Invasive Plant Phenology Report April 2018

Technical Forestry Bulletin • NRES-1602 Invasive Plant Phenology Report April 2018

Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

This University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry Bulletin flowering, some trees with a series provides monthly reports on the development of few flowers remaining. Leaves invasive plant species in Illinois. Reports are summarized by expanding region and produced from field observations collected • Multiflora rose (Rosa between the 8th and 14th of each month. multiflora) – Leaves expanding

Phenology is the study of seasonal natural phenomena. This Southwest observational project tracks the phenology of invasive plant • Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus species in Illinois throughout the growing season, noting when altissima) - Bud scales plants initiate growth, start flowering, ripen seeds, become beginning to separate; no seed dormant, etc. Data on the phenology of invasive plants is pods remain critical information for the development of effective • Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) - management programs. Dormant with very few seed pods persisting Reporting Regions April 2018 General Summary • Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Leaves beginning April moves us into the period of rapid change in terms of to break bud and leafing out invasive plant phenology. Every week new species are • Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) - Dormant breaking bud, coming into bloom, starting to bolt, or setting fruit. Large differences occur between the regions and even • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Dead stalks mostly gone and rosettes actively growing. Larger specimens up to from site to site within a region. Small differences in aspect, 15” wide. First year plants ~1-2” temperature and rainfall can significantly alter phenology at • Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Seedlings and rosettes actively this time of year. growing

• Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) – Variable, with leaf Regional Reports buds swelling/breaking on some plants, leaves expanding South and flower buds visible on others • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Buds just beginning to • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Most 2nd year plants break dormancy bolting, some already in flower. New germinates present • Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - Plants actively growing • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Rosettes full and stem shoots, buds expanding, old leaves drooping on actively growing. No signs of bolting yet branches, and new leaves present on ground vegetation • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) – in flower, leaves expanding • Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - Actively growing Interested in becoming an invasive plant phenology with newly grown light green leaves observer? • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) – Most individuals fully leafed out The University of Illinois Extension Forestry Program relies on • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – flower buds observations from volunteers to produce the monthly invasive present, leaves 1/2 way expanded plant phenology report. Anyone interested in becoming a • Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) – new volunteer observer should contact Chris Evans, Extension germinates present Forester at (618) 695-3383 or [email protected]. Volunteers • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Past peak are asked to make monthly observations on three to four invasive species in their area.

University of Illinois • Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences • Extension Forestry

April 2018 NRES-1602 U of I Extension | Technical Forestry Bulletin

• English ivy (Hedera helix) - Leaves green and turgid; no break berries remaining • Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) - Buds • Japanese hops (Humulus japonicus) - Dormant beginning to swell; some shriveled black berries persist • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) – Leaves nearing full expansion; branches elongating in some • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Small closed buds areas; stems red present • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – Leafing out • White mulberry (Morus alba) - Bud swelling Northeast • Beefsteak plant (Perilla frutescens) - Seedlings present • Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) - Dormant ~1/2” tall • • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Dormant; seed Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) - Rosettes showing signs of heads about half dispersed and half remaining expansion/new growth • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) – Entire plants leafing • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Rosettes actively out; hips still present (~60% turned brown) on few growing. with some specimen up to 10” diameter individuals • Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Rosettes showing expansion and • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Leaflets ~1-2” long with new growth, some up to 10” in diameter two seed leaves up to full rosettes with many leaflets • Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) - Dormant • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate) - Buds beginning to • Periwinkle (Vinca minor) - Full bloom swell • Creeping Charlie (Glechoma hederacea) - New runners West Central forming • Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Dormant • Tawny day lily (Hemerocallis fulva) - Leaf tips browned/ • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Second year plants damaged by frost are 3-4” tall in some places, bright green color • Bush honeysuckle spp. (Lonicera spp.) - All of the • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Rosettes robust varieties of bush honeysuckle have had bud break with up to 10” tall several of the varieties showing modest leaf expansion. • Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Rosettes well-developed, some 4- 6” diameter • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Buds swelling and • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) - Most plants nearing bud break exhibiting leaf emergence and some just breaking bud • Miscanthus sp. (Miscanthus sp.) - Dormant • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – Some plants • White mulberry (Morus alba) - Buds swelling and some buds dormant, others with buds swelling and breaking, and more plants with leaf emergence between 1/2-1” breaking, but not leafing out yet • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Rosettes up to 5” tall • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Dormant • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Dormant, • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Buds swelling brown but not breaking • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Partial to full • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Buds are starting to bloom in all escaped populations swell and expand • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) – Leaves emerging on most plants, and bud swelling/breaking on others; other • White (hybrid) cattail (Typha ×glauca) - Dormant with

locations remaining dormant seed spikes continuing to release achenes attached to • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Leaves emerging with fluffy hair stems ~3” long

East Central

No observations submitted for this region

Northwest • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Rosettes growing wider and taller • Bush honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) – Leaf buds beginning to

