocean Exploration policy-makers concerned with how science and tech­ (IDOE), in which scientists from many universities, nology contribute to the achievement of national often in cooperation with colleagues from other goals and well-being in the broadest sense. In this nations, joined forces in an unprecedented long-term program, national R&D patterns, incentive structures, study of the forces, the contents, and the influences of and decision points will be analyzed and the implica­ the ocean realm. Preliminary results from IDOE tions of alternatives will be assessed. studies of the continental margin off the west coast The exchange and accessibility of scientific knowl­ of Africa have identified several large geologic struc­ edge is an essential element of the total scientific tures with great potential for future petroleum ex­ enterprise, and the Foundation has become a focal ploitation. In the Ocean Sediment Coring Program, point in the Federal Government for science com­ the drilling ship Glomar Challenger continued its DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT ix eminently successful probing of the ocean floor. priorities of other agencies. Particular emphasis Among the recent highlights of this operation is the has been given to the biological sciences, engi­ delineation of the complex movements of continents neering, chemistry, oceanography, and the social and sea floors in the Indian Ocean area. sciences. Responsibility is not always the result of a formal —Expanded research focused on economic, en­ designation or agreement. Sometimes, as in the case vironmental, and social problems. Results of of the establishment of the Materials Research Divi­ such research will be useful in efforts to improve sion, it is the consequence of a series of actions economic growth and productivity, enhance designed to strengthen all parts of an endeavor. As environmental quality, and improve U.S. capa­ a result of assuming sponsorship of a dozen materials bility to deal with social issues. research laboratories (founded by the Advanced —Redirected its science education programs to Research Projects Agency of the Department of broaden the spectrum of students benefiting Defense) and the National Magnet Laboratory from NSF programs and increase the career (founded by the Air Force) and grouping several options of science graduates. research support programs from elsewhere in the —Increased and improved the exchange of scien­ Foundation, the new division will be responsible for tific knowledge nationally and internationally more than 50 percent of the Federal support for for the benefit of the United States. materials and solid state research at U.S. educational institutions. Having done all this and more, we are still con­ fronted with the question of whether a new and The circumstances under which NSF is called better balance has indeed been reached at the end upon and responds to the demands made upon it of the year. Obviously, much analysis, careful assess­ reveal much about the character and goals of the ment and judgment, by many people, especially the agency. As mentioned before, the NSF is the sole National Science Board, are involved in the decisions agency of the Federal Government for which the which led to where we are now. But no matter how support of basic research is the principal and most carefully reasoned, well-intentioned, and sound the important mission. As such, it has a flexibility which decisions might have been, no course of action appears allows it to range broadly, free of the operational "balanced" to everyone. How then to judge? It is limitations which are imposed on other agencies my view that any time we are not investing in a by statute. In carrying out its functions, the NSF reasonable proportion of basic science, we are neglect­ emphasizes the concepts of coordination and support. ing the long-term interests of science and the nation. The Foundation gets things done through and with Any time we are not using to the maximum the others rather than attempting to do a job by itself. scientific knowledge we have already uncovered, we In other words, we try to provide the means whereby are neglecting the short term. In science education something important can be done; and we try to we need to invest a reasonable proportion in curricula, keep people from duplicating the work of others in teaching methods, and in the upgrading of people by helping them act together in a concerted way and throughout the education chain. At the same time, keeping the channels of scientific communication we have to prepare for a future with different kinds open. of students who have a wide range of needs in science This statement highlights the cumulative impact education. We have to find ways of providing con­ of the many changes and activities which have taken tinuing educational opportunities outside the formal place at NSF during the previous year. To sum­ educational system for this country's technologically marize these, the NSF has: based society. —Strengthened fundamental research to broaden Obviously, the application of such criteria does the base of understanding in all scientific fields not yield an incontestable, single answer. Those to and disciplines and provided support for impor­ whom we are accountable will make the necessary tant research no longer within the program judgment. They can do so with the knowledge that X DIRECTOR'S STATEMENT we do not stand rigidly on a previously accepted For these and other reasons, it is necessary that doctrine, nor are we locked into positions that prevent many of our changes be incremental and tailored us from adjusting our current state of balance. On closely to circumstances. Concurrently, we remain the contrary, as this statement has highlighted, we alert for the chance to apply useful leverage through are sensitive to the prospect for change where needed new initiatives which may be useful in the solution and alert for communications which tell us what the of current societal problems. In this way, we can American people want and expect from the scientific sustain the movement and momentum of the agency community. So, too, are-we reeeptive-to-judgments roward-iB-sta"tUTOry~gOall7'and a new balance" which from the scientific community as to emerging research is in equilibrium with its changing environment. areas of great yield. We receive this information This, I believe we have done as the record of the from many different sources, and it must be assessed Annual Report indicates. This, we will continue to and reconciled. try to do in the future. One of the major responsibilities of years as a consequence of changing the National Science Foundation is to national priorities. During fiscal year support and strengthen fundamental 1972, by virtue of a special increase research in all fields of science. The in its appropriation, the NSF was able Foundation has provided and will con­ to respond to this problem by increas­ Research tinue to provide strong support for ing its support of research by an ap­ fundamental research in the biological, preciable fraction of the amount cut Project physical, mathematical, environmental, back by other agencies. By this action, social, and materials sciences, and in the executive branch and the Congress Support engineering. The Foundation fulfills moved in concert to minimize the this responsibility by supporting efforts adverse impact upon the nation's Activities of individual scientists and engineers strength in the basic sciences of a in their search to resolve scientific number of program changes by agen­ questions concerning basic life pro­ cies whose supjport of basic research cesses; natural laws and phenomena; must, of necessity, be kept rather complex factors influencing man's en­ closely attuned to shifting mission re­ vironment; and the physical, psycho­ quirements. This adjustment was made logical, and other forces determining in all affected science disciphnes. the individual behavior of man as well In fiscal year 1972, the Foundation as the collective behavior of his soci­ awarded 5,658 grants amounting to eties. Within NSF, the Research Direc­ $242.5 million for the support of torate has the principal role in provid­ individual research projects. Compar­ ing the dynainics and organization of able figures for fiscal year 1971 were this support. There are two principal 4,495 grants for a total of $180.3 mechanisms by which it does this: million. The distribution, number, and • Grants to academic institutions In amount of grants according to field support of individuals or small of science for fiscal years 1970, 1971, groups of scientists doing re­ and 1972 are shown in table 1. Grants search considered to have out­ were awarded to 4 71 institutions, standing potential for the develop­ including 326 colleges and univer­ ment of new scientific knowledge. sities, in all 50 States, the District of • Grants in support of programs Columbia, and Puerto Rico; 9 4 per­ such as the International Biologi­ cent of the funds went to academic cal Program and the Global institutions. Of these, 23 2 received Atmospheric Research Program. two or more research grants, and 130 (These programs are described received $200,000 or more. Table 2 with other national programs on shows the average distribution in fiscal pages 36- 39). year 1972 for approved cost items on Support is also provided to assist in: the 5,65 8 research grants. • Obtaining specialized research SPECIALIZED RESEARCH FACILITIES equipment, instrumentation, and AND EQUIPMENT research facilities. • Defraying the costs of travel for In fiscal year 1972, the Foundation individual scientists attending se­ awarded $6.0 million to institu­ lected scientific conferences. tions to assist in the purchase of • Convening conferences and sym­ specialized facilities and equipment in posia. biology, astronomy, earth and atmo­ • Supporting dissertation research spheric sciences, physics, chemistry, in the social sciences and certain engineering, materials sciences, and other sciences involving exten­ the social sciences. (Computing and sive field work. oceanographic facihties are discussed in the chapter on National and Inter­ national Programs.) Table 3 shows the RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT distribution of funds over a 3-year The support of basic research in the period. The nature of this support for United States has gone through sig­ specialized equipment and facilities is nificant adjustments in the past few illustrated by the following examples. Table 1 Scientific Researcli Projects Fiscal Years 1970, 1971, and 1972 (Dollars in millions)

Fiscal year 1970 Fiscal year 1971 Fiscal year 1972 Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount

Physics ... ' Elementary Particle Physics $11.24" ITi.eo $13.69 Nuclear Physics 6.46 9.42 10.92 Atomic, Molecular & Plasma Physics 2.72 2.75 3.20 Theoretical Physics 3.34 2.72 3.27 Gravitational -0 - •0- 1.25 Subtotal 245 28.18 1 290 26.49 267 32.33

Chemistry Synthetic Chemistry 4.05 4.27 5.00 Structural Chemistry 2.80 3.07 3.01 Quantum Chemistry 3.40 3.50 4.05 Chemical Dynamics 3.58 3.52 4.10 Chemical Analysis 1.71 1.81 2.75 Chemical Thermodynamics 1.86 1.77 2.25 Chemical Instrumentation -0 • 1.70 1.69 Subtotal 449 17.40 488 19.64 593 22.85

Astronomy Solar System Astronomy .58 .45 .50 Stars and Stellar Evolution 1.45 1.59 1.77 Stellar Systems and Motions ._ .77 .52 .57 Galactic and Extragaiactic Astronomy 1.26 3.17 3.96 Astronomical Instrumentation and Development 1.74 .94 .95 Subtotal 108 5.80 135 6.67 131 7.75

Mathematical Sciences 2.22 2.61 Classical Analysis and Geometry .... 4.34 Modern Analysis and Probability . .. 2.36 2.62 Algebra 4.49 2.49 2.98 Topology and Foundations 2.22 2.27 Applied Mathematics and Statistics 3.83 3.06 3.27 Special Projects -0 - .59 -0- Subtotal --- - 489 12.66 535 12.94 693 13.75

Biological Sciences Cellular Biology 8.68 8.92 11.80 Ecology and Systematic Biology .- 8.60 8.86 10.21 Molecular Biology .. 9.76 9.95 12.45 Physiological Processes 9.53 8.89 9.93 Neurobiology -0- 4.05 4.40 Psychobiology 4.30 3.60 4.00 Subtotal 1,072 40.8? 1,369 44.27 1,520 52.79

Atmospheric Sciences Aeronomy 1.69 2.35 3.19 Meteorology . 3.95 4.73 5.33 Solar-Terrestrial 2.28 2.36 2.90 Subtotal 118 7.92 143 9.44 211 11.42

Earth Sciences Geology 1.42 1.64 1.75 Geochemistry ... 3.07 3.05 3.72 Geophysics 3.36 3.43 3.91 Subtotal - 169 7.85 225 8.12 253 9.38

Oceanography Physical and Chemical Oceanography 2.07 2.70 3.95 Submarine Geology and Geophysics 3.18 3.36 4.12 Biological Oceanography 3.66 3.92 4.38 Subtotal 218 8.91 235 9.98 268 12.45

Engineering Engineering Chemistry 2.83 3.04 7.37 Engineering Energetics 2.86 2.79 Engineering Mechanics — 6.55 5.77 10.12 Electrical Sciences and Analysis -0- 1.48 6.89 Special Engineering 1.17 1.02 •0- Subtotal 463 16.70 2 385 14.10 634 24.38 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 3

Table 1—Continued Scientific Research Projects Fiscal Years 1970, 1971, and 1972 (Dollars in millions) Fiscal year 1970 Fiscal year 1971 Fiscal year 1972 [dumber Amount Number Amount Number Amount Social Sciences Anthropology •3.47 $ 3.56 $ 3.8O Economics 4.35 4.56 5.20 Economic and Social Geography - 0 - .65 .80 Sociology 1.68 1.21 2.10 Social Psychology 1.68 1.42 2.10 Political Science 1.19 .77 1.48 History and Philosophy of Science .83 .76 .87 Special Projects 1.74 2.10 2.77 Law and Social Science • 0 - .69 .90 Geography .48 - 0 - - 0 - Social Indicators . •_0^ 1^94 2.05 Subtotal 459 15.42 484 17.66 613 22.07

Materials Research Engineering Materials -0- 4.01 6.58 Solid State and Low Temperature Physics - • 0 - 5.72 9.66 Solid State Chemistry and Polymer Science - 0 - .93 2.07 Materials Research Laboratories - 0 - • 0 - 12.80 National Magnet Laboratory -0 - .40 2.28 Subtotal -0 - -0 - 206 11.06 375 33.39

Total - 3,790 $161.71 M95 $180.37 5^658 $242.56

1 includes Solid State and Low Temperature Physics of $4.42. = includes Engineering Materials of $3.29.

Table 2 Scientific Research Projects, Average Distribution of Funds by Type of Expenditure Fiscal Years 1970, 1971, and 1972

Fiscal year 1970 Fiscal year 1971 Fiscal year 1972 Percent Percent Percent Amount of total Amount of total Amount of total Professional Personnel Faculty . $ 6,758 15.4 $ 6,560 15.0 $ 6,194 14.1 Research Associates 2,940 6.7 2,668 6.1 2,987 6.8 Research Assistants —. 6,275 14.3 5,510 12.6 4,877 11.1 Other Professional 2,150 4.9 2,274 5.2 2,065 4.7 Total Professional Personnel1 18,123 41.3 17,012 38.9 16,123 36.7 Other Personnel 3,467 7.9 3,499 8.0 3,383 7.7 Fringe Benefits 1,492 3.4 1,618 3.7 1,757 4.0 Total Salaries and Wages 23,082 52.6 22,129 50.6 21,263 48.4 Permanent Equipment 2,677 6.1 2,756 6.3 2,724 6.2 Expendable Equipment and Supplies 3,028 6.9 3,149 7.2 2,900 6.6 Travel 1,273 2.9 1,356 3.1 1,318 3.0 Publication and Printing 658 1.5 612 1.4 615 1.4 Computing Costs 1,360 3.1 1,356 3.1 1,186 2.7 Other Costs 2,019 4.6 2,536 5.8 3,778 8.6 Total Direct Costs 34,097 77.7 33,894 77.5 33,784 76.9

Indirect Costs 9,786 22.3 9,840 22.5 10,148 23.1 Total Average Grant . $43,883 100.0 $43,734 100.0 $43,932 100.0

Table 3 Specialized Research Facilities and Equipment Fiscal Years 1970, 1971, and 1972 (Dollars in millions) Fiscal year 1970 Fiscal year 1971 Fiscal year 1972

Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Astronomy 5 $ .190 3 $ .250 4 $ .253 Atmospheric Sciences 4 .199 5 .290 7 .287 Biological and Medical Sciences 11 .918 22 .904 24 1.214 Chemistry 63 1.697 58 1.700 40 1.673 Earth Sciences 3 .103 2 .121 4 .100 Engineering 28 .600 30 .752 31 .625 Oceanography 1 1 .067 5 .100 Physics 12 2.499 5 1.444 4 .949 Social Sciences 1 .298 6 .272 6 .386 Materials Research 17 .425 Total 127 $6,504 131 $5,800 142 $6,012 1 included in National and Special Research Programs in Fiscal Year 1970. 4 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

As a result of growing enthusiasm ing hydraulics Ph.D. thesis. Another relating knowledge from the forefront by researchers in several fields other study investigated the mechanics of of physics research to development of than physics to use synchrotron radia­ ice jams and the conditions under new materials and materials process­ tion in their experiments, existing fa­ which fragmented ice accumulations ing techniques. cilities for such radiation use were become unstable, giving rise to chan­ Basic physics research is a source expanded. These facilities provide a nel, blockage and flooding. A project of long-range technological progress. unique source of intense and continu­ of environmental interest is a study of For example, research into properties um X-rays which are of significant the effects on river ice of the thermal of the atomic nucleus has led to the value to solid-state physicists, ekem^ ^ffluent_fronx_a__miclear-power-plant. -formatioH-of- an-entire new technolo­ ists, and atmospheric scientists, and The length of the Mississippi River gy—nuclear power—which is already which promise in the near future to that will be kept ice-free by this a billion-dollar industry and may, be of use to biologists and radiolo­ effluent is being investigated analyti­ within a few decades, alter our entire gists as well. At this type of special­ cally. approach to energy requirements. The ized facility, such varied projects are modern electronics, communication, carried out as the study of photoemis- and computer industries are grounded sion spectra of metals with chemi- MATHEMATICAL in basic physics. Physics contributes sorbed molecules (important in under­ AND PHYSICAL to improved cancer radiation therapy standing the mechanism of chemical through the use of new types of radi­ action on surfaces of all types), SCIENCES ation, contributes to developing new exciton fluorescence measurements on Vigorous and exciting progress sources of power to meet growing aromatic compounds, and photoabsorp- characterize the four areas—physics, demands for energy, and contributes tion cross section measurements for chemistry, astronomy, and mathemat­ to improved technologies in such areas important atmospheric gases. ics—that comprise the Mathematical as lasers, magnetic materials, and spec­ and Physical Sciences Division. These trometry. The technological payoff Another area where equipment and traditional disciplines are highly de­ from basic physics research will facilities were improved is in the field veloped in technique, theory, and pat­ continue. of noise research. NSF grants will terns of thought. They continuously make possible continued and expand­ The chemistry research program exchange new knowledge, techniques, ed investigations in acoustical attenu­ increases our knowledge of the com­ ideas, and problems among them­ ation, the effect of transient noise on position, structure, and mutual inter- selves and also enlarge, enrich, and the auditory system, and research on conversion of substances. It seeks ways systematize their interactions with environmental noise created by vari­ of predicting, in general, which atomic other areas of science and technolo­ ous sources such as residential air or molecular arrangement will pro­ gy. The support patterns in these conditioners, diesel engines, jet en­ duce a desired property, predicting the fields have been strongly perturbed, gines, turbines, fans, air-moving de­ optimum sequence of reactions to pro­ however, during recent years by the vices, compressors, and traffic noise. duce a desired molecule, and under­ withdrawal of many other Federal This area of research has been increas­ standing the rates of chemical re­ agencies from the support of such ing in importance as population den­ actions. research. sity and societal stresses increase and The areas of modern chemical re­ The physics research program environmental issues gain priority in spans natural phenomena from search are interactive: Advances in public attention. subatomic particles to the forces that one area are closely tied to advances A low temperature hydraulic flow shape the universe. Continuous ad­ in the others. For example, methods facility at the University of Iowa, vances in understanding these phenom­ of chemical analysis and quantitative constructed 2 years ago, has been ena result in a steady transfer of measurements, usually accomplished continuously used with outstanding knowledge to chemistry, the environ­ with modern sophisticated instru­ results on a number of basic and ap­ mental sciences, engineering, the life ments, are indispensable to the solu­ plied studies involving various hy­ sciences, and other areas directly con­ tion of nearly any chemical problem. draulic engineering characteristics of cerned with finding ways to improve Much of the progress made in under­ ice and ice formation. One study man's ability to live with and manage standing molecular processes rests on probed the stability of turbulent flows his surroundings. A reflection of this the availability of instrumentation past freezing and melting ice bound­ transfer was the assignment in 1972 that permits the separation and analy­ aries and the attendant formation of of the Physics Program's work in sol­ sis of complicated mixtures or that ice ripples and their effects on flows id state and low temperature physics measures the effects of subtle changes in ice-covered rivers. A part of this and corresponding components of in molecular properties. research won the international 1971 theoretical physics to the new Divi­ Another area of major importance Straub prize for the year's outstand­ sion of Materials Research, thereby is the development of an understand- RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 3

ing of the mechanisms by which cata­ other sciences and then into technol­ Initially suggested theoretically, lysts influence the rates of chemical ogy- scaling was first observed in the deep inelastic scattering of electrons on reactions without permanent change The recent past in mathematics has protons (in which the proton is bro­ to the catalysts. NSF not only sup­ been characterized by increasing ab­ ken apart by the deep-probing elec­ ports ongoing research, but also re­ straction and generalization, with the tron) at the Stanford Linear Acceler­ search that probes new areas of op­ effect of revealing unsuspected kin­ ator Center (SLAC), and subse­ portunity that may lead to commercial ships and confluence among tradition­ quently confirmed in more detailed application. al mathematical disciphnes. The result measurements at the Cornell Electron Research in astronomy deals with has been the creation of tools of un­ Synchrotron. In these experiments, methods and equipment to increase precedented power for attacking some of the kinetic energy of the our understanding of the objects and problems of great difficulty. For ex­ incident electrons is converted to phenomena in the universe, the laws ample, the mathematical tools for a mass, which is ejected in the form of that govern them, and the relation­ sophisticated theory of guidance of one or more elementary particles in ships among matter, time, and space. many kinds of vehicles, machines, and addition to the struck proton. A large Some of these objects are so remote industrial processes have been made number of physical variables are that they can be studied only by available through research in analysis necessary to describe the resulting means of electromagnetic radiation and topology, and have resulted in a complex multi-particle final states in and cosmic particles coming from burgeoning of research in nonlinear such reactions. The first scaling exper­ them and caught with instruments on ordinary differential equations. This iments measured a quantity called the the earth. These instruments, in short research has also been responsible for "inclusive cross section," which is the supply and exceedingly expensive to the development of those parts of probability of the electron scattering build, have benefited in recent years applied mathematics known as con­ through a given angle. To determine by technological developments that trol theory, optimization theory, and it, only the incident and outgoing have increased the ability of astrono­ differential "games." electron need be dealt with, and all of mers to record more data using new Examples of a few important re­ the additional particles can be ig­ instrumentation on existing tele­ search projects in the mathematical nored. This cross section is computed scopes. The need for Federal support and physical sciences are described on with the use of two so-called "struc­ of astronomy is large in comparison to the following pages. many other fields of science because ture" functions which depend on the astronomy, though crucial in eluci­ energy lost by the incident electron and the momentum transferred by dating theories concerning physical PHYSICS laws, is not usually directly applicable that electron to the target proton. But to problems that would merit indus­ Scaling and Partons—A when the structure functions are cal­ culated for grossly different values of trial or non-Federal support. NSF Substructure for the supports about 90 percent of the total both energy loss and momentum U.S. effort in ground-based astrono­ Proton? transfer, their results fall along a smooth curve indicating that, over a my, the balance coming from private One of the most important and wide range of energy and momentum and State sources. stimulating findings in particle physics transfers, these structure functions de­ The program in mathematical in recent years is the discovery of scale pend only on a dimensionless ratio of sciences supports the creation of new invariance—or "scaling." Briefly, the the two variables. techniques, understanding of mathe­ scaling property implies that certain matical structures already extant and phenomena involved in reactions of The remarkable simplicity of this the relations between them, and the elementary particles have a very sim­ behavior may have profound implica­ construction of mathematical models ple mathematical representation, de­ tions for understanding the structure of physical, biological, or social pending only on ratios of a few of the proton itself, and a number of phenomena and their application to measured quantities. These ratios, models have been adduced to explain the world in which we live. As we which have no dimensions (like miles these results. In one, the so-called develop more complex technologies in per hour), are, in a sense, analogous "parton model" of R. P. Feynman at which elements of the social and bio­ to the more familiar dimensionless the California Institute of Technolo­ logical sciences are intermingled with numbers, such as the Reynolds num­ gy, the nucleon (neutron or proton) those of the physical and engineering ber in hydrodynamics which relates is envisioned as a noninteracting gas sciences, mathematics will play an in­ turbulent to laminar flows, or the of fundamental particles called "par- creasing role. The applications of math­ Mach number in aerodynamics, which tons." Deep inelastic scattering can be ematical research are generally not characterizes the kinds of shock described as scattering of the elec­ immediate and, when they are made, waves that occur in supersonic trons from these pointlike partons. are apt to be widely diffused first into flow. This interpretation is reminiscent of 6 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS FOR DEEP-INELASTIC 0.6 ELECTRON-PROTON SCATTERING

Scaling Variable CD Scaling Variable (A)

These experimental measurements show the "structure" functions that determine the inclusive cross section for deep inelastic scatter­ ings. Adjacent points on these graphs are measured at grossly different values of energy and momentum transfer, but at neighboring values of their dimensionless ratio—the scaling variable uj. The fact that these points define approximately smooth curves rather than scatter uniformly over the graph is a verification of the scaling hypothesis.

Rutherford's work at the turn of the ty of California, San Diego, will scat­ that he is indeed detecting gravita­ century, when his study of the behav­ ter muons from heavy nuclei and in­ tional radiation, although they pose ior of the scattering of alpha particles vestigate a wide range of variables. A grave difficulties for theories of the from heavy atoms led him to con­ second, more elaborate experiment, sources of this radiation. clude that these atoms were made up by a Chicago-Harvard-Oxford collab­ Dr. Weber's initial experiment con­ of diffusely distributed clouds of elec­ oration, will study a somewhat small­ sisted of looking for anomalous exci­ trons surrounding a pointlike, posi­ er kinematical range, but will use a tations of vibrations of two tively charged nucleus. Determining liquid hydrogen (i.e., proton) target, 1-1/2-ton aluminum cylinders, one specific details of the deep inelastic and make a detailed study of all the located at College Park, Md., and the process will answer a host of ques­ outgoing particles as well. other at the Argonne National Labo­ tions about the partons if they really ratory outside Chicago. A count was do exist, and further experimental made of the number of times both studies are going on at both SLAC Gravitational Radiation cylinders were excited essentially si­ and Cornell. Revisited multaneously (an event termed a In addition, deep inelastic scatter­ "coincidence"), and it was found that ing experiments will shortly be ex­ Three years ago, Joseph "Weber of these coincidences occurred much tended to a new energy domain at the the University of Maryland an­ more frequently than could be ex­ National Accelerator Laboratory in nounced the detection of events that plained on the hypothesis that the Batavia, 111., where experiments in­ he identified with pulses of gravita­ bars were being excited by random volving beams of elementary particles tional radiation from some distant thermal oscillations. Subsequent ex­ known as muons (instead of elec­ source. Although this interpretation periments have effectively ruled out trons) will investigate scaling behav­ of his data was greeted initially with the possibility that these signals are ior in regions of energy and momen­ skepticism by many members of the due to the earth's seismic activity, tum transfer an order of magnitude scientific community. Dr. Weber has long wavelength electromagnetic dis­ larger than those accessible at SLAC continued to refine his techniques dur­ turbances, or cosmic rays—the three and Cornell. One of the first such ing the intervening years. The addi­ most popular alternative explanations. experiments, to be performed jointly tional observations that he has been In addition, the directional sensitivity by NSF-supported groups from Mich­ able to obtain with these improve­ of the cylinders indicated a signal igan State, Cornell, and the Universi­ ments are consistent with the idea source at either the galactic center or RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES

a point diametrically opposed to the galactic center, not far from the Crab nebula. In the past year, Dr. Weber has instrumented a new disk-type of detector, which has a directional re­ sponse different from the cylinder de­ tectors. This detector, when run in coincidence with one of the old cylin­ der detectors, is capable of removing the previous ambiguity of the source direction. New experiments point to a source of gravitational radiation at the center of our galaxy, rather than the anti-center. These remarkable observations have stimulated intense activity in many segments of the scientific com­ munity. Theoretical physicists have pointed out that if the events are gravitational in origin, and if their source is located in the center of the galaxy and radiating energy with equal strength in all directions, then enough mass must be converted into energy in the form of gravitational waves near the galactic center to have a noticeable effect on the motions of clouds of hydrogen gas near the solar system. Radio astronomers have not detected such motions, however, and this has led one group of theorists, under the direction of Charles Misner (also at Maryland) to suggest a kind of gravitational synchrotron radiation as a possible source mechanism. In this theory, gravitational radiation from a very rapidly accelerated mas­ sive object orbiting near the galactic center would beam its radiation pre­ dominantly into the plane of the galaxy. Although this beaming would relieve the stringent energy loss re­ quirements mentioned above, no one has yet proposed a convincing picture of how the radiating masses could get into their orbits. On the experimental side, groups are setting up apparatus to confirm Dr. Weber's results, including one in the U.S.S.R., one in Germany, two each in Italy and the United King­ dom, and one in Canada. In the United States, the Foundation is sup­ porting two efforts in addition to Dr. .Physicist Joseph Weber is here shown with his disk detector. This detector is least sensitive Weber's. One detector system at the the kind of gravitational radiation predicted by Einstein's theory when its flat face is perp( University of Rochester is quite simi- dicular to the direction of the radiating source.

491-718 0 - 73 -2 8 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

past two decades for study of the extremely fast and energetic processes TIME DISTRIBUTION OF WEBER PULSES that occur in flames. Foundation grantees are working 80,- on many projects to understand these processes. Thomas Vickers of the University of Florida is studying the changes in light absorbed and emitted when trace amounts of heavy jnetals are present in hydrogen "flames. At w Pennsylvania State University, LU Howard Palmer has recently observed o z light from an excited form of sulfur 111 9 dioxide for the first time when carbon o z disulfide or carbon oxysulfide is o o burned in oxygen. At the State Uni­ versity of New York at Binghamton, Walter Kaskan may provide informa­ o tion useful in assessing the potential of ammonia as a fuel from his measurements of the formation and destruction of nitrogen oxide in am­ monia flames. In those examples, flames are being studied directly. It is possible, howev­ er, to learn a great deal about flames by generating the reactive species present in flames by processes other 18 22 than combustion and studying their SIDEREAL TIME reactions. For example, direct studies have shown that many flames contain a number of reactive fragments, in­ Original experiments to detect gravitational radiation recorded coincident "events" measured by cluding oxygen and hydrogen atoms cylinders at two widely separated locations. They revealed a source of radiation at either the and hydroxyl radicals (the product center or anti-center of our galaxy (left). (The earth is essentially transparent to gravitational radiation, so the data are combined into half a day's time.) Recent experiments (right) using from combination of one hydrogen one cylinder and one disk detector (which is least sensitive to radiation when its flat face is and one oxygen atom). These species pointed towards it) show the fewest coincidences when pointing toward the galactic center— can be produced in a number of confirmation that the center is the source of the radiation. ways. Frederick Kaufman at the Uni­ versity of Pittsburgh simply heats hy­ drogen gas with a tungsten filament to create hydrogen atoms; he then lar to Dr. Weber's, and will be run in CHEMISTRY studies their reaction with each other coincidence with a detector being in the presence of other gases such as constructed at the Bell Telephone Lab­ Chemistry and Combustion carbon dioxide, water vapor, or oratories. Superconducting detectors methane. At Illinois Institute of Tech­ to achieve maximum isolation from what happens in flames is a matter nology, David Gutman uses mi­ all sources of thermal noise will be of great practical concern. From the crowave or radiofrequency discharges run at Louisiana State University and simple hydrogen-oxygen flame, now to dissociate oxygen molecules into Stanford University. Through collabo­ being reexamined as a possible major oxygen atoms. A stream of these rative efforts such as these, physicists source of energy, to the complex atoms is then made to collide with a in the next few years hope to gain combustion of wood, chemists are de­ crossed beam of "fuel," such as acety­ new insights into the nature of the voting increasing effort to trying to lene, and the unstable products of the surprising phenomenon discovered by understand the details of the combus­ collisions are detected. This method Dr. Weber, which, if it is not gravita­ tion process. This work is possible as has already been used to show that tional radiation, is likely to be even a result of instruments and techniques the inferences about these products more significant. that have become available in the from previous experiments in which RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 9

decomposes y/hen it is heated. Among other things, it turns out that one of the intermediate products is acety­ lene, which immediately links this study with Dr. Gutman's. The reactions discussed so far were intentionally chosen by the investiga­ tors to be as simple as possible. Still, the acetylene-oxygen reaction proba­ bly involves at least 20 intermediate compounds before the final stable products, water and carbon dioxide, are formed. The techniques being used in these relatively simple com­ bustions would produce hopelessly complicated results if they were ap­ plied to a process such as the combus­ tion of the cellulose of which cotton consists. Yet, understanding this pro­ cess is at least as important as know­ ing how acetylene burns. The ap­ proach being used by Fred Shafizadeh at the University of Montana, and at the University of California's State­ wide Air Pollution Research Center in Riverside, is called pyrolysis. This involves heating cellulose below flame temperatures and/or in the absence of oxygen and collecting and identify­ ing the gaseous products formed. At the California laboratories, cotton treated with sugar containing radioac­ tive carbon produces cellulose con­ taining radioactive "labels." Pyrolysis of this material will help determine In this reaction of hydrogen gas containing methyl borate burning in air, the brighter low region is the flame or reaction zone, and the middle and upper region is the burned gas (the the exact source of the carbon mon­ metal screen above the flame gives hydrodynamic stability). The vertical streaks on the sides oxide and carbon dioxide produced. are clouds of condensed boric oxide particles and mark the hot/cold boundary. A spectogram of None of the experiments discussed the flame shows the light emitted by the boric oxide bands, with the brighter portion of the here is spectacular in itself. Yet, all of spectrum at the bottom in the flame zone and the darker portion above in the burned gases. them, and a much larger body of (Photo by Walter Kaskan, SUNY-Binghamton) research on the chemistry of reactive fragments, are providing a base of scientific understanding which is they could not be detected directly pass shock waves through a mixture crucial to the solution of the practical were wrong. Ultraviolet light can also of gases. Dr. Gutman also used this problems of fire prevention and air cause dissociation of molecules into method to study the acetylene-oxygen pollution, as well as a host of other atoms or larger molecular fragments, reaction. In the first experiment, the problems of economic and environ­ both in the laboratory and in the crossed beams, he learned what un­ mental importance. atmosphere. In fact, the work of both stable fragments are initiallv formed. Drs. Kaufman and Gutman is equally He was then able to deduce some­ important in understanding smog and thing about how fast they form and Potential Surface for the upper atmosphere chemistry as it is react from the nature of the light F -\- Ha Reaction for explaining combustion. emitted from the shock tube. Ralph Another technique that produces Kern at Louisiana State University is Powerful theoretical techniques are temperatures, fragments, and hght now using a modification of the shock now being brought to bear on reac­ emission very similar to flames is to tube technique to learn how methane tions similar to those which occur in 10 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

combustion. An important goal is the the minimum energy path for the now completing a study of 52 RR prediction, from first principles, of reaction involved an arrangement in Lyrae stars in the Large Magellanic chemical reaction rates, and a great which the F-H-H atoms lie along a Cloud, a small satellite of our own deal of effort has been expended on straight line. Further refinements pro­ galaxy. Dr. Graham has discovered this problem since the early 193O's. duced a potential surface which is that the RR Lyrae variables in this Basically, quantum mechanics is em­ thought to correspond fairly closely nearby companion form a very homo­ ployed in the calculation of points on to reality and is considered to be geneous group having a much smaller a "hill-and-valley-like" surface rep­ of chemical accuracy. The barrier spread in their period-luminosity rela­ resenting the potential energy of a -height (whi&h represents the energy tion than iS"found for the same- types system of atoms and molecules in a difference between the saddle point of stars in the main Milky Way sys­ particular configuration. Low regions and the separated reactants) and the tem, where we are located. The dis­ shaped somewhat like narrow valleys, exothermicity (the energy released persion found in our own galaxy is representing relatively low potential when the reaction occurs) agree quite attributed to variations in the abun­ energy, correspond to compounds. The well with experimental quantities. It is dance of elements heavier than heli­ passage of a point from one valley expected that this potential surface, um. Dr. Graham's observations, over a saddle point (or pass) into calculated from first principles, will therefore, indicate that the RR Lyrae another valley represents a chemical be useful for dynamical studies (clas­ stars in the Large Cloud have a very reaction, and the shape of the surface sical trajectories, semiclassical and small range in heavy-element abun­ determines the rate of the reaction quantum treatments) that will allow dance. His result is further interpreted and the energy disposition among the comparison of additional theoretical as meaning a narrow range of age, products. results with information obtained by i.e., a single generation, for stars in The surface for the system of experiment. Dr. Schaefer is also ap­ the Large Magellanic Cloud, as op­ three hydrogen atoms (the same sys­ plying this kind of analysis to reac­ posed to the several generations tem being studied experimentally by tions involving hydrogen and oxygen present in the Milky Way. Each suc­ Dr. Kaufman) is the simplest to treat species, which should provide a the­ cessive generation is richer than the theoretically. It has received extensive oretical base with which to compare preceding one in carbon, nitrogen, ox­ study, from which principles useful and refine the experimental studies of ygen, and heavier metals because nu­ in more complex situations have simple flames. clear reactions in older stars slowly emerged. Development of computa­ fuse these elements from hydrogen and helium, enriching the raw materi­ tional techniques and the availability ASTRONOMY of high-speed computers now makes al for new stars. possible rehable calculations for sys­ Standard Candles A similar study of RR Lyrae stars tems containing larger atoms. in our own Milky Way system has One of the most difficult and yet been made jointly by F. D. A. Hart- Henry F. Schaefer III, of the Uni­ one of the most fundamental observa­ wick and Graham Hill, guest investi­ versity of California, Berkeley, with tional problems which astronomers gators at CTIO, and James E. Hesser the aid of a Foundation grant and in must solve is that of identifying stars of the CTIO staff. Although the very collaboration with several other scien­ of known intrinsic brightness to serve central regions of our galaxy are tists, has recently carried out calcula­ as basic indicators of distance to the effectively blocked from our view by tions for the potential energy surface systems in which they are found. Over heavy interstellar obscuration, there is for the fluorine plus hydrogen mole­ the past half century pulsating varia­ a small, relatively clear region toward cule system. The chemical reaction bles (e.g., Cepheids) have been these the galactic center in which Walter F -f Ha FH + H has been stud­ standards. Early research indicated a Baade discovered over 100 RR Lyrae ied experimentally by a number of linear relation between intrinsic stars many years ago. Using these techniques related to those used by brightness and period of pulsation, objects as "standard candles," Dr. Drs. Kaufman and Gutman, and fairly though upon closer inspection the Baade was able to make an estimate detailed information is available about relation has required extensive modifi­ of the distance to the center of our the reaction dynamics. cation. Each change has produced al­ galaxy and thus set the scale for all In preliminary work, about 3 J 0 in­ terations in the distance scale of our galactic structure studies. The region dividual calculations were carried out, own and distant galaxies. studied by Dr. Baade is in the south­ each referring to a particular ar­ Variable stars that pulsate in less ern sky and he could observe it only rangement of the three atoms. A than a day, the RR Lyrae stars, have for a very short time, since it never great deal of information was ob­ been the subject of two observational rises more than about 20° above the tained about the potential surface and programs at the Cerro Tololo Inter- horizon at the Mt. Wilson Observato­ about the usefulness of various the­ American Observatory (CTIO). John ry in California. Dr. Hesser and his oretical approaches. It was found that Graham, a CTIO staff member, is colleagues have demonstrated that in RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 11

84 percent of the 38 variables checked by the observers in Chile, the observing conditions imposed on Dr. Baade at Mt. Wilson, coupled with the limitation that the periods of pul­ sation of RR Lyraes are some frac­ tion of a day, led to erroneous deter­ minations of periods. New determi­ nations of the characteristics of these stars—their periods and metal abun­ dances—will lead to an improved es­ timate of the size of our galaxy.

