Walter Munk (1917-2019) a Founder of Modern Oceanography

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Walter Munk (1917-2019) a Founder of Modern Oceanography COMMENT OBITUARY Walter Munk (1917-2019) A founder of modern oceanography. alter Munk revolutionized our mixing. By about 1970, oceanographers understanding of the ocean and had begun to accumulate measurements of of Earth’s rotation. He synthe- temperature interpreted as ‘internal waves’. Wsized observations, theory and empirical Munk and postdoc Chris Garrett assumed rules to solve problems both fundamental that these, unlike wind-driven waves on the and practical — about waves, tides, mixing, surface, do not have periods of storm and circulation and more. His early work aided calm, nor predominant propagation direc- Allied beach landings in the Second World tions. The Garrett–Munk (GM) spectrum CALIFORNIA UNIV. ANSEL ADAMS, War, and from 1968 he was part of JASON, of internal waves united a vast array of oth- the elite group of scientists that advises the erwise mystifying motions in one compara- US government on military matters. tively simple framework. There followed a Gregarious and intuitive, he anticipated flower ing of theory and global observations. crucial, just-ripening questions — almost to Munk’s involvement with the military the end of his long life. Decades later, many spanned seven decades. He had an affinity of them remain the focus of huge efforts for solving practical problems by combining across almost all of physical oceanography his deep knowledge of the ocean with a con- and much of geophysics. It is doubtful that cern for people who had to work in it. He was anyone will again have such a generalist’s wider field of mathematical fluid dynamics. one of the earliest academics funded by the career. He loved going to sea, was adroit with And in 1951, he published a paper point- new US Office of Naval Research (ONR) fol- mathematics, had a deep understanding of ing out that his own theory would fail in the lowing the war. His last ONR contract, again statistical significance and had a feeling for Southern Ocean because of ocean-bottom for surface-wave work, was agreed about the ocean that, more than once, led him to the topography (W. H. Munk and E. Palmén 4 years ago, when he was 97. And he was an right answer despite mistakes along the way. Tellus 3, 53–55; 1951). Implications of these enthusiastic, early member of JASON, com- Born in Austria in 1917, Munk came from ideas are a current major focus of research. plementing the defence advice of luminaries a Viennese banking family. After working in a Meanwhile, Munk turned his attention of the nuclear-weapons and radar era with New York bank, his story as a scientist began to geophysics. He showed that a research insight into how the ocean behaved, thus when he followed a girlfriend to La Jolla, area thought of as the junkyard of astron- helping to work out real US Navy issues. California, in 1939. There, he discovered omy — variations in Earth’s polar motion and Beginning in the mid-1970s, his work physical oceanography — in particular, the rotation rate — was a fount of information on the propagation of sound underwater man who became his mentor and friend, across an extraordinary range of Earth sci- brought together many of his interests: waves, Harald Sverdrup, who was director of the ences. With collaborator Gordon MacDon- submarine detection, oceanic stratification, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, where ald, he wrote the classic textbook The Rotation time-series analysis and work at sea with Munk spent his career. of the Earth (1960). In the 1950s, he was a key new instruments. What is now called ocean In the early years, he was best known player in Project Mohole — an audacious acoustic tomography was perhaps an idea for his work with Sverdrup on predicting attempt to drill through Earth’s crust to obtain ahead of its time. It is likely that this tech- ocean-wave conditions. Shortly before Pearl a sample of the mantle at the boundary, the nique to measure temperatures and currents Harbor was bombed in December 1941, Mohorovičić discontinuity. Munk never hid over large regions will prove as revolutionary Sverdrup had Munk released from the US the fact that the project was a failure. He wrote as many of Munk’s other ideas. Army and ultimately sent as a civilian to the that he had not given it sufficient attention; A perpetual international traveller and Pentagon. Months before the coastal inva- historians would say that it was snared in oil- long-term visitor, Walter was an exemplar sion of North Africa in November 1942, the industry politics. Undaunted, he moved on. of the interplay of scientific and personal pair feared huge waves would spell disaster He returned to the large-scale ocean with charisma. He trained a long list of capable for the essential beach landings of Allied his 1966 “abyssal recipes” paper, explaining collaborators of all ages. And he loved to be troops. Combining theory and empiricism, the gross structure of temperature and salinity among people: it was a rare lunch or dinner at the Sverdrup–Munk method of wave predic- in the deep ocean as a balance of upwelling his house that did not have at least one guest. tion was first used successfully during the and mixing, an idea also embraced by chem- At home, his desk was in the entrance, amid North African invasion. Developed further, ists and biologists (W. H. Munk Deep Sea Res. everyone coming and going. It was fine, he it aided the Normandy and Pacific landings. Oceanogr. Abstr. 