Very Long Baseline Interferometry

Digital Very Long Baseline (VLB) interferometry is an observing tech­ nique used at the National Radio As­ tronomy Observatory (NRAO) and certain other observatories. Record­ ings of a celestial radio source are made simultaneously at two or more widely separated sites, using atomic clocks for synchronization. Later, in- tercomparison of the recorded data from all sites involved permits con­ struction of a model of the spatial The nearest neighbor of our own Millty Way galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud, passes nearly structure of the radio source with overhead at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Excellent observations of its extremely high angular resolving constituent stars can be made there, as the chart below, the distribution of RR Lyrae stars, shows. The narrow width of the distribution indicates that these stars formed from the inter­ power. stellar medium at nearly the same time, as opposed to the several generations in the Milky Way. One of the most exciting finds to (Photo by John Graham, CTIO; chart by Kitt Peak National Observatory) come from the new technique is the discovery of "super-relativistic" ex­ pansion in radio sources. During a series of transcontinental observations 10 made from 1970 to the present, the visibility patterns of several sources were found to change with time, indi­ cating that the parts of the sources were separating as seen from the earth. The sources are thought to be very distant, so the simplest interpre­ tation of the effect required very high apparent expansion velocities within the sources—in one source, nearly ten times the speed of light. Since the possibility that matter is really moving with velocities in excess of the speed of light is not taken seriously by the experimenters, other alternatives have been explored. Da­ vid DeYoung at NRAO has proposed APPARENT BLUE MsAQNITiJOE an explanation in terms of the dis­ tribution of synchrotron radiation in a 12 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

source expanding at nearly the speed sity research grants program. In his this phenomenon will lead to a better of light. (Synchrontron radiation, first explanation, the central component of understanding of the origin of radio discovered in the accelerators bearing an aligned triple source gradually galaxies and quasars. the same name, is produced when a weakens and disappears. The mean charged particle moving at a speed spacing within the source, as very close to the speed of light passes measured by the interferometer, thus Quasars through a magnetic field.) He found appears to increase without any mass that sources with apparent expansion motions taking place at all. Quasars are one of modern astron­ velocities in excess of the velocity of These and other models are omy's most challenging puzzles. They light can result from natural geome­ presently being tested using further appear as starhke points, rather than tries and reasonable expansion rates observation with new VLB systems as extended galaxies, even in the due to the tricks played on the ob­ recently completed at NRAO. If none largest optical telescopes. Their radio server by the arrival time of light of these "optical illusion" models can wavelength emission is no different traveling from the source. be confirmed, a possible alternative is from that of more normal-appearing William Dent of the University of that the sources are much closer than radio galaxies. However, their light is Massachusetts Ijas proposed a motion- previously thought, so that the speed strongly displaced toward the longer free model using data on source vari­ required for the source to move wavelengths, producing a redshift. Es­ ability obtained from the Haystack through the angle seen from the earth tablishing the cause of quasar red- Radio Telescope in Tyngsboro, Mass., is less than the speed of light. In any shifts is a controversial, fundamental supported by the Foundation's univer­ event, it is clear that further study of problem facing astronomers. RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 13

The controversy arises because all ies and found them to be essentially there also is the inverse M* of M, of the major theories interpreting the equal to that of the quasar. One of which undoes what M did, that is, redshifts lead to situations beyond our the two galaxies is the faintest ordi­ such that MM''" = I. There is also the current comprehension of physics. nary galaxy for which a redshift has so-called associative rule for composi­ Two proposed explanations hold that ever been measured. The results of tion: M(NP) = (MN)P. motion of the quasar away from us these difficult observations provide These formal properties of moves causes the shift via the so-called Dop- strong support for the cosmological occur also in other situations and, by pler effect. In the first case, the mo­ interpretation of some quasars' red- the process of abstraction from these tion is part of the overall, general shifts. various examples, algebraists have ar­ expansion of the universe and the These observations were made pos­ rived at the notion of a group. A large shifts indicate that quasars are sible by the development of an image group is any set of elements with a extremely distant and extraordinarily tube spectrum scanner by Dr. Wam­ composition law that has the formal luminous. This is the cosmological in­ pler for use on the Lick Observatory properties described above. Thus, the terpretation. Since they appear as 120-inch telescope. The development moves described above form a group, points, quasars must be relatively and application of state-of-the-art but there are also many other groups small compared to galaxies, even if electro-optical detectors, sponsored which may occur under completely they are far away. The problem in jointly by NSF and NASA at the Lick different circumstances. Perhaps the accepting this idea is that there is no Observatory, represents an important most famihar example of a group is known way to confine such strong and exciting trend in contemporary the set of all integers where the oper­ energy sources in the small volumes astronomy. This trend emphasizes de­ ation to be performed is addition. apparent for quasars. The second the­ tector efficiency rather than telescope Groups are either finite or infinite, ory holds that the high speeds result size, and is making intermediate-sized according to whether the set has a because the quasars were shot out of telescopes competitive in some re­ finite or infinite number of elements. other nearby galaxies. Thus, the qua­ spects with the present abilities of the A basic problem in the theory of sars themselves would not be exces­ world's largest telescopes. finite groups is the determination of sively bright because they would be the structure of all finite groups. (For closer to us. On the other hand, there example, given a number n, how is no known way to eject anything at MATHEMATICS many groups with n elements are such high speed from a galaxy. A Finite Group Theory there?) In order to attack this prob­ third suggestion is simply that the lem, mathematicians have introduced redshifts result from some unknown One of the simplest and most use­ the notion of a group which is, in physical phenomenon, having little or ful of algebraic structures is the some sense, indecomposable, the sim­ nothing to do with motion. group. This concept has found appli­ ple group. Simple groups are in a For several years, it has been real­ cations in many branches of mathe­ sense the building blocks for all ized that a crucial observational test matics, as well as physics and chemis­ groups. A classification of all finite of the cosmological interpretation try. For example, the theory of finite simple groups would constitute deci­ would be provided if a quasar could groups has applications in crystal­ sive progress in the subject. be found in a cluster of galaxies, and lography, in the theory of inorganic if it could be demonstrated that the complex ions, and in spectroscopy. A major breakthrough in this area redshifts of the "ordinary" galaxies in For a typical example, consider the occurred in 1963, when W. Feit and the cluster were the same as that of ordinary plane, which we may think J. Thompson showed that essentially the quasar. Such a finding would, of as the surface of a very large every simple group has an even num­ first, confirm the association of the table. A "move" consists of shifting ber of elements. There are now indi­ quasar with the cluster of galaxies the table and also pivoting it around cations that Dr. Thompson has taken and, second, confirm the cosmological its center. Two such moves may be another great step: He seems to have interpretation of the quasar redshift, combined by carrying out one after succeeded in classifying all simple since the cosmological interpretation the other. If we first perform move M groups such that the number of ele­ of the redshift of "ordinary" galaxies and then move N, the resulting com­ ments is not divisible by three. is widely accepted. The quasar PKS bined move is called the composition There are some finite simple groups 2251 + 11, which is surrounded by a MN of moves M and N. Composition that may be called classical. By the small, compact cluster of galaxies, of moves has interesting formal prop­ early 1960's, these had been thor­ represents such a test case. L. B. erties. There exists a move I, called oughly sorted out. Thus, the remain­ Robinson and E. J. Wampler of the the identity or neutral move, which ing task is to find all the nonclassical Lick Observatory recently measured consists of not displacing the table at finite simple groups (called sporadic redshifts for the two brightest ordi­ all. For this move, I, we have groups). As long ago as 1861, E. nary galaxies in this cluster of galax­ MI = M = IM. For each move M Mathieu discovered five such groups. 14 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

For over 100 years it was thought groups can be shown to have only things and their relationships and in­ that these were the only ones. How­ finitely many isolated members or, if teractions with other organisms and ever, in 1965, Z. Janko startled the there are- infinitely many new simple their environment. Such research is mathematical community with the groups to be found, whether they will relevant not only to our basic liveli­ discovery of a new sporadic group form a natural family with a sensible hood but also to major societal prob­ and, shortly thereafter, contributed to structure. Many mathematicians are lems such as environmental pollution, the discovery of an additional two. At working on these and related ques­ population levels, food production, present, there are 20 known sporadic tions in this active area of research, physical and mental health, and effec­ groups. One of the large groups, some of which is_being carried out by^ tive use^qf resources. Coi, is, incidentally, quite remark­ a skillful combination of handwork Although a significant portion of able in two ways. One, it arose from and large, high-speed electronic com­ the increased funds for biological re­ a study by J. Leech of close packing puters. search in fiscal year 1972 replaced of spheres in 24 dimensions (a prob­ support which had previously been lem related to the theory of error- provided by other Federal agencies, correcting codes). Two, this group BIOLOGICAL AND support was also increased in several surprisingly contains copies of many MEDICAL SCIENCES areas of special need or opportu­ others on the list. nity. It is clear that finite simple groups Research programs continue to One such area is research on learn­ exist in greater abundance than had study complex biological systems so ing and memory. A new program was recently been suspected. It remains to as to increase our understanding of established for neurobiology, which be seen whether the list of sporadic the structures and functions of living will work closely with the Psychobiol-

THE TWENTY KNOWN SPORADIC GROUPS

GROUP DISCOVERED NUMBER OF ELEMENTS

Mil 1860--MATHIEU 2*-3'=-5-11 = 7,920

Ml. 1860 2°-3'-5-11 = 95,040

M22 1861 2'-3"-5-7-11 = 443,520 M23 1861 2'-3-5-7-11-23 = 10,200,960

M.1 1861 2M.31.5.7.11.23 = 244,823,040

Ja 1965--JANKO 2'-3-5-7-11-19 = 175,560

HaJ 1967--HALL, JANKO 2'-3'-5'-7 604,800

HJM 1968--HIGMAN, McKAY, JANKO 2'-3=-5-17-19 = 50,232,960

HHM 1967--HELD, HIGMAN, McKAY 2^"-3'-5'-7»-17 4,030,387,200

His 1967--HIGMAN, SIMS 2"-3-5^-7-11 44,352,000

McL 1968--MCLAUGHLIN 2'-3"-5'-7-11 = 898,128,000

Suz 1967--SUZUKI 2^"-3'-5'-7-11-13 = 448,345,497,600

Coi 1968--CONWAY 2-'>.3».5<.72.i 1.13-23 4,157,771,806,543,360,000

C02 1968 2"-3°-5'-7-11-23 = 42,305,421,312,000

C03 1968 2'"-3'-5''-7-11'23 = 495,766,656,000

Fizz 1969--FISCHER 2"-3»-5''-7-11-13 = 64,561,751,654,400 Fi23 1969 " 2"-3"-5^-7-11-13-17-23 4,089,470,473,293,004,800

Fi2i 1969 2='-3"-5V=-11-13-17-23-29 = 1,252,205,709,190,661,721,292,800

LyS 1971--LYONS, SIMS 2'-3"-5"-7-11-31 •37-67 = 51,765,179,004,000,000

RCW 1972--RUDVALIS, CONWAY, WALES 2»-3'-5'-7-13-29 = 145,926,144,000 RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 15 ogy Program. Increased support was and animals essential for research in Evolution of a Molecule provided for research projects ranging systematic biology. These sources from those deahng with the molecular have become increasingly inadequate At first glance, a clam, a worm, basis of sensory and neural processes as research activities have grown, and and a horse would seem to have little to those which examine integrated will become increasingly so as envi­ or nothing in common. Actually, their cognitive processes. Steps have also ronmental research expands. Al­ chemical machineries have important been taken to support coherent ap­ though the need for building, renova­ similarities at the molecular level, proaches to particular aspects of tion, and care of collections far ex­ particularly in the way they obtain energy by combining food molecules learning. Scientists at the University ceeds the present financial capabilities with oxygen by use of a protein, cyto­ of Colorado are working on verbal, of the Foundation, a program of cu­ chrome c. conceptual, and semantic factors in ratorial support was initiated with 13 A variant of cytochrome c exists in complex human learning, memory, grants in fiscal year 1972 in order to each organism that uses oxygen for thinking, and comprehension. At the make particularly significant collec­ respiration. In higher forms of plants University of Minnesota, the Center tions more available for research, and and animals, including man, approx­ for Research on Human Learning has to maintain records of biota which imately 104 amino acid units are a broad program which combines ba­ are changing rapidly as the result of hnked together and folded into a spe­ sic research on learning with an ap­ man's environmental interventions. plied approach to educational prob­ The Foundation has entered this ven­ cific three-dimensional structure. In primitive organisms such as yeasts lems. For the first time, the Founda­ ture in a limited way, anticipating and molds, the three-dimensional tion has also provided major support that the maintenance of collections structure of cytochrome c is essential­ for a project to examine genetic fac­ will remain a shared responsibility of ly the same as for higher organisms, tors in human learning. This research local. State, and Federal Government but the numbers and sequence of ami­ will be conducted at the University of and private philanthropy. no acids are different. Fortunately, Hawaii with the collaboration of Substantially increased support has the molecule is comparatively small scientists from the University of Col­ also been provided for research on orado. the biological regulation of pest popu­ and readily purified so that detailed A new program for Human Cell lations. Much of this research is dis­ diagrams have been made of the Biology was established to strengthen tributed among the interests of sever­ structure and composition of cyto­ the application of the knowledge and al BMS programs, but a major plan chrome c in more than 40 different methods of molecular biology and for integrated research on pest man­ organisms. genetics to research on human cells in agement was also developed within A molecule that is ubiquitous, vital tissue culture. The problem of making the International Biological Program. to life, and shows variations between cultured cells available in large quan­ This project, titled Principles, Strate­ advanced and primitive organisms has tities is critical to progress in this gies and Tactics of Pest Population obvious advantages for evolutionary field, and the need for production Regulation in Major Crop Ecosys­ studies. These advantages are enhanced centers has received much attention. tems, is being jointly supported by the by the fact that the degree of differ­ Efforts in the coming year will be Foundation, the Department of Agri­ ence between the cytochrome c mole­ directed to stimulating collaborative culture, and the Environmental Pro­ cules in different species correlates efforts to make more economical and tection Agency. Research will be con­ with the degree of difference in their effective use of common production ducted on six crop and forest systems, evolutionary development. facilities. and will involve scientists from 19 Considering the wide distribution The Foundation has also substan­ universities, as well as those from of the cytochrome c molecules in all tially increased its support of the re­ State and Federal agencies, and pri­ living organisms, we might ask to search collections of museums and vate sectors. In the view of those who what extent has it remained herbaria during fiscal year 1972. Sup­ have planned this research, the pro­ unchanged during the course of evo­ port for biological research resources gram conforms in all its essentials to lution? Or what features of the struc­ has been provided in many ways. a major recommendation of the Third ture have remained unchanged, and Only in the case of genetic stock cen­ Annual Report of the National are they important in preserving the ters, however, supported through the Science Board Environmental functional properties of the molecule? Genetic Biology Program, has a con­ Science—Challenge for the Seventies In comparing locations of the 104 sistent effort been made to ensure the (1971), which urged greater interde­ amino acid units on cytochrome c existence of resources considered es­ partmental and interdisciplinary re­ from various organisms, researchers sential for research in an area of search and a more effective use of the have found 3 5 identical amino acids biology. Private, State, and local talents of industry, government, and in identical positions. At 19 other funds have provided for the housing universities in new types of research positions the amino acids differ only and care of the collections of plants organizations. in a relatively minor way. One can 16 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

limited variation. These regions are CYTOCHROME C MOLECULE probably involved in reactions with- the cytochrome oxidase and cyto­ chrome reductase molecules which are required for oxygen utilization. It now appears that there was some primitive ancestor of both plants and animals which derived the major portioiToTfTt's energy "from oxygen and which had cytochrome c as a part of its metabolism. The gene for this cy­ tochrome c would periodically under­ go mutation due to some change in the DNA, and a different amino acid would be inserted at some point in the molecular chain. If an amino acid were introduced at a position which produced a nonfunctional cytochrome c, the mutant organism would, in effect, suffocate because it would be unable to use oxygen and, therefore, would disappear. If, however, the mu­ tation produced an altered amino acid in a less critical position, the new cytochrome c might function about as well as the normal form. Such a mu­ tant would live, produce progeny, and become fixed in the population. Sub­ sequent mutations might occur in the gene for the original cytochrome c, or in the new form. On the basis of this hypothesis, one should be able to de­ cide whether a more highly modified form of cytochrome c came from the Within almost every living person, animal, and plant is a variant of the protein molecule original parent or from the first mu­ cytochrome c consisting of 104 amino acid units of various types and in various locations according to the species. Scientists have found that the degree of difference between the mole­ tant form. Development of diverging cules in different species correlates with the degree of difference in their evolutionary develop­ branches in the evolution of molecules ment. This particular diagram is of horse cytochrome c. can be determined in this way, and "phylogenetic trees" constructed. It is possible to conclude that it has taken about 20 million years to produce a change of 1 percent in the amino acid infer that amino acids at these invari­ X-ray diffraction analysis of the cyto­ sequence of cytochromes and that ant or relatively invariant positions chrome c structure since about 1963, plants and animals took their separate play a key role in the chemical work with grants from the National Science paths in evolution some 1.2 billion of the molecule. However, a direct Foundation and the National Insti­ years ago. test can only be provided by examin­ tutes of Health. Through high resolu­ ing the three-dimensional structure of tion diagrams of cytochrome c, they An evolutionarily stable molecule cytochrome c, with particular refer­ showed that the constant amino acids like cytochrome c, serving a critical ence to the clustering of amino acid which always occupy the same posi­ role in an essential process such as side chains around a group of carbon, tion in the chain are those that allow respiration, however, cannot be ex­ nitrogen, and iron atoms called the the molecular chain to fold around pected to give an insight into broader heme group. the heme group and bring certain ami­ aspects of molecular evolution. Other Richard E. Dickerson and associ­ no acids into the environment of the protein molecules, which have less ates at the Cahfornia Institute of heme. They also show regions of the stringent functional requirements, Technology have been working on the exterior surface with amino acids of have evolved more rapidly, and differ- RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 17

DIFFERENCES IN AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN THE CYTOCHROMES C tificial fertilizer use will reach a FROM SELECTED SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS plateau in about 5 years for several reasons. Costs are increasing to the point of diminishing returns and, more significantly, the availability of nitrogen in this form does not corre­ spond to the varying needs of the growing plants, with the result that Hors e Huma n Monke y Do g Kangaro o Rattlesnak e Fis h Mot h Chicke n Turtl e Yeas t only about half of the nitrogen ap­ Human 0 plied as fertilizer is used by the plant. The excess nitrogen is dissipated as Monkey 1 0 runoff and is creating one of our ma­ Horse 12 11 0 jor and increasingly costly pollution problems. While chemical fertiUzers Dog 11 10 6 0 provide about 7 million tons of nitro­ Kangaroo 10 11 7 7 0 gen a year, worth $0.42 biUion, the nitrogen fixation process provides the Chicken 13 12 11 10 12 0 major source of nitrogen: a minimum Rattlesnake 14 15 22 21 21 19 0 of 12 million tons of nitrogen a year, worth about $1.3 billion. Turtle 15 14 11 9 11 8 22 0 Fundamental studies of biological nitrogen fixation supported by NSF Fish 21 21 19 18 18 17 26 18 0 include biochemical, physiological, Moth 31 30 29 25 28 28 31 28 32 0 and genetic aspects, all bearing on the entire area of nitrogen fixation re­ Yeast 45 46 45 46 46 47 49 47 47 0 45 search. Two projects in particular take different attacks, one having immedi­ By comparing the differences of types and positions of amino acid units on the cytochrome c ate practical application of basic molecules of different species, researchers have found the number of these differences between species corresponds to evolutionary differences. For example, there is only a single difference scientific discoveries and the other between man and monkey, 12 between man and horse, 14-15 between man and reptile, 21 having future implications for solving between man and fish, and 45 between man and yeast. Other differences exist between species. many nutritional problems. For example, there are 11 differences between a chicken and a horse, 26 between a fish and a A research group at Oregon State rattlesnake, and 47 between yeast and a moth. University has provided new informa­ tion about the fungus-induced decay in the heartwood of white fir trees, estimated to be a loss of over 1.2 ences in the structure of proteins can needs of the world's growing popula­ billion board-feet each year. Up to be found between individuals of the tion. To meet these needs, enormous now, efforts to cope with the problem same species which are otherwise not increases must be made in production were not very effective. Since wood notably different. These differences of protein-rich crops such as wheat does not contain much nitrogen, it between and within populations are and grains and other food crops such was not clear how the nitrogen- as corn and rice. The major factor in the material upon which natural se­ requiring fungus thrives in trees. By increasing these crops is the presence lection operates. However, the rela­ joint experimental efforts, an atmo­ tions are so complex and the molecu­ of nitrogen, a substance essential for spheric nitrogen-fixing bacterium— lar basis of structure and function so their life processes. probably a new species—was found poorly understood that many other At present, nitrogen is supplied to living in symbiotic relation with the approaches to the study of molecular plants in two ways—through the ni­ fungus, providing the wood-destroying evolution are needed. trogen fixation process by which cer­ fungus with necessary nitrogen. Now tain leguminous plants as peas, beans, the problem of controlling this decay Nitrogen Fixation and soybeans "fix" or take into their can be based on a specific approach systems nitrogen from the atmosphere rather than on previous expensive and The ability of certain plants to take by means of symbiotic soil microorga­ inadequate approaches. their required nitrogen from the at­ nisms. The other method is by the Another nitrogen fixation research mosphere instead of from chemical application of inorganic chemical fer­ is somewhat more complex, and its fertilizers is vital to the present and tilizers. It is anticipated that increases full implication has yet to be ex­ future nutritional and ecological in crop output through increased ar­ plored. In studying the development LIBRARY E FOUMDATiOM 18 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

ed into a previously operated orga­ nism, the germ cells will be formed. What researchers are trying to find is the mechanism, at the molecular level, by which the polar granules sig­ nal the genes in the cells in which they reside and thus determine their fate. The-first step towards this goal is clear. Polar granules need to be iso­ lated and purified by the "bucketfull" and then analyzed chemically. Antho­ ny P. Mahowald at Indiana Universi­ ty has had continuing support from the National Science Foundation to tackle this fundamental problem. His favorite material is Drosophila be­ cause of the fact that exceedingly large numbers of individuals can be raised for analysis, and also there is a wealth of background genetic and de­ velopmental work on this organism. With zonal centrifugation through Nitrogen-fixing bacteria have been discovered supplying essential nitrogen to fungi that cause shallow sucrose gradients, pelleted decay in living fir trees of the Northwest. This picture of a cross section of white pine shows material has been obtained, about 10 the cankers and decay caused by the thriving fungus within the tree's heartwood. (Photo by percent of which is polar granules, Paul Aho, U.S. Forest Service) representing a thousandfold enrich­ ment. Progress in this research has been slow, yet it has been gratifyingly steady. of hybrids between nitrogen-fixing did the order originate, how is it per­ plants and nitrogen-consuming plants, petuated as cells are replicated, and The same broad problem of signal­ a research team performed an experi­ what is its meaning.' Classical experi­ ling, from cytoplasmic organelles to ment of moving a piece of nitrogen- ments indicate that specific signals, the nucleus, is under investigation by fixing genetic material from Klebsiella originating in the cytoplasm, eventu­ Noel De Terra at the Institute of bacteria into E. coli, an intestinal ally determine the course of develop­ Cancer Research in Philadelphia. Her organism, which then itself began ment of a cell. The targets of such material is the ciliate, Sientor. The to fix nitrogen. The implication of signals are the genes. Two current special advantages of this cell are its such an experiment is important, for investigations start with existence of large size and its capacity for wound it demonstrated the future feasibility specific signals and aim at discovering healing, permitting both detailed in­ of inserting critical genetic material the cytoplasmic organelles from which tracellular localization by autoradiog­ into economically important plants these originate, the nature of the raphy and microsurgery. The basic such as corn, wheat, rice, and other signals, and the manner in which observation is that changes in the nu­ food and fiber crops to enable them the genes receive and accurately in­ cleus which prepare the cell for divi­ to fix atmospheric nitrogen on their terpret the information provided to sion by duplicating the DNA content own, hence reducing the need for them. are precisely geared to changes in the chemical fertilizers. cell cortex, particularly the oral Polar granules, found in the eggs of region, which is also readying the cell insects and of certain vertebrates, are for division. When two cells in differ­ Information Systems organelles which send signals instruct­ ent stages of oral differentiation are of Cells ing the cells in which they reside to grafted together, they very soon be­ develop into germ cells. If the gran­ come synchronized with respect to A biological problem of major sig­ ules are removed or damaged—by ul­ their nuclear events. This result and nificance is intracellular ecology. The traviolet radiation for example—then others show that the nuclear cycle is fact is that the information bits inside an adult which lacks germ cells is initiated and controlled by a "back­ a cell are precisely ordered. But how formed. If these granules are reinject­ bone" mechanism located in the or- RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 19

ganelles comprising the cell surface. diation. The solar atmosphere and so­ organisms. Of particular interest in Signals are transmitted from the cor­ lar wind, and the reaction of the lat­ geological research were the core tex to the nucleus either by extremely ter with the earth's magnetic field and samples produced by the Ocean Sedi­ short-range diffusion or by means of ionosphere, were subjects of numer­ ment Coring Program. structural connections between the ous research projects. To study the Studies of Lake Ontario by univer­ cell surface and the nucleus. Attempts total eclipse of the sun in June of sity scientists were initiated under the to distinguish these two hypotheses 1973, research projects are being International Field Year for the are under way. planned for Africa where the greatest Great Lakes. This is a cooperative part of the eclipse will take place. program between the United States and Canada, with several agencies of ENVIRONMENTAL University research aimed at un­ both countries involved. The ultimate SCIENCES derstanding the dynamics of world­ aim of the program is to improve the wide weather and its prediction is Environmental phenomena of the scientific basis for management of supported through the Global Atmo­ solid earth, the oceans, and the atmo­ Great Lakes resources. spheric Research Program (GARP). sphere surrounding the earth and in­ One immediate objective of this inter­ cluding the energy-producing sun national program is to determine the ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES have substantial impact on man and types, frequencies, and density spac­ other living creatures. Understanding ing of observations needed to create The NCAR Global natural forces, learning what causes models of atmospheric behavior. A Circulation Model them and how they affect the liveli­ major international experiment, hood of man, and perhaps trying to Numerical simulation of the global known as the GARP Atlantic Tropi­ forecast or even control them, are atmosphere provides a framework cal Experiment (GATE), is planned some of the objectives of environmen­ within which the many physical pro­ for the summer of 1974 in the eastern tal research. cesses that function as components of part of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Research studies concerning atmo­ complex atmospheric systems can be as well as in a belt across the ocean spheric, earth, and oceanographic assembled and their relative impor­ and including parts of Africa and science may relate to local geographic tance in the large-scale behavior of South America. This experiment is areas or may be of such broad scope the atmosphere can be tested. At the particularly Important because the that extensive international coordi­ National Center for Atmospheric Re­ tropical oceans receive the major part nation of planning, management, fund­ search (NCAR), a major effort in of the solar energy that ultimately ing, and logistic support are essen­ numerical simulation is centered controls worldwide weather sys­ tial. In some cases, large-scale field around the global circulation model tems. operations are undertaken requiring (GCM). During fiscal year 1972, de­ the use of ships, aircraft, satellites, In the earth sciences, concepts of velopment continued on the standard and other facihties. This year, U.S. seafloor spreading and plate tectonics version of the GCM, which has a scientists were increasingly involved continue to be tested and studies network for the entire globe with a with scientists from many nations in made on their role in mountain build­ vertical grid spacing of six levels at planning international programs and ing, seismic activity, volcanism, 3-kilometer intervals plus the surface carrying out research projects of mu­ sedimentation, and the postpaleozoic level, and a horizontal grid spacing of tual interest. Studies of environmental history of the continental plates. either 5° or 2.5° in latitude and phenomena are primarily based at Research projects now exploring con­ longitude. This model allows for vari­ universities, oceanographic institutes, tinental drift and geologic history ations in cloudiness, soil moisture, and and at the National Center for Atmo­ include studies on stratigraphy, paleon­ snow cover. Recent GCM studies of spheric Research at Boulder, Colo. tology, geophysics, and the geochem­ the effects of mountains have indi­ Studies of weather and climate on istry of igneous rocks. Also, since the cated that mountain ranges are of medium and global scales continued damaging San Fernando earthquake of little importance in simulating large to receive major attention in the at­ February 1971, investigators have features of the atmosphere, although mospheric sciences, as did investiga­ become more interested in techniques they can be quite important on the tions in atmospheric chemistry, inad­ that might lead to increased under­ regional scale. vertent weather modification, atmo­ standing and possible prediction of The NCAR global circulation mod­ spheric electricity, and the physics of earthquakes. el has a unique modular design that water transformations within clouds. Major support for oceanographic permits its use in a variety of experi­ Many aeronomy research projects of research continued to be in physical ments by substituting different com­ the upper atmosphere dealt with in­ and chemical oceanography, geology ponents for those used in the standard teractions between ionospheric constit­ and geophysics of the ocean basins, GCM. Thus, it can be made available uents and energetic particles and ra­ and biology and ecology of marine for a number of joint studies with 20 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Other scientists at NCAR, universi­ between solar activity, the solar wind, Magnetospheric ties, and other institutions. Some re­ and geomagnetic activity. Electric Fields cent joint projects have involved: The synthesis of this new material with recent theoretical advances from The magnetosphere—that portion • Investigations of cumulus con­ NCAR's High Altitude Observatory of space influenced by the earth's vection, by scientists at Florida has thrown new light on the identity magnetic field—contains a wide vari­ State University, that should lead of so-called solar "M-regions" or ety of particles with energies ranging to improved studies of latent sources emitting solar particles. For from thermal energy to tens of mil­ heat release in the tropics in many -years, it ha«—been—recogni-zed- lions-of-electronxolts. These particles global-scale numerical simulation. that phenomena in the terrestrial up­ are charged (ionized) and form a • A complex photochemical treat­ per atmosphere, notably changes in state of matter called plasma. Be­ ment for the production of the magnetic field, tend to be period­ cause the plasma in the magneto­ ozone, to be tested in the GCM's ic, repeating with the solar rotation sphere is fairly accessible, undergoes a stratospheric version, being de­ period of about 27 days. These distur­ wide range of natural disturbance veloped by scientists from the bances were widely attributed to levels, and is not dominated by energy University of Colorado and from beams of particles emitted from some losses for short lengths of time, it is the Swiss Federal Institute of long-lived solar sources. However, the perhaps the best magnetized plasma Technology. location and nature of the solar "M- in which to study little known or un­ • A study of possible effects of regions" producing these beams were known processes in electric field gen­ thermal pollution on global cli­ not clear. The principal difficulties in eration and particle acceleration. mate, undertaken at the request tracing the solar-particle beams back Particles in the magnetosphere are of Oak Ridge National Labora­ to their origin on the sun lay in the controlled by magnetic and electric tory. possible deflection of the particles by fields in addition to the gravitational Encouraged by their success in de­ coronal magnetic fields and in the forces and gas pressure laws that are veloping a tropospheric model, NCAR spiral paths traced by the beams in the dominating effects in the lower scientists began designing a strato­ interplanetary space. The latter effect, atmosphere. During the past year, a spheric global circulation model. produced by solar rotation, could be number of electric field measurements have been made on the magneto­ Because the troposphere is a major understood only when direct measure­ source of energy for the stratospheric ments of the particle speeds became sphere, with the majority of the data circulation, it was necessary to have a available. applying to its low altitude boundary, the ionosphere. Despite these addi­ good tropospheric model before at­ Three lines of evidence developed tional measurements, existing models tempting to model the stratosphere. It by NCAR scientists point toward a appears that an intricate interaction resolution of this problem. A detailed of the magnetosphere have not been able to provide an accurate extrapola­ between the troposphere and the stra­ theoretical model treating the forma­ tion of electric fields measured near tosphere may play an important role tion of the solar wind in the presence the pole to those fields at great dis­ in climatic fluctuations. of a coronal magnetic field indicates Numerical experiments related to that the magnetic lines of force are tances several thousand kilometers the design of observing systems for open above magnetically simple "qui­ from earth. Yet, by assuming that magnetic field lines are electrical the Global Atmospheric Research et" regions on the sun, allowing an equipotentials, researchers at the Uni­ Program (GARP) continued at outward flow of gas. But the lines of versity of California, Berkeley, and NCAR (see pages 38 to 39). force are closed above magnetically complex active regions, preventing the University of Alaska have calcu­ any outward flow. The spiral beam lated electric fields in space above the Identification of configurations deduced from observed equator. The resulting estimates are Solar M-Regions particle speeds and the magnetic reasonably compatible with values characteristics of the beams also im­ presently known from spacecraft ex­ The interdisciplinary field of solar- ply an origin in the open magnetic periments. terrestrial physics deals with interrela­ field lines. Finally, a strong correla­ One technique for deducing magne­ tionships among solar, interplanetary, tion of open magnetic field configura­ tospheric electric fields is the observa­ magnetospheric, ionospheric, and at­ tions with geomagnetic activity has tion of specific motions of very low mospheric phenomena. In recent been found. These three studies argue frequency whistler waves—radio sig­ years, measurements made by space­ strongly that "M-regions" are related nals which arch out into space along craft have provided direct knowledge to the magnetic channeling of the the lines of the earth's magnetic field of the magnetosphere and interplane­ outward-flowing coronal plasma, and from pole to pole some 60,000 to tary space that offers a new and dif­ are not associated with solar activ­ 80,000 kilometers toward the sun. ferent picture of the relationships ity. Other techniques include the use of RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 21

Released from rockets, barium vapor moves at high speed along the earth's magnetic field, thus making the field line "visible" for a great distance, as shown in this series of photographs tracing the barium. Plasma instabilities cause the streak to break into multiple striations, as clearly seen at E + 13 minutes. (Photos by Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska) 24 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

OCEANOGRAPHY dently measure high frequency inter­ feet. Visual observations of these ex­ nal motions within the sea without ceedingly transparent organisms re­ The Sea in Motion having many influencing effects from quire a strong sunlight contrast, avail­ variations in sea levels. Second, storm able in this deep blue environment. Central to physical and chemical surges due to barometric pressure and oceanographic research is understand­ winds often cause abnormally high During more than 100 hours of ing of the physical processes that keep tides along coastal areas of the underwater studies, Dr. Hamner's re­ the sea in motion. Some important United States. Adequate prediction of search team has observed remarkable driving forces are the tides, the wind, -sterm--t-i3es--requires-rknowl3ge-oi-the- "biolugical—pbenDirrena foT the fir?r and variations in atmospheric pres- deep sea tides and continental shelf time, such as the feeding behavior of sure and in water densities. Notable modifications to these tides. This the pteropod Gleba, previously con­ progress in understanding the re­ work has established several premises sidered rare. This organism secretes a sponse of the ocean to these forces that all future studies on tides must free-floating mucus web as wide as was made last year by Carl Wunsch contain. Particularly, adequate knowl­ 1.2 meters in diameter to collect mi- of the Massachusetts Institute of edge of the resonance period and dis­ croplankton upon which it feeds. The Technology. He studied 8 years of sea sipation rate is required in all tidal Gleba maintains contact with this net level records that were taken at the computer models. The high dissipa­ with its extensile proboscis, while Bermuda Biological Station, in an at­ tion rate found for the tides and the drifting plankton become enmeshed tempt to resolve the various sea level discovery that simplified equations on its sticky surface, then it retrieves oscillations into components ranging can be used to describe deep sea tides and ingests the entire mass of net and from one cycle per 8 years to one- will greatly improve modeling and prey. Ten to 15 animals have been half cycle per hour. other prediction programs. sighted simultaneously spreading their He concludes that the North Atlan­ webs and fishing in this extraordinary tic Ocean has a natural vibration peri­ manner. Previously, only 17 badly od of 14.8 hours. He also found that Behavior of Marine damaged specimens have been col­ the dissipation rate for the tides is so Organisms lected from the Mediterranean and strong that if the forces affecting tides Sargasso Seas. were to cease, the amplitude of the For years, biological oceanog- raphers have been constrained from tides would decrease by one-third in Often, a behavioral sequence must observing the behavior of live marine 10 hours. This latter conclusion estab­ be observed many times before it can organisms by relatively crude collec­ lishes the need for greater under­ be quantified. Another new technique tion techniques. Although millions of standing of the dynamics of the ocean of studying behavior of marine orga­ biological samples have been fished near the continental margins, for it is nisms in real life is that of using film from the sea by conventional nets, here that the energy of the tides is holography. By taking a series of traps, bottles, and trawls and placed either being dissipated or converted to frames with a holographic micromov- in laboratory tanks and tubes for ob- other motions. ie. John Beers of the Institute of servatiorT ^many' fragile^ soft-bodied Ur. \yurisch fiTrther TOlicludes~tKa^ Tvrarine^^esources at La JoUa, and specimens are damaged and are unable excluding the lunar and solar tides, Michael Mulhn of Scripps Institution to behave as they normally would in the sea level is dominated by atmo­ of Oceanography can observe motions their natural habitats. spheric pressure variations for periods such as the "violent leap" of the co- shorter than a year. At longer peri­ Several NSF-sponsored investiga­ pepod Eucalanus in three dimensions. ods, the forcing due to wind stress tors are experimenting successfully The rapid and unpredictable motion was dominant. The effect of atmo­ with new techniques for observing of this Eucalanus is difficult to ob­ spheric temperature was found to be without distorting or damaging the serve under standard microscopic negligible. little known behavior patterns of conditions. With cineholography, Drs. In addition. Dr. Wunsch used data zooplankton (floating or weakly Beers and Mullin plan to study feed­ taken from the ship Panulirus, sam­ swimming animals) in their natural ing habits of copepods, including their pling at a regular position near Ber­ environment. selection of prey, methods of capture, muda, to interpret the consequences and ingestion. Such information is im­ of internal motions on the sea level, William Hamner, University of portant for understanding food chain with the conclusion that internal California, Davis, is using scuba div­ dynamics and for developing com­ waves have a negligible effect on sea ing techniques for direct observation puter models on the subject. Cineho­ level. of the plankton community in the lography may become important for This study has several major links deep blue waters of the Florida Cur­ visualizing the ecologically important with other programs. First, it demon­ rent near Bimini in the Bahamas, environment of zooplankton interac­ strates that it is possible to indepen­ where water clarity often exceeds 1J 0 tions. RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 25

ENGINEERING A basic motivation of an engineer is problem-solving. In the process, the engineer translates basic knowledge into practice and develops informa­ tion or methodology where needed. Automobiles, the highways they drive on, waste treatment and disposal, col­ or television, nuclear power stations, and the multitude of home appliances are only a few examples of the accomplishments of engineering. Though at one end of the gamut engineering interfaces with the pure sciences, two factors distinguish engi­ neering research from the basic sciences. First, the work of engineer­ ing researchers is more closely tied to Government or industry programs; second, engineering projects must in­ creasingly take into account a variety of pubhc needs and concerns. Observed for the first time in motion, this fragile marine organism Gleba secretes a free-floating The Engineering Division supports mucous web 1.2 meters in diameter to capture microorganisms on which it feeds; it then re­ trieves and ingests the entire net and prey. research programs, primarily at uni-

START W The "violent leap" of the living marine organism Eucalanus is observed by a new technique for studying animal behavior—the holographic movie. This series of slides, shown at 20 millisecond intervals at a magnification of 1%X, focuses on the antennules of the microscopic animal. Movements of other appendages may be observed by examining the cineholograms at different depths of focus and with greater magnification. 26 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

versities, that are aimed at the gener­ reasons. The latter includes, in partic­ borne by the shipping industry, and in ation of engineering information, de­ ular, various problems related to the some situations those unreturned costs velopment of methodologies for anal­ civil economy that are of importance can run several times the direct vessel yses and design, assessment of the to national productivity and competi­ and cargo losses. The time now ap­ effects of engineering projects, and tive position. pears ripe for the development of the translation of basic technology Another feature of the Engineering methods for preventing vessel col­ into a form which can be used in Division's programs has been the uni­ lisions in harbors and their ap­ practice. Early in fiscal year 1972, the versity-industry workshops, involving proaches^ The basic idea is to adapt division's activities in inaterials fe^ representatives of organizations of The" most desifable""eleriientT of the search — including research activities both to define the present state of the familiar air traflSc control system in in both superhard materials for metal art and to identify important future developing a ship traffic control sys­ processing and biomaterials—were directions for research. During fiscal tem. The initial phase of this work, transferred to the newly formed Divi­ year 1972, workshops were held which is being done by several investi­ sion of Materials Research (see in: gators at the Massachusetts Institute pages 31 to 3 5 ). • New Directions in System of Technology, is limited to harbors and their approaches, but the idea A special activity in the general Science and Engineering — The­ could be extended to a worldwide research support effort is the Research ory and Practice routing system for the optimal sched­ Initiation Program, which has been • Computers in Biomedicine uling of shipping. conducted since 1963. This program, • Effects of Magnetic Fields on Ship control schemes, of course, designed to assist young engineering Communication Processes have many constraints different than faculty members in establishing a re­ • Industrialized Building Pro­ those of air traffic control. Most of search career, has been of particular cesses the existing supertankers have an op­ value in engineering, where engineer­ • Lower Cost Housing Prob­ erational speed of approximately 16 ing faculties have undergone vast lems knots, and it takes an hour or more changes from the "art of engineer- • Engineering Software Coordi­ to reach that speed under full power ing"-oriented groups of 25 years ago nation settings and with ideal currents. Re­ to highly versatile and research- • Glass Processing sponses to a change of heading or an oriented groups today. In 1972, a new The reports produced by these work­ attempt to come to a full stop are feature was introduced in the pro­ shops are valuable reference documents sluggish. It should be no surprise, gram, "Option B," which made provi­ to those interested in the area. then, that vessel collisions occur when sion for a faculty member to spend two shipmasters try to out-guess each two summers involved with industry, other in a fog with tricky currents engineering offices. Government labo­ Ship Traffic Control and no communication link open be­ ratories, or with a governmental unit Each year there are about 9,000 tween the vessels. of some level (city, county. State, marine accidents involving ships over J. N. Newman is concentrating his etc.) in order to relate his research 500 gross tons. Total claims arising work on the effects of shallow and activities to real-world problems. from these accidents run at about restricted water on ship hydrodynam­ General research support covers all $800 million per year. The admittedly ics. A vessel with a 30-foot draft in an areas of engineering; many of those very rough estimates include only the 80-foot harbor may be considered as efforts are interdisciplinary. Among direct losses to the shipping industry. being in deep water, but a 60-foot- these organized areas of research are With the increasing size of bulk carri­ draft ship in the same harbor is defi­ such diverse concerns as optical com­ ers and the rapid increase in the vol­ nitely in shallow water. Unfortunately, munications, advanced automation, ume of trade in dangerous cargoes, most of the available hydrodynamical chemical process dynamics, wind and marine accidents contain an increas­ data are applicable for deep water, so natural disaster engineering, and plan­ ing potential for imposing costs on these important effects of finite depth, ning and design of tall buildings. third parties through pollution and as well as the restrictions of channels Most of the research in the orga­ damage to the ecology. are not available. Dr. Newman is nized areas is still fairly fundamental Moreover, a significant proportion translating ship maneuvering charac­ in nature. But some of it is coordi­ of the accidents involve collisions in teristics into needed hydrodynamical nated and oriented toward a particu­ high traffic density areas—primarily coefficients related to the environ­ lar problem area which may be of harbors and their approaches. For mental conditions. unusually important national signifi­ these accidents, near valuable coastal In another allied project, J. Devan- cance; and some may be in, areas of zone regions, there is a particularly ney and a Swedish visiting professor, research that have not received high peril of third party costs. At N. Norrbin, are developing a traffic sufficient attention for a variety of present, most of those costs are not controller that can provide course and RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 27

speed information to all ships within a operator response. The program will cepts are now being tested in diverse specified area in real time. To do this, be run for a number of combinations experiments. they must study the maneuvering of vessel scenarios and harbor control It has become clear that many con­ characteristics of vessels, develop a systems, and the results analyzed to tinuum mechanical concepts and sim­ computer program for simulating the indicate for which control systems the ulation techniques are applicable to vessel harbor system, and analyze expected reduction in coUision inci­ behavior at different levels of plant various harbor control systems dence outweighs the cost of the sys­ organization—single cells, cells in­ through that program. The heart of tem. teracting in tissues, growth of a vast the computer program will be a de­ cell complex such as a whole leaf, and scription of ship maneuvering charac­ even the interaction of many organs teristics as a function of specified Plant Growth in the growth of a whole tree. At the physical attributes of the vessel and of University of Massachusetts, Robert environmental conditions such as Scientists searching for a funda­ Archer, a civil engineer, and two wind, current, and channel dimen­ mental understanding of the process plant physiologists, James Lockhart sions. This program will then take as of growth in plants have turned in and Brayton Wilson, are studying input the description of the harbor recent years to such engineering con­ three aspects of plant growth, namely under investigation, the physical char­ cepts as stress, plastic deformation, vector growth field analysis, mathe­ acteristics and the initial conditions of strain rates, and the effects of irrever­ matical-mechanical models in tree the vessels in and approaching the sible deformation. This led to the use growth studies, and cell wall mechan­ harbor and their desired tracks, and of concepts from continuum mechan­ ics. Vector growth field analysis is a also the characteristics of the harbor ics in several key areas of plant first step in studying plant growth by control scheme currently under analy­ physiology. Hypotheses formulated in providing a description of the dis­ sis — including individual vessel- terms of continuum mechanical con- tributions of growth rates in the orga­ nism being studied. Knowledge of this i pattern can assist in subsequent analy­ sis of the controlling factors of the growth and its results. The analysis begins with experimentally measured growth rates at a number of "mark­ er" points in the organism; from these data it attempts to determine the ve­ locity field—growth rates for different points on the surface being studied— and its properties as a function of space and time. To do this, Drs. Ar­ cher and Wilson develop mathemati­ cal mapping functions working direct­ ly from marker-point data on a pho­ tograph of a growing surface (such as a leaf). As a check on the method, it has been applied very successfully to analyzing the growth of specific leaves. In the late 1800's and early 1900's, considerable work was done on the influence of stress on tree form. Much of this early interest in stress de­ veloped because of observations that stem form changed when trees were grown under conditions of low stress, and that stems become oval under unidirectional stress. In particular, tilting a stem results in compression wood being formed on the underside Based on actual maneuvering characteristics of two vessels—one a large tanker and the other of the stem, causing the stem to bend a fleet oiler—this computer simulation shows their widely different responses to the identical command—a 3 0° steady turn. back into a near vertical position. 28 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Drs. Archer and Wilson have de­ during startup, shutdown, and insta­ iments with stirred-tank reactors, veloped a mechanical-mathematical bilities in plant operation. Theoretical crystallizers, and pipelines under oscil­ model to obtain stress distributions studies indicate that prediction and lating conditions show promising re­ and changes in slope during compres­ control of these phenomena may pro­ sults. sion wood formation as tilted young vide the key to dramatic improve­ Another key project is the work of pine stems become righted. Using this ments in plant efficiency. In some Roger Schmitz at the University of model they hope to develop a simple cases, optimum production may even Illinois. He is coupling experimental "feedback control" model to relate call for deliberate pulsing and cycling and theoretical studies of steady-state gravitational stresses and—wood reac—^ of—operating—Gondition-ST Stimulated niult-iplieity^-stabil-ttyy and control in - tion. and aided by recent advances in ap­ three types of continuous-flow chemi­ The development of the shoot and plied mathematics and electronic cal reactors. New computing equip­ root systems of a tree depends on the computation, analytical research in ment in his laboratory will be used interaction of the different organs this area stresses dynamic modeling for direct control and real-time simu­ within each system and also to in­ and simulation of process units and lation of experiments. Other grantees teractions between the shoot and root configurations. The research utilizes are investigating dynamic behavior of systems themselves. Once established, high-speed electronic controls and various specific types of plant equip­ the components of a tree may com­ specialized computational equipment ment, such as distillation towers and pete with each other for light and for "real time" acquisition and analy­ extraction networks. Two of these water and for internally supplied nu­ sis of data. Such equipment is now principal investigators. Dr. Schmitz trients moving from other parts of the available at reasonable cost. and Dale Rudd at the University of tree. Thus, the development of the NSF supports several significant Wisconsin, are recent recipients of the whole plant is the final integration of projects in this new field of chemical Allan P. Colburn Award for signifi­ the mechanical and biological pro­ process dynamics. These include math­ cant research publications by young cesses that are acting at the cell, tis­ ematical analysis of coupled systems chemical engineers. sue, and organ levels of plant growth. and theoretical and computational in­ Drs. Archer, Lockhart, and Wilson vestigations of chemical reactor con­ are now constructing computer simu­ trol. Especially notable is the pioneer­ SOCIAL SCIENCES lations of growing shoot and root sys­ ing research of James Douglas at the Research supported by the Division tems based on these interactions. Pre­ University of Massachusetts. By ap­ of Social Sciences has as its primary liminary simulations using only num­ plying the theory of nonlinear oscilla­ goal the advancement of scientific bers of organs (not including lengths tions to analysis of chemical reactors, knowledge about the interactions of or geometrical information) have he has discovered that properly con­ men both with one another and with been successful. Later, by suitable trolled periodic operation of chemical the physical and biological world and modification of variables, it should be processes may enhance their per­ the functioning of institutions which possible to isolate the differences in formance well beyond conventional men have created. This, of course, growth algorithms that result in the steady-state design. His current exper­ covers a very wide range of subject characteristic forms of oaks, or elms, or pines.

Chemical Process Dynamics

The techniques of continuous pro­ cessing that evolved 20 to 30 years ago in the chemical and petroleum industries were linked to relatively slow mechanical control systems. As a result, stabihty became the ideal of large-scale plant operation, and tradi­ tional chemical process research has stressed steady-state analysis and op­ eration of laboratory and plant equip­ ment. Today, however, increasing at­ The advent of better control systems and theory may make it possible to increase the produc­ tention in research is being directed tivity of chemical and petroleum processing plants by deliberately pulsing or cycling the at the dynamic phenomena that occur operation. RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 29

matter, from the studies of human Of special interest to the Founda­ innovation is much the same. And the evolution by anthropologists, which tion is work on science as a human profitability of the innovation is, as form a bridge to the biological activity and social institution. Science before, a key determinant of the rate sciences, to the advanced models of the and technology are being studied as of diffusion. Second, although the economy by econometricians which, an economic force, as a social system same kind of model seems to fit, the similarly, link with the mathematical organized both formally and in­ parameters in the chemical industry sciences. Particular emphasis is on the formally, and as individual intellectu­ differ from those in less research- construction of scientific theory and al achievements. Historians and sociol­ intensive industries. Thus, when the improvement of research methods. ogists of science are trying to discern profitability of the innovation and the This year saw the establishment, as the degree to which major scientific size of the investment are held con­ a separate program, of Research in accomphshments are dependent on stant, innovations seem to spread Law and Social Sciences, an activity personal characteristics of outstanding more rapidly in the science-based aimed at reexamining major com­ scientists or on the intellectual "cli­ chemical industry. Third, there is evi­ ponents of the legal system in terms mate" of the time. dence that innovations tend to spread of social science findings. One inter­ more rapidly if the firms in the indus­ esting program now under way at try are relatively equal in size, a Stanford University aims at determin­ Economic Diffusion finding which has special interest ing if courts perform different func­ of Science from the point of view of industrial tions in society depending on where organization and public policy. they're located: urban versus rural, Economists have been engaged for Fourth, Dr. Mansfield investigated the and in States with varying levels of more than two decades in an effort to determinants of various other economic development. If courts are expand our knowledge of how new measures of the rate of diffusion in found to be functionally heterogene­ processes and products are invented, addition to the rate of imitation. His ous in the sense they are optimized commerciahzed, and accepted. The results indicate that the same sorts of for different litigant classes and activi­ nature of the diffusion process in the factors are operative. Fifth, he looked ties, the legal community will need to more research-intensive "science- in detail at the characteristics of the reassess its expectations of courts' so­ based" industries is the subject of an firms that have been relatively fast— cial utility in various environmental important ongoing study by Edwin or relatively slow—to adopt each of settings. Mansfield of the University of Penn­ these innovations, embodying the re­ The field of social psychology has sylvania. Specifically, Dr. Mansfield sults of explanatory econometric also begun to shift directions, moving disputes the view of some distin­ models. Although his present models away somewhat from predominantly guished scientists and engineers that offer some basis for technological laboratory activities into field obser­ the diffusion process goes on differ­ forecasting. Dr. Mansfield emphasizes vations, and becoming involved more ently in such industries than in others. that we need to know much more with allied professional disciplines. To help resolve this question, he has about the mechanisms and the costs Examples of some types of field carried out a very detailed study of of transferring technology from orga­ studies begun recently by social psy­ the rates of diffusion of 18 important nization to organization and from chologists include the effects of crowd­ process innovations in one of the na­ country to country. ing and overuse of State and national tion's most research-intensive indus­ park facilities; the effect of hope on tries, chemicals. For each innovation, longevity in hospital patients; responses data had to be gathered concerning The Scientific of teachers to verbal aggression in the rate of growth of chemical firms Development of the classroom, including its impact on using the innovation, the growth of Albert Einstein grades; verbal communication pat­ each chemical firm's output produced terns of couples seeing marriage with the innovation, and the growth Twenty-two years ago, Albert Ein­ counselors; and more effective meth­ of the chemical industry's total output stein challenged historians of science ods for maintaining medical regi­ produced with the innovation. to find "a means of writing (history mens. A number of significant conclusions of science) . . . which conveys the The methods of research by social emerged from this inquiry. First, it thought processes that lead to discov­ scientists differ from those used by appears that the same sort of model eries." Recent studies of Einstein's pa­ casual observers and commentators applies very well in this science-based pers by Gerald Holton of Harvard on social behavior in that they seek to industry as in the less research- University have enabled that historian establish reliable and reproducible re­ intensive industries. The pattern and of physics to provide new insights into sults, quantified when possible. The course of growth in the number of one of the great conceptual revolu­ objective is a cumulative growth of firms using an innovation and in the tions of all time—the development of scientifically established knowledge. increase of output produced with the relativity theory. iJBRABY mm^L SCEi^GE FOUIDATsOM 30 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Albert Einstein to Hale, October 14, 1913. *My very dear Colleague:

A simple theoretical consideration tU^ Tia^ ...... i-M iE^iiee^^ ^; as«« makes plausible ttie assumption that light-rays experience a deviation with­ in a gravitational field

Cray. Field

Li^tray

On the edge of the sun the deflection _1 'R (R = Distance from the center of the sun) O 36. Therefore it would be of the greatest interest to know within how great a proximity to the sun bright stars could be seen by daylight [without a solar eclipse] with the help of the largest magnification.

Upon Prof. Maurer's recommendation I write to you, and beg you to let me know what the chances are to obtain results with the present-day equip­ ment and your vast experience in this field.

'Addressed to Prof. George E, Hale, Pasadena, Calif., by Dr. Albert Ein­ stein, Zurich, Switzerland, r/ie Ha/e Papers. Translation by Er- win Morkisch.

HoT«nb8GP 8th, 1013.

Ppofeaoor Dr. A. Eiimtolnt • Dr. A. Elnstaln.

TsohnlBOhB Hoohaohulaf

Ziirleh, teltswlajd. a trouhloHDnB obatftol*- Dear Profeasor Einatein:- S. It would be neoessary to naasure the dlffttrential ohangs I have dottlyad popljlng to your klaJ letter In dlstanoe of the star from tbs sun's liob, wbioh would ba dlffloult of Ootober Mtb until I oould oonault Dirootop Campbell of the Llok bsoaiBS of the lew preolslon of niorometer settins* en the llnb* and Obsermtar]', who I knsv to be Interested in the problem you desorlbe. tlia iRj^e dlatanoe (probably mush beyond ths rans« of an ordinary Ho writes ne that hs haa undertaken to sooure oollpse photographs of nioronetsp stare near tha sun for Dooter Fremdllch of the Berlin Observatory, The ocllpe© nothod, on tha oontrary, spears to be ropy promlslnef who will saaeure thai, in ths hope of deteotlng differential deflaotiona. as it ellnlnatoa all of these dlffloultlos, and the use of phetoeraphy Doubtless ha will aani 70U further partioularst as I requastad him to would allow a large nuabep of Btars to ba noaoupod. I thorefopa eti-ongly con-Tunioate dlrootly with you. recomend tiiat plan* I fbar there la no possibility of dsteotlng ths effeot in full In a short tlna, ae aoon as sone additional data are available, •unlieht* for the following reaeonet I wish to aak your opinion regardlns the theory of tha general'solar L. Tha 1&J increases eroatly in brightness noap the sun, bt«i nasnetio field whloh I have reoently deteotod by observation of the under good oboepwine oondltlon*. I oannot now say at what dlstanoo Z8e~an effect. bright titaro would ba Tialble, but will haws obserrations nada to Ballovo .10, with kind regards to Profssaor Uaurop, daterxine this. Tours very einoaroly. S. On Uount Tilson the best definition of tha solar image is

obtained only for about an hour in the early nomine. Ilenoe tha

atnosphepio refraotlon, ohanslng r^ldly with the hour angle, would be RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 31

The Einstein collection includes cepts rather than words played a key the study to be better than identical thousands of private papers, letters, role. He cites a comment by Einstein ones credited to female artists. Evalu­ notebook, and scientific manuscripts. to a friend when they were discussing ations of paintings which had been While some of the letters have ap­ the genesis of his ideas. "These judged winners by the experts, howev­ peared in various collections, the thoughts," he said, "did not come in er, were evaluated by the subjects to great bulk of the material has never any verbal formulation. I rarely think be equal regardless of the painter's been published. The papers include in words at all. A thought comes, and sex. material documenting some of the I may try to express it in words after­ Bias against women occurred in factors contributing to the develop­ ward." evaluations of technical competence ment of a scientific genius. They tell This habit of conceptualization and predictions of the artist's future, of a child whose inability—or un­ made it easier for Einstein to break areas in which men are expected to willingness—to speak until the age of free of the methods of thought that excel. Evaluations of creativity, emo­ three led him to develop an extraordi­ prevented his contemporaries from tional impact, and quality revealed no nary capacity for nonverbal conceptu- recognizing the limitations of the con­ discrimination against women. This ahzation. In the view of Dr. Holton, cepts of space, time, light, mass, and finding is consistent with common sex such use of abstract concepts, rather energy that are rooted in the limited stereotypes which hold that although than words, persisted into Einstein's capabihties of direct human experi­ women may be expected to be less adult hfe. For the great scientist ence. competent and have fewer accom­ noted, "the words or the language, as plishments than men, they are not. they are written or spoken, do not expected to be less creative. Because seem to play any role in my mecha­ Evaluation of the paintings were abstract and diffi­ nism of thought." He said that he for­ Accomplishment cult to judge on the dimensions re­ mulated his ideas in "physical entities quested, it is probable that evalua­ . . . certain signs and more or less Why do women seem to achieve tions reflect attitudes held prior to the clear images which can be "voluntari­ less success than men? One reason study. ly' reproduced and combined." commonly given is that of male prej­ These findings have far-reaching The controUing factors of Einstein's udice against women and subsequent implications. Although women favor­ development. Dr. Holton has pointed devaluation of female accomplish­ ably evaluate females' work which out, include early training, family in­ ments. It is also possible that women has received special distinction, lack­ fluences, personality, philosophical out­ themselves, although the targets of ing such information, they judge work look, and placement among colleagues. prejudice, may share the attitudes of by women to be inferior to equivalent In later years, Einstein said that the dominant male group. This un- work of men. It would thus be diffi­ two objects played a special inspira­ derevaluation could reduce women's cult for women to achieve recognition tional role in his life. One was a efforts to try to achieve and thus fos­ when placed at the competitive disad­ geometry book that sent his mind rac­ ter an actual lack of achievement. vantage revealed by these data. To ing off in new directions as a boy. A recent study by Sara Kiesler at appreciate the strength of this finding The other was a compass: The myste­ the University of Kansas has shown fully, one must recognize that it rious, all-pervading "field" of magnet­ that under certain circumstances is based on a sample of women ex­ ic force that controlled the compass women value the professional work of clusively, a group which might be needle fascinated the child. men more highly than that of women. considered more sympathetic than a This fascination ultimately led him She asked 120 college women to evalu­ mixed one or one composed of all to challenge contemporary concepts ate abstract modern art paintings by men. of magnetic fields and to develop an unknown artists. Fictitious biographies entirely new formulation of gravita­ of the artists, half portraying males MATERIALS tional fields. Dr. Holton beheves that and half females, accompanied the Einstein's habit of thinking in con- slides of eight paintings. The paintings RESEARCH were identified as either a contest entry The field of materials is a fas­ or a recognized winner. Students com­ cinating amalgam of ancient and mented on the technical competency, modern. Archeological times are This correspondence between Einstein and American astronomer George Ellery Hale dis­ creativity, quality of painting, emo­ marked by such terms as "Bronze cusses an early (and not quite correct) result tional impact, and the painter's prob­ Age" and "Stone Age," but the rela­ of general relativity. The letters were found able artistic future. tively modern systematic variation by Charles Weiner (of the American Institute Responses to questions revealed and control of properties has been of Physics) at the Hale Solar Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. (Reprinted with permission of that paintings ostensibly entered by studied scientifically for only a few the Carnegie Institution of "Washington and males (but not yet evaluated by ex­ decades. Perhaps the first great step the Einstein Estate) perts) were judged by the subjects in forward in sophisticated understand- 32 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

ing of structure-sensitive properties oratories, or MRLs), the NML, and als' performance, new methods of came with the postulate of "the dislo­ NSF's existing grants in solid-state polymer characterization are being cation" independently by Orbwan, and low-temperature physics, solid- investigated using laser Raman spec­ Polanyi, and Taylor in 1934. The state chemistry, and engineering ma­ troscopy, dynamic X-ray diffraction, dislocation, or misregistry in the crys­ terials. Polymer science was added as and new theological instrumentation. tal lattice, is only one of a number of part of the Solid State Chemistry Similar refinements of analytic pro­ types of defects. Other defects were Program. The Foundation now pro­ cedures for the inorganic systems are soon proposed and the number grew vides over 50 percent of the Federal being encouraged, and careful work enormously; the best experiments- support for-materials re-sea-reh-at—UiS- inwlvrng—effects of impurities and — varied one type of defect indepen­ educational institutions. defect structures is continuing. Theo­ dently of all others to isolate the re­ The National Magnet Laboratory is retical work, including configuration- sulting property changes. unique in this country. It exists to al statistics of polymer chains and After World War 11, the remark­ provide ultrahigh magnetic fields for electronic band structure of inorganic able acceleration in electronic materi­ all qualified users and to develop new, systems, is a necessary underpinning als Came when zone refining made a advanced magnets. Meanwhile, the to the experimental program in solid- suitably pure host lattice available for laboratory staff conducts research in state chemistry and polymer science. many interesting variations in com­ magnetic phenomena and provides a The Engineering Materials Pro­ position and resulting properties. In number of innovative ideas for appli­ gram supports research in the follow­ addition, theory was able to maintain cations of very high and very low ing areas: materials preparation and a predictive role in these materials magnetic fields. characterization; electronic, magnetic, and, consequently, the electronics in­ Over the past year, the Solid State and optical behavior; mechanical be­ dustry ran away in sophistication and Low Temperature Physics Pro­ havior; physical and extractive from the traditional industries, which gram continued and strengthened its (chemical) metallurgy; materials pro­ depended on less well understood support in such areas as resonance cessing; and biomaterials. Continued mechanical and chemical proper­ physics; superconductivity; magne­ growth is expected for programs in ties. tism; and electronic and optical prop­ materials processing and process About 1960, a major decision was erties of metals, semimetals, and in­ characterization (which includes met­ reached to attempt to improve our sulators. Also, in response to a num­ al removal through cutting and grind­ knowledge of materials by providing ber of proposals received and the rec­ ing, powder conversion, and forming significant research support at select­ ommendations of reviewers, research and joining) as well as for non­ ed universities. The result was the in surface physics, liquid crystals, and destructive characterization and de­ establishment of materials science the apphcation of light scattering sign of failure-free materials. centers by the Advanced Research techniques to various fields was em­ Projects Agency (ARPA), Atomic phasized. Activity increased, too, in low-temperature physics; this well- Energy Commission, and National Magnetic Filter Aeronautics and Space Administra­ established area now appears to have tion. Throughout the i960's, much great relevance to sorne of the most At the Francis Bitter National outstanding work in materials was recent and interesting aspects of sur­ Magnet Laboratory at MIT, some note­ sponsored in individual grants both face physics. worthy advances in the art of purifi­ from NSF and other agencies. Efforts A broad range of topics was fund­ cation and filtration using magnetic are now being made to strengthen ed in the Solid State Chemistry and fields have emerged as a byproduct of programs in the engineering aspects Polymer Science Program, ranging an esoteric physics research project— of materials while further extending from the synthesis of new polymeric a search for the magnetic monopole. the strong science base already and inorganic substances to the de­ The monopole is an elementary parti­ present to include studies of nonelec­ tailed structure determination of com­ cle whose existence had been sug­ tronic properties. plex polymers and intermetallic com­ gested by Dirac, but which has as yet In 1970, NSF was asked to assume pounds. In general, the chemical syn­ not been found. It was hypothesized sponsorship of the 12 ARPA labora­ thesis was directed toward novel that these high-energy particles might tories, and also of the Air Force- methods to prepare polymers with enter the environment of the earth in supported National Magnet Laborato­ improved properties. In the solid-state cosmic ray showers, be subsequently ry (NML) at the Massachusetts Insti­ chemistry area, new compounds were moderated by the oceans, and ulti­ tute of Technology. In 1971, NSF's prepared using high-pressure tech­ mately be trapped by the magnetic Division of Materials Research was niques. In the continuing effort to constituents of the ocean bottom sedi­ created with responsibility that in­ understand the structure/property ments. But the job of separating the cluded the former ARPA laboratories relationships which are essential to magnetic components of the sedi­ (now called Materials Research Lab­ the ultimate improvement of materi­ ments from the nonmagnetic was un- RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 33

feasible with the magnetic separators that magnetic treatment can have a such "tweezers" are obviously a fan­ available when Henry Kolm began his place in more sophisticated treatment tasy for reactive molecules moving research project a few years ago. To schemes of the future. The treatment freely in fluid solutions, in solids the overcome that limitation, he de­ of industrial effluents appears to be surrounding molecules can "hold" veloped a new type of magnetic filter one of the promising areas for imme­ reacting molecules and control their that could handle large volumes of diate application. As an outcome of motion so as to give products quite sediments at rapid flow rates. this work, a team of Magnet Labora­ different from those obtained in His filter employed a matrix of tory scientists, H. H. Kolm, E. fluids. Although instances of the use steel wool magnetized in a high mag­ Maxwell, J. A. Oberteuffer, D. R. and study of such control by chemists netic field. The combination of high Kelland, and C. de Latour, are inves­ have been rare, there are many prac­ field gradient and high background tigating these and further apphcations tical examples of organic reactions field acts to exert strong forces on the of the magnetic separation process that occur under the influence of very magnetic particles of the sediments under sponsorship of the Foundation's viscous or rigid surroundings. These and trap them on the strands. The Research Applied to National Needs include reactions in biological mem­ relatively open nature of the structure program. branes and in enzymes, reactions makes for low flow resistance to the causing decay of frozen foods, and background slurry and, consequently, Preparation of reactions involved in the synthesis and high filtration rates. Flow rates of 30 in the fatigue and aging of plastics gallons per minute per square foot Pure Compounds and other synthetic and natural poly­ are typical and are by no means an Faced with a reaction that refuses mers. upper hmit. to yield the desired end-products, or­ There are many instances in which Although basically simple in con­ ganic chemists sometimes dream of groups that would be of identical cept, the new filter has found applica­ holding the reacting molecules tight reactivity in solution are different in tion far beyond its original purpose. with microscopic tweezers and forcing the solid state. For example, acetyl It proved to be a readymade solution them to give the right products. While benzoyl peroxide (ABP) is decom- to the problem of removing the yel­ lowish titanium dioxide impurities in kaolin, a clay product used for white paper coating, and replaced a more INITIAL REACTION expensive chemical form of treatment. It was at once clear that the filter was a potentially useful tool for sepa­ LIGHT -CH, rating out fine weakly magnetic mat­ i \ -hCH3 -l-CO, ter. What was not immediately evi­ dent, and came somewhat as a sur­ ABP* prise, was the discovery that it could be applied to the filtration of non­ magnetic matter, including bacterial and algal matter. This process uses a finely divided iron oxide seed material SECONDARY REACTION to scavenge the nonmagnetic matter, IN LIQUID which presumably attaches itself to O^CH, the seed by chemical bonding mechanisms. The combination parti­ SECONDARY REACTION cles are then removed magnetically. O-CH3 I IN SOLID In some tests conducted on water from the Charles River Basin, follow­ ing a single pass through the separa­ tor, the coliform bacterial count was reduced from something on the order of 10,000 to zero; biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, and turbid­ ity were also greatly reduced. Signifi­ Two of the reaction products of this ABP molecule react with each other to form new com­ pounds. Experiments in which one of the available oxygen atoms is distinguished from the cant reductions in these indicators other by a slight weight difference reveal that in liquid either of the two oxygens will react were also obtained with some samples with equal probability; in solid, the reaction occurs with the oxygen that held the original of primary sewage effluent, indicating ABP halves together. 34 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT posed by light into three fragments: a as starting materials. Moreover, alloys Ultra-Low Temperature carbon dioxide molecule and two very are usually desired, and alloy powders Nuclear Phase Transitions reactive free radicals (A and B). In produce the greatest problem. fluid ABP these two radicals undergo Numerous investigations have been Individual atomic nuclei possess a a bewildering variety of further reac­ carried out on the blending of ele­ spin and, consequently, a magnetic tions to give more than a dozen low- mental powders to achieve the desired moment which enables them to orient yield products. In solid ABP, howev­ alloy composition, followed by a long themselves in a magnetic field. Thus, er, only two products are formed. diffusion treatment at high tempera- individual nuclear moments can, un­ The unique features of~the solid Ture" to a"chieve"th-e—requrre^"Trlioy~ho"- der C'ertarn"~coHditions, give rise to state reaction are most evident by mogeneity. But such diffusion treat­ magnetic effects similar to, though comparing the product from coupling ments are economically unfeasible. much weaker than, those produced by the two radicals, A and B, in the solid Thus, the basic materials problem to electrons in solids. The effects of this with that from the same reaction in be solved is to devise a means of nuclear magnetism are best observed solution. When the oxygen atoms of predicting the effects of fabrication at ultra-low temperatures. The less radical B are made distinguishable by on the homogenization process. This abundant, natural isotope of helium incorporating a heavy oxygen isotope would permit tailoring the fabrication (He^) is a good example of such a (O*) in the oxygen bridge of ABP, conditions to minimize the time needed nucleus which has a rather sizable we can show that coupling in solution to homogenize the material. Basic nuclear magnetic moment. In addi­ occurs through the two oxygens of B research in diffusion theory in past tion, it is of special interest since it is with equal probability, as would be years, coupled with more recent de­ a simple nonreactive system with no expected from the symmetry of the velopments in numerical methods and electronic magnetism; thus the mag­ radical. J. Michael McBride at Yale computer techniques, have provided a netism of the nuclei will play a domi­ University has shown that the solid means of analyzing the homogeniza­ nant role. can hold radical B in a way that tion and fabrication process. The magnetic properties of both preserves a difference between its ox­ liquid and solid He^ at ultra-low Both mathematical model analysis ygens, and the great majority of the temperatures depend directly on the and experimental studies have been solid state coupling occurs through way the nuclear spins couple to each carried out under NSF support by R. the oxygen which initially bridged the other and to the outside world W. Heckel (at Drexel University and fragments in the ABP molecule. In through the electronic system in more recently at Carnegie-Mellon this manner, products consisting es­ which they are located. Some physi­ University) on the homogenization sentially of a single species can be cists expected a specific arrangement behavior of compacts in two-metal obtained without the additional pro­ of nuclear spin coupling in He^ at alloy systems. These studies have cess of purification needed when the temperatures about 2 miUi-degrees shown the value of analyzing the ho­ reaction results in several species. Kelvin in the solid, even in the ab­ mogenization problem in terms of sence of an applied magnetic field. specific parameters such as diffusion This expected arrangement of a type coeflScients and solubilities for each known as anti-ferromagnetic would Homogenization of phase, powder particle size, compact consist of alternating directions for Powder Compacts composition, and homogenization these nuclear spins. time. It has been shown that the ac­ Powder fabrication could become a However, no direct experimental curacy of the model improves as the superior method of producing many evidence of any spontaneous regular blend approaches an ideal distribution metals and alloys. Some techniques ordering of the nuclear spins in He^ of particles. Moreover, the results to have .been employed for many years, had been observed. During fiscal year date have shown that even in poorly and the powder fabrication of mill 1972, a low-temperature physics blended compacts, the model can be shapes (sheet, forgings, bars, ex­ group at Cornell University made im­ used to predict the relative effects of trusions) is currently receiving con­ portant new observations which en­ changes in processing parameters and siderable attention. The advantages of hance our understanding of nuclear conditions necessary for the most powder fabrication are: (1) a mini­ magnetic coupling in He^, by using effective homogenization process. mum amount of metal working and a pressure cell proposed in 1950 by a material loss in achieving a final pro­ The analysis is general and can be Russian scientist, I. Pomeranchuk. duct; and (2) a great potential for extended to investigate the diffusion He suggested that one could achieve producing structures not attainable by bonding of metals, the structural sta­ extremely low temperatures by casting techniques. The major deter­ bility of high temperature alloys, the squeezing a mixture of solid and liq­ rent to the development of this pro­ stability of composite materials, and uid He^. The observations by the cess lies in the economics of produc­ the formation of coatings for elevated Cornell group were made at ultra-low ing the high purity powders necessary temperature oxidation protection. temperatures with the apparatus RESEARCH PROJECT SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 35

shown. A moderate He* pressure in He^. These transitions manifest of their sample changed dramatically. the upper chamber is used to sohdify themselves as abrupt pressure changes, Experiments do not yet confirm the the He^ in the lower chamber. The producing kinks in the temperature- existence of anti-ferromagnetism in He^ melting curve can then be pressure curve, both during pressuriza- the sohd. They do indicate the studied precisely down to tempera­ tion and subsequent depressurization presence of some kind of spin order­ tures as low as 2 miUi-degrees Kelvin. of the cell. ing, as yet not fully explored, which is Any nuclear magnetic ordering would taking place in the liquid. Related show up as a pressure anomaly at low This result is the first evidence for work is presently under way in sever­ temperatures in such a cell. Using this phase transitions in a mixture of solid al laboratories to gain a fuller under­ apparatus, D. D. Osheroff, R. C. and liquid hehum. Further experi­ standing of these newly observed Richardson, and D. M. Lee have re­ ments carried out at Cornell indicate transitions, one or both of which may cently discovered two heretofore that at these pressure anomalies, the be the only known examples of nu­ unobserved phase transitions in pure magnetic properties of the liquid part clear magnetic ordering.

Using the pressure cell on the left, in which very low temperatures are attained, Cornell scientists discovered two pressure anomalies (during both pressurization and depressurization) that correspond to what may be nuclear magnetic ordering. The Directorate for National and • coordinated and continuing International Programs has the re- scientific information activity; sponsibihty for agency management • major computer science in­ of those major programs and research volvement. centers of the Foundation having one Among the diverse activities which National and or more of the following characteris­ are administered by this directorate tics: are three major oceanographic pro­ International grams; two large polar research and • significant operational con- support operations; five national ob­ Programs teiifr servatories "and centers; the^ounda- • major logistic requirement; tion's programmatic computer activi­ • substantive and continuing in­ ties; the science information service; ternational involvement and the coordination and support of • facilities for joint use of academ­ NSF international research involve­ ic investigators; ment.

Table 4 National and Special Research Programs Awards Fiscal Years 1970, 1971, and 1972 (Dollars in millions) Fiscal year 1970 Fiscal year 1971 Fiscal year 1972 Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Internationa! Biological Program 24 $ 4.00 37 $ 7.50 38 $ 9.44 Global Atmosplieric Research Program 19 1.49 31 1.90 37 2.39 International Decade of Ocean Exploration 0 0 44 15.00 102 19.67 Ocean Sediment Coring Program 25 6.55 8 7.13 8 9.26 Arctic Researcli Program 0 0 32 2.00 61 3.54 U.S. Antarctic Researcli Program 128 7.41 121 7.76 139 27.00 Oceanographic Facilities and Support .... 31 7.60 21 8.57 65 14.52 1973 Solar Eclipse Logistic Support 0 0 0 0 0 .06 Total 227 $27.05 294 $49.86 450 $85.88

NATIONAL AND Since these studies had to be under­ SPECIAL RESEARCH taken on a large scale, it was necessary to mobilize large numbers of scientists PROGRAMS from various fields. The research work INTERNATIONAL was organized into large projects with­ BIOLOGICAL PROGRAM in five distinct kinds of life zones called biomes—grassland, desert, conif­ erous forest, deciduous forest, and The International Biological Pro­ gram (IBP) for which the National tundra. Science Foundation is the lead agency Most of the work on these ecosys­ in the United States, was initially or­ tems accomplished to date has been ganized to study the biological struc­ involved with the production of mod­ ture and function of ecosystems and els and the development of the neces­ determine man's relation to them. sary basic information to verify those One of the goals is to predict the models. Substantial progress has been consequences of possible natural or made during this past year in de­ man-induced changes brought on spe­ velopment of validated segments of cific ecosystems. these models concerning interrelation­ ships between plants and animals, for instance. Some semblance of predicta­ * Although administered by the Research Directorate, IBP is included here because of bility is beginning to emerge, though its identification as one of the Foundation's as yet no predictive model for an National and Special Research Programs. entire ecosystem exists. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 37

This diagram of the hydrologic and chemical cycles of a typical Eastern deciduous forest watershed shows the interactions between soil, vegetation, and water.