13, 707–730; 1966). By about liked to say, “as long as no one whispers”. ■ In 1950, Munk produced the first of a 2000, this picture was replaced by a mixing few extremely fertile papers on the large- regime involving sea-floor topography — Carl Wunsch is a visiting professor of scale (general) circulation of the oceans an outcome that led Munk to simply shrug. oceanography and climate at Harvard (W. H. Munk J. Meteorol. 7, 79–93; 1950). He His mantra was that the right questions were University, and professor emeritus at the reconciled the disparate ideas of Sverdrup and much more important than the right answers. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, of physical oceanographer Henry Stommel In the 1960s and 1970s, he and UK collab- Cambridge, USA. He met Walter Munk into a foundational theory of wind-driven orator David Cartwright revived the study of at MIT in 1964, becoming friends and ocean circulation. With the applied math- tides, a subject that had become mostly mor- collaborators on diverse subjects over the ematician George Carrier, he linked ocean ibund in the twentieth century and which next 55 years. currents such as the Gulf Stream to the much is now centre-stage in understanding ocean e-mail: [email protected] 176 | NATURE | VOL 567 | 14 MARCH 2019 ©2019 Spri nger Nature Li mited. All ri ghts reserved. .
Recommended publications
  • See the Scientific Petition
    May 20, 2016 Implement the Endangered Species Act Using the Best Available Science To: Secretary Sally Jewell and Secretary Penny Prtizker We, the under-signed scientists, recommend the U.S. government place species conservation policy on firmer scientific footing by following the procedure described below for using the best available science. A recent survey finds that substantial numbers of scientists at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration believe that political influence at their agency is too high.i Further, recent species listing and delisting decisions appear misaligned with scientific understanding.ii,iii,iv,v,vi For example, in its nationwide delisting decision for gray wolves in 2013, the FWS internal review failed the best science test when reviewed by an independent peer-review panel.vii Just last year, a FWS decision not to list the wolverine ran counter to the opinions of agency and external scientists.viii We ask that the Departments of the Interior and Commerce make determinations under the Endangered Species Actix only after they make public the independent recommendations from the scientific community, based on the best available science. The best available science comes from independent scientists with relevant expertise who are able to evaluate and synthesize the available science, and adhere to standards of peer-review and full conflict-of-interest disclosure. We ask that agency scientific recommendations be developed with external review by independent scientific experts. There are several mechanisms by which this can happen; however, of greatest importance is that an independent, external, and transparent science-based process is applied consistently to both listing and delisting decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Seventy Years of Exploration in Oceanography: a Prolonged
    Seventy Years of Exploration in Oceanography Hans von Storch Klaus Hasselmann Seventy Years of Exploration in Oceanography A Prolonged Weekend Discussion with Walter Munk 123 Hans von Storch Klaus Hasselmann Institute of Coastal Research Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie GKSS Research Center Bundesstraße 55 Geesthacht 20146 Hamburg Germany Germany Center of Excellence CLISAP [email protected] University of Hamburg Germany [email protected] ISBN 978-3-642-12086-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-12087-9 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-12087-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010922341 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting and production: le-tex publishing services GmbH, Leipzig, Germany Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword – Carl Wunsch Many scientists are impatient with, and uninterested in, the history of their subject – and young scientists are universally urged to focus on what is not understood – to “exercise some imagination” – to look forward and not back.