Researchers are beginning to ob­ serve similar phenomena among the various biomes. Animal populations are now being considered as control­ ling agents in every type of ecosys­ tem, rather than as links at the top of the energy flow. Another point was raised in grassland areas, where re­ searchers observed that soil phos­ phates appear to be greater in more arid regions of the biome and at cer­ tain seasons. In other words, there are more stores of phosphates in areas of less precipitation and during the late fall and winter when plants are not absorbing the phosphates. This raises questions on a possible relationship throughout all biomes among soil phosphate deposits, amounts of pre-

Much of the value of the modeling work to date has been heuristic, and DECREASE Of=^ ROOT BIOMASS Wl^^^^^ scientists have had to synthesize GRAZING IN GRASSLANDS meaning out of what might otherwise 1,000 30 appear to be an assortment of nonre- lated data. For instance, scientists cow BIOMASS working on grasslands were able to ir SEASONAL GRAZir >JG predict from modeling efforts that the root biomass would diminish with § moderate or heavy grazing. This sug­ 20 Q, gested that the grazing animals, K 1/1 B though not particularly significant in E terms of flow of energy in the food ra : g chain, were very important in terms of controlling factors with possible CO a> 0) effects on the diversity and distribu­ (0 800 10 tion of vegetation. Another example ROOT BIOMASS of amassing various data into signifi­ cant meaning can be seen in the desert biome, where scientists ob­ served a strong interaction between the production of annual seed-bearing 700 plants and populations of birds and mammals. Since nonliving factors Time in years such as temperature, water, and min­ erals affect the seed production, scien­ tists drew a formerly undefined con­ A 3-year computer simulation of an area below ground in the grasslands shows a decrease of root biomass from about 900 to 800 grams per square meter with moderate grazing by cattle. cept that nonliving factors ultimately During the time of grazing each season, the cattle biomass increased approximately 12 to 21 may control densities of animal popu­ grams per square meter. The decrease in the root biomass corresponds to a long-term decrease lations. in the vegetation above ground. 38 NSF 1972 ANNUAL KEPORT

cipitation, and the whole rhythmic tions and several hundred scientists numerical modeling experiments in pattern of biological changes with are working toward establishing tac­ which temperatures are updated every changing seasons. tics for regulations of pest popula­ 12 hours, it has been shown that a Another project included in the tions. The project uses an integrated wind field can be produced. The ac­ U.S. section of IBP is the Conserva­ approach to analyze crop ecosystems, curacy of this wind field is a function tion of Ecosystems in which research­ insect pests that feed on these crops, of the accuracy of the temperature ers are cataloging private natural ar­ and predators and diseases that affect data and the frequency with which it eas such as tall grass prairies on pri­ the pests. is updated. On the other hand, if the vate ranches, natural rivers not yet wind—field—is- periodically - updated, — har'nessed for power, and private then the temperature field can be pro­ seashore areas not yet modified or GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC duced. Temperature updating is ex­ developed. RESEARCH PROGRAM " tremely important in forecasting wind The Human Adaptability Studies fields on a global scale. In the tropics, During the year, the greatest em­ include research of the genetics and wind observations are the most im­ phasis, nationally and internationally, nutrition of certain Indian tribes of portant variable to be measured. continued to be concentrated on plan­ North and South America. Studies on When tropical winds are updated at a ning and designing the GARP Atlan­ the patterns of moving from one vil­ few, but not all, levels in the model, tic Tropical Experiment (GATE) to lage to another, mating, and produc­ the forecast results are observed more be conducted in the summer of 1974. ing offspring in the large South Amer­ rapidly in the vertical than in the The objective of GATE is to extend ican Yanomama tribe are producing horizontal direction. our knowledge of the meteorological evidence that may revise theories of aspects of the equatorial belt, essen­ One of GARP's objectives is to heredity and gene flow from an as­ tial for a better understanding of cir­ understand the factors that determine sumption of nonrandom pattern of culation patterns of the entire earth's the statistical properties of the gener­ gene flow to that of a random flow. atmosphere. al circulation of the atmosphere Archaeological and ecological studies Work on Observing Systems Simu­ which would lead to better under­ tracing populations of the Aleutian lation Experiments (OSSE) has been standing of the physical basis of cli­ Indians may change theories of the delegated to NCAR. These experi­ mate. During the year, studies were migration of people to North Ameri­ ments are designed to assess and im­ initiated to identify climatic regions ca from the mass migration concept prove individual observing systems by and boundaries around the Northern to that of a very gradual population means of numerical simulation using Hemisphere by means of plant species "drift." global circulation models. In a set of and other biological indicators. During the past year, a large re­ Changes in the climate, past and pres­ search project was started on biologi­ * Although admmistered by the Research ent are most pronounced and most cal control of pests. Under the direc­ Directorate, GARP is included here because of easily detected in the vicinity of tion of Carl Huffaker, University of its identification as one of the Foundation's climatic boundaries. Evidence of cli­ California, Berkeley, some 19 institu­ National and Special Research Programs. matic change over periods of time can

The GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment covers almost 40 percent of the global equatorial belt. Observations of weather conditions will be obtained from a variety of observational platforms, including land stations, ships, aircraft, and satellites. In the B-scale area of the Eastern Atlantic Ocean (a polygon indicated by a dashed line), very detailed analyses will be obtained by a concentration of ships and aircraft. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 39 usually be interpreted in terms of INTERNATIONAL Study (GEOSECS), a program of movement of climatic boundaries. DECADE OF measuring oceanic constituents at all depths along sections from the Arctic OCEAN EXPLORATION GARP is associated with the fol­ to the Antarctic in the Atlantic and lowing field experiments that have The Office for the International Pacific Oceans. The first major cruise taken place, are occurring, or being Decade of Ocean Exploration began in July 1972. Trace constituent planned throughout the world. The (IDOE) entered its second year with and radioisotopic data are being used countries listed in parentheses indicate programs continuing In environmental to establish geochemical baselines and those that initiated the experiment. quality, environmental forecasting, for quantitative studies of oceanic and seabed assessment. The programs mixing and descriptive models of MONSOONEX-—Monsoon Experi­ were expanded during the year, and a ocean circulation. These studies and ment (India) fourth program — living resources — models are important for research in AMTEX — Air-Mass Transforma­ was added. marine environmental quality and en­ tion Experiment (Japan) Concern for the environment is a vironmental forecasting. POLEX — Polar Experiment major consideration in IDOE, and the The Environmental Forecasting (U.S.S.R.) staff has worked closely with the Program consists of the Mid-Ocean NORPAX — North Pacific Experi­ oceanographic community to develop Dynamics Experiment (MODE), a ment (U.S.A.) research programs leading to the as­ study of the nature and role of medi­ sessment of the quality of the marine LIE — Line Island Experiment um-sized eddies in ocean circulation; (U.S.A.) environment, the potential utihzation the North Pacific Experiment (NOR­ of marine resources, and the predic­ TROMEX — Tropical Meteorolo­ PAX), a long-term study of large- tion of the state of the world's oceans gy Experiment (International) scale ocean-atmosphere interaction in and their impact on global weather. FGGE — First GARP Global Ex­ the North Pacific; and the Climate: In particular, the Baseline Data Ac­ periment (International) Long-Range Investigation, Mapping AIDJEX — Arctic Ice Dynamics quisition Project completed studies on and Prediction (CLIMAP) program, Experiment (U.S.A./Canada) concentrations and distribution of a study of changes in current patterns WAMFLEX — Wave Momentum chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum and water mass properties during the Flux Experiment (U.S.A.) hydrocarbons, and heavy metals in Quaternary period. Research results BDSP — Basic Data Set Project the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the of the programs will provide a basis (International) Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean for improved and extended weather Sea. Significant results included the VIMHEX — Venezuela Interna­ forecasts and lead to a better under­ detection of polychlorinated biphenyls tional Meteorological and Hydrologi- standing of climate and ocean circula­ in most marine animals studied and cal Experiment (U.S.A.) tion. Important environmental fore­ petroleum hydrocarbons in open casting studies also are under way in IFYGL — International Field ocean biological communities. The re­ the Living Resources Program (physi­ Year of the Great Lakes sulting data were evaluated at an in­ cal aspects of coastal upwelling) and (U.S.A./Canada) ternational conference in May 1972, in the Environmental Quahty Program BOMEX — Barbados Oceano­ and the conference report was made (water mass circulation in the deep graphic and Meteorological Experi­ available to the U.N. Conference on ocean). ment (U.S.A.) the Human Environment. During the MODE, begun in 1971, involves 12 ATEX — Atlantic Tropical Exper­ evaluation conference, research prior­ U.S. and three foreign institutions in iment (International) ities on studies of the effects of pollu­ a complex program of theory, numer­ JASIN — Joint Air Sea Interaction tants were recommended. They are ical modeling, and field experiments. (United Kingdom) now being used as a guide to subse­ Preliminary field work and instrument GATE — GARP Atlantic Tropical quent IDOE program development. development are being carried out si­ Experiment (International) A Pollutant Transfer Processes multaneously. The first full experi­ CAP — Continental African Pro­ Project was designed to determine the ment starts in March 1973. ject (U.S.A.) pathways of pollutants to and within JONSWAP II — North Sea Air the ocean and the factors affecting The NORPAX staff will spend Sea Interaction Experiment (Ger­ pollutant transfer within those path­ several years examining historical many) ways. Knowledge in these critical ar­ data, developing a numerical model, ASCENA — Niger River Project eas will be essential for subsequent constructing buoy network hardware, (Africa) studies on effects and fates of pollu­ and doing preliminary field work. By CAENEX — Complex Atmo­ tants. 1976, NORPAX will be using 18 spheric Energetics Experiment Preparations were completed for telemetering buoys across the north (U.S.S.R.) the Geochemical Ocean Sections Pacific Ocean. 40 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Sea Surface Temperatures (°C) 17,000 Years Ago in Summer Sea Surface Temperatures (°C) at Present in Summer

W 90°6D°30' 0° 30° E W 91)°60°30" 0° 30° E

CLIMAP scientists are constructing maps that will indicate sea surface temperatures for' different periods thousands of years ago. The map to the left shows surface temperatures (°C) 17,000 years ago during the summer in the Atlantic Ocean. The map to the right shows present-day temperatures during the summer for the same area.

planning more detailed investigations. The program includes geological and MODE - I FIELD EXPEF»MENT geophysical investigations of continen­ tal margins, ocean mineral deposits, and mid-oceanic ridges. The Eastern Atlantic Continental Margins Study, now 50 percent complete, may out­ line potentially valuable oil provinces and mineral accumulations. Mid- Atlantic Ridge studies have been the subject of workshops in the United States and abroad. A cooperative pro­ gram on the mechanisms of seafloor spreading and on the generation of heavy metal deposits along the ridge crest has been proposed. When an IDOE workshop on deep ocean manganese deposits disclosed the existence of considerable unan- alyzed data in oceanographic institu­ tions, IDOE supported an analysis to The Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) is a complex program of theory, numerical report on deficiencies, state of the modeling, and field experiments to study the nature and role of medium-sized eddies in ocean art, and priorities in the study of such circulation. The experiment is part of IDOE's Environmental Forecasting Program. deposits. In the Living Resources Program, experimental verification of physical CLIMAP scientists will produce The Seabed Assessment Program is oceanographic hypotheses and coastal sea surface temperature maps for designed to improve knowledge of upwelling numerical models took periods 6,000, 17,000, 120,000, and resource potentials of the world place in mid-1972. The experiment 700,000 years before present (B.P.). oceans in order to permit better man­ was the first step in a comprehensive The 17,000 years B.P. map has been agement of marine exploration and Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem Analy­ completed. exploitation and to assist industry in sis Program designed to combine the NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 41

physical oceanographic and numerical lot study for the Arctic Ice Dynamics goal is to develop models that can be modeling capabilities with existing bi­ Joint Experiment was carried out in used to predict the effects of natural ological oceanographic and ecosys­ March and April 1972, when 80 uni­ and artificial changes on the tundra tems modeling techniques. versity and government scientists ecosystems. The National Oceanic and Atmo­ from the United States, Canada, and Beginning with fiscal year 1972, the spheric Administration's (NOAA) Japan occupied three manned stations Foundation assumed responsibility for Environmental Data Service (EDS) in the Arctic Ocean pack ice funding the entire U.S. program in provides centers for correlation and northeast of Barrow, Alaska. Five un­ Antarctica except for icebreaker sup­ storage of data from IDOE pro­ manned buoys provide supplemental port. Under an interagency agree­ grams. EDS staff and IDOE investi­ data. The objective of the experiment ment, the U.S. Navy continues to gators agree on format and schedules is to improve techniques of fore­ provide the major portion of logistic for data transmission to the centers, casting ice conditions and to deter­ support for the program. The loss to and the data flow from ongoing pro­ mine the influence of sea ice on the the program of two of the five ski- jects has already started. heat exchange between ocean and at­ equipped aircraft used in Antarctica Instrumentation devices developed mosphere. The University of Wash­ is putting a heavy strain on the logis­ under IDOE projects were tested and ington is coordinating the project, tics operations, and two of the remain­ calibrated by NOAA's National which is funded by NSF as well as ing aircraft must be retired soon. Oceanographic Instrumentation Cen­ other United States and Canadian Despite these handicaps, research in ter. In addition, laser Raman spec­ agencies. many disciplines continued year-round troscopy is being evaluated for ocean­ The Tundra Biome project contin­ at four stations. In the austral summer, ographic analyses. ued in the Arctic with scientists from 142 investigators carried out 51 re­ The United States formally 40 institutions. Two successful years search projects at U.S. stations and in presented its IDOE program to the of research have been completed at the field. Other investigators were Intergovernmental Oceanographic Point Barrow, Prudhoe Bay, and Ea­ aboard the research ships Eltanin and Commission (IOC) in October 1971. gle Summit, Alaska, and comparative Hero and on two icebreakers. As in The commission endorsed the pro­ studies of alpine tundra are being past years, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. gram and called on member nations made at Niwot Ridge, Colo. About Coast Guard supported the program to present their programs to the IOC 200 investigators have been involved logistically. Executive Council. By the end of in interrelated field research and ex­ Byrd Station, an under-snow instal­ fiscal year 1972, the contributions of tensive computer modehng on terres­ lation in Marie Byrd Land that had about 30 foreign countries — in the trial and aquatic ecosystems. The been occupied continuously since its form of ships, laboratories, and per­ sonnel — to NSF-initiated programs exceeded $3 million, and there was promise of even greater participa­ tion. , In fiscal year 1972, $20 million in program funds were distributed in the following proportions: environmental forecasting, 45 percent; environmen­ tal quality and seabed assessment, 25 percent each; general support and liv­ ing resources, 5 percent. Other gov­ ernment agencies continued to play an important role in the IDOE pro­ gram. Within the four programs, al­ most 1 5 percent of the funds went to Federal laboratories; the remainder went to academic institutions and in­ dustry.

POLAR PROGRAMS

Research in the Arctic supported The icebreaker South-wind anchored near Palmer Station on the Antarctic peninsula shortly through the Office of Polar Programs before researchers began the survey of seals inhabiting the pack ice of the Bellingshausen and centered on two large projects. A pi­ Amundsen Seas. (Photo by U.S. Navy) 42 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

completion in 1962, was closed in the deep sea drilling ship Glomar Laboratory System (UNOLS) staff January 1972. Siple Station in Challenger, which will begin the first activities; and (2) acquisitions sup­ Ellsworth Land, which is strategically of three seasons of Antarctic drilling port for ship construction, shared ship­ located for studies of the upper atmo­ in January 1973. Seismic and magnet­ board and shore laboratory equipment, sphere, will become a year-round sta­ ic properties of the ice-free valleys of and ship staging facilities. Support tion next year. southern Victoria Land were provided through OFS was approxi­ Working from the icebreaker measured in preparation for a drilling mately doubled to include these ex­ Southwind, researchers from the Uni­ project to be carried out jointly by panded services. versity of Idaho and the University oL Japan,-New. Zealand,-and_the .United- Tlhe—increased—activity under OFS Minnesota took a census of seals and States. primarily results from efforts to de­ other animals inhabiting the pack ice velop a broadly based management of the Bellingshausen and Amundsen approach to the acquisition, oper­ Seas, an area of about 140,000 square OCEANOGRAPHIC ation, and use of large research facili­ kilometers. Early analysis indicates FACILITIES ties for the academic oceanographic that nearly a million seals inhabit the AND SUPPORT community. The cooperative associa­ area. This and similar information tion of institutions, UNOLS, was from other areas of the southern Ocean sciences research is support­ chartered by 18 federally funded ship ocean contribute to policy-making in ed in three of the directorate's offices, operator institutions in September the field of conservation, as exem­ with different objectives, while gener­ 1971 to bring about better methods plified by the Conference for the al support for the academic oceano­ of sharing oceanographic faciUties. Conservation of Antarctic Seals, held graphic fleet is provided through the This coordination structure involves in London in February 1972. Office for Oceanographic Facilities the two principal supporting agencies Field work was carried out to se­ and Support (OFS). In fiscal year — NSF and the Navy — and other lect the best sites for two drilling 1972, OFS functions were expanded interested agencies. OFS undertook projects to begin next summer — one to include: (1) operations support for the responsibility for planning, coordi­ in the sea and the other on land. facilities (other than ships), techni- nating, and managing the Founda­ Eltanin cruised the Ross Sea to obtain ciail pools, data processing groups, and tion's share of support for the essential preliminary information for University National Oceanographic UNOLS staff office and serves in a liaison capacity with the community organization. An advisory council representing the entire academic oceanographic community provides an overview of all UNOLS activities. Through the advisory council, UNOLS monitors and evaluates how effectively the fa­ cilities are used, assesses the current and future needs for adding or phas­ ing out facilities, and provides reports and recommendations to the Federal funding agencies. During the year, a. contract was made with Woods Hole Oceanograph­ ic Institution to construct a ship ap­ proximately 170 feet long. Another NSF-funded ship, R/V Columbus Iselin, was launched in March and will be operated by the University of Miami under UNOLS agreements. Other awards included 21 grants for about $1.5 million for updating and improving oceanographic materi­ als such as shipboard scientific equip­ ment and facilities and specialized in­ These crabeater seals are the most numerous species in the antarctic waters. (Photo by U.S. strumentation for data processing, Navy) communications, and navigation. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 43

The project's activities for the past 4 years of deep ocean drilHng and coring (August 1968 to August 1972) were designed for 25 cruises or legs, each of which lasts approximately 2 months. During the first 23 legs, which ended in May 1972, 349 holes had been drilled at 230 locations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and in marginal seas. Ap­ proximately 66,000 feet of core have been recovered. The maximum pene­ tration into the bottom sediment achieved so far is 4,265 feet; max­ imum water depth in which drilling has been accomplished is 20,483 feet. The typical scientific staff on board The research vessel Columbus Iselin splashes into the sea March I, 1972, at the University o£ the drilling ship consists of 10 or 11 Miami Rosenstiel School o£ Marine and Atmospheric Science. specialists in sedimentology, paleon­ tology, and marine geophysics. Partic-

OCEAN SEDIMENT CORING PROGRAM i The Ocean Sediment Coring Pro­ gram is an exceptionally important effort to further our understanding of the world in which we live. It comes at a time when technology is available to do the monumental task of drilling beneath the floor of the deep ocean basins, when geological sciences have just achieved a unifying and global perspective of the history of the earth, and when social and economic interest in the oceanic realms is greater than ever. The Deep Sea Drilling Project, which at present constitutes the Ocean Sediment Coring Program, has been in operation since August 1968. Its objective is to explore the age, history, and development of the ocean basins and their marginal seas by means of drilling and coring the ocean floor. Operations are conducted from the specially designed drilling ship Glomar Challenger, owned and operated by Global Marine, Inc., of Los Angeles under a subcontract to the University of California. Scripps Institution of Oceanography at La This sonar positioning beacon being inspected aboard D/V Glomar Challenger during Leg 19 in JoUa is responsible for management the Bering Sea is used as a reference on the ocean bottom in the system that keeps the vessel over a drilling and coring site. (Photo by Scripps Institution of Oceanography) of the project. dd MSF 1 977 ANMTIAT. HEPORT

ular subjects — such as geochemistry hard igneous rock below the sedimen­ the expertise to support large-scale — may be emphasized on certain legs tary layer. A computer-based data re­ and complex investigations that could and require stronger representation in trieval system is being developed to not have been undertaken by individ­ that field. aid scientists in selecting samples. ual universities. They represent large Foreign scientists contribute sub­ Recent cruises of Glomar Chal­ investments in capital equipment and stantially to work conducted aboard lenger have traversed the operating costs. Furthermore, each Glomar Challenger. To date, 66 northeastern Pacific Ocean, Bering major discovery or the attainment of scientists from 17 foreign countries Sea, the western Pacific Ocean includ­ the threshold of a new breakthrough have participated. NationaPaTid inters ing—the—Melanesia—area;—the—Indian— increases—the—demand for larger, bet=^ national scientific guidance to Scripps Ocean, and the Red Sea. Data ob­ ter, and more sophisticated equip­ is coordinated through the Joint tained from these cruises will assist in ment. In astronomy, for example, the Oceanographic Institutions for Deep determining the magnitude and direc­ progress in recent years has been Earth Sampling (JOIDES). This con­ tion of both horizontal and vertical spectacular. Each increment in obser­ sortium, consisting of five major U.S. crustal motion. There are indications, vational capability, in the form of oceanographic institutions, advises on for instance, that the Pacific sea floor more powerful instruments and im­ drilling itineraries, site selection, ini­ has moved horizontally across the proved observational techniques, tial core descriptions, and other aspects Equator in a northerly direction. In brings us one step closer to under­ of the operation. addition, a widespread hiatus in the standing two of the great mysteries of Initial descriptions of the cores and sedimentary record has been found mankind — the origin and eventual interpretations of scientific results that is particularly evident in the Aus­ fate of the universe. from each leg undertaken by Glomar tralia-New Zealand region. This gap Challenger are published in a series in the record suggests that a "circum- NATIONAL ASTRONOMY polar" ocean current flowed north of of reports called Initial Reports of the AND IONOSPHERE Deep Sea Drilling Project. Each vol­ Australia until Oligocene time when ume gives a description of the cores Australia had drifted far enough CENTER and an overall scientific synthesis of away from Antarctica to transfer the The National Astronomy and Iono­ the cruise. current to its present course. sphere Center (NAIC), operated un­ During the past year, the Founda­ Indications of vertical motion come der contract with the Foundation by tion extended its contract with the from the Ninetyeast Ridge in the In­ Cornell University, has its headquar­ University of California to cover 3 dian Ocean, now about a mile below ters on the Cornell campus, Ithaca, additional years of drilling and coring sea level. It was found to have been N.y. The observing facilities are lo­ activities. Thus, the services of Glo­ above sea level at one time and to cated in Puerto Rico at a site 12 mar Challenger are now contracted contain coal, lagoonal deposits, and miles south of Arecibo. The principal for until August 197J. oyster beds. observing instrument is a spherical Two major departures from prior antenna, 1,000 feet in diameter, that work are planned for the extended can function either actively as a radar project. Drilling in seas surrounding NATIONAL telescope or passively as a radio tele­ Antarctica will be done during three RESEARCH CENTERS scope. austral summers, and attempts will be During fiscal year 1972, steps were made to increase gradually the capa­ The National Research Centers taken to upgrade the reflector by in­ bility to drill and take cores of the have the equipment, the facilities, and stalling a highly precise surface that

Table 5 National Research Centers Fiscal Years 1970, 1971, and 1972

Fiscal year 1970 Fiscal year 1971 Fiscal year 1972 Research Research Research operations operations operations Capital and support Capital and support Capital and support obligations services Total obligations services Total obligations services Total National Astronomy and ionosphere Center $ 150,000 $ 1,400,000 $ 1,550,000 3,755,000 $ 2,343,500 $ 6,098,600 $ 1,900,000 $ 2,787,500 $ 4,687,500 Kitt Peak National Observatory .„ 46,000 6,379,000 6,425,000 127,000 7,072,600 7,199,600 456,000 7,243,881 7,699,881 Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 365,000 1,535,000 1,900,000 313,000 1,967,000 2,280,000 385,000 2,115,000 2,500,000 National Radio Astronomy Observatory 675,000 5,125,000 5,800,000 - 0 - 6,837,400 6,837,400 80,000 6,589,900 6,669,900 National Center for Atmospheric Research 117,840 11,323,960 11,441,800 270,990 14,224,614 14,495,604 1,000,000 17,177,416 18,177,416 Total $ 1,353,840 $25,762,960 $27,116,800 $ 4,465,990 $32,445,214 $36,911,204 $ 3,821,000 $35,913,697 $39,734y697 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 45 will allow research to be conducted at KITT PEAK NATIONAL visiting astronomers and 44 graduate wavelengths shorter than the present OBSERVATORY students from 5 5 U.S. institutions and limit of about 50 centimeters. Com­ five foreign countries. Visitor sched­ pletion of the resurfacing program is The Kitt Peak National Observato­ uling of observing time on the stellar scheduled for May 1974. It will pro­ ry (KPNO) is operated under a Na­ telescopes totaled 61 percent of the ceed in stages that will allow the ob­ tional Science Foundation contract total available time. The two largest servatory to maintain its research ca­ with the Association of Universities telescopes were assigned to visitors 70 pabilities and observational pro­ for Research in Astronomy. The ob­ percent of the time. grams. servatory supports visitor-oriented ob­ The McMath solar telescope was servational and theoretical research used by 3 8 visiting scientists and 12 programs in stellar, solar, and plane­ Another major Arecibo program graduate students. Of these, 45 came tary astronomy, and engages in pro­ initiated during the year was the de­ from 22 U.S. institutions and five grams to develop and improve astro­ sign and development of an S-band from foreign countries. nomical research facilities and auxil­ radar transmitter. This project is In fiscal year 1972, the mounting iary instrumentation. The observing being supported by the National for the new 150-inch telescope was facilities are on Kitt Peak, a 6,000- Aeronautics and Space Administra­ installed within the new observatory foot-high mountain located 40 miles tion. When this new transmitter is building and dome. Observatory per­ west of Tucson, Ariz. The observatory installed in early 1974, it will be pos­ sonnel are conducting alignment tests headquarters at Tucson, adjacent to sible to map the surfaces of planets at in preparation for installation of the wavelengths in the 10-centimeter the campus of the University of Ari­ telescope optics in the late summer of range. Radar astronomers will be able zona, provide office, research, and engi­ 1972. The 150-inch fused quartz mir­ to study the details of the cloud- neering facilities for the 325-member ror has been completed and tests indi­ covered surface of Venus with a reso­ staff and visitors. cate that the performance character­ lution of 2 to 5 kilometers, equaling Six stellar telescopes of 84-inch, istics of the mirror surface are excel­ the quality of the best earth-based 50-inch, (two) 36-inch, and (two) lent. Fabrication of auxiliary instru­ optical photographs of the moon. In 16-inch apertures were operated in mentation for this telescope is under addition, the planet Mercury will be fiscal year 1972 in support of 102 way. Also, a 36-inch mirror was in- subject to mapping by radar techni­ ques. Investigations of the moons of Jupiter can be conducted and, using these moons, the atmosphere and iono­ sphere of the planet Jupiter itself can be studied.

During the past year, a new high- powered, 430-MHz line feed was placed in operation to permit more detailed and accurate observations to be made of nearby planets, extended radio sources, and the Earth's iono­ sphere.

There were 31 visitors from 16 institutions using the Arecibo tele­ scope in fiscal year 1972. The goal of NAIC is to apportion 70 percent of all observing time to visiting scien­ tists, with the remainder being used for staff observations and calibration and maintenance. Upon completion of the resurfacing and the S-band ra­ dar, it is expected that visitor use of observatory facilities will increase. NAIC employs 105 scientific, techni­ cal, maintenance, and administrative The 84-inch telescope and dome at Kitt Peak National Observatory. (Photo by KPNO) personnel. 46 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Stalled and a drive system completed clusters, the southern Milky Way, and ic imaging tube for use with the to feed light into the laboratory at the the two Magellanic Clouds can be Cassegrain spectrograph. Coude focus of the 84-inch telescope. viewed only from the Southern Hem­ The building and dome for the Public visitors to Kitt Peak during isphere. 150-inch telescope are essentially the year numbered more than 48,500, During fiscal year 1972, 75 astron­ complete and ready for the installa­ with representation from all 50 States omers from 36 institutions made ob­ tion of the mounting early in calendar and five foreign countries. servations at CTIO. Visitors from the year 1973. The grinding, polishing, United States, including graduate stu­ and figuring of the Cervit mirror dents; were a"s'stgned"-5"8-p"ercent~of"the blank-for the-instrument began at the CERRO TOLOLO available telescope time. Another 21 KPNO optical shops in Tucson in De­ INTER-AMERICAN percent of the telescope time was di­ cember 1971. It is expected that the OBSERVATORY vided among foreign visiting observ­ mirror will be completed late in calendar year 1973 and shipped to The Cerro Tololo Inter-American ers. The remaining 21 percent was CTIO shortly thereafter. Observatory (CTIO) is operated un­ used by staff members of CTIO and der contract with the Foundation by the Kitt Peak National Observatory the Association of Universities for (KPNO) for research and mainte­ Research in Astronomy. The observ­ nance activities. NATIONAL RADIO ing facilities at Cerro Tololo, atop a During the year, several new pieces 7,200-foot-high mountain in the of observing instrumentation were ASTRONOMY foothills of the Chilean Andes, in­ brought into use. The photoelectric OBSERVATORY clude several major telescopes: 60-inch, scanner, built at the Harvard College The National Radio Astronomy 36-inch, 24-inch, and (two) 16-inch Observatory under the supervision of Observatory (NRAO), with head­ reflectors, and a 24-inch Schmidt-type John Danziger, is now being used by quarters in Charlottesville, Va., is op­ instrument. The headquarters, located CTIO staff and visitors. A faint star erated and managed by Associated at La Serena, contain offices, labora­ photometer, developed and built ac­ Universities, Inc., under contract to tories, library, engineering support cording to specifications of Merle the Foundation. The principal observ­ facilities, and a computer for the use Walker of the University of Califor­ ing site is at Greenbank, W. Va.; a of CTIO staff and visiting astronomers. nia, promises to be especially valuable second observing facility is at the site The observatory provides U.S. as­ for observations of the Magellanic of Kitt Peak National Observatory in tronomers with excellent facilities Clouds. And working in cooperation Arizona. The observatory provides with which to observe objects in the with Kent Ward of the Carnegie In­ the U.S. scientific community with southern skies. Many significant celes­ stitution of Washington, D.C, CTIO large ground-based radio telescopes, tial objects, including nearby star staff adapted a sophisticated electron­ sophisticated auxiliary instrumenta­ tion, and the necessary support facih­ ties for research in radio astron­ omy. The major observing instruments at Greenbank are a 300-foot-diameter telescope constrained to move in a meridian plane, a 140-foot-diameter fully steerable parabolic telescope, an interferometer array incorporating three 8 5-foot-diameter dishes, and a portable 42-foot-diameter antenna used for remote operations with the interferometer. A 36-foot-diameter millimeter-wave telescope is located at Kitt Peak. Two new receivers have been added to the 31 receivers now avail­ able at NRAO, one for use with the 140-foot and 300-foot telescopes, the An aerial view of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, with the essentially complete other with the 36-foot telescope. A building and dome that will house the 150-inch reflector, perhaps early in 1S74. (Photo by new 50-channel filter-bank receiver CTIO) has been added to the 140- and NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 47

clude the Mesa Laboratory, its head­ quarters and principal laboratory in Boulder, Colo.; the National Scientific Balloon Facility at Palestine, Tex.; the Research Aviation Facility at Jefferson County Airport near Boul­ der; and the Field Observing Facility's radar and instrument test site at Mar­ shall, Colo. During fiscal year 1972, a major fraction of NCAR's research effort was devoted to cooperative research involving about 120 visiting university scientists. Some of these projects, characterized by work toward partic­ ular goals on specific schedules over a The three major telescope systems at the Greenbank, W.Va., site of the National Radio Astron­ lengthy period of time, have been de­ omy Observatory are an interferometer array of three 8 5-foot-diameter telescopes, a newly signated "key projects." NCAR's cur­ i surfaced 3 00-foot telescope that moves in a meridian plane (left, front), and a fully steerable rent key projects are: 140-foot tslescope (rear). (Photo by NRAO)

• The National Hail Research Experiment (NHRE), a 5-year field program with two objec­ 300-foot telescopes to facilitate the omers are building specifically for this tives: to gain an increased un­ acquisition, processing, and analysis of work, will be used by the U.S. and derstanding of all aspects of the observational data. U.S.S.R. scientists. cloud physics and microphysics The observatory has also completed During fiscal year 1972, 168 visi­ of severe convective storms that development of a laser range-measuring tors from 43 U.S. and foreign research produce hail and, if possible, to device for use in surveying the sur­ organizations were allocated an aver­ develop a practical method for faces of large paraboloidal antennas. age of 63 percent of the available tele­ suppressing the occurrence of This instrument can measure distances scope time on NRAO instruments. damaging hail. The NHRE field up to 60 meters with an accuracy of research area is in northeastern 1/10,000 of a meter in a measuring Colorado in a region of very time of 2.5 seconds. high hailstorm frequency. Sever­ Sensitive Very Long Baseline al Government agencies, as well NATIONAL CENTER as six universities, participate in (VLB) interferometer systems were FOR ATMOSPHERIC put into operation to study the this program. RESEARCH compact-point and point-like radio sources found in galaxies and quasars. Reliable long-term weather fore­ • The Global Atmospheric Re­ Presently, 13 separate recording sys­ casts are of vital importance to some search Program (GARP), an in­ tems are based at various sites of our basic industries such as agri­ ternational effort designed to in­ throughout the United States and Eu­ culture and shipping. The National crease the accuracy of weather rope. Comparison of recordings made Center for Atmospheric Research forecasting over periods from 1 simultaneously at two or more sites (NCAR) plays an important role in day to several weeks and to gain allows radio astronomers to construct atmospheric research programs that a better understanding of the high angular resolution images of the are often worldwide in scope. Its non­ physical basis of climate. NCAR radio sources. The highest resolution pareil array of instrumentation and has been assigned the lead role in obtained so far has been achieved in a logistics equipment makes this center the Observing System Simulation series of cooperative experiments be­ well suited to undertake large-scale Experiment. In addition, the cen­ tween NRAO staff, astronomers in projects on behalf of, and with the ter will provide an aircraft with the Soviet Union, and scientists using participation of, the academic com­ accurate motion-sensing instru- the 210-foot NASA space tracking munity. mention for use in the 1974 antenna at Goldstone, CaHf. Further NCAR is operated under NSF GARP Atlantic Tropical Experi­ experiments yielding even greater sponsorship by the University Corpo­ ment and subsequent field exper­ resolutions are planned. ' Sensitive ration for Atmospheric Research. iments. A Lockheed Electra has maser receivers, which Soviet astron­ NCAR's permanent installations in­ been leased and is now being 48 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

the nation with a base of computer science knowledge that will foster innovative approaches for the use of computers in education and research. Progress in this program should also allow Government, industry, academic institutions, and other users to evalu­ ate better the capabihties and limita- tions- of computers, as well as to develop methods of using computer technology to its fullest potential.

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

A multiprogrammed computer can provide service to hundreds of users at the same time. Such a system con­ tains a large number of programs, most of which are independent of each other and some of which may be required by several of the users. It consists of a variety of components such as memories, printers, tape drives, document readers, processors, etc., each of which operates at differ­ ing rates and each of which can oper­ ate independently of the others to a large extent. Thus, at one instant in time, the system may be printing a report for one user, receiving data by telephone from a second user, search­ ing a tape file for a third user, doing arithmetic for a fourth user, and per­ An 8 %-meter-diameter antenna for a dual-wavelength analytical radar is lowered into place forming still other functions for other on its pedestal at the field headquarters of the National Hail Research Experiment at Grover, users. The question of how to con­ Colo. (Photo by NCAR) struct, organize, and program^ the "operating system" which controls all of this activity so that the users all receive satisfactory, economical serv­ ice continues to provide interesting modified for installation of the COMPUTING and difficult problems in computer research instrumentation. ACTIVITIES IN science research. • The Fate of Atmospheric Pollu­ The theoretical study of multipro­ tants Study (FAPS), part of a EDUCATION AND grammed systems is generally based study of air pollution in the St. RESEARCH on an abstract model of the system as Louis area involving a number of an interconnected network of queues, Federal agencies, university The United States continues to each queue corresponding to pro­ groups, and other organizations. maintain a leading position in com­ grams waiting to receive service from The objectives of FAPS are puter science and technology as ex­ one of the components. As a program closely linked to the practical emplified by the favorable balance of receives the needed service, it is re­ problems of the effects of urban trade in computers — approximately moved from its former queue and air pollution on regional and $1 billion a year. In its program of attached to the queue for the com­ global air quality and its possible Computing Activities in Education and ponent providing the next service effects on weather and cli­ Research, the Foundation continues needed by that program. To construct mate. to pursue the objective of providing a specific network model for each NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 49

proposed system is expensive, diffi­ versity of Illinois, the MITRE Corp., munity college level. Illinois' PLATO cult, and poses problems of detail we and Educational Testing Service for a (Programmed Logic for Automatic do not know how to solve. Recently, J-year test and evaluation of the edu­ Teaching Operations) system and MI- K. M. Chandy of the University of cational, engineering, and economic TRE's TICCIT (Time-Shared In­ Texas at Austin has taken the first feasibility of two alternate systems of teractive Computer Controlled In­ steps to develop a more general theo­ computer-assisted instruction, applied formation Television) system are ry in which analytical solutions can be principally to instruction at the com­ shown schematically. obtained for large classes of queueing networks. Such a theory would make it possible to optimize the per­ formance of a multi-programmed sys­ tem through the choice of com­ ponents and their organization and the type of queueing discipline used by the operating system. At Iowa State University, R. M. Stewart is studying the performance of an unconventional computer (called SYMBOL) specially designed to facilitate experimentation with op­ erating systems, while the measure­ ment and performance evaluation of more conventional operating systems is being investigated by G. Estrin at the University of California, Los An­ geles, and by J. Noe at the University of Washington.

COMPUTER INNOVATION IN EDUCATION The U.S. system of education is placing increasing demands on the na­ tion's resources. The fraction of the GNP devoted to all educational ex­ penditures (public and private, from kindergarten through graduate school) has risen steadily since the end of World War II — from about 3 percent to over 7 percent in 1969-70. The Computer Innovation in Educa­ tion Program has as its goal improve­ ment in the cost-effectiveness of education generally (with special em­ phasis on science education) through the application of modern computer and communication technology. In fiscal year 1972, approximately $8.4 million was awarded toward this end to academic and nonprofit organiza­ The concepts of two computer-assisted instruction systems developed with the Foundation's tions. support are shown above. The PLATO CAI system utilizes a central computer which transmits Based on developments supported its information via television and telephone cables to the various terminals. The TICCIT sys­ by earlier Foundation awards, con­ tem employs separate minicomputer units containing their own educational packages and tracts were negotiated with the Uni­ designed to transmit to special television terminals. 50 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Widespread application of computer- difficult. At the University of Pitts­ establishment of educational com­ based instructional systems depends burgh, Thomas Dwyer is testing the puter networks, through the Regional in part upon the development of use of a commercial, time-shared ter­ Cooperative Computing Activities suitable instructional strategies and minal, and is developing a wide vari­ Program, to explore the application innovative computer-oriented curricu- ety of curriculum modules in physics, of computer techniques and networks lar materials — at all levels of educa­ biology, the social sciences, mathemat­ to the educational process. Specifically, tion. In fiscal year 1972, 21 grants ics, and computer science for use in the regional program involved training were awarded for this purpose. secondary schools. faculty members at institutions willing In higher education, researchers at~ Seymour -Papert of—the Massaehu- -t-o^harre- the -cost to enable~them to — Purdue University, the University of setts Institute of Technology and explore ways of using computer service Oregon, and the University of Ne­ Robert Davis of Syracuse University to improve the science education of braska are working together to de­ are both using computers to teach both science and nonscience majors velop and test curricular materials for problem-solving in mathematics to el­ and to provide remote access to com­ computer-based experiments in an an­ ementary school children. The chil­ puter services necessary to support this alytical chemistry laboratory. At the dren are taught to write computer activity. Between fiscal years 1968 and University of Iowa, computer-based programs which control a device 1971, 22 regional computer networks curricula are being developed for called a "turtle." With this computer were established. Five of these were economics, political science, and so­ device, children have demonstrated Statewide activities in North Carolina, ciology. Innovative materials are their ability to write programs to Georgia, New Jersey, Colorado, and being developed at the University of draw simple figures, construct com­ Washington. California, Irvine, for teaching plex geometric designs, generate mu­ In fiscal year 1972, 46 grants were physics, using an interactive com­ sic and poetry, and solve motion awarded to establish: (1) three puter graphics system to present com­ problems in physics. regional networks making up Pennsyl­ plex processes and phenomena in situ­ Over the past 4 years, the National vania's Regional Instruction System ations where conceptuaUzation is Science Foundation has assisted in the for Education (PRISE); (2) a State-