    [Show full text]
  • Walter Heinrich Munk
    WALTER HEINRICH MUNK 19 october 1917 . 8 february 2019 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 163, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2019 biographical memoirs alter Heinrich Munk was a brilliant scholar and scientist who was considered one of the greatest oceanographers of W his time. He was born in Vienna, Austria in 1917 as the Austro-Hungarian Empire was declining and just before the death of one of its great artists, Gustav Klimt. Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler, who later changed her name to Hedy Lamarr to accommodate her film career, was one of Walter’s childhood friends.1 Walter’s mother, Rega Brunner,2 the daughter of a wealthy Jewish banker, divorced Walter’s father in 1927 and married Dr. Rudolf Engelsberg in 1928. By age 14, Walter apparently had not distinguished himself in his school studies and announced that he intended to become a ski instructor. Walter later claimed that it was this that caused his mother to send him to work at a family bank in New York. The validity of this claim should be tempered by the political turmoil in Germany and its proximity to Austria. In any case, Walter left Vienna in 1932. In New York, he attended Silver Bay Preparatory School for Boys on Lake George and then became a lowly employee in the Cassel Bank, which was associated with the family’s Brunner Bank in New York. In the meantime, Walter restarted his education at Columbia’s Extension School. He greatly disliked the work at the bank and apparently made a number of mistakes, which didn’t endear him to the owners of the Cassel Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Walter Munk and JASON By
    Walter Munk and JASON by Richard L. Garwin IBM Fellow Emeritus IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 www.fas.org/RLG/ (The “Garwin Archive”) Search it with, e.g., [site:fas.org/RLG/ “Walter Munk”] Email: [email protected] Walter Munk Legacy Symposium Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, CA October 17, 2019 _10/17/19_ Walter Munk and JASON.docx 1 I met Walter Munk probably in 1962, when I briefed the JASON group at its second summer study. But our paths had crossed much earlier, anonymously to be sure, when Walter survived the first thermonuclear explosion, on a small raft in the vast Pacific Ocean. This was the 10-megaton MIKE test on Enewetak Atoll, in the Marshall Islands. In a few minutes we’ll hear Walter’s account of the experience1. I came to know Walter well when I joined JASON in 1966, and I was able to benefit from his insights and experience. Since about 1957 I had worked almost half time with the President’s Science Advisor Committee (PSAC), created late that year by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Although not yet a PSAC member, I had been asked to chair its Military Aircraft Panel and its AntiSubmarine Warfare Panel. It was in that latter context that I appreciated Walter as a scientist—energetic, imaginative, bold, courageous, and thorough. We’ll see Walter later in this talk, commenting on JASON, but first I list the JASON reports which he authored, usually with others who drew on and extended Walter’s long experience and deep understanding of the oceans and the science and phenomenology involved.
    [Show full text]
  • Report for the Academic Year 1999
    l'gEgasag^a3;•*a^oggMaBgaBK>ry^vg^.g^._--r^J3^JBgig^^gqt«a»J^:^^^^^ Institute /or ADVANCED STUDY REPORT FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 1998-99 PRINCETON • NEW JERSEY HISTORICAL STUDIES^SOCIAl SC^JCE LIBRARY INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 08540 Institute /or ADVANCED STUDY REPORT FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 1 998 - 99 OLDEN LANE PRINCETON • NEW JERSEY • 08540-0631 609-734-8000 609-924-8399 (Fax) http://www.ias.edu Extract from the letter addressed by the Institute's Founders, Louis Bamberger and Mrs. FeUx Fuld, to the Board of Trustees, dated June 4, 1930. Newark, New Jersey. It is fundamental m our purpose, and our express desire, that in the appointments to the staff and faculty, as well as in the admission of workers and students, no account shall be taken, directly or indirectly, of race, religion, or sex. We feel strongly that the spirit characteristic of America at its noblest, above all the pursuit of higher learning, cannot admit of any conditions as to personnel other than those designed to promote the objects for which this institution is established, and particularly with no regard whatever to accidents of race, creed, or sex. ni' TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 • BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 7 • FOUNDERS, TRUSTEES AND OFFICERS OF THE BOARD AND OF THE CORPORATION 10 • ADMINISTRATION 12 • PRESENT AND PAST DIRECTORS AND FACULTY 15 REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN 18 • REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 22 • OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR - RECORD OF EVENTS 27 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 41 • REPORT OF THE SCHOOL OF HISTORICAL STUDIES FACULTY ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES MEMBERS, VISITORS,
    [Show full text]
  • Once Again: Once Againmtidal Friction
    Prog. Oceanog. Vol. 40~ pp. 7-35, 1997 © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Pergamon Printed in Great Britain PII: S0079-6611( 97)00021-9 0079-6611/98 $32.0(I Once again: once againmtidal friction WALTER MUNK Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolht, CA 92093-0225, USA Abstract - Topex/Poseidon (T/P) altimetry has reopened the problem of how tidal dissipation is to be allocated. There is now general agreement of a M2 dissipation by 2.5 Terawatts ( 1 TW = 10 ~2 W), based on four quite separate astronomic observational programs. Allowing for the bodily tide dissipation of 0.1 TW leaves 2.4 TW for ocean dissipation. The traditional disposal sites since JEFFREYS (1920) have been in the turbulent bottom boundary layer (BBL) of marginal seas, and the modern estimate of about 2.1 TW is in this tradition (but the distribution among the shallow seas has changed radically from time to time). Independent estimates of energy flux into the mar- ginal seas are not in good agreement with the BBL estimates. T/P altimetry has contributed to the tidal problem in two important ways. The assimilation of global altimetry into Laplace tidal solutions has led to accurate representations of the global tides, as evidenced by the very close agreement between the astronomic measurements and the computed 2.4 TW working of the Moon on the global ocean. Second, the detection by RAY and MITCHUM (1996) of small surface manifestation of internal tides radiating away from the Hawaiian chain has led to global estimates of 0.2 to 0.4 TW of conversion of surface tides to internal tides.