Nearly 3 50 institutions are part of regional educational computer networks that NSF has assisted in establish- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 51 wide network in New York involving they can be removed from the animal pal institutions and then at 16 field the State University of New York at and retain their functional integrity. test sites. The certified products are Binghamton and 15 participant col­ Proper analysis of even such relative­ distributed by the Argonne Code leges; and (3) the Florida Regional ly simple networks requires the proc­ Center. A key aspect of this project is Cooperative Computing Network com­ essing of enormous amounts of data, the emergence of a collaborative test­ prising 10 institutions. This program coupled with experimental manipula­ ing methodology. will be phased out in fiscal year 1973 tion of the network by way of con­ with an analysis of the impact of these trolled feedback effects. Professor cooperative approaches on cost and Shankland is developing advanced effectiveness in science education. computer-based techniques for detailed The figure shows the approximate analysis and quantitative description SCIENCE location of each network supported to of a nerve network that controls date. Involved are 26 major universi­ breathing in the cockroach, and that INFORMATION ties, 237 4-year colleges, 43 junior col­ shows a basic similarity to the reflex ACTIVITIES leges, and 37 secondary schools. system that controls comparable move­ Science communications cut across ments in mammals. not only all of the Foundation's activ­ The feasibility and desirability of a ities but those of the entire Govern­ national center devoted to computa­ ment, academia, and industry as well. COMPUTER tion in chemical research is being ex­ The Office of Science Information APPLICATIONS IN amined by the Division of Chemistry Service has become the focal point in RESEARCH and Chemical Engineering of the Na­ the Government for the support and Foundation programs in Computer tional Academy of Sciences-National coordination of science information Applications in Research support a Research Council. A committee of activities which, in the end, will have wide range of activities to increase approximately 30 individuals has been major impact on the efficiency of re­ the usefulness of computers in the formed to carry out the study. The search conducted and the application conduct of research. Some projects committee membership includes chem­ of the research results at all levels of focus on research methodology in­ ists from diverse areas of research, our society. cluding the creation of new computa­ computer scientists, mathematicians, A major effort was made during tional techniques and computer-based and representatives from other relevant the past year to revamp the pohcies, systems. Others involve research, de­ scientific disciplines. The main tasks of objectives, and organization of the velopmental activities, and special the committee are to identify im­ Office of Science Information Service studies to explore the resource-sharing portant chemical problems susceptible (OSIS) to meet new challenges and potential of a nationwide computer to solution at such a laboratory, iden­ responsibilities. Grants totaUng ap­ communication network. Still others tify special problems of computer proximately $10 million were made in are directed toward improving the science involved, and explore and support of systems and services for quality and applicability of computer characterize the structure and opera­ more effective science communica­ software for research. The three pro­ tion of such a facility. The committee tion. An additional $1 million in jects described are representative of is concerned also with the broader equivalent excess foreign currencies these programmatic thrusts. questions of the impact of such a supported eight contracts for the Scientists in the Natural Resources laboratory on university computing translation of scientific literature and and Environmental Science Program centers, development of computer net­ related information services. at Purdue University are collabora­ works, computer program exchange, New responsibilities accrued from ting to develop a strong capabihty in and interfacing of the laboratory with the Foundation's acceptance of lead­ the application of computers to their the scientific community. ership for the Committee on Scien­ respective research interests. The pro­ A major thrust is under way to tific and Technical Information ject is focused on the development of provide researchers with highly accur­ (COSATI) of the Federal Council a well-coordinated computer-based la­ ate, consistent, well-documented, and for Science and Technology. This as­ boratory system which incorporates a extensively tested software. A collab­ signment, undertaken at the request hierarchical structure of three levels orative prototype effort involving the of the Office of Science and Technol­ of computing support. As one exam­ Argonne National Laboratory, the ogy, requires the coordination of Fed­ ple, the research of Daniel L. University of Texas, and Stanford eral science information activities, Shankland, Department of Entomolo­ University, in cooperation with vari­ and parallels the coordination of such gy, concerns the integrity and func­ ous field test sites, is under way to activities in non-Federal, academic, tion of nerve networks. Insect nerves certify and disseminate mathematical and industrial sectors where OSIS had are useful systems for detailed study software. Selected mathematical soft­ concentrated its attention in prior because, unlike those in vertebrates, ware is tested first at the three princi­ years. As a corollary to the COSATI 52 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

assignment, OSIS undertook to serve research institutions, include six com­ to two university centers for in­ as the U.S. focal point in internation­ puterized information centers in vary­ formation research: The Ohio State al science information relationships. ing stages of development at the fol­ University and Georgia Institute of Changes in policy brought about a lowing universities: Stanford, Geor­ Technology. When this support was substantial reduction in funding pro­ gia, Lehigh, UCLA, Ohio State, and terminated in fiscal year 1972, it jections and timetables for commit­ Pittsburgh. The first three are ap­ made available more funds to support ments to ongoing systems and per­ proaching operational status where specific projects aimed at defining and mitted reorientation of OSIS efforts. full cost will be borne by the universi­ solving problems affecting the in- Under the new policy, the-eost--of- ties, -and—t-he~-other-s—are on^ehedule foTmattoTi-transfer process. The-deter- initial planning of new information toward that goal. mination of priority needs and the systems (prior to design and develop­ development of a framework for fu­ ment) and their operational costs DATA SYSTEMS ture support will permit more produc­ once testing is completed, are the re­ tive apphcation of the funds available The Data Systems Program focuses sponsibility of the proposing organiza­ attention on quantitative and factual in the program. tion. data in all fields of science and tech­ In implementing these policy chang­ FOREIGN SCIENCE nology to which literature systems es, operating practices concerning INFORMATION provide little or no direct access. The system development were also altered principal effort in fiscal year 1972 lay The primary objective of the For­ — chiefly to emphasize contracts in defining the scope and objectives of eign Science Information Program is rather than grants as the principal the program, which will concentrate to facilitate communication between mode of support — and OSIS was upon determining data requirements U.S. and foreign scientists by arrang­ reorganized into five program ele­ and characteristics in various fields ing for translation of foreign materials ments that permit sharper manage­ and in supporting the development of and by supporting U.S. participation ment focus upon problem areas need­ methods and techniques that will be in international information activities. ing increased attention. broadly applicable to computerized The program relies upon contracts data system activities. in countries where foreign currency INFORMATION SYSTEMS holdings can be applied to the transla­ PUBLICATIONS tion requirements of the U.S. Gov­ The Foundation's Information Sys­ ernment — specifically those of the tems Program is concerned with com­ The objectives of the Publications Foundation and the 13 other Federal puterized bibliographic systems for Program have been changed substan­ departments and agencies whose organizing, processing, and dissemi­ tially in view of the growing econom­ needs the program coordinates and nating scientific literature. Such sys­ ic pressures confronting scientific pub­ administers under Public Law 480. In tems are of two main types: product- lications, particularly the professional fiscal year 1972, 70,000 pages of for­ oriented and user-oriented. Examples journals. Heretofore, the program had eign science material were translated of the first category include the disci­ subsidized the publication of periodi­ for use by the U.S. science community. pline-based systems of the Chemical cals and monographs on the basis of Abstracts Service (CAS), the Ameri­ scientific value and the need for can Institute of Physics (AIP), and Foundation support to ensure their INTERNATIONAL the American Psychological Associa­ survival. Hereafter, it will concentrate tion (APA), which produce abstracts much of its support upon innovations SCIENCE and indexes in both published and in the form or method of publication ACTIVITIES computer-tape form. The AIP and — innovations designed to reduce In fiscal year 1972, the Foundation APA systems reached full operational costs and increase the utility of the continued or increased its support of status in fiscal year 1972. CAS documentation. Assistance in the pub­ major international programs such as brought its Chemical Register to an lication of essential monographic the International Biological Program, operational condition and continued works will continue on a limited the International Decade of Ocean development of other system com­ scale, but will emphasize data compi­ Exploration, the Global Atmospheric ponents on an accelerated schedule lations, critical reviews, and other Research Program, and Polar Pro­ calling for completion in fiscal year such documents that serve to con­ grams. Accomplishments under these 1975, 18 months earlier than original­ dense or evaluate the growing bulk of programs are summarized on pages ly planned. scientific literature. 36 to 42 of this report. In addition, User-oriented systems, which em­ the Foundation (1) served as executive ploy the bibliographic tools produced RESEARCH agency for eight bilateral research by the discipline systems to serve indi­ In recent years, the Research Pro­ and exchange programs with the viduals or groups at academic and gram has devoted most of its resources following countries: Australia, Re- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS 53 public of China, France, India, Italy, INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE Japan, Romania, and Spain; (2) SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES agreed to serve as executive agency Summary of Activities—Fiscal Year 1972 for cooperative science programs with Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Iran; Name of Program Activity (3) started new cooperative science United States-Australia Agreement for One seminar on rangeland ecosystems held in programs with Romania, Hungary, Scientific and Technical Cooperation Adelaide, Australia. One short-term U.S. visitor funded to visit the University of Sydney. Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria; (4) supported U.S. participation in the East Europe Cooperative Science Program Seven research projects initiated in cooperation planning and development of the In­ with Romania; 13 Romanian scientists visited ternational Institute for Applied Sys­ the United States, and five Americans visited Romania. A joint symposium on science policy tems Analysis; (5) supported U.S. with Bulgaria was funded. scientific cooperation with most of the nine excess currency countries; and France-United States Exchange of Scientists Eight U.S. scientists received awards to study (6) started a new program. Scientists in France and eight French scientists received grants to do research in the United States. and Engineers in Economic Develop­ ment, in conjunction with the Agency India-United States Exchange of Scientists Nine U.S. scientists traveled to India, and six for International Development. Indian scientists came to the United States. The Foundation also supported United States-Italy Cooperative Science Two seminars were held in Italy, one on pro­ about 900 American scientists to visit Program teins and one on variable-structure systems. foreign laboratories, plan internation­ al programs, and attend scientific United States-Japan Cooperative Science Twenty-five seminars were held; 11 grants meetings abroad. Program were made for visiting U.S. scientists; supple­ mental support was provided for 17 existing The programs and activities sum­ grants; and an exchange of eminent American marized (right) are administered by and Japanese chemists was supported. the Foundation's Office of Interna­ tional Programs. United States-Republic of China Cooperative Fourteen short-term and six long-term visits Science Program were made by U.S. scientists; one seminv was held in Taiwan on forest ecology and genetics and one seminar on hurricanes and typhoons was held in Miami, Fla.; and a grant was made to the Asia Foundation to support U.S. specialists in Taiwan.

General Agreement for Friendship and Ten Spanish scientists visited the United States The National Academy of Sciences Cooperation between the Governments of the and eight Americans traveled to Spain; scien­ United States and Spain tific equipment was requisitioned for all ap­ (NAS), with NSF support, exchanged proved projects. scientists with the Academies of Sci­ ences of the U.S.S.R., Bulgaria, Czech­ oslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, In February 1972, the NAS negoti­ direction for the 1972-73 biennium. and Yugoslavia. The number of U.S. ated a new exchange agreement with In May 1972, the NAS and the Polish and foreign visitors and the man- the Soviet Academy of Sciences, in­ Academy of Sciences agreed to in­ months for each are summarized creasing the man-months of exchange crease the man-months of exchange below: from 180 to 216 man-months in each from 40 to 50 man-months in each direction in the exchange year 1972-73. United States-U.S.S.R. and East Europe Academy Excliange Program Visits Each Way' Persons Man-Months Exchange Country United States Foreign United States Foreign The Foundation awarded a grant U.S.S.R. _ 27 26 69 79 to the American Association for the Bulgaria 8 5 12 12 Advancement of Science (AAAS) to Czechoslovakia 12 5 41 14 support an exchange of four scientists Hungary 11 5 25 18 Poland 10 6 20 34 annually between the AAAS and the Romania 16 11 44 32 Soviet All-Union Society "Znaniye." Yugoslavia 13 10 33 33 The visiting scientists will lecture on both scientific and "science and soci­ Totals 97 68 244 222 ety" topics. * For the period April 1, 1971, to March 30, 1972. 54 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

INTERNATIONAL the credit of the United States projects supported under the Special ORGANIZATIONS through the sale of agricultural com­ Foreign Currency Program is a study modities, the repayment of loans, and conducted by U.S. and Yugoslav elec­ Foundation funding, through the the payment of interest on loans. The trical engineers on the characteristics NAS and other organizations, sup­ commitment to the program by partic­ of internal overvoltages of high volt­ ported U.S. participation in interna­ ipating excess currency countries was age electrical systems. An under­ tional cooperative science activities demonstrated in fiscal year 1972 by standing of the causes of overvoltages conducted by both governmental and Egypt and Yugoslavia, both of which and methods to prevent them will nongovernmental science bodies. The converted „currencies_.„ in. _ _amo-un.ts assist , ho-th countries in reducing the Foundation supported the Academy's equal to particular NSF grants to dol­ frequency of failures and breakdown participation in the planning and de­ lars to purchase scientific instruments of equipment and lower the cost of velopment of the International Insti­ and equipment (mostly of U.S. manu­ constructing transmission towers, in­ tute for Applied Systems Analysis facture) for cooperative projects. sulators, and other electrical equip­ (IIASA). Representatives from the A random example of the types of ment. founding nations (France, East and West Germany, Italy, Poland, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the U.S.S.R.) met to prepare a charter, select a site, develop a pro­ gram, and discuss institute member­ ship. IIASA is expected to be formal­ ly established in late 1972 to begin work on urbanization, transportation, communication, pollution, and other complex problems common to indus­ trialized nations.

SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND RELATED ACTIVITIES During fiscal year 1972, the Foundation awarded 23 grants for cooperative research projects in ex­ cess currency countries and made 106 travel awards to U.S. scientists to at­ tend meetings, develop projects, and visit or work in laboratories in eight of the nine excess currency countries (Burma, Egypt, India, Morocco, Pak­ istan, Poland, Tunisia, and Yugosla­ via; no project or travel awards were made for activities in Guinea). The Foundation supports these programs A burning transformer resulting from a voltage overload, part of a study conducted by United and activities with the U.S.-owned ex­ States and Yugoslav electrical engineers on the characteristics of internal overvoltages of high- cess currencies which accumulate to voltage electrical systems. The Research Apphcations Direc­ problems of national importance with torate administers two programs: Re­ the objective of contributing toward search Apphed to National Needs their practical solution. In fiscal year (RANN) and the Intergovernmental 1972, the RANN program funded Science Programs (ISP). In these ac­ 341 projects, for a total of $53.8 mil­ tivities, special emphasis is placed on lion, in 14 broad problem areas. Research exploration of technical opportunities The Office of Intergovernmental that can lead to improvements in Science and Research Utilization fo­ Applications economic growth and productivity, to cuses on the development of im­ new products and services, and to proved programs and institutions for improvements in our capabilities to making science and technology avail­ deal effectively with social and envi­ able for use by States and local gov­ ronmental problems; and on de­ ernments in solving problems. The veloping mechanisms for transferring work includes the use of results from research results to programs of State RANN and other NSF programs that and local governments. have important applications to those The total NSF support of research programs. The ofSce also develops that could properly be classified as strategies for the utilization of RANN applied research was approximately research results at all levels of gov­ $71 million in 1972. This was an increase ernment and in the private sector. In of about $22 million, or 45 percent, over fiscal year 1972, this office sponsored 1971. The Foundation supports this 43 projects for a total of $1.0 million. applied research primarily under the RANN program which consolidates NSF's major problem-focused re­ ADVANCED search efforts. Some applied research is TECHNOLOGY also supported under Research Pro­ APPLICATIONS ject Support, National and Special Research Programs, Computing Ac­ The projects of Advanced Technol­ tivities in Education and Research, ogy Applications are designed to stim­ the National Center for Atmospherijc ulate the development and applica­ Research, and other activities. The tion of new technology that can increase over the prior year was a create new industries and markets for reflection, principally, of growth in U.S. goods and services, as well as the RANN program and of expanded help improve national productivity support for research projects in the and environmental quality. Major em­ atmospheric sciences, engineering, phasis is given to research projects and materials research. concerning energy systems to meet The RANN program supports re­ future national needs; earthquake en­ search on selected social, environmen­ gineering technology to better with­ tal, economic, and technological stand the forces of earthquakes; de-

Table 6 Research Applications Obligations Fiscal Years 1971 and 1972 (Millions of dollars) Fiscal Year 1971 Fiscal Year 1972

Number Amount Number Amount Researcli Applied to National Needs 213 $33.95 341 $53.76 Advanced Technology Applications . 122 14.65 166 18.91 Environmental Systems and Resources 48 9.25 98 19.45 Social Systems and Human Resources 15 7.10 25 10.72 Exploratory Research and Problem Assessment 28 2.95 52 4.68 Intergovernmental Science Programs 28 .80 43 1.08

Total 241 $34.75 384 $54.84

491-718 0 - 73 -5 velopment of new techniques for fire cerning energy, and attempts to sys­ power plant siting and power trans­ protection, prevention, and suppres­ tematize the approach to determining mission, solar energy, and thermal en­ sion; and development of new instru­ potentially high impact energy research ergy storage. The University of Min­ ments to monitor environmental pol­ needs. An example of these works nesota is developing a system aimed lutants. is a projection of future U.S. energy at the economical use of solar energy requirements. A total of 5 6 separate for generating electric power. The projections were combined to obtain system will use a solar concentrator an estimate of the way in which U^S. which focuses solar energy on a heat Energy Problems——^ "total" energy and"~electrical require^ T5ipe"with a selective optical coating. ments may be expected to increase The heat pipe then conducts high Activities of the energy resources throughout the remainder of this cen­ temperature thermal energy via a program fall into two general categor­ tury. The consensus of the projections heat transfer loop to a thermal stor­ ies: (1) surveys and analyses of en­ is that demand for energy in all forms age unit; then the energy is released ergy resources and research; and (2) will grow at an annual rate of 2.8 to the power cycle working fluid. L. support of specific research and de­ percent, while that for electrical ener­ O. Krampitz of Case Western Re­ velopment projects that will have di­ gy will alone grow at a rate of 5.5 serve University is investigating the rect impact on the energy problems percent. The assumptions behind all feasibility for direct formation of hy­ of the nation. the projections may, of course, be drogen using sunlight and the photo- In order to assess the problems ^^s- subject to question. Nevertheless, the synthetic process of plants in combi­ sociated with energy production, conx Intertechnology study provides a nation with the enzyme hydrogenase. version, and use, it is necessary to comprehensive survey of existing This process may make it possible to bring to a focus information from an ideas and of present energy technology. produce economically useful supplies exceedingly broad set of disciplines. To assess needs for research in the of hydrogen gas. These range over such areas as reac­ energy area. Resources for the Fu­ A coal gasification program was tor engineering, coal technology, ture, under an NSF grant, identified established at City College of New economics, and pohtical science. To research requirements in areas of en­ York (CUNY) in June 1972 with provide the NSF energy program ergy consumption, production, tech­ Arthur M. Squires as principal inves­ with a base for its program efforts, nology, environmental effects, and pol­ tigator. Advanced chemical engineer­ and to help the nation assess the mag­ icy issues. The study, prepared in ing techniques are being studied that nitude of its future energy problems, collaboration with the MIT Environ­ can lead to a markedly increased abil­ the Foundation in the past year has mental Laboratory, indicates specific ity in the gasification of coal. These sponsored several background studies. problems in these areas which are techniques can also facihtate the reac­ A survey of current energy research likely to prove important in the com­ tion of coal with hydrogen to produce in the United States was carried ing years. (Energy Research Needs, extraordinary amounts of methane out by the Oak Ridge National Labo­ available from NTIS.) and aromatic liquids such as alcohols ratory. This was the first comprehen­ Environmental aspects of energy and turpentines. The program at City sive survey to be undertaken which use are becoming increasingly impor­ College should provide a basis for the included both Federal and privately tant. This area was singled out for design of pilot reactors for making sponsored research. Questionnaires special attention through a workshop hydrogen and other gases from coal were sent to all industries involved in on Energy and the Environment con­ or coke. any way, and to all Federal agencies. ducted by Cornell University. The The resulting bibliography, with ab­ workshop brought together experts Earthquake Engineering stracts, contains almost 5,000 entries, from a number of relevant fields to cross-indexed for ready reference. discuss four problem areas: (a) so­ A major new thrust in earthquake (Inventory of Energy Research, cial, environmental, and health costs engineering during the past year has Committee on Science and Astronautics of energy use; (b) technological op­ been directed to technology transfer of the U.S. House of Representatives.) tions for energy supply; (c) growth and utilization. The National In­ Factual material relating to nation­ rates of energy demand; and (d) in­ formation Service for Earthquake al energy problems was summarized stitutional mechanisms for dealing Engineering had previously been es­ in a two-volume report, The U.S. En­ with environmental problems associ­ tablished to collect, organize, and dis­ ergy Problem, prepared by Intertech- ated with energy use. (Cornell Work­ seminate information. This activity nology Corp. and available from the shop, available from the U.S. Govern­ has been augmented by a program National Technical Information Serv­ ment Printing Office.) aimed at the translation of earth­ ice (NTIS). This report brings to­ The second category of Foundation quake engineering research into crite­ gether in one place summaries of the energy resources activities includes ria, specifications, and methods usable results of many previous studies con­ projects such as work on land use, by professional engineers and builders. RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 51

Current building practices concern­ ing land use planning, building codes, and inspection of new and existing buildings do not generally reflect the newest knowledge of responses of buildings to earthquake forces. Orga­ nizations participating in this Nation­ al Information Service have undertak­ en a program that will: (a) synthe­ size current knowledge and develop improved building practices for assur­ ing the safety of new and existing buildings; (b) make this knowledge available to State and local officials for land use planning and building regulation to mitigate the effects of earthquakes, high winds, and ex­ plosions. Objectives of the program will include greater human safety, protection of property, and mainte­ Projects undertaken to develop improved building practices and to make that knowledge avail­ able to State and local officials may help prevent future tragedies such as those caused by the nance of vital functions under disaster San Fernando earthquake of 1971. conditions. The Disaster Mitigation Project comprises three phases leading to im­ the university's School of Hygiene and cal and toxicological effects of smoke proved building practices: evaluation Public Health. They are trying to produced during the combustion of of current building methods, develop­ reconstruct the sequences of events in polymeric materials. The research ment of improved methods, and imple­ fatal fires, finding out what the vic­ team includes medical staff members mentation of these improved methods. tims were doing, how much warning and participants from the Salt Lake Results from the first phase include they had, how they reacted to it and, City Fire Department and the Fire reports defining best current practice; using results of post mortem analyses, Marshal of the State of Utah, and needs of decision-makers and profes­ what the causes of death were. also the National Bureau of Stan­ sional users for land use planning, A related program at the Universi­ dards. The program is concerned with design, and evaluation of existing ty of Utah is studying the physiologi­ problems connected with the burning buildings; and significant gaps in knowledge which require research. Improved practice will be de­ veloped in phase two, using results of new research; and phase three in­ volves dissemination of the developed methodologies to the intended users, including State and local officials and Federal agencies.

Vive Research

Little is known about exactly how fire victims die, except in the obvious cases of severe burns, heart attacks, or fractures. In an attempt to deter­ mine how people become victims of the byproducts of fires — smoke and confusion — a grant has been made to the Apphed Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University to conduct a cooperative study with the Baltimore Firemen and researchers are working together to investigate sites of fires in efforts to determine City Medical Examiner's Office and the sequence of events that results in loss of life. 58 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

of polymeric materials such as versity of Oregon is presently apply­ eas where expected return on the re­ fabrics, coatings, elastomers, and cel­ ing a technique of low temperature search investment is great and where lular plastics. The research will provide physics as an aid in the study and rapid progress is vital to the nation. the fundamental information necessary monitoring of air pollution. The tech­ Some grants for enzyme technology to develop improved fire-resistant ma­ nique being studied is the quantitative have been given to large interdisci­ terials and to devise better testing use of a cold trap at liquid nitrogen plinary teams focused on particular procedures to evaluate material hazards temperatures. Such a trap can collect problems. At MIT, work is under way under realistic conditions. hundreds of different types of com- to develop new techniques involving "pouri^s~for lafeT^anMy enzymes- for^rhe synthesis of complex Instrumentation nique has the potential for reducing organic compounds, in particular the costs and increasing the sensitivity of synthesis of the antibiotic gramicidin Technology air pollution measurements. s. Synthetic biochemical reactions are The application of research princi­ New instrumentation for improved not currently practical for industry ples in the design, construction, and medical diagnosis and more effective because the necessary enzyme co-fac­ use of instrumentation is a key factor health care delivery systems is being tors, which are molecules that facili­ in the achievement of an increasingly developed in two areas. The first area tate the transfer of energy or elec­ high standard of living in the nation of instrumentation and techniques for trons, cannot be reused. Large-scale and in its role of world technological cancer radiotherapy involves four economic regeneration of co-factors leadership. It is the purpose of this separate projects at Stanford, Har­ and immobilization of several enzy­ program to support research projects vard, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, mes for coupled reactions present for­ leading to new uses for and improve­ and the University of Nebraska. midable scientific and engineering ments of instrumentation for environ­ These projects apply novel technology problems, and about one-third of the mental, social, and technological sys­ to the development of instruments for grantees are addressing aspects of co- tems. the treatment of localized cancer with factor enzymatic processes. A team at The support of the application of neutron, proton, and negative pion the University of Pennsylvania has new techniques to the problem of en­ radiation. Supporting studies, making immobilized a co-factor, designed a vironmental monitoring included four extensive use of computer techniques, highly sensitive enzyme electrode for new projects. At MIT, tunable semi­ consist of determining the depths that detecting phenol, and developed an conductor lasers will be applied to the doses of such radiations penetrate enzymatic method for destroying detection of molecular atmospheric into tissues, as well as the relative phenol in waste waters. Several gran­ pollutants. At the University of Cali­ biological effectiveness for various tees are investigating various new in­ fornia, Davis, the use of X-ray types of radiation. The second area of dustrial uses of enzymes, some of fluorescence, which is being success­ instrumentation for improved medical which have been patented. Support fully applied to large-scale aerosol diagnosis and treatment includes four for processes for extractive metallur­ monitoring in California, will be de­ projects at MIT, Stanford, and the gy was initiated on a modest basis in veloped further for quantitative an­ University of California, San Francis­ fiscal year 1972, primarily for systems alysis of biological and physical sam­ co. One of the two MIT projects and analysis of existing procedures and ples of environmental interest. A the Stanford project will study the for research on automatic control. group at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab­ diagnostic value of magnetic fields Highest priority is given for new proc­ oratory is developing a portable in­ produced by the heart and the brain. esses which not only are economical­ strument for the quick and easy de­ The second MIT project will develop ly attractive, but which avoid the air termination of trace concentrations of a magnetically propelled catheter for and water pollution problem usually heavy metals such as mercury in bio­ possible use in treating diseases of the accompanying existing technology. logical samples such as tuna. This in­ brain. At the University of Califor­ strumentation uses the recently in­ nia, a new type of camera, consisting vented atomic-absorption method of multiwire proportional chambers, ENVIRONMENTAL called atomic Zeeman effect for an­ will be developed as a diagnostic alysis of trace elements in organic device for the imaging of positron- SYSTEMS AND materials in the part-per-billion emitting radioisotopes. RESOURCES range. The measurement takes less than one minute and does not require In efforts to direct scientific talents prior chemical separation of the mer­ Advanced Industrial towards solving environmental prob­ cury from the host material. Such Processing lems, 98 projects were selected with rapid examination can prevent large investments of $19.4 million in fiscal economic losses in such industries as Enzyme technology and extractive year 1972. These studies deal with fishing. A research team at the Uni- metallurgy have been selected as ar- problems of weather modification, en- RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 59

vironmental aspects of trace contami­ University of Houston is examining count users in the Lake Powell region, nants and regional environmental the probable quantitative demands for ranging from local Indian populations issues, rural-urban development, im­ water in the future by chemical indus­ to heavy industry. pact of man on semi-primitive areas, tries. Schedules of demands for both One result of studies on Lake Pow­ land use allocation, and waste manage­ disposal and consumptive uses of ell is based on a computer model ment strategies. They are set up in water will be based on marginal val­ which utilizes chemical analysis of such a way that the specific users of ues implied by the production func­ water samples to calculate ionic com­ the research results affect the formu­ tions generated for each of the 50 position and activity. These results lation and conduct of the investiga­ most important chemical products. show that calcite is precipitated as tions. Such involvement of benefici­ Such predictions for the next 3 dec­ water plants withdraw carbon dioxide aries in the scientific activities helps ades will then help develop policy to from surface waters, and that this make the objectives more real and the guide the development of water-using calcite settles to deeper, more acid results more practical. industries in specific regions. waters where it is dissolved. During Information from programs of the the autumn and winter turnover of International Biological Program is lake waters, a portion of this calcite Mathematical Modeling being used by RANN research groups may accumulate in bottom muds, thus for in efforts to develop management representing a permanent withdrawal strategies concerned with the use and of calcite from the lake and from the Environmental Issues conservation of natural resources. At Colorado River below the Glen Can­ Environmental problems are usual­ the University of "Washington, Colo­ yon Dam. ly complex and involve many factors rado State University, and Oak Ridge and competing interests. As a result, National Laboratory, investigators are environmental issues often arise from adding economic, engineering, and so- competition over the use of space or ciologic parameters to ecological sim­ Weather Modification resources. With the use of mathemati­ ulation models in order to develop by Urban Centers cal models, available research data models for better management of for­ can be analyzed and used in planning est and grazing lands. The use of The role of atmospheric pollutants and helping select among alternative management gaming techniques with in influencing weather patterns is not solutions. a computer can be an important ele­ clear at this time, but evidence is ment in helping instruct decision­ growing that the impact of man's ac­ A team of computer researchers at makers on the probable consequences tivities upon the weather is an impor­ the Harvard School of Design, led by of their actions. tant factor and must be recognized Carl Steinitz, is developing methods and understood more fully. Scientists for incorporating qualitative and at the Illinois State Water Survey are quantitative environmental values into studying the effects of urban centers regional planning for an area Water Management in upon local weather patterns. A study southeast of Boston. Dr. Steinitz' of the St. Louis area has indicated work in computer graphics will pro­ the Southwest increases in precipitation, lightning, vide a foundation for a two- A multi-institutional project is ex­ and hail in the summertime which are dimensional, spatial planning model amining the environmental impact of believed to be urban-induced, but that will cope with problems such as various activities, including develop­ winter weather patterns show little regional water suppUes, wetlands pro­ ment of major coal reserves, rec­ urban-induced effects. An analysis of tection, solid waste disposal, land use reational opportunities, and water the Chicago area indicated urban- allocation, and location of industrial, resources in the Lake Powell region related increases in both warm and shopping, and residential structures of Utah and Arizona. In a coordi­ cold season precipitation within the and transportation corridors. nated program, natural and social city and as far as 3 5 miles down­ At Iowa State University, Earl scientists and professionals in law and wind of the city. Initial studies of Heady has developed a linear pro­ medicine are studying such phenom­ Indianapohs have provided some gramming model of some 5,000 equa­ ena as lake eutrophication, heavy slight evidence of an urban effect tions which he is applying to deter­ metal contamination, stream flow, ero­ upon precipitation in the warm sea­ mine the impact of national agricul­ sion and evaporation, air quality and son, but no noticeable effect in the tural practices upon water quahty. epidemiology, as well as recreation, cold season. Another initial study of This approach will help evaluate the economics, and legal factors. The pur­ the Washington, D.C. area indicated environmental effects of alternative pose of the project is to provide an a rather pronounced and consistent practices and policies. A parallel pro­ improved scientific basis for water re­ increase in both the summer and winter ject led by Russell Thompson at the source management taking into ac­ precipitation across the urban area. 60 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Effects of atmospheric pollutants from urban centers on local weather patterns are being studied in a joint program undertaken by Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, Illinois State Water Survey, and University of Wyoming.

Lead—A Trace pheric lead is probably from gasoline models that describe the mobilization Contaminant additives and is in a particularly mo­ and transport of lead, especially from bile form. Atmospheric lead concen­ automobiles, in a 76-square-mile Lead is an acknowledged toxicant trations are closely correlated with ecosystem. Food chain analysis and to man and other animals. The sources traffic density. Typical values range physiological effects are measured. A of lead found in the environment, from 1 microgram per cubic meter in Colorado State University team is the routes and rates of transport, and rural areas to more than 40 in a concentrating on the evaluation of at­ the ultimate fate, including health vehicle tunnel. Concentrations in solids mospheric transport, solubility, and hazards, are the subjects of investiga­ decrease rapidly with distance from mobihty. tion by three university teams. highways. The recent opening of what has Half of the lead dispersed into the The major thrust of a University of become the world's largest lead min­ environment and 95 percent of atmos­ Illinois team is to develop predictive ing and smelting district in the Clark RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 61

Several studies are being made on the sources, routes, and impact of lead pollution on the environment. In one of the projects, the rural area surrounding the new lead mining and smelt­ ing industry in southeastern Missouri is being analyzed for effects of lead on the vegetation, soil, and water. (Photo by American Metal Climax, Inc.)

National Forest of southeastern Mis­ SOCIAL SYSTEMS AND trends in the U.S. population and data souri has afforded an unusual oppor­ HUMAN RESOURCES required for evaluating social pro­ tunity to study the effects of lead and grams and policies. This involves anal­ associated metals in a forested ecosys­ The major aim of research sup­ yses of the criminal justice system tem. A team at the University of ported in Social Systems and Human and efficiency of law enforcement Missouri at RoUa is collaborating with Resources is to provide reliable in­ agencies, as well as a search for ways the U.S. Forest Service, the Geologi­ formation and analysis to guide policy to improve the public decisionmaking cal Survey, and the mining industry to decisions and to illuminate the conse­ processes at all levels of government. identify all lead pollution processes quences of alternative social policies The division allocated $10.7 million associated with mining, smelting, and and programs. There are two major in fiscal year 1972, with 66 percent transport to the consumer. This inves­ programs in the division: 1) Munici­ supporting research on municipal sys­ tigation includes the use of remote pal Systems, Operations, and Services; tems and 27 percent on social data sensing for detection of contamination and 2) Social Data and Community and community structure; grants in plants, especially sulfur dioxide Structure. were made with an average size toxicity emanating from the smelter. Research on municipal systems is of $43,000 and an average duration of The efforts of the three research concerned with improving the existing 18 months. groups constitute a coordinated study use of urban resources, with evalua­ of lead in the environment. The inves­ ting the social consequences of new tigators exchange samples of lead- technology, and with evaluating the containing soils and plant and animal benefits and costs of alternative orga­ Solid Waste Management tissue for calibration as well as re­ nizational forms for our cities. This in New York City sults. They also coordinate with simi­ research includes studying methods to lar projects studying other heavy met­ improve such operations as refuse The Urban and Policy Sciences als such as cadmium, at Purdue, and collection, police force activity, health Program is continuing its research on mercury, at Stanford and Rochester. care delivery, and new urban trans­ urban problems in collaboration with They are also assisted by analytical portation systems. municipal agencies in New York City studies of toxic metals and by the The social data and community through an award to the State Uni­ toxic materials information center at structure program is concerned with versity of New York at Stony Brook. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. developing information on changing Principal attention is being given to 62 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Clearinghouse and Laboratory for Census Data

A clearinghouse and laboratory have been established at the Center for Research Libraries in Rosslyn, Va., to make efficient use of the large amount "of" computer data assembled during the 1970 Census of Popula­ tion. More than 2,000 reels of tapes are being processed and edited, and programs are being developed to make the data more accessible for study. Training and advice will be provided to researchers in the social Trying to ease problems like those of solid waste collection and disposal in New York City, a sciences and other fields in the use of team of scientists at the State University of New York at Stony Brook is studying methods for census data for research and plan­ more efficient public services in crowded cities. ning.

systems analyses of the collection and and, in collaboration with local uni­ Social Costs of disposal of solid waste in New York versities, has begun related research Natural Disasters City. The Stony Brook team has pro­ in Seattle and St. Louis, with the aim vided the city and sanitation workers of specifying how Federal policies A group of researchers of the Uni­ union with plans for improved man­ affect the growth and economy of versity of Colorado has begun a sys­ power schedules which have been differing urban areas. tematic analysis of 15 types of natu- adopted for implementation. The city's Environmental Protection Ad­ ministration estimates substantial sav­ ings for the city as a result of the more efficient allocations of available manpower. The Stony Brook group is also studying the effectiveness of dis­ trict court systems in Nassau County and is developing techniques for measuring the productivity of public services.

Analyses of Urban Growth

Results from an exploratory award to the RAND Corp. for research on problems of urban growth and de­ velopment in San Jose suggest that the most important influences on de­ velopment have been Federal pro­ curement policies and Federal income tax policy. These provide large incen­ tives for new residential development but little for rehabilitation of older housing sites. Because of these influ­ ences, the range of decisions open to Development planned for San Jose, Calif., was restricted in five areas after analysis by the municipal officials is restricted. RAND Corp. showed that the cost of delivering services, such as police and fire protection and The RAND Corp. is continuing its street and park maintenance, and utilities, such as sewers, water service, and storm runoff facili­ research on urban growth in San Jose ties, would create a large drain on the resources of the city. RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 63

ral hazards to determine their inci­ drawings and specifications; synthesis tion papers for examination and eval­ dence, the social and economic costs of processing sequences from that in­ uation by the panel of the institute. associated with them, and to examine formation; and sequence implementa­ Researchers at Carnegie-Mellon remedial steps which might lessen the tion for machine control. The desired University are investigating means to costs of damage from these natural results are part-programming soft­ improve consumer safety through in­ hazards. ware systems linked closely to engi­ novative consumer education. They neering record-graphics systems, and are attempting to develop instruction­ prototype systems that can be tested al modules for high schools to EXPLORATORY in an industrial envirormient. prepare consumers to make better de­ RESEARCH AND cisions in the marketplace with re­ PROBLEM ASSESSMENT Problem Assessment spect to product safety. The research­ ers will determine consumer attitudes Exploratory Research and Problem Research efforts in this program and level of knowledge concerning Assessment is an attempt to define, are intended to assist in defining and safety, and what technical concepts analyze, and explore emerging nation­ analyzing national issues in a broad and guidelines should be transferred al problems relating to technology context, to synthesize existing knowl­ to consumers to enable them to un­ and the health of the economy, to edge and identify specific opportuni­ derstand and develop an overall ap­ human and social needs, and to the ties for research to aid decision­ proach for intelligent buying and safe future trends of the nation's growth. making and policy processes. handling of products. The research Emphasis is placed on systems- The protection of privacy of per­ will also provide manufacturers and oriented studies of the impacts of sonal information in data banks is an Government agencies with a descrip­ science and technology on society and important issue being addressed by tion of the appropriate information of national policy alternatives. the RAND Corp. of Santa Monica. needed by the consumer to make This research involves mathematical more deliberate, intelligent, confident Exploratory Research investigations of the theoretical possi­ buying decisions. Finally, the investi­ bility of creating a data bank with gations will evaluate the effectiveness This program supports the early perfect invulnerability to invasions of of teaching modules in accomphshing stages of research into problem areas privacy. It also is analyzing bounds on their goals. This experimental ap­ where there are significant and press­ the achievability of perfect data pri­ proach will use the skills of engineers, ing public policy issues. For example, vacy and technical and procedural educational specialists, and behavior the development of a citizen feedback means of achieving a desired level of specialists, with the cooperation of a system for Statewide environmental data privacy. Formation of the commercial television station. planning is being explored by the En­ foundations of a cohesive theory of vironmental Planning Information information privacy is under way, and Center in Montpelier, Vt. Public edu­ the RAND Corp.'s 1969 Computer Technology Assessment cational materials will be drawn from Privacy Bibliography is being up­ both Government environmental dated. The research is proceeding Technology assessment studies are agencies and the citizen groups con­ toward derivation of functional rela­ intended to explore systematically the cerned with environmental problems. tionships among security, costs, and impacts of technological intrusions on Information on citizen attitudes and performance for various data security society. For example, the impacts of their environmental concerns will be techniques, such as access codes, pri­ four biomedical technologies are provided to executive agencies, to leg­ vacy transformations, and special se­ being assessed by the Committee on islative bodies, to the citizen groups, curity features in operating system Life Sciences and Social Policy of the and to the general pubhc. programs. National Academy of Sciences: 1) in The potential for improved eflS- The needs of society in deahng vitro fertilization for human repro­ ciency of small- and medium-scale with the moral and ethical impHca- duction; 2) predetermination of the manufacturing by automating parts tions of behavior control are being sex of children; 3) retardation of the programming is being studied by the investigated by a task force estab­ process of aging; and 4) technologies University of Rochester with the col­ lished by the Institute of Society, Eth­ for the modification and control of laboration of an industrial partner, ics, and the Life Sciences at Hastlngs- behavior. The information developed the Gleason "Works. An important in­ on-Hudson, N.Y. The research will by the Academy will be published in termediate objective is improvement be conducted by a multidisciplinary book form. The book will attempt to of engineering graphics practices. group including scientists, ethicists, illustrate, by example, one approach Three fundamental problems must be policy experts, and others. Individual to the assessment of biomedical tech­ solved: extraction and compaction experts or groups of experts will nology. It will also try to develop of information from mechanical gather information and develop posi­ some general principles for the assess- 64 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

ment of biomedical technologies and sage of 1972. Continuing relation­ tronautics Committee. Several proj­ to offer suggestions for the institution­ ships are maintained with the Nation­ ects were approved in the area of alization of assessment procedures. al Governors Council on Science and academic public service, including a Technological impacts frequently Technology and with the Science and 3-day conference conducted by the cause widespread public alarm. Case Technology Committee of the Na­ National Association of State Univer­ histories of such instances are being tional Legislative Conference. Close sities and Land Grant Colleges. Sup­ examined by the Midwest Research relationships also exist with the na­ port was provided for an Academic Institute, Kansas City, Mo., in an in­ tional instrumentalities of State and Resources Council in South Dakota terdisciplinary research project on-the- -l0eal-goveleMaeHt-s4n-pl*nniH^--a-nd-ad-- -w-hieh-in-volves -a-H^f-the State's insti- - properties of such "unstructured tech­ ministering activities in this area. tutions of higher education. In order nology assessments." The program in­ Objectives of the Intergovernmen­ to strengthen the relationship between volves the preparation of the histories tal Science Programs include improv­ scientific and technological research of a minimum of 100 cases occurring ing communications, identifying and and State government operations, a during the past 25 years. Conse­ assessing needs for science and tech­ program administered by the Massa­ quences of the cases will be studied in nology, testing new mechanisms to chusetts Department of Community detail to derive understanding of the encourage the use of science and tech­ Affairs will involve graduate research full nature of the associated impacts nology, and disseminating and diffusing students from a number of Boston or consequences on society. Particular results of studies and demonstrations. area institutions with activities of the attention will be given to early warn­ Among the State-level activities, a Commonwealth. ing indications of public alarm and to grant was awarded to the Ohio State Additional activity in the programs effective remedial actions. University Research Foundation for involving State legislatures was under­ Two survey studies of technology the design and implementation of a taken during the year with an initial assessment activities are nearing com­ planning and decision information grant to the State of New York As­ pletion. "Technology and Public Poh- system for the Governor of Puerto sembly to provide partial support to cy: The Process of Technology As­ Rico. The system is serving as a pro­ the Assembly Scientific Staff and to sessment in the Federal Government" totype for other such State systems. A fund public policy research by coop­ has been studied by the George planning grant was awarded to Cali­ erative graduate student and profes­ Washington University. A broader fornia for the design of a comprehen­ sor groups. survey of the extant technology as­ sive mechanism to aid the State in Increased emphasis was placed sessment activities at various levels of bringing science and technology to upon activities to aid local govern­ government, industry, and private in­ bear upon domestic problems. A pilot ments in their use of science and stitutions has been accomphshed by project was initiated with the Pennsyl­ technology in decision-making and Peat, Marwick, Mitchell, and Co., of vania Science and Engineering program operations. An industry- Washington, D.C. Foundation to extend to local govern­ related aerospace technology applica­ ments the technical assistance services tions program was initiated during the of a university-based technology ap­ preceding fiscal year in Fresno, San INTERGOVERN­ plications program. jose, Anaheim, and Pasadena. Build­ MENTAL SCIENCE To implement the President's ing on this program and two projects AND RESEARCH science and technology message, six at Auburn University and the Univer­ UTILIZATION conference studies on Statewide re­ sity of Missouri, which use the exper­ search and development priorities tise of displaced engineers and scien­ NSF's Intergovernmental Science were supported in Ohio, Oklahoma, tists, grants were made to support Programs assist State and local gov­ Georgia, Pennsylvania, California, two other models designed to enhance ernments in strengthening their capa­ and Puerto Rico. These studies will the use of science and technology in bilities to foster and support the de­ serve to identify R&D needs and ca­ the local government setting. One of velopment and use of scientific meth­ pabilities, the potentials offered by these models will address self-initiated ods and technologies. science and technology to State gov­ institutional change for increased These programs are administered in ernment operations, and the areas science and technology impact in Ta- close coordination with the Pres­ where Federal-State partnership ac­ coma. Wash.; the other will test out ident's Office of Science and Technol­ tivities might be enhanced. Funds ways of maximizing the utility of ogy and the Office of Intergovern­ were also provided for the partial voluntary activities conducted within mental Relations in the Office of the support of a National Action Confer­ the framework of a municipal science Vice President as these offices move ence on Intergovernmental Science and technology advisory committee in ahead with implementing the inter­ Policy held in Harrisburg, Pa., co- Philadelphia. governmental aspects of President sponsored in part by the U.S. House During the fiscal year, two particu­ Nixon's Science and Technology Mes­ of Representatives Science and As­ larly significant studies were pubhshed dealing with intergovernmental These studies have added greatly to science policy. The first of these re­ the understanding of the field of in­ ports, Power to the States— tergovernmental science policy. Mobilizing Public Technology, was During the year, responsibility for the product of an Intergovernmental assuring the utilization of research Science Program-supported study results developed by RANN was conducted by the Council of State assigned to the Intergovernmental Governments. The other report. Pub­ Science Programs Office, and the lic Technology—A Tool for Solving name of the office was changed to National Problems, was transmitted reflect this new responsibility. This to the Federal Council on Science function will be accorded high priori­ and Technology by its Committee on ty in the activities of the office in the Intergovernmental Science Relations. coming fiscal year. New national priorities together Clearly, the nation's educational with changes in public attitudes to­ system has for several years been un­ ward science and the education of sci­ der great stress. Rising enrollments ence manpower have been reflected in have brought with them at all levels a Science the Foundation's programs supporting wider variety of students with a wider science education. With emphasis on variety of abihties and a wider variety Education innovation and improving the quality of goals. These efforts, together with of science education, the refocusing new student attitudes about the pur- of'the-Foundatiorfs-education activi^ •poses-of- education, have forced insti--^ ties, following the pattern which took tutions to adopt new practices and clearly defined shape in fiscal year adapt programs to new and far more 1971, has continued at an accelerated complex situations. Some of the pace. This new pattern has among its changes have resulted in better educa­ major goals: tion, others have not; some have been responsive to real needs, others have • developing science education been far wide of the target. During programs aimed at providing an this same time period, costs of educa­ appropriate number, variety, tion have increased markedly, resulting and quality of scientific and tech­ in increased taxes, increased tuition nological manpower; charges, and depleted institutional financial resources. • stimulating a greater interest in The Foundation cannot, of course, and understanding of science among a broader spectrum of provide even a small fraction of the today's students and the general funds needed to pay the increased costs related to science education. It public; and can, however, by judiciously targeted • improving the effectiveness of investments aimed at developing, test­ science education in terms of ing, and promoting better courses and the nation's financial investment curricula; at identifying appropriate therein. uses of new educational technologies;

Table 7 Education in Science Fiscal Year 1972 (Dollars in thousands)

Number of Dollar proposals amount Number of Funds received requested awards obligated

Science Education Research, Development, and Demonstration Alternative Instructional Methods and Materials Curriculum and Instruction Development .— 64 $14,500 39 3,469 Science Curriculum Improvement —- 51 8,000 38 4,618 Advanced Science Education - 59 4,400 49 2,255 Experimental Models and Demonstrations Resource Personnel Worl(shops and Conferences 70 3,100 46 1,359 Comprehensive In-Service Teacher Education 11 3,800 11 3,364 Pre-Service Teacher Education — 22 4,600 11 1,511 Technician Education Development 41 7,000 11 1,251 Student-Originated Studies 284 4,400 103 1,896 State and Urban Systems 3 1,700 2 1,680 Instructional Improvement Implementation Training Educational Personnel for Implementation Secondary School Teachers Programs 1,365 76,700 544 18,330 College Teachers Programs - 461 19,500 207 3,182 School System and College Implementation Cooperative College-School Program 479 21,100 151 4,355 College Science Improvement Program 158 37,900 49 9,067 Instructional Scientifi? Equipment Program 1,529 15,000 372 2,881 Talented Students Student Science Training 525 9,200 124 1,938 Undergraduate Research Participation 1,015 14,000 311 3,860 Graduate Student Support Fellowships 6,199* 39,100 1,550* 9,897 Traineeships 1,808* 11,000 1,808* 10,443 Presidential Internships 728 5,100 570 3,925

* Applications—not proposals. SCIENCE EDUCATION 67

and at assisting in dissemination of will pursue a career in these fields and school activities, vertical integration, information about and implementa­ those who need a sufficient knowledge and new models of school organiza­ tion of new and innovative kinds of of them to conduct the complex tion. Plans are to support additional programs, stimulate higher quality affairs of society more effectively. work in all of these areas as well as in science education which will at the the areas of research and learning. same time result in a higher ratio of ALTERNATIVE Two areas given special attention in benefits to costs. INSTRUCTIONAL the CID program were Science Edu­ In fiscal year 1972, therefore, METHODS AND cation Outside of School Walls and a Political Science Curriculum Study. groundwork was laid for more spe­ MATERIALS cific reorientation of certain already Three grants have been made to existing programs and for develop­ Essential to the improvement of support Science Education Outside of ment of new activities within a struc­ science education is support for the School Walls. The Smithsonian Insti­ ture targeted along three principal development and testing of new tution received a grant to develop an lines: Science Education Research, teaching materials, courses, and cur­ experimental touch exhibit for the Development, and Demonstration; In­ ricula at all levels—pre-college, col­ purpose of investigating whether structional Improvement Implementa­ lege, and graduate. At all three levels, guided handling of real objects of tion; and The Talented Student. increasing attention is being given to natural beauty could indeed lead visi­ There has been, in addition, a sepa­ newer disciplines and interdisciplinary tors to the kinds of curiosity and in­ rate program of Graduate Student fields, and to materials and education­ sights in learning about natural Support. Under these four headings, al programs appropriate to the broad­ science that do not occur in the usual the Foundation conducted education­ er spectrum of students within the museum situation. A grant was made al activities in fiscal year 1972 to educational system. to the Palace of Arts and Science meet the new changes and demands Foundation (San Francisco) for the placed on the nation's scientific and Curriculum and Instruction development of a series of participa­ engineering communities. Development tory exhibits for the Arts and Science Exploratorium, which is unique in its During fiscal year 1972, the Course emphasis on sensory perception. The SCIENCE EDUCATION Content Improvement Program, University of Cahfornia, Berkeley, RESEARCH, aimed at pre-college levels of educa­ was awarded a grant to provide sup­ DEVELOPMENT, AND tion, became the Curriculum and In­ port to the Lawrence Hall of Science struction Development Program DEMONSTRATION for a project to develop instructional (CID). The new name reflects more models for outdoor education of stu­ Research, development, and accurately the interests and functions dents, ages 11 to 15. demonstration encompass two main of the program, which is concerned lines of activity. The first is the de­ not only with development of courses Fiscal year 1972 also saw the initi­ velopment of alternative instructional and curricula, but with research in ation of what may turn out to be a methods and materials. The second various areas including learning, the major curriculum development in the involves experimental models and structure of educational organization area of political science through a demonstrations. Together these pro­ and evaluation, and with development grant to the American Political vide the cutting edge of new innova­ of more effective means of instruc­ Science Association for a curriculum tions in science education. Through tion. development effort at both the ele­ them the Foundation seeks to redirect The major effort within the pro­ mentary and secondary school levels. and revitalize the teaching of science gram was to consolidate previous at­ Although the major theme will be and technology for both those who tainments with respect to out-of- political science, much material from

Table 8 Curriculum and Instruction Development Program Financial Support by Discipline Fiscal Year 1972 Inter­ IVIulti- Biological Social disciplinary discipiinary Other sciences IVIathematics Physics sciences sciences sciences * science Totals

Elementary $ 27,000 $191,750 -0- $ 49,400 $722,089 $ 702,011 -0- $1,692,250 Intermediate - — 178,450 22,800 -0- -0- 5,000 601,123 -0- 807,373 Secondary 7R,B5n 165,200 $15,300 1,073,204 99,500 885,291 $11,000 2,328,145 Totals $284,100 $379,750 $15,300 $1,122,604 $826,589 $2,188,425 $11,000 .$4,827,768 Percentages 5.9 7.9 .3 23.4 17.0 45.3 .2 100.0 * Includes Resource Personnel Workshops and Administrators' Conferences. 68 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

a variety of social and behavioral At the University of. Texas, Aus­ University of California, Los Ange­ science areas will be incorporated. tin, a concentrated effort will be les, in inaugurating a new 5-year pro­ This interdisciplinary spread within made to provide computer-based in­ gram leading to a Doctor of Environ­ the general areas of social and behav­ struction on a university-wide basis. mental Science and Engineering de­ ioral sciences is also evident in mate­ Twenty-three individual projects in 18 gree. This program is intended for rial being prepared under two grants departments in the colleges of engi­ students with undergraduate degrees to Education Development Center for neering and of arts and sciences are in any field of natural science and continuing support of the Exploring involved, but with the significant engineering who wish further educa­ Human Nature-Project. -eha-r-a&terist-ie—that-, all--of—these^n—. tion—in—the application of-scientific_ The distribution of program funds volvements are to be integrated and and engineering technology to existing by discipline in fiscal year 1972, as correlated with one another. and anticipated environmental prob­ seen in table 8, shows the emphasis The BIO-COTIE project at Colo­ lems. on the social and behavioral sciences. rado State University is designed to Another award went to the Univer­ Of the $3.5 million recommended for upgrade the sophomore biology offer­ sity of Illinois at Chicago Circle for a the usual kinds of activities supported ings of all of the 2-year colleges in doctoral program to produce college through the Curriculum and Instruc­ the State of Colorado, and to en­ teachers. Based in the biology, tion Development Program, $1.1 mil­ sure that biology graduates of these chemistry, and mathematics depart­ lion or 23 percent was in grants iden­ schools can proceed directly to ad­ ments, this program will incorporate tified as social science. vanced work at 4-year schools. To various communications methods and supplement their own course materi­ education technology in the design of Science Curriculum als, the 13 community colleges in­ new instructional systems. Improvement volved will be provided with a great The University of California, Berke­ deal of supportive instructional mate­ ley, with the help of NSF funds, is New demands on science require rial, much of it in the form of video­ developing a new Ph.D program in continued improvement in undergrad­ tapes prepared by both CSU and the Graduate School of Public Pohcy. uate science curricula. In fiscal year 2-year college personnel. The focus of A feature of this program is that in 1972, initial grants were made in sup­ interest in this project, like the one at their second year, groups of four or port of large-scale projects capable of the University of Texas, is the use of five students join groups of at least significantly altering the way under­ specially prepared materials in a three faculty members from different graduate science is taught. Among widespread and integrated fashion. fields in "syndicates" to study substan­ these projects were The Experimental tive policy areas such as the technolo­ Approach in Undergraduate Engi­ gy of police service delivery or in­ neering, at Illinois Institute of Tech­ Advanced Science Education come maintenance systems. The ulti­ nology; Computer-Based Teaching Support for the development of mate objective of this approach is to Techniques in Undergraduate Science alternative kinds of doctoral-level de­ provide the nation with needed and Engineering Education, at the gree programs began in fiscal year professionals who can furnish policy- University of Texas, Austin; and the 1970 and continued this year with u.^:„^A Biology Core Co-Tie (BIO-COTIE) four grants. One grant will assist the necessary to reduce the degree of un- Program, at Colorado State Univer­ sity. The intent of the IIT project is to completely restructure the undergrad­ uate engineering curriculum. The tra­ ditional classroom lecture approach will be abandoned entirely and re­ placed by a program of project- oriented studies. Problems of a broad scope will be posed to project groups composed of from four to 15 stu­ dents. The factual information needed will be made available in modules developed to -enable and encourage self-instruction. Thus, the faculty members can concentrate on those Under a grant to Worcester Polytechnic Institute for a program akin to that at Illinois Insti­ tute of Technology to implement a new flexible curriculum, students pursue independent study teaching activities requiring personal projects. These students perform air pollution measurements in an industrial complex. interaction with students. (Photo by Worcester Polytechnic Institute) SCIENCE EDUCATION 69

certainty that currently attends the meteorological and pollutant net­ cipals, directors of education, and public policy formation process. works in Cahfornia, being carried out other school administrators — to con­ Michigan State University received by a team of three UCLA students; clude whether or not to adopt specific a grant in the Advanced Doctoral- social cybernetics and computer-based curricula changes for their school sys­ Level Program to provide partial as­ communications media by two gradu­ tems. They also give these supervisors sistance for the development of a ate students at the University of Illi­ the necessary background to support 3-year sequence of activities in scien­ nois; problem-solving in urban play­ their teachers should these new cur­ tific instrumentation. This sequence is grounds by three CUNY students; ricula be implemented. Other pre- intended to make available to stu­ and population density and social pa­ college resource personnel projects in­ dents of many science departments an thology in selected areas in New York clude a course of 3 to 4 weeks' dura­ instrumentation minor in their Ph.D City, by a team of Queens College tion, with some follow-up in the programs. students. Academic Year Institutes Program A grant to the University of Den­ The fifth ISORT project was a discussed later. A major focus of ver was one of five new projects initi­ study at Stanford University on Mass these projects is to provide leadership ated during 1972 directly concerned Media Coverage of Environmental training for implementing new curri­ with the development or strengthen­ Problems, carried out by students in cula. Such projects typically bring to­ ing of master's-level programs intend­ the School of Medicine and the De­ gether a team consisting of a science ed to meet critical needs. The College partment of Communication. educator, a school administrator, and of Law and the Graduate School of a teacher to take the course, after EXPERIMENTAL Arts and Science have inaugurated a which they assist their home school new Master of Science degree in Law MODELS AND district in adopting the curriculum and Society. An innovative feature of DEMONSTRATION improvements. the program is the provision for a In addition to funding the distribu­ While the Foundation is unable to practice program enabling the stu­ tion of information about newly de­ support full-scale implementation of dents to teach law at the high school veloped courses and curriculum mate­ new courses and curricula throughout or college level and also to pursue rials and providing courses on them, the country, it is prepared to take the legal activities in a variety of commu­ NSF supports conferences directed intermediate step of establishing mod­ nity settings. Three other projects in toward planning the cooperative de­ els and demonstration projects in this category involve a joint M.S. pro­ velopment of new courses. At these which new materials, techniques, and gram in Engineering and Public Ad­ conferences, scientists, educators, and instructional modes can be tried out ministration, at New York University; educational technology experts plan and subjected to careful evaluation. the development of computer-aided in­ concise materials and curricula that In this way, new courses and curricu­ structional materials and time-sharing can be fully developed in appropriate la can be managed and publicized' so procedures as part of an M.S. pro­ teacher-training institutions. Students that their characteristics and value as gram in economics, at Florida Atlan­ in pre-service teacher education pro­ teaching and learning mechanisms tic University; and a new design- grams at these institutions help with will be clearly evident. Included also oriented M.S. program at the State the design, development, and testing are some of the Foundation's most University of New York at Buffalo. of these materials. Together, the 20 recently initiated activities, still being Continuing education at the gradu­ grants for these administrators' con­ operated as "experiments," and to be ate level was supported through a ferences and the 26 grants for the continued pending more thorough grant made to Stanford University to resource personnel projects provide evaluation of their usefulness. Within carry out experiments with and to various degrees of background or Experimental Models and Demonstra­ assess television techniques expected training for nearly 2,700 participants tions are activities targeted at all to be widely used in the future. Stan­ in fiscal year 1972. levels of education. ford now operates a four-channel In­ structional Television Network with a Resource Personnel Table 9 two-way audio capability between the Workshops and Resource Personnel Workshops originating classroom and remote sites and Conferences Administrators' Conferences in the San Francisco Bay area. Five awards were made in the Resource personnel projects are de­ Total Number of Requests 70 Total Dollars Requested $3,109,991 category of Interdisciplinary Student- signed to inform pre-college supervi­ Total Dollars Granted $1,358,562 Originated Research Training sory and teaching personnel about Resource Personnel Workshops prospective new curricula. Supervisor Requests 41 2,652,226 (ISORT). As was the case in fiscal Granted 26 1,086,930 Projects include short courses which year 1971, all were concerned with Administrators' Conferences environmental or social problems. provide the information necessary for Requests 29 457,765 Granted 20 271,632 These projects involved planning for educational decision-makers — prin­ 10 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Comprehensive In-Service Wyoming (physical sciences). In ad­ for demonstration and developmental dition, three new projects were fund­ work on courses and curricula. In Teacher Education ed at the University of Arkansas addition, a distinguished professorial Projects (mathematics); California State Col­ chair of science education has been lege at FuUerton (science); and Vir­ established to enhance the prestige of The primary objective of these ginia State College (biology and earth science education and stress the high comprehensive grants is to offer in- sciences). priority assigned to it by the univer­ service training opportunities for The comprehensive grant awarded sity. teachers who will become an integral to ~th-e- UniveTstty^-f Wyoming pro^ part of the teacher education pro­ Pre-Service Teacher vides an example of the way in which gram of the participating institutions. such grants foster a lasting interaction Education Support, normally provided for a between the teacher training institu­ In recent years, the Foundation has 4-year period with renewal grants on tion and the teachers in the region it stressed improvements in the pre- a yearly basis, is offered to institutions serves. Under the project at Wyo­ service training of elementary and which show evidence that changes in­ ming, a system of "portal schools" is secondary school teachers as an duced by the projects are likely to being developed throughout that State economical way to decrease the need persist beyond the period of the and in neighboring States, designed to for their early retraining. This ap­ grant. train teachers in newly developed cur­ proach often requires extensive chan­ During the past year, five supple­ ricula and materials, and staffed by ges involving the entire curricula mental grants were made for compre­ teachers trained in summer and through which all students in the in­ hensive projects initiated last year at academic year institutes at the univer­ stitution who are preparing to teach the University of Notre Dame and sity. At present, there are 20 portal science receive their initial training. San Jose State College (mathemat­ schools serving 920 teachers. A Its potential is exemplified in a pre- ics) ; the universities of Mississippi Science Teaching Center at the uni­ service education project begun some and South Dakota (biology and versity serves as administrative cen­ 3 years ago by the Physical Science chemistry); and the University of ter, library, and materials repository Group at Newton, Mass., which has SCIENCE EDUCATION 11

produced instructional materials spe­ relationship among all technical ar­ • An economical way to force cially adapted for undergraduates eas. water into molecules so that who plan to become teachers of waste glass could be formed into science in secondary schools. Student-Originated a commercially usable insulating Pre-service teacher education clear­ Studies material; ly involves a coordination of effort Still another type of model, one • A cheap and effective way to between higher education and ele­ which shows considerable promise of reduce stream pollution caused mentary and secondary education. influencing the pattern of student- by runoff from farm feedlots; The same principle, that of recogniz­ teacher interaction, is developing in and ing seemingly separate elements as the Student-Originated Studies Pro­ • Biological uptake of heavy met­ actually units of an overall education­ gram. Now in its second year of oper­ als in sediments washing down al system, is applied in the program ation, this activity provides a large-scale from old mines. of Cooperative Projects for 2-Year test of the degree to which students Many student-originated projects Colleges. In this program, the are capable and ready to undertake funded by this program have elicited Foundation supports State or urban self-instruction through self-designed wide public interest as reflected by consortia of 2-year college science de­ and self-managed scientific investiga­ their coverage in the news media. partments cooperating with neighbor­ tions. In fiscal year 1972, grants ing university departments to improve State and Urban Systems awarded to 120 colleges and universi­ the substance and quality of educa­ tion. As a result, students may ad­ ties supported 103 student projects Two systems grants were made in vance more efficiently to study at involving more than 1,300 undergrad­ 1972, a supplemental grant for the uate college students. 4-year colleges and universities. Over Systems Approach to Science Educa­ 1,000 2-year college science depart­ In addition to demonstrating stu­ tion in Delaware to support the sec­ ments in over 600 2-year colleges dents' readiness to assume increased ond year's operation of the Del Mod responsibility for their own education­ have benefited from these grants. Project, and an initiating grant for al development, student-originated the Oregon System in Mathematics Technician Education projects encourage college students to Education. express productively their concern for The Del Mod Project, which is a Development the environmental and societal well- cooperative effort of the University of The Technician Education De­ being of the nation. Some examples Delaware, Delaware State College, velopment Program, which became of this have been projects on: Delaware Technical and Community operative during fiscal year 1972, is intended to provide a variety of in­ structional models. Ten initial grants Table 10 have been awarded for projects to Student-Originated Studies strengthen curricula and to estabhsh Distribution of Grants new opportunities in both 2-year and Fiscal Year 1972 Total 4-year colleges. The past year has Number of seen a significant rise in the number Region Discipiine Type Grants of programs being offered by colle­ 1 ii ill iV giate institutions for training techni­ New England 2 5 2 2 11 cians and technologists primarily for Middle Atlantic . 3 2 5 4 14 research. And there are indications South Atlantic 3 4 7 3 17 that many colleges are making efforts East South Central . 0 2 0 3 5 4 4 5 18 to reach back into local secondary East North Central 5 West North Central . 2 2 1 4 9 schools to make a career in technolo­ West South Central . 0 1 3 1 5 gy more attractive. To encourage ex­ Mountain 3 3 1 2 9 perimentation in this effort, a grant Pacific 5 3 4 3 IS was made to Los Angeles Pierce Col­ lege to develop a program in Com­ 23 26 27 27 103 puter Electromechanical Technology Discipline for interested 11th and 12th grade I. Resource Utilization Studies 23 high school students. The experience II. Water Quality Studies 26 gained in cooperative ventures of this ill. Urban and Rural Studies 27 IV. General Environmental Studies 27 sort should provide greater latitude in technical education and an improved 103

491-718 0 - 73 -6 72 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

College, the Delaware State Depart­ ment of Public Instruction, and the 26 school districts of the State, has as its objectives the development of bet­ ter science courses, improvement of the qualifications of science teachers, and introduction of new teaching strategies. - A ^s.etond systems grant in the amount of $1 million was made to the Oregon Educational Coordinating Council for the support of mathemat­ ics education in Oregon. The Oregon System in Mathematics Education is a coordinated Statewide project dealing with mathematics education in grades K-14, with a strong emphasis on in­ struction at the elementary level. INSTRUCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT IMPLEMENTATION Within this area of activity there are two principal lines of attack — one oriented toward training that will provide to educational personnel in the schools and colleges the back­ ground required to institute or imple­ ment course and curricular changes; the other providing support for imple­ mentation of new courses or curricula in a limited number of institutions, with the intent that these will serve as models for consideration by others.

EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL FOR IMPLEMENTATION

Activities within this category take into account the fact that implemen­ tation of new courses and curricula and introduction of new modes of teaching can be effected only in insti­ tutions in which the teaching faculty is already receptive to change. That faculty must also be competent to perform in a way that will ensure These three groups are conducting projects as part of the Student-Originated Studies Program. viability or at least an objective try- (Top) Students at Virginia Polytechnic Institute are establishing space criteria and design out of new instructional patterns. The criteria that may influence the behavior of pre-school children. (Center) Another VPI group intent, therefore, is to provide teach­ is assessing effects of pollutants on the ecology of a stream. (Bottom) A University of California, ers and other personnel with the Riverside, team is studying the geological, economic, and social implications of earthquakes knowledge and understanding of new incident to the San Jacinto fault. Seismic measurements help them give specific fault location data to homeowners, contractors, and highway officials. materials and the techniques of their SCIENCE EDUCATION 73

planning and development necessary for two state universities that have College Teacher to achieve this goal. Since the nature been working separately . . . for many of the educational process varies from years. The fact that the project in­ Programs level to level, there are activities di­ volves a predominately black school It is through summer institutes and rected at both pre-college and post- and a predominately white school short courses (including the new secondary personnel. should help build lines of communica­ Chautauqua-type short courses) that tion between students and staff of the the Foundation assists college teach­ Secondary School Teachers two schools." The project staff is ers. An increasing proportion of cur­ drawn equally from the two institu­ Programs rent support by the College Teacher tions. Programs is for projects in interdisci­ In addition to classroom study in plinary areas, environmental controls, The close in-service institutes (ISI) courses designed to meet the needs of curricular innovations, and new ap­ involvement in the implementation of participants, the Foundation supports proaches to teaching and learning. new curricula was continued with the a number of summer and in-service These programs are being used more fiscal year 1972 program. Particularly institutes. Some focus on acquainting and more to assist teachers in replac­ noteworthy is the increase in the teachers with new course materials ing outmoded curricula with major number of training opportunities allo­ and assisting them in implementing revisions of undergraduate course se­ cated to social science. Engineering these new materials in their classes. quences. There is also a noticeable in­ Concepts Curriculum Project, and In­ Others assist teachers in developing crease in the involvement of social termediate Science Curriculum Study their own course materials. scientists in the use of these programs materials. The seven Man: A Course to prepare teachers for implementing of Study projects are to be involved Many teachers are inadequately curricular improvements. The insti­ in a national assessment, similar to prepared to conduct field work with tutes and short courses supported in the 3-year evaluation of earth science their students, hence, many institutes fiscal year 1972 include such topics as institutes undertaken by the Earth include field work; some are conduct­ the application of micro-economic Science Curriculum Project at Boul­ ed entirely in the field. One summer theory to public policy problems, the der, Colo., during 1968-71. For the of the Michigan State University use of computer science in social and social sciences, the estimated distribu­ 3-summer sequence in biology has behavioral science research, and the tion of participant opportunities by been conducted at Gull Lake Biologi­ apphcations of systems analysis to discipline was up from last year's 4.2 cal Station. The University of Wis­ land use problems. percent to 9.3 percent, which more consin System has provided a field closely approximates the 12.6 percent institute in biology at its Pigeon Lake called for by the numbers of social SCHOOL SYSTEM Biological Field Station and one in science teachers. AND COLLEGE "environmental assessment" at its IMPLEMENTATION Clam Lake Field Station. The Iowa In accordance with a pohcy insti­ State University Institute in Field tuted in fiscal year 1972, Academic School System and College Imple­ Studies in Earth Science has been Year Institutes (AYI) may have ei­ mentation activities are directed conducted at Philmont Scout Ranch, ther a national or regional orienta­ toward the support of actual imple­ Cimarron, N. Mex.; each participant tion, that is, they may draw partici­ mentation of change at both pre- in this institute has been given experi­ pants from the country at large or college and post-secondary levels — ence in practice teaching in the field from a carefully circumscribed geo­ for the former, indirect support (via through planning and his conducting graphic region such as a metropolitan colleges and universities) for imple­ instructional hikes with groups of area, a State, or a group of States. mentation of new courses or curricula Scouts. By contrast, the Illinois Insti­ Regardless of the geographical scope within a school or school system; for tute of Technology institute in physics selected, AYI participation is intend­ the latter, direct support to colleges has been devoted to the "inner city"; ed for well-trained teachers capable and universities for reform of their its participants have been Chicago in­ of moving into leaderhsip positions. science education programs. ner city teachers. In fiscal year 1972, seven nationally Cooperative College-School A combined Summer/In-Service oriented and 18 regionally oriented Institute for physical science teachers projects were awarded. Of the Science in eastern North Carolina was de­ former, one is intended for in-service The Cooperative College-School signed and conducted jointly by Eliza­ science supervisors, three for supervi­ Science (CCSS) Program assists beth City State University and East sor-trainees, two for resource person­ schools and school systems in attain­ Carolina University. One of the pur­ nel in mathematics, and one for ing substantive improvements in their poses was "to provide a common goal economics education consultants. science and mathematics courses and 74 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

curricula. A planned project of 1 to 3 project at Southern Methodist Uni­ support signaling a continuing move years seeks to provide the participat­ versity is training high school teachers in the program toward phase-out of ing schools with a central core of and students from inner city schools implementation support and increas­ teachers capable of introducing changes in Dallas, Tex., in computer program­ ing emphasis on developing nontradi- in classrooms involved. The projects ming and data processing. The pri­ tional patterns of education. Typical supported by the CCSS program mary objectives are to improve the self- also of this transition is a project at reflect the distinctiveness of the coop­ image of the students in a depressed Bakersfield State College to develop a erating school systems and their area containing large percentages of model institution for the California needs, as well as the strength-of their- minorit-ies-and—to—provide—them-with---State College system, based "on the commitment to improve their science employable skills in computer science. construction of "learning villages." and mathematics programs. A project at Northern Montana Col­ Such villages use faculty in new roles The quahty of projects to strength­ lege will assist in bringing a coordi­ (primarily as resource persons to en­ en science education in elementary nated activity-centered and inquiry- able more meaningful interaction be­ schools has improved steadily since oriented elementary science curricu­ tween "students and teaching") and 1967. The number of proposals has lum to schools serving Montana Indi­ employ modular units of instruction increased from 111 to 479; the num­ an children. (typically in the audio-tutorial ber of projects serving elementary A unique project involves a grant format) by the students themselves. teachers alone has increased from 12 to the Jericho Public School System, Another section of the College out of 56 (or 21 percent) to 69 out Jericho, N.Y., to assist in the imple­ Science Improvement Program was of 143 (or 48 percent), a trend the mentation of the Science Curriculum initiated to accelerate the development Foundation is seeking to encourage. Improvement Study program in grades of the science capabilities of predom­ Additional projects are training both K-6. The project is among a small inately undergraduate minority insti­ elementary and secondary teachers. number of experimental endeavors in tutions. Catch Up and Keep Up is the In the past 3 years, the CCSS pro­ the program to explore a variety of prevailing theme of the institutional gram has supported 165 projects in­ approaches to school system improve­ developments supported by this section volving 8,768 participants in elemen­ ment. The commitment by the school of the program. Changes in what is tary curricula developed under system is extraordinarily strong. Every being taught as reflected by local Foundation grants: Science — A teacher in the system will be trained in curriculum revision, renovation of ex­ Process Approach (SAPA); Science one year, and a viable leadership cadre isting facilities, and acquisition of Curriculum Improvement Study will be developed to sustain the pro­ instructional equipment are the major (SCIS); Elementary Science Study gram. The amount of Foundation sup­ elements in the plans currently being (ESS); and Man: A Course of Study port is a small fraction of the normal implemented. Fourteen institutions (MACOS). expenditure for such a project. have been supported thus far involving both natural science and social science Since 1968, a considerable number departments. of proposals have been received to College Science improve science and mathematics edu­ Improvement cation for the disadvantaged. Several Instructional Scientific of these proposals have been sup­ In fiscal year 1972, the College Equipment ported. Two such projects in 1972 Science Improvement Program initi­ have the primary objective of provid­ ated the development of what may be The Instructional Scientific Equip­ ing educationally and culturally disad­ the most innovative institutional mod­ ment Program encourages implemen­ vantaged junior or senior high school el yet supported. Worcester Polytech­ tation of course and curriculum students with positive educational ex­ nic Institute is developing an entirely improvements by providing necessary periences which stress achievement new organization of its undergraduate equipment. The program received 1,- and minimize failure. A basic assump­ instructional program. The project 529 proposals in fiscal year 1972 in­ tion in each program is that poor will involve the use of individually volving requested funds roughly five motivation is a significant cause of prescribed instruction in all courses; a times the amount available for alloca­ low achievement by the culturally computerized catalog of individual­ tion. Nevertheless, it continues to disadvantaged, that success in a high ized student research projects, includ­ reach a broad spectrum of institu­ status subject will raise a student's ing many with the cooperation of tions; for many, including a substan­ self-image. One project at Purdue off-campus agencies; and a new com­ tial number of 2-year colleges, this University involves development of prehensive evaluation system for the experience for a small fraction of the audio-tutorial methods for implemen­ certification of students for degrees. program provides the only direct tation by 30 science teachers in the This project represents a significant of science talent by providing special high schools of Gary, Ind. A second departure from the usual pattern of contact with the Foundation. SCIENCE EDUCATION 15

TALENTED STUDENTS work which may include open-ended GRADUATE STUDENT projects or laboratory assignments; and Although today there is no serious (2) Research Participation involving SUPPORT shortage of scientific manpower gen­ the student as a junior associate FELLOWSHIPS erally, it is quite possible that a few of a research team or as principal years from now (the period beyond investigator on a problem of appro­ AND TRAINEESHIPS which projections of manpower needs priate difficulty under the direct su­ NSF's direct support of individuals may be quite inaccurate) the situation pervision of an experienced research through fellowships and traineeships may be quite different. Through the scientist. which in prior years included young Talented Student Program, NSF sup­ In 1972, the number of projects postdoctoral, college faculty, and ad­ ports steps to identify talented science- supported which were designed espe­ vanced scholars, centered on the oriented, young people currently in cially for students with limited educa­ graduate student in 1972. college and in high school and moti­ tional opportunities increased from 25 vate them to remain committed to percent to 38 percent of the total For the first time, 3-year awards careers in science. The program has as grants. Students in this category have were made in the graduate fellowship its primary objective the conservation demonstrated high potential, but program. Previously, 2-year fellow­ of science talent by providing special come from secondary schools in ships were offered to new applicants, experience for a small fraction of the which training is inadequate; these with the option to apply for one or nation's highly talented science-ori­ students may be located in inner city more years of additional support as ented students. A second objective of or in isolated rural areas and may needed. The new awards permit an almost equal importance is that of en­ belong to minority groups as well as individual, after completing the first couraging schools and colleges to alter to other segments of the educationally year of tenure, to utilize the remain­ their "regular" science programs to in­ disadvantaged population. While all ing 2 years over the following 4 clude more activities that give stu­ projects receive economically disad­ years. Thus, for example, fellows may dents an opportunity for choice, that vantaged students of high ability, in now interrupt their formal training lead them into problem-oriented study, 1972 eight were especially designed to for meaningful work experiences in and that place upon them more re­ meet the needs of these students. industry and, on returning to graduate sponsibility for their own learning. school, modify their academic pro­ grams to accommodate newly discov­ Undergraduate Research Student Science Training ered, specific career objectives. Participation The Student Science Training Pro­ Of the 1,5 50 graduate fellowships gram (SSTP) is designed to provide Since 1959, the Foundation has offered in this year's competition, 5 50 academically talented secondary been instrumental through the Under­ are for 3 years; the remaining 1,000 school students with educational ex­ graduate Research Participation Pro­ awards represent second- and third- periences in science and mathematics gram in providing valid research ex­ year fellowships for prior-year beyond those available in high school perience to approximately 63,200 un­ awardees. or early college courses. It also brings dergraduate students. In 1972, the NSF graduate fellows are selected outstanding students into direct con­ program introduced some changes to on the basis of ability in national tact with college teachers and research broaden student participation; Ph.D.- competition. Nevertheless, the dis­ scientists of recognized competence. granting departments were required to tribution of awards by field of study Over the past several years, there select at least 40 percent of their par­ closely parallels apphcant interest, has been a substantial increase in the ticipants from smaller, neighboring and this has undergone some shifting number of proposals received in the institutions. over the 21-year history of the pro­ program, but the support level has The program seeks to implant the gram. Most notable is the decreasing remained at about $2 million during research participation concept in in­ proportion of awards in the physical this period, approximately the same stitutions where it is not yet a regular sciences, principally chemistry and as in previous years. One hundred and part of the curriculum and to provide physics, accompanied by a significant­ twenty-four proposals were supported faculty members with the opportunity ly increased share of fellowships for this year at the funding level of $1.9 to exploit the potential for enhancing the social sciences, especially since million for 4,300 students. Two gen­ teaching effectiveness by placing ma­ 1964 when full coverage of these eral types of projects continue to be jor responsibility for learning upon fields was achieved. The phase-out of supported in this program: (1) Special the student. In 1972, grants were traineeships continued this year. The Advanced Courses designed to give awarded to 208 institutions to support 1,808 awards made to 224 universi­ the student a unique experience in a total of 2,63 5 college students ties represented only commitments science and associated laboratory throughout the country. from prior years; fiscal year 1973 will 76 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

resources and policy studies is the PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF NSF GRADUATE development of the factual and an­ FELLOWSHIPS BY FIELD OF STUDY alytical basis for national planning FISCAL YEARS 1952-1972 (4-YEAR INTERVALS) and policy formulation in the area of Percent science and technology resources. The program encompasses the two closely — — — — — 45 related activities of analysis and data collection related to science and tech- -nology—issues; "The^information' de­ 40 \ ^PHYSICAL SCIENCES veloped through these studies is used in arriving at decisions concerning the w NSF and national science efforts. Staff studies and analyses are supplemented 30 with a program of grants and con­ tracts conducted mainly with univer­ /LIFE SCIENCES 25 sities, other nonprofit organizations, MATHEMATICAL SCIENCESs and other Government agencies. 20

SCIENCE RESOURCES - - STUDIES Science resources studies of general interest appear as NSF publications available at the Foundation or ,»«•••'•" ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES through the Government Printing Office. Appendix E Hsts those released :i1:960 ?:T9681; in fiscal year 1972. The completed and ongoing studies described in the following section provide a brief sam­ pling of the study activities conducted in this program. mark the final year of such commit­ which would facilitate their transition ments. The last new awards were to future jobs needed by society. Of made in fiscal year 1970. the stipend offered the interns, $7,000 Manpower is furnished by the Foundation and the remainder is from matching funds manpower Characteristics System. supphed by the laboratory. These The development of an alternative PRESIDENTIAL 1 -year appointments are nonrenewable. system to the National Register of INTERNSHIPS IN A profile of appointments based on Scientific and Technical Personnel SCIENCE AND information from 262 interns in 46 was undertaken during the year in ENGINEERING installations shows that 50 percent order that necessary information on of the interns hold a doctorate; 93 The Presidential Internship pro­ the nation's science manpower would percent are male; 18 percent are gram was developed by the Founda­ continue to be available. After con­ veterans; and 66 percent were unem­ tion in September 1971 at the request sideration of a number of alterna­ ployed at the time of their appoint­ of the Office of Science and Technol­ tives, in terms of coverage of popula­ ments and the remainder were un­ ogy. Funds made available ($4 mil­ tion, capabihty to supply needed data, deremployed, temporarily employed, lion) from the Department of Labor feasibility of development, and pos­ or students. permitted the allocation of 570 in­ sible costs, the Manpower Character­ ternships to 81 federally funded R&D istics System was chosen. This system laboratories. Unemployed scientists or SCIENCE RESOURCES will provide information which is rep­ engineers holding a master's degree or AND resentative of a defined population, higher and whose qualifications and POLICY STUDIES will produce the essential data ele­ promise were deemed by the recruit­ ments required by policy-makers, and ing laboratory to be clearly superior The overall objective of the is estimated to entail costs which are were assigned to internship activities Foundation's programs in science less than its predecessor. SCIENCE EDUCATION 77