    [Show full text]
  • The Luck of Walter Munk
    015K1999_KP_LE_B_en.doc The Luck of Walter Munk Walter H. Munk We have been asked to talk about ourselves. For a title, I have chosen the title of a talk given by Roger Revelle in 1982*. I was born in Austria soon after the end of World War I. My grandfather Lucian Brunner [photo 1] was a Viennese banker with political ambitions. He ran for mayor on a reform platform and was thoroughly defeated. He became a socialist and changed the name of his bank from “Lucian Brunner” to “Österreichische Volksbank” (Austrian People’s Bank), but kept all the shares. Grandfather was intrigued by high technology. He was on the board of the “Südbahn,” the railroad that developed the audacious route from Vienna to Trieste, and he built funiculars in the Dolomites. This area is now in Italy, but was then part of Austria. At the time it would have made some sense for an Austrian to become an oceanographer. Austria had inherited the northern Adriatic, down to Venice, from Napoleon, had a Navy and was doing respectable ocean research. But by the time I grew up the country was landlocked, and becoming an oceanographer made no sense at all. Lucian’s daughter, my mother [photo 2], read botany at Newnham, one of the two women’s colleges at Cambridge University. It was then unheard of for a girl from the continent to go to university in England. She married my father at the end of the war. They were divorced when I was very young, and father went to live and ski in Kitzbuehel.
    [Show full text]
  • Villa Heimann-Rosenthala2 | Gartenansicht 2 3
    1 Villa Heimann-Rosenthala2 | Gartenansicht 2 3 a3 4 5 a4 6 a5 7 8 a6 9 10 a7 11 12 a8 13 a9 14 15 a10 16 17 a11 18 a12 19 20 a13 21 In View A Photo Essay by Arno Gisinger a1 Jewish Museum Hohenems / Villa Clara Heimann-Rosenthal, front a2 Jewish Museum Hohenems, back a3 Corner of former Jews’ Lane (left) and Christians’ Lane a4 Tenants of the former Jewish poorhouse (Burgauer house) a5 Former Jewish poorhouse, back a6 Salomon Sulzer Auditorium in the former synagogue a7 Square in front of the former synagogue with Brettauer house (left) and Sulzer house (right) a8 Tenant in the Brettauer house a9 Mikvah and former Jewish school before restoration a10 Emsbach a11 Villa Arnold Rosenthal (Schubertiade festival), back a12 Betting office in one of the court factors houses a13 View of the former Jew’s Lane between court factors houses and Sulzer house a14 - 26 Jewish Museum Hohenems, interior a27 Former Jewish poorhouse (left), in the former “Judenwinkel” (Jew’s Corner) a28 Tenants of the former “Judenwinkel” a29 Former inn “Zur Frohen Aussicht” (At the Happy Prospect) a30 Former Jewish school before restoration a31 Construction activity in the former Jewish quarter: Senior citizens home (right), Brunner house (left), and Elkan house (center) a32 Former court factors’ houses a33 View from the Emsbach a34 Tenants of the Kitzinger house a35 View from the Jewish quarter a36 The count’s palace a37 Jewish cemetery, entrance and hall a38 Jewish cemetery a39 Jewish cemetery [Israelitengasse in Hohenems, Fritz and Paul Tänzer (foreground), c.