The Manpower Characteristics Sys­ tem includes three major subsystems: a Comprehensive Doctorate Roster, based on existing National Academy of Sciences efforts; periodic surveys of an augmented sample of scientists and engineers, similar to the sample used for the 1972 Postcensal Survey; and a series of surveys of nondoctorate en­ trants to science and engineering. This last subsystem will be based on sam­ ples drawn from existing cohorts of college students now maintained by the American Council on Educa­ tion. Postcensal Manpower Survey. Late in fiscal year 1972, the Census Bu­ reau, under NSF sponsorship, con­ ducted a survey of a representative sample of 100,000 persons classified in the 1970 census as being in scien­ tific, engineering, and technical occu­ pations, or as having a college educa­ tion. This project provided a once-in- ten-years opportunity to obtain na­ tional benchmark data for scientific and technical personnel by functional activities, types of employment, sal­ aries, formal education, supplemen­ tary training, mobility, and their in­ terrelationships, for a large sample. and development, appears in the NSF siderably sharper rise in academic re­ report Federal Funds for Research, search costs than that estimated from Research, Development, Development, and Other Scientific the more conventional indexes. Activities, Volume XX. Federal R&D Higher Education Panel. A new and Academic Science funding now is turning upward, after system was established to obtain rap­ Federal R&D Funding. The Foun­ a period of decline that began in idly, from a sample of universities dation report National Patterns of 1968. and colleges, information needed for R&D Resources, 1953-72 estimated Academic Research Price Index. policy and planning purposes. NSF, total U.S. expenditures for research The increasing cost of academic re­ with the co-sponsorship of the Na­ and development in 1972 at $28 bil­ search is of major concern to both tional Institutes of Health and the lion. This report also indicates that the universities performing research Office of Education, contracted with the number of scientists and engineers and the sponsors of such research, ithe American Council on Education engaged in research and development notably the Federal agencies. In the to operate a fast response system declined in 1971 to 519,000 from the absence of price indexes directly ap­ known as the Higher Educational peak employment level of 5 59,000 in plicable to academic research and de­ Panel (HEP). Among the surveys 1969. Most of this 40,000 reduction velopment, administrators must de­ completed during the year were the occurred in industry as a result of pend upon more general indicators following: lower Government funding in the such as indexes of wholesale prices, • Changes in Graduate Programs. space and national defense areas, al­ consumer prices, GNP deflators, or A panel of institutions granting though miscellaneous nonprofit insti­ professional salaries to estimate the advanced degrees reported on the tutions and Government staff were extent of inflation in academic research addition or elimination of gradu­ also lower. expenditures. A staff study has sought ate programs since 1970 and A more detailed report on Federal to improve such estimates by develop­ further modifications planned financing of research and develop­ ing an experimental price index of through 1974. Only about half ment, which accounts for approx­ costs associated with such expenditures. as many new doctoral and mas­ imately 5 5 percent of total research The index so developed shows a con­ ter's degree programs in science 78 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

and engineering are planned for year. Other major findings of the re­ R&D performing companies to identi­ the 1972-74 period as were added port included: fy the factors responsible for current in 1970-72. changes in the nature and level of • The "top 20" graduate institu­ industrial research. • Field Enrollment of Junior- tions experienced reductions in first-year, full-time enrollment at Year Students (1970-71 and Small Business R&D Conference. an above average rate — 8 per­ 1971-72). During January 1972, In June 1972, the National Science cent. sample institutions were re­ Foundation joined with the Depart­ • Virtually all areas of science quested to report junior-year en­ ment _of Cojtnmerce. and the__ Small experienced~feductions~~in enroU- rollments for fall 1970 and fair Business Administration to sponsor a ment. 1971 in certain designated fields. national conference aimed at explor­ • The number of full-time gradu­ This information provides pre­ ing the problems of the small R&D ate students supported primarily liminary indications of career firm. Over 300 representatives of by fellowships and traineeships choice at the bachelor level. Sur­ small business firms, universities, and dechned nearly 10 percent from vey findings indicate that engi­ Government met for 3 days to discuss 1970 to 1971. neering and the physical sciences such topics as Government Markets, • The proportion of full-time generally suffered declines in Selling Research and Development to graduate students receiving their junior-year majors, while the hfe the Federal Government, Managing primary support from the Feder­ and social sciences experienced Financial Growth, and New Opportu­ al Government declined from 37 increases between 1970 and nities for the Small R&D Firm. The percent in 1969 to 32 percent in 1971. conference recommendations to im­ 1971. prove the position of the small R&D Graduate Student Enrollments. A firm are now being assessed. timely report on graduate student en­ Industry rollment in doctorate-granting institu­ Economics of Research and De­ tions reported that first-year, full-time Basic Research in Industry. Late in velopment. Following the April 1971 graduate science enrollment decreased the fiscal year, an intensive interview symposium on the relationship of re­ 5 percent between 1970 and 1971 survey of industrial research officials search and development to the econo­ after declining 2 percent the previous was conducted in about 50 major my, several studies seeking to clarify further these relationships have been funded. Among the studies now in process is a university-conducted series dealing with R&D relationships to innovation, marketing, and produc­ tivity in the service industries. A Con­ ference Board study of the extent to which m.ultinational U.S. companies conduct research and development abroad and related implications for this country will be completed in 1973. The National Bureau of Economic Research is investigating and attempting to develop measures of the relative economic returns at­ tributable to'private investment in re­ search and development, to advertis­ ing, and to plant expansion. At the National Planning Association, re­ searchers will examine some conven­ tional production indexes to deter­ mine feasibility of adjusting them in order to take qualitative factors into account. The adjusted indexes, when related to R&D expenditures, may provide further insight into produc­ tivity trends. SCIENCE EDUCATION 79

SCIENCE POLICY Allocations for Radio Astronomy and system dynamics study of the doctor­ STUDIES Space Science (lUCAF), has proven ate manpower market, to determine significant in providing advice for the impacts of alternative policies on Activities of policies for the assignment of radio the future balance between supply frequencies and in assisting in planning and demand of doctoral scientists; COSPUP-COPEP for the use of the radio frequency and development of a computerized The Foundation has continued sup­ spectrum. budget model which allocates NSF port of the Committee on Science funds for any specified or proposed and Pubhc Pohcy (COSPUP) of the budget to a given State, region, or institution, and to scientific disci­ National Academy of Sciences in Other Planning plines. Other studies included develop­ their program to develop priorities Activities for scientific research. Two major ment of a methodology for the use of citation and publication counts as reports have been completed and Support was provided for a research measures of research productivity and published this year: Astronomy and team at MIT to conduct a study of a study of implications of social and Astrophysics for the 197O's, which ex­ possible policy alternatives for technical developments on the supply amines the status of astronomy and science. A major result has been the of and demand for R&D technolo­ develops priorities for research in both development of a manpower model gists. In addition, an evaluation of the earth-based and space-based astron­ for engineers and physicists. This terminated Science Development Pro­ omy, and Physics in Perspective. The model has successfully fitted historic gram has been initiated to ascertain summary volume of this latter report manpower curves and is capable of whether and to what extent the pro­ contains recommendations for policy being used for predictive purposes. gram accomplished its objectives and and program emphasis by both the As part of a Government-wide pro­ how effectively it aided the recipient scientific community and the sponsors gram to identify new technological institutions. of physics and describes a methodology opportunities, the Foundation sup­ for assigning priorities among various ported activities examining the proc­ subfields and major programs in ess of innovation and looking for physics. specific problem areas or technologies that were ready for exploitation. The Committee on Public Engi­ UNIVERSITY SCIENCE neering Policy (COPEP) of the Na­ PLANNING AND POLICY tional Academy of Engineering evalu­ ates current and foreseeable develop­ Evaluation Activities The Science Policy Research Section ments in the field of engineering and The National Academy of Sciences of the Division of Social Sciences determines their relevance to the assisted the NSF with a survey and has some 21 currently active grants needs of society, as well as providing evaluation of the nature and urgency whose objectives are to support the advice to the Foundation on policy of needs for equipment, instrumenta­ field of science policy research and to matters to serve as a guide for estab- tion, and facilities in ten science and develop a core capability in the hshing program priorities. During the engineering disciplines. The evaluation United States for science poHcy studies past year, the Committee has devoted showed clearly that there is a pressing and training. its efforts to four important areas: need for equipment in the $10,000 to environmental impact statements, $300,000 price range in university One such research effort is the Uni­ multidisciplinary problem-oriented re­ science and engineering research cen­ versity of Illinois project on the So­ search, environmental quality stand­ ters, equipment which, with few ex­ cial Implications of Science and Tech­ ards, and technological goals. ceptions, would improve the quality nology. It is a computer program for and increase the output of research analyzing population problems and al­ programs in these institutions without ternatives. The system, developed by Committee on Radio requiring additional manpower. Im­ Paul Handler of the University of Frequencies portantly, the needed equipment Illinois, is usable for instruction in would frequently make possible the demography as well as for policy anal­ The Foundation has also provided exploration of new and promising ysis and public education in that it support to the Committee on Radio lines of research otherwise virtually enables a person, through a keyboard Frequencies of the National Academy impossible. similar to that of a typewriter, to type of Sciences. This committee, which out assumptions about demographic maintains close contact with the In­ Other evaluation activities under variables for a broad range of coun­ ter-Union Commission on Frequency way in fiscal year 1972 include a tries and time periods and then to 80 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

observe the effects of these assump­ particularly critical at present, as deci­ tion and the other on the relationships tions, as portrayed on a display screen sions on those many issues which are of physics to the biosciences. Both of through graphs, tables, population profoundly influenced by science and these films will be shown over the growth curves, and age pyramids. technology — the environment, ener­ pubhc television stations. Another film gy, population, etc. — must ultimate­ project receiving support is the Bat- The system can be operated via ly be made by citizens themselves telle Memorial Institute's production long distance telephone, which links through the democratic process. The of a 1-hour program on the "State of the keyboard and screen to the com­ importance of this was stressed by the Science in the Seventies." This pro­ puter program at the University of President in his .1972 Message on gram is scheduled to be shown over Illinois, and hasHbeen demonstrated in Science and Technology when he television cluring the 1972-73 season. Washington, D.C, to various groups. said: "As our national hfe is increas­ An award was made to Rockefeller ingly permeated by science and tech­ University for the preparation of a With assistance from the Agency nology, it is important that public un­ book for lay readers on the relation­ for International Development, Pro­ derstanding grow apace." The Na­ ships between basic research and soci­ fessor Handler is currently using the tional Science Board, in its annual etal needs. Distinguished scientists system to train groups of population report to Congress in 1972, also will write sections of the book dealing officials from less developed nations made a major recommendation that with their own areas of expertise. concerning the dynamics of popula­ the National Science Foundation un­ tion for their respective countries. dertake efforts to enhance public In addition to support provided in­ Each official is thereby enabled to understanding of technology and how dividual projects such as books, films, experiment with and to perceive the it differs from science. and exhibits, the program also pro­ effects of changing the value of vari­ vided support to several multipurpose ous demographic variables for his programs in public understanding of own country. Additional variables and The Public Understanding of science at national, regional, and information of use to pohcy-makers Science Program seeks to encourage community levels. The American As­ are being added to the system, for meaningful communication between sociation for the Advancement of example, data on the labor force, mi­ scientists and engineers and the public Science received support for a num­ gration, and a demand for energy on the role and substance of science ber of specific science activities in­ based on a per capita consumption and technology. This involves com­ cluding films and television programs, schedule. municating the "facts" of science and an understanding of the relationships special publications on scientific and technical topics, seminars for pubhc As the result of the addition of new of science to the society we live in and civic leaders on scientific issues, data, the computer program will be­ and the use of science and technology and science information services for come even more useful in that it will in meeting current and emerging soci­ the media. In what may become a enable policy-makers to analyze the etal problems. prototype of a new regional-type ac­ effects of alternative rates of popula­ tivity, the School of Journalism at the tion growth for a whole range of In fiscal year 1972, the Foundation University of Missouri, Colum.bia, is problem areas such as the environ­ made 20 awards amounting to conducting a planning study on needs ment and the demand for resources $794,000 for public understanding of and opportunities in the Midwest for and services. science projects. These included a public understanding of science pro­ books, films, and seminars on science gram. The school will also conduct a for nonscientists, support for youth- series of seminars on science and oriented activities and community and scientific issues for newspaper editors PUBLIC regionally based programs. Productive in the region. In California, Sonoma UNDERSTANDING OF working relationships were also estab­ State College has introduced a pilot lished during this period with other program designed to bring to the pub­ SCIENCE groups and organizations interested in lic in that region a new awareness of furthering public understanding of the contributions of science to the Science and technology continue to science including private foundations solution of regional and local environ­ be essential to our standard of living and professional scientific and techni­ mental problems. "Town Hall" ses­ and quality of Hfe but are often cal societies. sions are planned between scientists viewed by the nonscientist as remote and civic leaders, and a series of video­ from the general public's comprehen­ Specific projects supported included tapes will be produced and shown by sion and control. Better public under­ funding of two television films pro­ local cable television stations to fur­ standing of the potential and limita­ duced by the American Institute of ther illustrate various environmental tions of science and technology is Physics — one film on stellar evolu­ concerns facing the region. SCIENCE EDUCATION 81

^1

A mock public hearing on the issue of land development for recreation culminates a 4-day Seminar on Environmental Arts and Sciences held at Aspen, Colo. In fiscal year 1972, the Foundation ranged from $300,000 to $1,600,000. made the final awards under the In all instances, the awards were for former program of University Science continuing and consolidating the gains Development and continued, on a re­ made under the initial grants. The duced scale, its program of Institu­ universities themselves have con­ tional Grants for Science. The admin­ tributed substantially to the improve­ Institutional istration of grants made through these ment programs aided by the Founda­ two programs was transferred during tion; therefore, the nine supplemental Programs the year to the Foundation's Grants awards were designed to ...assist the and Contracts Office. universities to phase into their own budgets the increased costs incurred during the development process. UNIVERSITY Through the USD program and the SCIENCE related Departmental Science De­ DEVELOPMENT velopment Program, which was also terminated in fiscal year 1971, the The President's Science Advisory Foundation has granted $230 million Committee in 1960 issued a state­ to 102 universities in achieving higher ment (the Seaborg report) urging levels of quality in education and re­ Federal action to increase the number search in 260 departments or areas of of excellent university centers of science and engineering. The Founda­ science. The committee hoped that tion believes that this investment will instead of the "fifteen or twenty not only ensure a strong academic [centers of excellence] today, there base for the continued advancement will be thirty or forty in another of science but will also provide a fifteen years." Since 1964, the Foun­ much wider national distribution of dation has sought to help reach that the opportunities and benefits emana­ goal. In fiscal year 1972, the final ting from good universities. grants were made under the Uni­ versity Science Development (USD) Program. In all, 31 universities have INSTITUTIONAL received USD awards, and the prog­ GRANTS FOR ress they have shown gives reason to SCIENCE believe that the hope expressed in the Seaborg report may become actual­ Institutional Grants for Science ity- provide general support for science Of the universities that had earlier annually to about one-fourth of the obtained USD support for the first nation's colleges and universities. stage of their science improvement Each grant is computed by applying a plans, nine had not had an opportuni­ graduated arithmetical formula to the ty to apply for supplemental awards amount of an institution's Federal re­ when the program was suspended in search support during the preceding fiscal year 1971. In January 1972, year. however, the Office of Management In fiscal year 1972, the Foundation and Budget released funds specifically made 628 institutional grants totaling for supplemental USD awards to $12 million. Each of the 50 States, those eligible institutions whose prog­ the District of Columbia, Puerto ress under the initial grants merited Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands further assistance. had one or more institutions receiving The following universities received grants, all but one of which were supplemental USD grants for 2 years under $100,000. The average grant of further improvement: Carnegie- was $19,100—about $3,000 less than Mellon, Duke, Florida State, Indiana, in fiscal year 1971, and only a Michigan State, New York, Pitts­ little over half the average of 6 years burgh, Purdue, and Vanderbilt. The before. Since the program began in grants, which totaled $9 million. fiscal year 1961, over 1,000 colleges INSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMS 83

and universities have received institu­ Equipment and supplies (including many of which have especially used tional grants amounting to $120.4 scientific books and periodicals) ac­ the grants to encourage their younger million. count for half the expenditures — faculty members to initiate research Three-fourths of the fiscal year considerably more than half for insti­ projects, spend a larger proportion of 1972 institutional grant funds were tutions offering only undergraduate their funds for faculty salaries than awarded to universities granting doc­ programs. Salaries and stipends rep­ do undergraduate colleges. Most of tor's degrees, about one-sixth to mas­ resent nearly 30 percent of the expen­ the facilities expenditures are for ter's grantors, and about one-tenth to ditures; doctoral-level institutions. renovation of science laboratories or colleges offering only undergraduate programs. The accompanying figure shows, for the entire span of the pro­ gram from 1961 through 1972, the INSTITUTIONAL GRANT AWARDS number of participating institutions in FOR FISCAL YEARS 1961-1972 each of these three groups and each Percent of total group's share of the total amount of 100 institutional grant dollars. Institutional officials decide how Number of Institutions the grant funds are to be spent. The Millions of Dollars methods of determining priorities 75 with respect to the use of institutional grant funds vary considerably among the participating colleges and univer­ sities. There is an increasing tenden­ 50 cy, however, to vest control of the funds in special committees whose primary purpose is to set institutional guidelines and criteria for allocating 25 the funds. Table 11 shows how the recipients of institutional grants have used the funds since the beginning of the pro­ gram through fiscal year 1971. BACHELOR'S MASTER'S DOCTOR'S Highest Degree Offered

Table 11 Uses of Institutional Grant Funds Fiscal Years 1962-71 (Millions of Dollars)

Percent Percent Amount of total Amount of total A. Type of use: spent 1 expenditures B. Field of science: spent 1 expenditures Equipment and supplies $47.2 50.8 Physical sciences $32.1 34.1 General 43.4 46.2 Astronomy 1.3 1.4 libraries 3.8 4.0 Chemistry 16.5 17.5 Physics ... 13.0 13.8 Facilities 15.2 16.2 Other 1.3 1.4

General ... 10.4 11.1 Mathematical sciences 4.8 5.1 Computers 4.8 5.1 Environmental sciences 8.3 Personnel ... 27.0 28.8 7.8 Faculty salaries . 12.7 13.5 Atmospheric science .9 1.0 Graduate assistants 5.4 5.7 Earth sciences 5.4 5.7 Other student stipends 2.6 2.8 Oceanography 1.5 1.6 Visiting lecturers 1.4 1.5 Technicians' salaries .... 2.5 2.7 Engineering 11.9 12.7 Other 2.4 2.6 Life sciences 20.1 21.3 Psychology 4.0 4.3 Travel 2.3 2.4 Social sciences 6.2 6.6 All other .... 2.3 2.4 All other (Inter- and multidisciplinary) 7.1 7.6 Total $94.0 100.0 Total $94.0 100.0 iprom awards made fiscal years 1961-69. Total amount of awards, $93.9 million; total expenditures fiscal years 1962-70,| $82.0»ipijJiori.

JIT* A'f'TfS.S ':Unii\j}\i for relatively inexpensive new con­ struction. The physical sciences have received about one-third of the funds, and the life sciences about one-fifth. Percentage allocations to social sciences and psychology tend to be higher in universities than in colleges where instructional equipment for natural science laboratories had the highest priority. Institutional administrators value the grants highly because the funds are discretionary, flexible, and imme­ diately available. By shifting decision­ making to the campus, the grants provide a means of building up or restoring institutional loyalty among faculty members. They also enable institutions to fill gaps and respond to Opportunities, which may not require large amounts of money but for which only the institutional grant may be at hand. During a time of shrink­ ing revenues for colleges and universi­ ties, institutional grants have fur­ nished a small but important resource for sustaining academic science. National Science Board, NSF HUBERT HEFFNER, Chairman, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stan­ Staff, Advisory Committees ford, Calif. and Panels WILLIAM H. MECKLING, Dean, The Graduate School of Management, The University of National Science Board Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. WILLIAM A. NIERENBERG, Director, Scripps Appendix A Terms Expire May 20, 1974 Institution of Oceanography, University of R. H. BiNG, Rudolph E. Langer Professor of California, San Diego, Calif. Mathematics, University of "Wisconsin, Madi­ RUSSELL D. O'NEAL, President, Aerospace- son, Wis. Electronics Group, The Bendix Corp., South- HARVEY BROOKS, Gordon McKay Professor of field, Mich. Apphed Physics and Dean of Engineering JOSEPH M. REYNOLDS, Boyd Professor of and Applied Physics, Harvard University, Physics and Vice President for Instruction Cambridge, Mass. and Research, Louisiana State University, WILLIAM A. FOWLER, Institute Professor of Baton Rouge, La. Physics, California Institute of Technology, Member Ex Officio Pasadena, Calif. GuYFORD STEVER, Director, National Sci­ NORMAN HACKERMAN, President, William ence Foundation, Washington, D.C. (Chair­ Marsh Rice University, Houston, Tex. man, Executive Committee) i PHILIP HANDLER, President, National Acad­ * * * emy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. VERNICE ANDERSON, Executive Secretary, Na­ JAMES G. MARCH, David Jacks Professor of tional Science Board, National Science Foun­ Higher Education, Political Science, and dation, Washington, D.C. Sociology, School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. • Member, Executive Committee. GROVER E. MURRAY, President, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tex. FREDERICK E. SMITH, Professor of Advanced National Science Environmental Studies in Resources and Foundation Staff Ecology, Graduate School of Design, Har­ vard University, Cambridge, Mass. OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR Director, H. Guyford Stever Terms Expire May 10, 1976 Deputy Director, Raymond L. Bisplinghoff *H. E. CARTER (Chairman, National Science Special Assistant, Lawton M. Hartman III Board), Coordinator of Interdisciplinary Special Assistant, William V. Consolazio Programs, University of Arizona, Tucson, 2VSF Historian, J. Merton England Ariz. Special Assistant, Donald E. Cunningham ROBERT A. CHARPIE, President, Cabot Corp., Special Assistant, Charles Maechling, Jr. Boston, Mass. LLOYD M. COOKE, Director of Urban Affairs, Union Carbide Corp., New York, N.Y. RESEARCH ^ROBERT H. DICKE, Cyrus Fogg Brackett Assistant Director, Edward C. Creutz Professor of Physics, Department of Physics, Deputy Assistant Director, Edward P. Todd Princeton University, Princeton, N.J. Executive Assistant to the Deputy, Jerome H. DAVID M. GATES, Professor of Botany and Fregeau Director, Biological Station, Department of Senior Staff Associate, Enoch L. Dillon Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Senior Staff Associate, Wayne R. Gruner Mich. Senior Staff Associate, Joshua M. Leise * ROGER W. HEYNS (Vice Chairman, National Special Assistant, Leonard F. Gardner Science Board), President, American Council on Education, Washington, D.C, FRANK PRESS, Chairman, Department of Earth Division of Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Insti­ Sciences tute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. *F. P. THIEME, President, University of Colo­ Division Director, A. P. Crary rado, Boulder, Colo. ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES SECTION Heai, Fred D. White Terms Expire May 10, 197S AERONOMY PROGRAM W. GLENN CAMPBELL, Director, Hoover In­ Program Director, Richard I. Schoen stitute on War, Revolution, and Peace, METEOROLOGY PROGRAM Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. Program Director, Henry F. Eden T. MARSHALL HAHN, JR., President, Virginia NSF GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC Polytechnic Institute and State University, RESEARCH PROGRAM Blacksburg, Va. Program Director, Eugene W. Bierly ANNA J. HARRISON, Professor of Chemistry, SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RESEARCH PROGRAM Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass. Program Director, James R. Barcus 86 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY PROGRAM CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS PROGRAM FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Program Director, Robert V. Jelinek Program Director, Thomas W. DeWitt Executive Secretary, Hugh W. Albers ENGINEERING ENERGETICS PROGRAM QUANTUM CHEMISTRY PROGRAM NATIONAL CENTER FOR Acting Program Director, Royal E. Rosten- Program Director, William H. Cramer ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH bach STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY PROGRAM Scientific Coordinator, Don L. Boyer ENGINEERING MECHANICS PROGRAM Program Director, O. William Adams EARTH SCIENCES SECTION Program Director, Michael P. Gaus SYNTHETIC INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY PROGRAM Head. William E. Benson ' ENGINEERING SYSTEMS PROGRAM Program Director, Gilbert B. Devey Program Director, Oren F, Williams GEOCHEMISTRY PROGRAM SPECIAL PROGRAMS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PROGRAM Prog-ram Director, Bevan M.JErench PJdgramTy'irec'tof, Morris' SrOjalvo Program Director—V^oyce W. Murray GEOLOGY PROGRAM SYNTHETIC ORGANIC AND NATURAL Program Director, Richard G. Ray Division of Social Sciences PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY PROGRAM GEOPHYSICS PROGRAM Program Director, John S. Showell Program Director, Roy E. Hanson, Jr. Division Director, Howard H. Hines MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES SECTION OCEANOGRAPHY SECTION Special Assistant, Bertha W. Rubinstein Head, William H. Pell Head, James H. Carpenter ANTHROPOLOGY PROGRAM Program Director, John B. Cornell ALGEBRA PROGRAM PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY PROGRAM Acting Program Director, Alvin I. Thaler Program Director, Lawrence H. Larsen ECONOMICS PROGRAM Program Director, James H. Blackman CLASSICAL ANALYSIS AND GEOMETRY PROGRAM BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY PROGRAM Program Director, John V. Ryff Program Director, Edward J. Kuenzler GEOGRAPHY PROGRAM Acting Program Director, Howard H. Hines MODERN ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY PROGRAM SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY PROGRAM Program Director, William G. Rosen GEOPHYSICS PROGRAM Program Director, James C. Kimberly TOPOLOGY AND FOUNDATIONS PROGRAM Program Director, Robert E. Wall Program Director, Ralph M. Krause SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM Division of Biological and Program Director, Roland W. Radloff APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS PROGRAM HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Medical Sciences Program Director, Barnett Agins PROGRAM Division Director, Harve J. Carlson Special Consultant, Dudley Shapere PHYSICS SECTION Deputy Division Director, John W. Mehl LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCE PROGRAM Head, Marcel Bardon Planning Officer, William J. Riemer Program Director, Frederick W. Huszagh ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND PLASMA POLITICAL SCIENCE PROGRAM CELLULAR BIOLOGY SECTION PHYSICS PROGRAM Program Director, Allen M. Shinn Program Director, Rolf M. Sinclair Head, Herman W. Lewis SPECIAL PROJECTS PROGRAM ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS PROGRAM DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY PROGRAM Program Director, Murray Aborn Program Director, Alexander Abashian Program Director, Richard W. Siegel SCIENCE POLICY RESEARCH SECTION NUCLEAR PHYSICS PROGRAM GENETIC BIOLOGY PROGRAM Program Director, William S. Rodney Head, Sidney Passman Acting Program Director, Herman W. Lewis THEORETICAL PHYSICS PROGRAM ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY SECTION Program Director, Harold S. Zapolsky Head, Walter H. Hodge Division of Mathematical and ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS PROGRAM 'Physical Sciences Program Director, John M. Neuhold Division Director, William E. Wright Division of Materials GENERAL ECOLOGY PROGRAM Executive Assistant, Andrew W. Swago Research Program Director, John L. Brooks ASTRONOMY SECTION SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY PROGRAM Division Director, Harold W. Paxton Program Director, Donovan S. Correll Head, Robert Fleischer Deputy Division Director, Howard W. Etrel NATIONAL ASTRONOMY OBSERVATIONS MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SECTION ENGINEERING MATERIALS PROGRAM Acting Scientific Coordinator, Michael M. Head, Eloise E. Clark Program Director, Robert J. Reynik Davis SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY PROGRAM SOLAR SYSTEM ASTRONOMY PROGRAM POLYMER SCIENCE PROGRAM Program Director, Stuart W. Tanenbaum Program Director, Robert H. Lane Program Director, Joseph I. Budnick BIOPHYSICS PROGRAM ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND Acting Program Director, Eloise E. Clark MATERIALS RESEARCH LABORATORY SECTION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Head, Romjn J. Wasilewski PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES SECTION Acting Program Director, Robert Fleischer Head, David B. Tyler STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION PROGRAM RESEARCH APPLICATIONS REGULATORY BIOLOGY PROGRAM Program Director, Raymond E. White Acting Program Director, David B, Tyler STELLAR SYSTEMS AND MOTIONS PROGRAM Assistant Director, Alfred J. Eggers, Jr. METABOLIC BIOLOGY PROGRAM Program Director, Harold H. Lane Deputy Assistant Director for Research Program Director, Elijah B. Romanoff GALACTIC AND EXTRAGALACTIC Applications, Sidney Sternberg ASTRONOMY PROGRAM PSYCHOBIOLOGY PROGRAM Deputy Assistant Director for Science and Program Director, James P. Wright Program Director, Henry S. Odbert Technology, Joel A. Snow CHEMISTRY SECTION NEUROBIOLOGY PROGRAM Head, M. Kent Wilson Program Director, James H. Brown CHEMICAL DYNAMICS PROGRAM Office of Exploratory Research Division of Engineering Program Director, Donald A. Speer and Problem Assessment CHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND Division Director, Frederick H. Abernathy ANALYSIS PROGRAM Acting Director, Joel A. Snow Deputy Division Director, Israel Warshaw Program Director, Richard S. Nicholson Deputy Director, (Vacant) APPENDICES 87

Division of Environmental COLLEGE SCIENCE IMPROVEMENT Office of Oceanographic PROGRAM (A8CB) Systems and Resources Program Director, James C. Kellett, Jr. Facilities and Support Division Director, Philip L. Johnson COLLEGE SCIENCE IMPROVEMENT Head, Mary K. Johrde PROGRAM (D) Deputy Head, Harold A. Spuhler Program Director, James W. Mayo Division of Social Systems and Office of Polar Programs Human Resources Division of Pre-College Education in Science Head, Joseph O. Fletcher Division Director, Harvey Averch Deputy Head, Philip M. Smith Deputy Division Director, James D. Cowhig Division Director, Charles A. Whitmer POLAR, PLANNING AND COORDINATION STAFF Stag Assistant, Phyllis L. Johnson Chief, (Vacant) Division of Advanced Professional Assistant, Lowell Kraegel POLAR INFORMATION SERVICE SUMMER STUDY PROGRAM Acting Director, Guy G. Guthridge Technology Applications Program Director, William E. Morrell POLAR SCIENCE SECTION ACADEMIC YEAR STUDY PROGRAM Division Director, Paul E. Donovan Program Director, Michael M. Frodyma Chief Scientist, Louis O. Quam Deputy Division Director, Lewis G. Mayfield PRE-COLLEGE CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION POLAR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Program Manager, Raymond R. Heer, Jr. Office of Intergovernmental Program Director, Laurence O. Binder POLAR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE STUDENT AND COOPERATIVE PROGRAM Program Manager, George A. Llano Science Programs Program Director, Walter Gillespie POLAR EARTH SCIENCES Program Manager, Mortimer D. Turner Head, M. Frank Hersman Deputy Head, Robert C. Crawford Division of Science POLAR OPERATIONS SECTION Resources Studies Section Manager, Price Lewis, Jr. Station Project Manager, (Vacant) Management Support Staff Division Director, Charles E. Falk Deputy Division Director, Thomas J. Mills Head, Thomas W. Aiken Office of Computing Activities Staf Associate, Robert W. Brainard SPECIAL ANALYTICAL STAFF Head, John R. Pasta EDUCATION Acting Head, Stanley L. Dolins COMPUTER SCIENCE AND STATISTICAL SURVEYS AND REPORTS SECTION Acting Assistant Director, Keith R. Kelson ENGINEERING SECTION Acting Executive Assistant to the Deputy, Head, Kenneth P. Sanow Head, Kent Curtis Lyle W. Phillips GOVERNMENT STUDIES GROUP THEORETICAL COMPUTER SCIENCE PROGRAM Experimental Project Coordinator, Lafe R. Study Director, Benjamin L. Olsen Acting Program Director, Kent Curtis Edmunds UNIVERSITIES AND NONPROFIT INSTITUTIONS SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMMING Special Assistant, Albert T. Young STUDIES GROUP SYSTEMS PROGRAM Acting Study Director, William L. Stewart Program Director, Thomas A. Keenan INDUSTRY STUDIES GROUP COMPUTER SYSTEMS DESIGN PROGRAM Division of Graduate Study Director, Thomas J. Hogan Program Director, John R. Lehmann FEDERAL ACADEMIC SCIENCE STUDIES GROUP Education in Science COMPUTER INNOVATION IN Study Director, William L. Stewart EDUCATION SECTION Division Director, Howard D. Kramer Head, Arthur S. Melmed Deputy Division Director, Francis G. O'Brien SPONSORED SURVEYS AND STUDIES SECTION COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED SCIENCE EDUCATION PROGRAM Head, Robert W. Cain Acting Program Director, Francis G. O'Brien SCIENTIFIC MANPOWER STUDIES GROUP SYSTEMS PROGRAM GRADUATE FELLOWSHIPS AND Study Director, Norman Seltzer Program Director, Erik D. McWilliams COMPUTER-ORIENTED CURRICULAR TRAINEESHIPS PROGRAM SCIENCE EDUCATION STUDIES GROUP Program Director, Douglas S. Chapin Study Director, Justin C. Lewis ACTIVITIES PROGRAM Program Director, Andrew R. Molnar FACULTY AND POSTDOCTORAL NATIONAL REGISTER GROUP SPECIAL COMPUTING PROJECTS PROGRAM FELLOWSHIPS PROGRAM Acting Study Director, J. James Brown Program Director, M. Hall Taylor Program Director, Lawrence H. Oliver SENIOR FELLOWSHIPS PROGRAM NATIONAL AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN Program Director, Marjory R. Benedict INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS RESEARCH SECTION Head, D. Don Aufenkamp Assistant Director, Thomas B. Owen SPECIAL RESEARCH RESOURCES PROGRAM Deputy Assistant Director, T. O. Jones Division of Undergraduate Program Director, Peter Lykos Executive Assistant, Richard J. Green Education in Science TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS PROGRAM Executive Assistant, Lawrence Cohen Program Director, Gordon R. Sherman Acting Division Director, Alfred F. Borg Special Assistant, Kurt G. Sandved PRE-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM Special Assistant, Christof Schubert Program Director, Donald C. McGuire Office of International COLLEGE TEACHER PROGRAM Office for the International Programs Program Director, Reinhard L. Korgen Decade of Ocean Exploration Head, Bodo Bartocha UNDERGRADUATE INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS Deputy Head, Ernest R. Sohns Program Director, Alexander J. Barton Head, Feenan D. Jennings SCIENCE COURSE IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM Special Assistant, John R. Twiss, Jr. ASIAN AND AFRICAN SECTION Program Director, Jerome Daen Special Assistant, Robert F. Devereux Regional Manager, Max Hellman

491-718 0 - 73 -7 88 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

U.S.-JAPAN AND U.S.-CHINA PROGRAMS OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT Office of Budget, Program Manager, J. E. O'Connell AND PUBLIC PROGRAMS U.S.-AUSTRALIA, INDIA-U.S. EXCHANGE AND Programming and Analysis INDIA PROGRAMS Director, Clarence C. Ohlke Head, Arley T. Bever, Jr. Program Manager, Max Hellman Deputy for Government Liaison, Head, Budget Office, Walton Hudson EUROPEAN AND AMERICAN SECTION Theodore W. Wirths Head, Programming Office, Syl McNinch Regional Manager, Richard R. Ries Deputy for Public Programs, Head, Evaluation Staff, Harry J. Piccariello Edward R. Trapnell U.S.-FRANCE AND U.S.-ITALV PROGRAMS Head, Planning and Policy Analysis, Special Assistant, Alfred Rosenthal Program Manager, Richard R. Ries Thomas Ubois CONGRESSIONAL LIAISON OFFICE U.S.-ROMANIA, ACADEMY EXCHANGES, AND _ Head, John B. Talmadge EAST EUROPEAN PROGRAMS Personnel Office Program Manager, Robert F. Hull PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE U.S.-SPAIN AND LATIN AMERICA Acting Head, Alfred Rosenthal Personnel Officer, Robert T. Preston PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE OFFICE Program Manager, Duncan Clement Head, Robert F. Wilcox INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Program Review Office PUBLICATIONS RESOURCE OFFICE Program Manager, Warren Thompson Head, Jack Kratchman Program Review Officer, Lewis P. Jones SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM Manager, Raphael R. Ronkin BURMA, INDIA, PAKISTAN Advisory Committees Program Manager, Raphael R. Ronkin ADMINISTRATION and Panels NSF/TOKYO SCIENCE LIAISON STAFF Acting Assistant Director, T. E. Jenkins Head, Henry Birnbaum Deputy Assistant Director, T. E. Jenkins RESEARCH NSF/NEW DELHI SCIENCE LIAISON STAFF Special Assistant, Calvin C. Jones Head, Gordon L. Hiebert Deputy Head, Paul O'Connor ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL SCIENCES Administrative Services Office Robert S. Bandurski Office of National Centers Administrative Services Officer, Howard Tihila Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Facilities Operations Deputy Head, John T. Harrigan Michigan State University

Head, Daniel Hunt, Jr. Donald D. Brown OCEAN SEDIMENT CORING PROGRAM Audit Office Department of Embryology Field Project Officer, Archie R. McLerran Carnegie Institution of Washington NATIONAL CENTERS FOR RESEARCH AND Audit Officer, Robert B. Boyden Michael R. D'Amato ASTRONOMY Project Management Officer, Gerald F. Department of Psychology Rutgers, The State University Anderson Management Information NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC Office Nelson G. Hairston RESEARCH Director, Museum of Zoology Project Officer, Giorgio Tesi Head, George Pilarinos University of Michigan SOLAR ECLIPSE COORDINATION Special Assistant, Edgar W. Barrett Solar Eclipse Coordinator, Ronald R. Special Assistant, Richard W. H. Lee David W. Krogmann LaCount Assistant Project Officer, Harold D. Sye Department of Biochemistry Purdue University

Financial Management Office Vernon B. Mountcastle Office of Science Department of Physiology Information Service Financial Management Officer, Kenneth B. Johns Hopkins University Foster Head, Melvin S. Day Lawrence R. Pomeroy Deputy Head, Howard R. Copperman Senior Staff Associate, Andrew A. Aines Department of Zoology Senior Staff Associate, John F. Sterns University of Georgia COSATI, Executive Secretary, Eugene Pronko Grants and Contracts Office George Sayers Staff Associate, Lawrence A. Atwell Grants and Contracts Officer, Wilbur W. Department of Physiology RESEARCH PROGRAM Bolton, Jr. Case Western Reserve University Program Director, Edward C. Weiss Head, Planning and Policy Staff, Robert D. SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM Newton Sterling Wortman, Jr. Acting Program Director, Robert F. Kan Grants Administrator, Gaylord L. Ellis Vice President INFORMATION SERVICES PROGRAM Special Assistant, Harry Hyman Rockefeller Foundation Program Director, Gordon B. Ward INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROGRAM Charles Yanofsky Program Director, Harold E. Bamford, Jr. Health Service Department of Biological Sciences Stanford University Director, James W. Long, M.D. OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL ADVISORY PANELS FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS General Counsel, William J. Hoff Management Analysis Office Deputy General Counsel, Charles Raymond F. Gesteland F. BROWN Management Analysis Officer, Fred Murakami Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory APPENDICES

Peter T. Gilham ADVISORY PANEL FOR GENERAL ECOLOGY James E. Darnell Department of Biological Sciences Department of Biology Purdue University Frank B. GoUey Columbia University Director William B. Jakoby National Institute of Ecology Gerald Edelman Section of Enzymes and Cellular Biochemistry University of Georgia Rockefeller University National Institutes of Health George H. Lauff Phillips W. Robbins Thomas C. Bruice Director Department of Biology Department of Biochemistry Kellogg Biological Station Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of California, Santa Barbara Michigan State University William S. Sly C. H. W. Hirs Paul S. Martin Division of Medical Genetics Division of Biological Sciences Geqchronology Laboratories St. Louis Children's Hospital Indiana University University of Arizona Charles Yanofsky F. Scott Mathews Gerald J. Paulik Department of Biological Sciences Department of Physiology and Biophysics Director, Center for Quantitative Science and Stanford University Washington University Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife University of Washington Norton D. Zinder Stuart W. Tanenbaum Rockefeller University Department of Microbiology David E. Reichle Bernard Roizman Columbia University Ecological Sciences Division Department of Microbiology Albert S. Mildvan Oak Ridge National Laboratory University of Chicago Division of Biochemistry Edwin L. Sclimidt Institute for Cancer Research Department of Microbiology ADVISORY PANEL FOR METABOLIC BIOLOGY Aaron J. Shatkin University of Minnesota Medical School Roche Institute of Molecular Biology Martin Gibbs Earl L. Stone Department of Biology Brian J. McCarthy Department of Agronomy Brandeis University Department of Biochemistry Cornell University University of Washington Rachralel Levlne Boyd R. Strain City of Hope Medical Center Carl L. Schildkraut Department of Botany Department of Cell Biology Duke University Alvin Nason Albert Einstein College of Medicine McCollum-Pratt Institute Carroll B. Williams Johns Hopkins University Thomas E. Thompson Forest, Insect, and Disease Laboratory Department of Biochemistry Hamden, Conn. Anthony San Pietro University of Virginia Department of Botany ADVISORY PANEL FOR GENETIC BIOLOGY Indiana University ADVISORY PANEL FOR Edward A. Adelberg DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Department of Microbiology D. Rao Sanadi Department of Cell Physiology Peter K. Hepler Yale University Boston Biomedical Research Institute Department of Biological Sciences Gerald Fink Stanford University Division of Biological Sciences Sallh J. Wakil Department of Biochemistry Howard Holtzer New York State College of Agriculture Baylor College of Medicine Department of Anatomy Cornell University Texas Medical Center School of Medicine Burke H. Judd University of Pennsylvania Department of Zoology Jack Prelss Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Russell L. Jones University of Texas University of California, Davis Department of Botany Armin Dale Kaiser University of California, Berkeley Department of Microbiology ADVISORY PANEL FOR NEUROBIOLOGY Fotis C. Kafatos University of Minnesota The Biological Laboratories Robert W. Albers David L. Namney Harvard University Laboratory of Neurochemistry Department of Zoology National Institutes of Health Leonard Ornstein University of Illinois Director, Cell Research Samuel H. Barondes Rudolf Werner Mount Sinai Hospital Department of Psychiatry Department of Biochemistry University of California, San Diego William J. Rutter School of Medicine Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Miami John Lott Brown San Francisco Medical Center ADVISORY PANEL FOR HUMAN Director, Center for Visual Science University of California School of Medicine CELL BIOLOGY PROGRAM University of Rochester David R. Sonneborn Paul Berg E. M. Eisenstein Department of Zoology Department of Biochemistry Department of Biophysics University of Wisconsin Stanford University Michigan State University 90 NSF 1972 ANNUAL KEPORT

Peter J. Morgane G. R. Wyatt Arthur E. Humphrey Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology- Department of Biology Department of Chemical Engineering Yale University University of Pennsylvania Robert D. Myers Department of Psychology George A. Zentmyer, Jr. William K. Linvill Department of Plant Pathology Chairman Purdue University University of California, Riverside Department of Economic Engineering Systems Elliot S. Valenstein Stanford University Psychological Laboratories University of Michigan ADVISORY PANEL FOR SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY John J McKetta Jr Edward STA^^ ~ eofre-g-e-of-En-ginwring^ C. A. G. Wiersma Department of Botany University of Texas Division of Biology Smithsonian Institution California Institute of Technology Robert C. Prim Charles B. Beck Communication Principles Division Bell Telephone Laboratory ADVISORY PANEL FOR PSYCHOBIOLOGY Department of Botany University of Michigan Rustum Roy Colin G. Beer William L. Culberson Director, Materials Research Laboratory Institute of Animal Behavior Department of Botany Pennsylvania State University Rutgers, The State University Duke University Robert E. Uhrig (Chairman) Lyle E. Bourne, Jr. Herbert C. Dessauer Dean, College of Engineering Department of Psychology Department of Biochemistry University of Florida University of Colorado School of Medicine Herbert L. Pick, Jr. Louisiana State University ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR Institute of Child Development ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES William B. Heed University of Minnesota Department of Biological Sciences Clarence R. Allen Allen W. Stokes University of Arizona Division of Geological Sciences Department of Wildlife Resources California Institute of Technology Paul D. Hurd, Jr. Utah State University Department of Entomology John R. Borchert Howard C. Rachlin Smithsonian Institution Department of Geography Department of Psychology University of Minnesota Paul L. Lentz State University of New York at Stony Brook Plant Science Research Division Wallace Broecker Donald A. Riley Agricultural Research Service Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Department of Psychology U.S. Department of Agriculture Columbia University University of California, Berkeley Robert Ornduif Edward W. Fager J. E. Keith Smith Department of Botany Professor of Marine Ecology Department of Psychology University of California, Berkeley Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego University of Michigan Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr. Institute of Marine Science Allen V. Kneese LTniversity of Miami Director, Quality of the Environment Program ADVISORY PANEL FOR REGULATORY BIOLOGY Resources for the Future John Brobeck S. David Webb Department of Physiology Department of Natural Sciences Paul B. MacCready, Jr. University of Pennsylvania University of Florida AeroVironment, Inc. Ruth Patrick George A. Feigen ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR ENGINEERING Department of Physiology Academy of Natural Sciences School of Medicine Lynn S. Beedle Philadelphia, Pa. Stanford University Director, Fritz Engineering Laboratory Robert O. Reid Lehigh University Robert D. Lisk Professor of Oceanography and Meteorology Department of Biology Stanley Corrsin Texas A&M University Princeton University Department of Mechanics Elmar R. Reiter Johns Hopkins University Takashi Makinodan Department of Atmospheric Science Colorado State University Cellular and Comparative Physiology Branch Daniel C. Drucker Gerontology Research Center Dean, College of Engineering University of Illinois ADVISORY PANEL FOR ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES David B. Tyler Department of Pharmacology Nancy D. Fitzroy Kinsey A. Anderson College of Medicine General Electric Research and Development Space Sciences Laboratory University of South Florida Center University of California, Berkeley

Robert R. Wagner Harry C. Gatos Thomas Neil Davis Department of Microbiology Professor of Metallurgy Geophysical Institute University of Virginia Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Alaska APPENDICES 91

Thomas M. Donahue Dirk Frankenberg Alex Rosenberg Department of Physics Department of Zoology Department of Mathematics University of Pittsburgh University of Georgia Cornell University

Edward S. Epstein Donn S. Gorsline Department of Geology Department of Meteorology and Oceanography ADVISORY PANEL FOR ASTRONOMY University of Michigan University of Southern California Eleanor Margaret Burbidge John Imbrie John Vaughan Evans Department of Physics Department of Geology Lincoln Laboratory University of California, San Diego Massachusetts Institute of Technology Brown University James N. Douglas Galen E. Jones I Lewis O. Grant Department of Astronomy Jackson Estuarine Laboratory Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Texas Colorado State University University of New Hampshire John E. Gaustad Michael M. Mullin James E. Jiusto Astronomy Department Scripps Institution of Oceanography Associate Professor of Atmospheric Sciences University of California State University of New York at Albany University of California, San Diego 1 Frank J. Kerr (Chairman) Worth D. Nowlin, Jr. Warren M. Washington Department of Physics and Astronomy Department of Oceanography National Center for Atmospheric Research University of Maryland Texas A&M University ADVISORY PANEL FOR EARTH SCIENCES Robert P. Kraft H. Gote Ostlund Lick Observatory Sydney P. Clark, Jr. Atmospheric Chemistry and Marine Science University of California, Santa Cruz Department of Geophysics School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Yale University University of Miami Gerry Neugebauer California Institute of Technology Robert W. Decker William G. Pearcy Department of Geology Department of Oceanography Jeremiah P. Ostriker Dartmouth College Oregon State University Princeton University Observatory

Robert N. Ginsburg William M. Sackett George W. Preston School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Department of Oceanography Hale Observatory University of Miami Texas A&M University Alexander G. Smith Stanley R. Hart Theodore J. Smayda Department of Physics I Department of Terrestrial Magnetism Narragansett Marine Laboratory University of Florida Carnegie Institution of Washington University of Rhode Island

Richard P. von Herzen Charles E. Helsley ADVISORY PANEL FOR CHEMISTRY Division of Geosciences Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Texas at Dallas Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ralph N. Adams Department of Chemistry Eugene T. Herrin, Jr. ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR MATHEMATIC University of Kansas Department of Geological Sciences AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES Southern Methodist University R. Stephen Berry Gerald M. Clemence Department of Chemistry Clifford A. Hopson Yale University Observatory University of Chicago Department of Geological Sciences Yale University University of California, Santa Barbara Ronald Breslow Gertrude S. Goldhaber Department of Chemistry Clark Kisslinger Brookhaven National Laboratory Columbia University Cooperative Institute for Research and Environmental Sciences Lucien LeCam James P. CoUman University of Colorado Department of Statistics Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Stanford University David M. Raup Department of Geology Leon M. Lederman John M. Deutch (Chairman) University of Rochester Department of Physics Department of Chemistry Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Charles A. Salotti Department of Geological Sciences Robert B. Leighton (Vice Chairman) Mary L. Good University of Wisconsin Bridge Laboratory of Physics Department of Chemistry California Institute of Technology Louisiana State University ADVISORY PANEL FOR OCEANOGRAPHY Howard Reiss (Chairman) Robert S. Hansen Glenn A. Cannon Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Pacific Oceanographic Laboratories University of California, Los Angeles Iowa State University National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Stuart A. Rice Richard L. Himman (Vice Chairman) Department of Oceanography Department of Chemistry Tarrytown Technical Center University of Washington University of Chicago Union Carbide Corporation 92 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Roald Hoffmann- Walter L. Brown ADVISORY PANEL FOR ANTHROPOLOGY Bell Telephone Laboratories Department of Chemistry Brent Berlin Cornell University Owen Chamberlain Department of Anthropology William R. Krigbaum Lawrence Radiation Laboratory University of California, Berkeley Department of Chemistry John Buettner-Janusch W. Dale Compton Duke University Department of Anatomy Scientific Research Staff Duke University Larry L. Miller Ford Motor Company Department of Chemistry Morton H. Fried Rodney L. Cool Colorado State University Department of Anthropology RTCkefellef "Uiiivefsity R. S. Porter Columbia University Russell J. Donnelly (Chairman) Head, Polymer Science and Engineering Richard B. Lee Department of Physics University of Massachusetts Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Rutgers, The State University ADVISORY PANEL FOR MATHEMATICAL Raymond L. Orbach Stuart Struever SCIENCES Departhient of Physics Department of Anthropology University of California, Los Angeles William J. LeVeque (Chairman) Northwestern University Department of Mathematics John P. Schiffer Douglas R. White Claremont Graduate School and Physics Division Department of Anthropology University Center Argonne National Laboratory University of Pittsburgh Alvin W. Trivelpiece Gerald J. Lieberman Richard B. Woodbury Department of Physics and Astronomy Department of Statistics and Operations Department of Anthropology University of Maryland Research University of Massachusetts Stanford University

Arthur P. Mattuck ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES ADVISORY PANEL FOR ECONOMICS Department of Mathematics Henry Aaron Massachusetts Institute of Technology Peter Blau Department of Sociology Brookings Institution Columbia University Anil Nerode Martin S. Feldstein Department of Mathematics Philip E. Converse Department of Economics Cornell University Center for Political Studies Harvard University Institute for Social Research Richard S. Palais Stephen M. Goldfeld University of Michigan Department of Mathematics Department of Economics Brandeis University Albert H. Hastorf Princeton University Dean, School of Humanities and Sciences Robert E. Hall Henry O. PoUak Stanford University Mathematics Research Center Department of Economics Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. David G. Hays Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chairman of Linguistics Program Anne O. Krueger Hans F. Weinberger State University of New York at Buffalo Department of Economics Department of Mathematics Avram Kisselgoff University of Minnesota University of Minnesota New York, N.Y. Lester G. Telser James H. Wells Laura Nader Department of Economics Department of Mathematics Department of Anthropology University of Chicago University of Kentucky University of California, Berkeley

ADVISORY PANEL FOR HISTORY AND Fred B. Wright Albert E. Rees PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Department of Mathematics Department of Economics Princeton University University of North Carolina Asger H. Aaboe Eleanor Bernert Sheldon Department of History of Science and Medicine ADVISORY PANEL FOR PHYSICS Russell Sage Foundation Yale University

John J. Bahcall James F. Short Ronald Giere Institute for Advanced Study Director, Social Research Center Department of History and Philosophy of Princeton, N.J. Washington State University Science Indiana University Manfred A. Biondi Julian Wolpert Department of Physics Department of Regional Science David L. Hull University of Pittsburgh University of Pennsylvania Chicago, 111.

Charles K. Bockelman Robert B. Yegge Ruth B. Marcus J. W. Gibbs Laboratory Dean, College of Law Department of Philosophy Yale University University of Denver Northwestern University APPENDICES 93

Robert Siegfried Morris Zelditch, Jr. Thomas E. Kurtz Department of History of Science Department of Sociology Director, Kiewit Computation Center University of Wisconsin Stanford University Dartmouth College

Roger H. Stuewer Allen Newell NATIONAL AND Division of General Education Schenley Park Boston University INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS Carnegie-Mellon University

ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR Robert D. Tschirgi ADVISORY PANEL FOR POLITICAL SCIENCE COMPUTING ACTIVITIES University of California, San Diego

Bernard C. Cohen Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. Gerard P. Weeg Department of PoUtical Science Department of Computer Science Director, Computer Center University of Wisconsin University of North Carolina University of Iowa Fred Greenstein Wayne Holtzman (Chairman) Department of Government ADVISORY PANEL FOR COMPUTER President, Hogg Foundation for Mental Health Wesleyan University SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING University of Texas Herbert Jacob Algirdas Avizienis Thurston E. Manning Department of Political Science Department of Engineering President, University of Bridgeport Northwestern University University of California, Los Angeles Dwaine Marvick H. Douglas Price C. Gordon Bell Professor of Political Science Department of Government Computer Science Department University of California, Los Angeles Harvard University Carnegie-Mellon University M. V. Mathews Robert O. Tilman Peter J. Denning School of Liberal Arts Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. Department of Electrical Engineering North Carolina State University Princeton University F. A. Matsen Lloyd D. Fosdick Department of Chemistry ADVISORY PANEL FOR SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Department of Computer Science University of Texas University of Colorado Ken4eth Gergen Nicholas C. Metropolis Department of Psychology Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Bernard A. Galler Swarthmore College University of California, Los Alamos Computing Center University of Michigan David C. Glass Louis T. Rader Department of Social Psychology Chairman John E. Hopcroft New York University Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Computer Science University of Virginia Cornell University Charles A. Kiesler Department of Psychology Sally Y. Sedelow Donald E. Knuth University of Kansas Computer Science and Linguistics Computer Science Department University of Kansas Stanford University Seymour Rosenberg Department of Psychology Laurence H. Tribe Marvin L. Minsky Rutgers, The State University Professor of Law Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard University Davis O. Sears James E. Thornton Department of Psychology John R. Meyer University of California, Los Angeles National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Vice President, Advanced Design Laboratory Control Data Corporation Elaine C. Walster ADVISORY PANEL FOR COMPUTER Department of Sociology ADVISORY PANEL FOR THE INTERNATIONAL INNOVATION IN EDUCATION University of Wisconsin DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION C. Victor Bunderson R. Buckminster Fuller ADVISORY PANEL FOR SOCIOLOGY Director Institute for Advanced Instructional Design Carbondale, 111. Thomas J. Fararo Edward Goldberg Department of Sociology C. R. Carpenter Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology University of Georgia University of California, San Diego Edward O. Laumann Department of Sociology David Engler William J. Hargis, Jr. University of Michigan McGraw-Hill Book Company Director Virginia Institute of Marine Science Charles B. Nam Bert Green, Jr. (Chairman) Department of Sociology and Anthropology Department of Psychology Francis L. LaQue Vanderbilt University John? Hopkins University Verona, N.J.

Stanley H. Udy Thomas F. Green Thomas F. Malone Department of Sociology Educational Policy Research Center Graduate School Yale University Syracuse University Research Corporation University of Connecticut 94 NSF 1972 ANNUAL REPORT

Arthur E. Maxwell ADVISORY PANEL FOR SHIP Donald V. Hansen Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution CONSTRUCTION REVIEW Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratories National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ted Chwirut Henry W. Menard Administration Chief, Division of Small Ships Scripps Institution of Oceanography U.S. Department of Commerce OfSce of Ship Construction University of California, San Diego Maritime Administration George Keller Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratories William W. Rand Arthur F. Low National Oceanic and Atmospheric President (Retired), Submarex National Ocean Survey Administration National Oceanic and Atmospheric John H. Ryther U.S. Department of Commerce —AdminrstTaTTon Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution U.S. Department of Commerce Victor Linnenbom, Jr. Naval Research Laboratory E. C. Stephan Stewart Nelson Ocean Systems, Inc. Special Assistant for Environmental Quality David W. Menzel Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy Skidaway Institute of 'Oceanography ADVISORY PANEL FOR THE INTERNATIONAL Lawrence Glosten L. E. Glosten and Associates, Inc. DECADE OF OCEAN EXPLORATION Joseph L. Reid SCIENTIFIC NORTH PACIFIC EXPERIMENT ADVISORY PANEL FOR SHIP MATERIALS Scripps Institution of Oceanography Nicholas Fofonoff University of California, San Diego John Dermody John H. Steele Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Division of Marine Resources Marine Laboratory University of Washington Heinz G. Fortak John W. Winchester Florida State University Institut fur Theoretische Meteorologie John C. DuUaghan, Jr. der Ferien Office of the Marine Superintendent Universitate Berlin (Germany) Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego Walter Munk SCIENCE INFORMATION COUNCIL Department of Geophysics James Gibbons Martin M. Cummings University of California, San Diego School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Director University of Miami National Library of Medicine Gerhard Neumann Department of Meteorology and Oceanography Jonathan Leiby Victor J. Danilov New York University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Vice President

Worth D. Nowlin, Jr. (Chairman) Lewis Newton Museum of Science and Industry Department of Oceanography Marine Superintendent Melvin S. Day Texas A&M University Texas A&M Research Foundation Head, OfSce of Science Information Service

Joseph P. Pandolfo ADVISORY PANEL FOR SHIP National Science Foundation OPERATIONS REVIEW Bowen C. Dees The Center for the Environment and Man, Inc. President John Imbrie The Franklin Institute Bruce Warren Department of Geology Amitai W. Etzioni Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Brown University Center for Policy Research George Keller Herman H. Fussier ADVISORY PANEL FOR POLAR PROGRAMS Marine Geology The Graduate Library School William S. Benninghoff Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratories University of Chicago Department of Biology University of Michigan David W. Menzel Robert E. Gordon (Chairman) Vice President for Advanced Studies Robert F. Black Skidaway Institute of Oceanography University of Notre Dame Department of Geology Joseph Reid University of Connecticut W. Conyers Herring Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bell Telephone Laboratories Heinz H. Lettau (Chairman) University of California, San Diego Department of Meteorology and Space Science William M. Sackett Donald J. Hillman University of Wisconsin Department of Oceanography Director, Center for Information Science Texas A&M University Mart Library Ernst Stuhlinger Lehigh University Associate Director for Science PROPOSAL REVIEW PANEL George C. Marshall Space Flight Center FOR THE INTERNATIONAL DECADE William F. Miller National Aeronautics and Space Administration OF OCEAN EXPLORATION Vice President and Provost Stanford University Bruce A. Warren John I. Ewing Department of Physical Oceanography Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory L. Quincy Mumford Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Columbia University The Librarian of Congress APPENDICES 95

John W. Murdock Harvey S. Perloff J. Stanley Marshall Associate Manager, Department of Economics Dean, School of Architecture and Urban President and Information Research Planning Florida State University Battelle Memorial Institute University of California, Los Angeles Lucius H. Pitts John Sherrod Gerard A. Rohlich President Director, National Agricultural Library Department of Civil Engineering Paine College U.S. Department of Agriculture University of Texas Donald W. Stotler Irene B. Taeuber Director Senior Research Demographer Howard Taubenfeld Environmental Education Clearinghouse Office of Population Research Professor of Law School of Education Princeton University Southern Methodist University Portland State University

V. Karl Willenbrock John Truxal Allen F. Strehler (Chairman) Director, Institute of Applied Technology Dean of Engineering Dean of Graduate Studies National Bureau of Standards State University of New York at Stony Brook Carnegie-Mellon University U.S. Department of Commerce

ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR PLANNING SCIENCE EDUCATION RESEARCH APPLICATIONS Yale Brozen ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR Graduate School of Business ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION University of Chicago RESEARCH APPLICATIONS Herbert S. Gutowsky Dwight William Allen Director, School of Chemical Sciences Raymond Bard Dean, College of Education University of Illinois Vice President University of Massachusetts Medical College of Georgia Emmanuel G. Mesthene (Chairman) H. Russell Beatty Harvard University Raymond Bauer Quincy, Mass. Professor of Business Administration Richard R. Nelson Harvard Business School Rita R. Colwell Department of Economics Harvard University Department of Biology Yale University Raymond Bowers Georgetown University David S. Potter Professor of Physics Chief Engineer, Delco Electronics Cornell University M. Ann Grooms Division of General Motors President James S. Bethel George T. Reynolds Dean, College of Forestry Educational Services Institute, Inc. Department of Physics University of Washington Princeton University N. B. Hannay Robert L. Sproull (Vice Chairman) Eugene Callender Executive Director, Research-Materials Division President Executive Director Bell Telephone Laboratories University of Rochester New York Urban Coalition, Inc. M. R. Lohmann Charles Hamilton Dean, College of Engineering Alvin M. Weinberg Professor of Political Science Oklahoma State University Director Columbia University Oak Ridge National Laboratory J. Ross Macdonald Arthur Naf talin Vice President Aaron B. Wildawsky Professor of Public Affairs Corporate Research and Engineering Dean, Graduate School of Public Affairs University of Minnesota Texas Instruments, Inc. University of California, Berkeley Organization Changes ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR and Appointments INSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMS The Directorate for Institutional Programs was OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR disestablished in January 1972. The residual Dr. H. Guyford Stever was appointed by the activities of the directorate were transferred President as Director of the National Science to the Grants and Contracts Office (Adminis­ Appendix B Foundation. Dr. Stever, formerly the President tration Directorate). of Carnegie-Mellon University, took the oath of office as Director on February 1, 1972. STAFF CHANGES Dr. William D. McElroy, who had been the In addition to the appointments mentioned Director of the Foundation since July 14, above, the following key staff appointments 1969, resigned to become Chancellor of the were announced during the year. University of California, San Diego. Keith R. Kelson, Acting Assistant Director for Several changes occurred affecting the Direc­ Education. tor's Staff Assistants. Dr. J. Merton England, who had been serving as Executive Assistant Thomas E. Jenkins, Acting Assistant Director to the Assistant Director for Institutional Pro­ for Administration. grams, was appointed Special Assistant, and Bodo Bartocha, Head, Office of International Mr. Charles Maechling, Jr., formerly the Programs. Depiity General Counsel, was also assigned to the Director's Office as Special Assistant. Harold W. Paxton, Director, Division of Materials Research. Frederick H. Abernathy, Director, Division of RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Engineering. STUDIES GROUP Philip L. Johnson, Director, Division of En­ The Director established a Research and Devel­ vironmental Systems and Resources. opment Studies Group on May 5, 1972, which Sidney Sternberg, Deputy Assistant Director is responsible for organization and planning for Research Applications. efforts leading to the implementation of two new fiscal year 1973 programs—the R&D George Pilarinos, Head, Management Informa­ Assessment Program and the Experimental tion Office. R&D Incentives Program. Fred K. Murakami, Head, Management An­ alysis Office. ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR RESEARCH RESIGNATIONS A new Division of Materials Research was established in the directorate in July 1971. Leon Schwartz, Deputy Assistant Director for Program Management, Research Applications Directorate, left the Foundation to accept ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR RESEARCH the position of Assistant Director for Ad­ APPLICATIONS ministration, National Institutes of Health. A new Office of Systems Integration and Lloyd G. Humphreys, Assistant Director for Analysis was established in the directorate in Education, left the Foundation to accept a December 1971. position as Professor of Psychology at the University of Illinois. Franklin C. Sheppard, Acting Deputy Assistant ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR Director for Administration, retired from ADMINISTRATION Federal service after more than 20 years with the Foundation. A new Management Information Office was established in May 1972. This office combines Louis Levin, Special Assistant to the Director, the functions of the Management Information left the Foundation to accept the position Systems Project and the Data Management of Special Consultant to the President of Systems Office. Texas Tech University. APPENDICES 97

David E. Ryer, Special Assistant to the Di­ Joseph M. Reynolds (Boyd Professor of Physics rector, left the Foundation to accept the and Vice President for Instruction and Re­ position of Assistant Chancellor at the search, Louisiana State University); Dr. Athel- University of California, San Diego. stan F. Spilhaus (Fellow, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Smithsonian Douglas L. Brooks, Special Assistant to the Institution, Washington, D.C.); and Mr. Rich­ Director, left the Foundation to accept the ard H. Sullivan (Assistant to the President, position of Executive Director of the Na­ Carnegie Corp. of New York). tional Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere, Department of Commerce. The following changes occurred in the institu­ Bernard Sisco, Special Assistant to the Director, tional affiliations and academic positions of left the Foundation to accept the position certain members: Dr. H. Guyford Stever, from of Vice Chancellor for Administration at President, Carnegie-Mellon University, to Di­ the University of California, San Diego. rector, National Science Foundation (Dr. Stever's term on the Board was to expire on May 10, but he resigned to become Director); CHANGES IN THE NATIONAL SCIENCE BOARD Dr. William D. McElroy resigned as Director, The terms of the following seven members of National Science Foundation; Dr. R. H. Bing the National Science Board expired on May 10, spent the academic year as Visiting Professor 1972: Dr. Charles F. Jones (Vice Chairman of Mathematics, University of Texas at Austin; of the Board, Humble Oil & Refining Co., Dr. H. E. Carter, from Vice Chancellor of Houston, Tex.); Dr. Thomas F. Jones, Jr. Academic Affairs, University of Illinois, to (President, University of South Carolina); Dr. Coordinator of Interdisciplinary Programs, Robert S. Morison (Professor of Science and University of Arizona; and Dr. Roger W. Society, Program on Science, Technology, and Heyns, from Professor of Psychology and Society, Cornell University); Dr. E. R. Piore Education, Department of Psychology, Uni­ (Member, Board of Directors, International versity of Michigan, to President, American Business Machines Corp., Armonk, N.Y.); Dr. Council on Education, Washington, D.C. Financial Report for Fiscal Year 1972

Appendix C Salaries and Expenses Appropriation Fund Availability "Fiscal year r975" appropriation ~:. 1 1. $619,000,000 Unobligated balance carried forward from fiscal year 1971 ... 10,355,742 Transfer to GSA for rent 88,345 Fiscal year 1972 availability $629,267,397

Net Obligations Scientific research project support: Atmospheric sciences $11,705,659 Earth sciences — 9,482,832 Oceanography 12,550,143 Biological sciences 54,001,038 Physics 33,276,917 Chemistry 24,521,802 Astronomy 8,008,244 IVIathematlcal sciences 13,746,300 Social sciences 22,454,380 Engineering 25,432,529 Materials research — 33,394,568 Subtotal, scientific research project support $248,574,412 National and special research programs: International biological program $ 9,443,625 Global atmospheric research program 2,391,013 International decade of ocean exploration 19,671,443 Ocean sediment coring program 9,257,608 Arctic research program 3,544,029 U.S. Antarctic research program 27,000,239 Oceanographic facilities and support 14,522,578 1973 Solar eclipse (Logistic support) 55,166 Subtotal, national and special research programs $ 85.885,701 National research centers: National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center at Arecibo $ 4,687,500 Kitt Pealt National Observatory 7,699,881 Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory 2,500,000 National Radio Astronomy Observatory 6,669,900 National Center for Atmospheric Research 18,177,416 Subtotal, national research centers ... $ 39,734,697 Computing activities $20,915,968 Science information activities 9,710,922 International cooperative scientific activities 4,244,813 Research applied to national needs: 18,913,508 Advanced technology applications Environmental systems and resources 19,448,881 Social systems and human resources — 10,719,202 Exploratory research and problem assessment 4,685,298 Subtotal, research applied to national needs $ 53,766,889 Intergovernmental science program $ 1,078,003 Institutional improvement for science ZU,abi,4UD Graduate student support 20,339,901 Science education improvement 65,016,034 Planning and policy studies 2,929,466 Program development and management 24,562,052 Subtotal $597.720,263 Unobligated balance carried forward to fiscal year 1973 31,547,134 Total $629,267,397

Scientific Activities (Special Foreign Currency) Appropriation Receipts Fiscal year 1972 appropriation _ 3.000.000

Obligations Total obligations for fiscal year 1972 $ 2,999,598 Balance lapsing _ - 402 Total - _ - $ 3.000.000

Trust Fund Receipts Unobligated balance brought forward from fiscal year 1971 4,802 Donations from private sources 1,646 Total availability 6,448

Obligations Total availability 6,448 5,159 Less unobligated balance carried forward to fiscal year 1973 1,289 Total obligations Patents Resulting from Patent No. 3,643,184 entitled "Multi-port Feedback and Pole-Zero Control" was issued Activities Supported by the on February 15, 1972, on an invention made National Science Foundation by John R. D'Alessandro in the course of research supported by a grant to Columbia University. The apparatus and methods dis­ closed under the patent allow the critical fre­ The Foundation, since its last an­ quencies (poles and zeros) to be independently nual report, has received notification controlled by applying state-variable feedback of the issuance of the following seven techniques to both the external and internal K patents by the U.S. Patent Office ports of an arbitrary linear, passive and time- invariant network (system). covering inventions arising out of Foundation-supported activities on Patent No. 3,657,083 entitled "Disc Jet Elec- tropolishing Method and Apparatus" was issued each of which the U.S. Government on April 18, 1972, on an invention made by has received a nonexclusive, irrevoca­ John M. Larson, Douglas Hugh Polonis, and ble, nontransferable, paid-up, world­ Raymond Taggart in the course of research wide hcense: sponsored by a grant to the University of "Washington. The invention is a jet electro- polishing apparatus and method for prepara­ tion of thin foil specimen discs for transmis­ Patent No. 3,569,734 entitled "Pulse and Fre­ quency Counter" was issued on March 9, 1971, sion electron microscopy. on an invention made by Gary L, Samuelson The Foundation, since its last an­ and David C. Ailion in the course of research supported by a grant to the University of nual report, has also received notifica­ Utah. The invention is a compact, multi­ tion of the issuance of the following purpose counter constructed by interconnect­ two patents by the U.S. Patent OfiSce ing two solid state decimal counters with a covering inventions arising out of solid state switching circuit constructed by Foundation-supported activities which inverting NOR gates. the inventors have assigned to the U.S. Patent No. 3,601,607 entitled "Step-Scanning Government as represented by the System for Mass Spectrometer" was issued on August 24, 1971, on an invention made by National Science Foundation: Jerald "Wasserburg, Curtis A. Bauman, Emil V. Patent No. 3,524,609 entitled "Method and Neno, and Dimitri A. Papanastassiou in the Apparatus for Launching Balloons" was issued course of research supported by a grant to the on August 18, 1971, on an invention made by California Institute of Technology. The inven­ John W. Sparkman and William E. Humphrey tion is a single focusing 60° sector magnet in the course of research supported under a mass spectrometer. contract with the University Corporation for Patent No. 3,607,700 entitled "Electrode for Atmospheric Research at the National Center Measuring Potassium and Other Specific Ion for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo. The Contents" was issued on September 21, 1971, invention relates to an apparatus for launching and Patent No. 3,616,409 entitled "Electrode balloons which may carry scientific instru­ System for Measuring Ion Activities in Stream ments and other equipment for meteorological or Sample" was issued on October 26, 1971, on and other atmospheric experiments. inventions made by Daniel C. Tosteson in the Patent No. 3,613,992 entitled "Weather Modi­ course of research supported by a grant to fication Method" was issued on October 19, Duke University. The inventions relate to the 1971, on an invention made by Robert C. measuring of the activity of a particular Knollenberg in the course of research supported chemical species of ion in an aqueous solution. under a contract with the University Corpora­ Patent No. 3,627,404 entitled "Electrical tion for Atmospheric Research at the National Focusing Device" was issued on December 14, Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, 1971, on an invention made by "Wen-Chung Colo. The invention provides a method for "Wang in the course of research supported by producing rain or snow from natural atmo­ a grant to the Polytechnic Institute of Brook­ spheric -clouds using seeding agents character­ lyn. The invention relates to the focusing of ized by a high solubility in water and a large light by electrical means. endothermic heat of solution in water. Publications of the National 24 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION SPECIAL FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM FOR RE­ Science Foundation SEARCH, SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RE­ Fiscal Year 1972 LATED ACTIVITIES (NSF 71-44) 2 5 AMERICAN SCIENCE MANPOWER, 1970 (NSF 71-45) 26 SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN ECONOMIC Appendix E 1 RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (NSF 71-46) (RANN), INTERIM DESCRIPTION AND 27 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: GUIDELINES FOR PROPOSAL PREPARATION "Federal Scientific, Technical, and Health (NSF-71-21) Tefsoiinel in"T9T0" (NSF 71-47) 2 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION GUIDE 28 THE ROLE OF ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS TO PROGRAMS (NSF 71-22) IN A NATIONAL POLICY FOR TECHNOLOGY 3 Mosaic, Vol. II, No. 2 (NSF 71-23) (NSB 72-1) 4 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: 29 TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT, 1971, "Federal R&D Funding Shows Upward NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF Trend" (NSF 71-24) 72-1) 5 AN ANALYSIS OF FEDERAL R&D FUNDING 3 0 GRANTS AND AWARDS, 1971, NATIONAL BY BUDGET FUNCTION, 1960-72 (NSF SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF 72-2) 71-25) 31 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION DATA- 6 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: BOOK (NSF 72-3) "Unemployment Rates for Scientists, 32 INTERGOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE PROGRAM Spring 1971" (NSF 71-26) (NSF 72-4) 7 GRADUATE STUDENT SUPPORT AND MAN­ 3 3 ADMINISTRATIVE GUIDE FOR THE 1972 POWER RESOURCES IN GRADUATE SCIENCE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION GRAD­ EDUCATION, FALL 1970 (NSF 71-27) UATE TRAINEESHIP PROGRAM (NSF 72-5) 8 FEDERAL SUPPORT TO UNIVERSITIES, COL­ 34 PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL SCI­ LEGES, AND SELECTED NONPROFIT INSTI­ ENCE FOUNDATION (NSF 72-6) TUTIONS, FISCAL YEAR 1970 (NSF 71-28) 3 5 GRANTS FOR EDUCATION IN SCIENCE 9 ENGINEERING RESEARCH INITIATION (NSF 72-7) GRANTS (NSF 71-29) 36 1972-73 DIRECTORY, IN-SERVICE INSTI­ 10 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: TUTES FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS "Enrollments Increase in Science and AND SUPERVISORS OF SCIENCE, MATHE­ Mathematics in Public Secondary Schools MATICS, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (NSF 1948-49 to 1969-70" (NSF 71-30), 72-8) 11 Mosaic, Vol. II, No. 3 (NSF 71-31) 37 INVENTORY OF COMPUTERS IN U.S. 12 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: HIGHER EDUCATION 1969-70, UTILIZA­ "Estimated Academic R&D Direct Price TION AND RELATED DEGREE PROGRAMS Trends 50 Percent Higher Over Decade (NSF 72-9) 1961-71" (NSF 71-32) 3 8 Mosaic, Vol. Ill, No. 1 (NSF 72-10) 13 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: 3 9 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR THE "Unemployment Rate for Engineers, June- SUPPORT OF RESEARCH WORKSHOPS AND July 1971" (NSF 71-33) SYMPOSIA (NSF 72-11) 14 INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF OCEAN EX­ 40 INSTITUTIONAL GRANTS FOR SCIENCE PLORATION (NSF 71-34) (NSF 72-12) 15 FEDERAL FUNDS FOR RESEARCH, DEVEL­ 41 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION SPECIAL OPMENT, AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC ACTIVI­ FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM FOR RE­ TIES, FISCAL YEARS 1970, 1971, 1972, SEARCH, SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RE­ Vol. XX (NSF 71-3 5) LATED ACTIVITIES (NSF 72-13) 16 GRANTS FOR IMPROVING DOCTORAL DIS­ 42 COOPERATIVE SCIENCE PROGRAMS: ROMA­ SERTATION RESEARCH IN THE FIELD SCIENCES (NSF 71-36) NIA, HUNGARY, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, BUL­ GARIA (NSF 72-14) 17 GRANTS FOR IMPROVING DOCTORAL DIS­ SERTATION RESEARCH IN THE SOCIAL 43 Mosaic, Vol. Ill, No. 2 (NSF 72-15) SCIENCES (NSF 71-37) 44 NATIONAL SCIENCE COMPUTER NETWORK 18 COURSE CONTENT IMPROVEMENT PRO­ (NSF 72-16) GRAM (NSF 71-38) 45 NATIONAL PATTERNS OF R&D RE­ 19 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: SOURCES, FUNDS AND MANPOWER IN THE "Industrial R&D Spending, 1970" (NSF UNITED STATES, 1953-72 (NSF 72-300) 71-39) 46 FEDERAL FUNDS FOR ACADEMIC SCIENCE, 20 Mosaic, Vol. II, No. 4 (NSF 71-40) FISCAL YEAR 1970 (NSF 72-3 01) 21 INDIA-UNITED STATES EXCHANGE OF SCI­ 47 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: ENTISTS (NSF 71-41) "Manpower and Financial Resources Allo­ 22 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: cated to Academic Science and Engineer­ "Undergraduate Enrollments in Science ing Activities, 1965-71" (NSF 72-302) and Engineering" (NSF 71-42) 48 PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS OF A COLLO­ 23 RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS QUIUM ON R&D AND ECONOMIC (NSF 71-43) GROWTH/PRODUCTIVITY (NSF 72-3 03) APPENDICES 101

49 SCIENTIFIC HUMAN RESOURCES: PROFILES AND ISSUES (NSF 72-304) 50 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: "Functions Other than Defense and Space Show Rising Share in Federal R&D Ex­ penditures" (NSF 72-305) 51 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: "Total Scientific and Technical Personnel in Industry Remains Level, R&D Person­ nel Lower in 1970" (NSF 72-306) 52 UNEMPLOYMENT RATES AND EMPLOY­ MENT CHARACTERISTICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, 1971 (NSF 72-3 07) 5 3 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: "First-Year, Full-Time Graduate Science Enrollment Continues to Decline" (NSF 72-308) 54 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN IN­ DUSTRY, 1970. FUNDS, 1970; SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS, JANUARY, 1971 (NSF 72-509) 5 5 A PRICE INDEX FOR DEFLATION OF ACA­ DEMIC R&D EXPENDITURES (NSF 72- 310) 56 SCIENCE RESOURCES STUDIES HIGHLIGHTS: "Changes in Graduate Programs in Science and Engineering, 1970-72 and 1972-74" (NSF 72-311) 57 INITIAL REPORTS OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, Vol. VII (NSFSP-7) 5 8 INITIAL REPORTS OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, Vol. VIII (NSFSP-8) 59 INITIAL REPORTS OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, Vol. IX (NSFSP-9) 60 INITIAL REPORTS OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, Vol. X (NSFSP-10) 61 INITIAL REPORTS OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, Vol. XI (NSFSP-H) National Research Centers National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center Frank D. Drake, Director, Ithaca, N.Y. Contractors Tor Hagfors, Director, Observatory Operations, Arecibo, Puerto Rico University Corporation for Atmospheric Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI) Research (UCAR) Gerald F. Tape, President Appendix F Walter Orr Roberts, President National Radio Astronomy Observatory National Center for Atmospheric Research David S. Heescien, Director John W. Firor, Director UCAR Member Universities: AUI Member Universities: University of Alaska Columbia University University of Arizona Cornell University California Institute of Technology Harvard University University of California The Johns Hopkins University The Catholic University of America Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Chicago University of Pennsylvania Colorado State University Princeton University University of Colorado University of Rochester Cornell University Yale University University of Denver Florida State University Association of Universities for Research in Harvard University Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) University of Hawaii Gilbert Lee, President The Johns Hopkins University University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory University of Maryland Victor M. Blanco, Director Massachusetts Institute of Technology Kitt Peak National Observatory McGill University Leo Goldberg, Director University of Miami AURA Member Universities: University of Michigan University of Arizona University of Minnesota California Institute of Technology University of Missouri University of California University of Nevada University of Chicago New York University Harvard University State University of New York at Albany Indiana University University of Oklahoma University of Michigan Oregon State University Ohio State University Pennsylvania State University Princeton University Purdue University University of Texas at Austin Saint Louis University University of Wisconsin Texas A&M University Yale University University of Texas University of Toronto Utah State University Cornell University University of Utah W. Donald Cooke, Vice President for University of Washington Research University of Wisconsin

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