    [Show full text]
  • Association Symposia and Workshops
    IAPSO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES OF THE OCEANS ASSOCIATION SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS Excerpt of “Earth: Our Changing Planet. Proceedings of IUGG XXIV General Assembly Perugia, Italy 2007” Compiled by Lucio Ubertini, Piergiorgio Manciola, Stefano Casadei, Salvatore Grimaldi Published on website: www.iugg2007perugia.it ISBN : 978-88-95852-24-9 Organized by IRPI High Patronage of the President of the Republic of Italy Patronage of Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri Ministero degli Affari Esteri Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare Ministero della Difesa Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca IUGG XXIV General Assembly July 2-13, 2007 Perugia, Italy SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE Paola Rizzoli Chairperson Usa President of the Scientific Program Committee Uri Shamir President of International Union of Geodesy and Israel Geophysics, IUGG Jo Ann Joselyn Secretary General of International Union of Usa Geodesy and Geophysics, IUGG Carl Christian Tscherning Secretary-General IAG International Association of Denmark Geodesy Bengt Hultqvist Secretary-General IAGA International Association Sweden of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Pierre Hubert Secretary-General IAHS International Association France of Hydrological Sciences Roland List Secretary-General IAMAS International Association Canada of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences Fred E. Camfield Secretary-General IAPSO International Association Usa for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans Peter Suhadolc Secretary-General IASPEI International Italy Association
    [Show full text]
  • Harold Clayton Urey Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4c6006zq Online items available Harold Clayton Urey Papers Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Copyright 2005 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 [email protected] URL: http://libraries.ucsd.edu/collections/sca/index.html Harold Clayton Urey Papers MSS 0044 1 Descriptive Summary Languages: English Contributing Institution: Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 Title: Harold Clayton Urey Papers Identifier/Call Number: MSS 0044 Physical Description: 90.3 Linear feet(157 archives boxes, 34 flat boxes, 5 card file boxes, 1 carton, and 9 art bin items) Date (inclusive): 1924-1981 (bulk 1958-1978) Abstract: Papers of Harold Clayton Urey, Nobel Prize-winning chemist who contributed to significant advances in the fields of physical chemistry, geochemistry, lunar science, and astrochemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium, and made key scientific contributions to the development of the atomic bomb during World War II. The papers span the years 1929 to 1981 and contain significant correspondence with Urey's fellow scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Leo Szilard, and Edward Teller. Scope and Content of Collection Papers of Harold Clayton Urey, Nobel Prize-winning chemist who contributed to significant advances in the fields of physical chemistry, geochemistry, lunar science, and astrochemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium, and made key scientific contributions to the development of the atomic bomb during World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematics, Science, Engineering. By- Fontaine, Thomas D
    REPORT RESUMES ED 011 860 SE 001 661 COURSE AND CURRICULUM IMPROVEMENT PROTECTSMATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, ENGINEERING. BY- FONTAINE, THOMAS D. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, WASHINGTON C.C. REPORT NUMBER NSF -66 -22 PUB DATE SEP 66 EDRS PRICE MF -$0.i$ HC -$5.00 125P. DESCRIPTORS- *COLLEGE SCIENCE, *CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT, *ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SCIENCE, *SCIENCE COURSE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT, *SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE, BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, COLLEGE MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL MATHEMATICS, EARTH SCIENCE, PSYCHOLOGY, PHYSICS, SECONDARY SCHOOL MATHEMATICS, SOCIAL SCIENCES, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, EARTH SCIENCE CURRICULUM PROJECT, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES CURRICULUM STUDY, CHEMICAL BOND APPROACH ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY, AND COLLEGE LEVEL SCIENCE COURSE IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS ARE DESCRIBED. INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL AND ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE. MANY OF THE PROJECTS REPRESENT COMPLETE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND INCLUDE SUCH MATERIALS AS STUDENT TEXTBOOKS, LABORATORY MANUALS, SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS, TEACHER GUIDES, FILMS, AND OTHER AUDIOVISUAL AIDS. OTHERS ARE NARROWER IN SCOPE AND INVOLVE SUCH ACTIVITIES AS THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL AIDS, LABORATORY EXERCISES, AND DEMONSTRATION EQUIPMENT. INFORMATION CONCERNING THE PROJECTS INCLUDES (1) THE PROJECT TITLE,(2) THE NAME OF THE PROJECT DIRECTOR, (3) THE RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM,(4) A BRIEF HISTORY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT INCLUDING ITS CURRENT STATUS AND ANTICIPATED FUTURE ACTIVITIES,(5) A LIST OF MATERIALS THAT HAVE BEEN PREPARED BY THE PROJECT STAFF, AND (6) BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
    [Show full text]
  • Researchcoastengineer00wiegrich.Pdf
    Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California University History Series Robert L. Wiegel COASTAL ENGINEERING: RESEARCH, CONSULTING, AND TEACHING, 1946-1997 With Introductions by Rodney J. Sobey and Orville Magoon An Interview Conducted by Eleanor Swent in 1997 Underwritten by The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Copyright 1997 by the Regents' of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the Nation. Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ************************************ All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Robert L. Wiegel dated January 8, 1997. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]