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Using phenology data to inform invasive plant management • Chemical treatments to annual or biennial plants should be applied before the plants start flowering • Once annual or biennial plants have fruit forming, the most effective control measure is mechanically removing the plant, making sure to remove the fruits/seeds from the area. When the fruit start to mature and fall off of the plant, mechanical treatments should be halted • When fruit mature on some invasive plants, such as garlic mustard Japanese stiltgrass, and Japanese chaff flower, care should be taken to avoid accidentally spreading the seeds of these plants. • Chemical treatments on woody invasive plants should not be applied after bud swell/bud break until the plants have reached full leaf expansion • Foliar chemical treatments should be applied to healthy, green, actively-growing foliage. When the foliage starts to turn its fall color, then foliar treatments are not effective Common and scientific names adhere to:

ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). 2016. Online Database (http://www.itis.gov, 1 January 2016). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Invasive plant observations used to produce this report were provided by the following individuals:

Bob Arevalo, Debbie Bruce, Karen DePoister, Sharon Geil, Molly Lovelock, Mona Maas, Pamela Moriearty, Phyllis Schulte About the author(s): Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. Recommended citation: Evans, C.W. and K. Rohling 2018. Invasive Plant Phenology Report April 2018. University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry Bulletin. NRES-1602-201804. Urbana, IL. 3p.

Information provided within this bulletin is for informational purposes only. Reference to specific external websites, trade names, commercial products, companies, or individuals does not imply endorsement by University of Illinois Extension, nor is discrimination intended against any that are not listed.

The Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and Extension Forestry at the University of Illinois would like to thank and acknowledge the Renewable Resources Extension Act (RREA) and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture for Extension Forestry program funding.

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page. 3 Visit the U of I Extension Forestry website at [http://forestry.illinois.edu] Technical Forestry Bulletin • NRES-1602 Invasive Plant Phenology Report May 2018

Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

This University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus Bulletin series provides monthly reports on the calleryana) - Fully leafed out development of invasive plant species in Illinois. Reports and beginning to form fruits are summarized by region and produced from field • Multiflora rose (Rosa observations collected between the 8th and 14th of each multiflora) – Leafed out and month. nearing flowering stage

Phenology is the study of seasonal natural phenomena. Southwest This observational project tracks the phenology of invasive • Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus plant species in Illinois throughout the growing season, altissima) - Fully leafed out; noting when plants initiate growth, start flowering, ripen new branch growth up to 2’; seeds, become dormant, etc. Data on the phenology of flower panicles expanding invasive plants is critical information for the development especially on longer branch of effective management programs. tips • Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) - Reporting Regions May 2018 General Summary Leaves expanding at branch May marks the beginning of the summer season for many tips; no seed pods remain invasive species. Teasels, poison hemlock, wild parsnip, • Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Fully leafed out; musk thistle, crown vetch, and others are blooming (or no flowers seen yet nearly so) along roadsides in Illinois. Most of the woody • Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) - Fully leafed invasive species have finished their spring flush of growth out; flower buds present on lower branches and and are now vulnerable to herbicide treatments. Garlic blooming in upper branches mustard, while still in flower in northern Illinois, has moved • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Stems bolted up beyond the point where herbicides are effective, to 6’ tall in some places and beginning to flower necessitating hand pulling for control in the southern • Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Rosettes 4-14" tall region. • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) – Fully leafed out; some plants in full bloom and others still with flower Regional Reports buds • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Fully leafed out; some South in full bloom • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – 2nd year plants • Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - New growth on flowering and forming siliques; 1st year plants actively ground 1-1.5" long and turgid; new growth on branches growing flaccid and ~3" long • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Plants beginning to bolt and flower Interested in becoming an invasive plant phenology • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) – Most plants observer? past flowering; leaves fully expanded • Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - Actively growing The University of Illinois Extension Forestry Program relies on • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) – Fully observations from volunteers to produce the monthly invasive leafed out and actively growing plant phenology report. Anyone interested in becoming a • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – Most plants volunteer observer should contact Chris Evans, Extension in full bloom and fully leafed out Forester at (618) 695-3383 or [email protected]. Volunteers • Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum) – are asked to make monthly observations on three to four invasive Actively growing species in their area.

University of Illinois • Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences • Extension Forestry

May 2018 NRES-1602 U of I Extension | Technical Forestry Bulletin

• English ivy (Hedera helix) - New growth at tips both • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Second year on ground and on branches; no flower buds seen yet rosettes with full leaves but not yet bolting • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) – Rapidly • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Plants in full growing stems; no flowers or buds seen bloom in many locations and some flowers fading; • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – Fully leafed other locations flower buds not yet breaking out and most in full bloom • Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum umbellatum) - Flower • White mulberry (Morus alba) - Fully leafed out with buds not yet opening some flowers still present and fruits forming • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Second year rosettes • Beefsteak plant (Perilla frutescens) - Stems 1-2' tall, with full leaves but not yet bolting red at base; some stems from last year still standing • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Buds forming; no • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Stems up flowers seen yet to 3’ tall; flower heads forming on tallest plants • Crownvetch (Securigera varia)- Fully leafed out • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Plants 4-5’ tall

• Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Fruits developing ~1/4” ; stems of unfertilized flowers Northwest present • Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Appears • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) – Fully leafed out; dormant flower buds at branch tips, largest shows slight separation between sepals • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Second year • Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) - Stems 1-2' plants reached full height and in full flower; some tall locations forming fruit • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Stems 12-15" tall • Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Leaves fully • Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) - Up to 15” tall; a leafed out few plants from previous year with seed still falling • Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) - Rosettes • Periwinkle (Vinca minor) - A few flowers remain; leafed out but not yet bolting active growth of leaves and stems • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Second-year West Central plants approx 1 1/2 - 2" tall and beginning to bolt

• Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Some plants with mature • Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Leafing out of ends of branches/trunks; lower-level branches and basal leaves; not quite bolting yet buds just beginning to break bud and leaf out • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate) - Fully flowering • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Second-year in most locations with some plants’ flowers not yet plants flowering and 10-12” high; first year plants 4- opening; other locations not fully leafed out 6” tall • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Beginning to flower • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Bolting to 30 - 36” ta;;, stems 1" diameter at base • Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) - Leafing out • Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Rosette leaves ~10” long with rapid growth • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – Full flowering • Dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) - Bolting in some locations; still leafing out in some locations • Japanese hops (Humulus japonica) - Leaves emerging • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Bolting to 30 inches tall • Bush honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) – Leaves fully leafed out; over half flowering in some locations • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Actively growing • White mulberry (Morus alba) - Fully leafed out • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Full • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Second year plants flowering and leafing out leafed out but not bolting; first year plants with ~8” • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) – Flowering leaves completed and about half with rose hips forming; fully leafed out • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Leaves • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Leaves emerging with emerging, ~18” tall stems ~5-6” long • Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) - Leafing out East Central with some plants near full leaf out

• Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Blooming; seed • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Leaves nearing full pods forming to fully formed in some locations leaf-out; no flower buds seen

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• Crownvetch (Securigera varia)- Fully leafed out; plants 6-12” tall Using phenology data to inform invasive plant Northeast management • Chemical treatments to annual or biennial plants • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – In full bloom should be applied before the plants start flowering • Yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris) - In full bloom • Once annual or biennial plants have fruit forming, the most effective control measure is mechanically • Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) - Leaves ~4-6” long; removing the plant, making sure to remove the fruits/ expanding seeds from the area. When the fruit start to mature and fall off of the plant, mechanical treatments should • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Rosettes be halted actively growing • When fruit mature on some invasive plants, such as • Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Rosettes still expanding garlic mustard Japanese stiltgrass, and Japanese chaff flower, care should be taken to avoid accidentally • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate) - Leafed out and spreading the seeds of these plants. flowering • Chemical treatments on woody invasive plants should • not be applied after bud swell/bud break until the Bush honeysuckle spp. (Lonicera spp.) - Leaves plants have reached full leaf expansion emerging/expanding; fire-damaged plants resprouting • Foliar chemical treatments should be applied to at base healthy, green, actively-growing foliage. When the • Morrow’s honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) - Leaves foliage starts to turn its fall color, then foliar treatments are not effective continuing to expand and flower buds are present Common and scientific names adhere to: • Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) - Leaves still expanding and flower buds are present ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). 2016. Online Database (http://www.itis.gov, 1 January 2016). Smithsonian • Bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) - All plants Institution, Washington, DC. leafed out; some plants developing flower buds Invasive plant observations used to produce this • Sweet clover spp. (Melilotus spp.) - Actively growing, report were provided by the following individuals: plants up to 10” tall • White mulberry (Morus alba) - Leafing out and leaves Duane Ambroz, Bob Arevalo, Evan Barker, Debbie Bruce, Michael Davis, Karen DePoister, Chris Evans, Margaret Evans, S.A. “Fen” expanding Fenwick, Sharon Geil, Douglas Kaufman-Dickson Molly Lovelock, Mona Maas, Adam J. Mikolajczyk, Pamela Moriearty, Kevin • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Actively growing up Rohling, Phyllis Schulte, Delane M. Strohmeyer, Ann Whitney to 18” tall About the author(s): • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Plants 10- Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist, 12” tall Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Most specimens University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. are between 12" and 18" tall; some up to 3’ tall Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Full bloom Urbana-Champaign. • Glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) - Flower buds Recommended citation: formed but not open, about 50% leaf expansion Evans, C.W. and K. Rohling 2018. Invasive Plant Phenology • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Leaves expanding Report May 2018. University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry Bulletin. NRES-1602-201805. Urbana, IL. 3p.

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page. 3 Visit the U of I Extension Forestry website at [http://forestry.illinois.edu] Technical Forestry Bulletin  NRES-1602 Invasive Plant Phenology Report June 2018

Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

This University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry  Japanese stiltgrass Bulletin series provides monthly reports on the (Microstegium vimineum) – development of invasive plant species in Illinois. Reports Vegetative growth ~ 12” high are summarized by region and produced from field  Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) observations collected between the 8th and 14th of each - Flowering month.  Princess tree (Paulownia Phenology is the study of seasonal natural phenomena. tomentosa) - Past bloom, leaves This observational project tracks the phenology of invasive expanding, immature fruit plant species in Illinois throughout the growing season, present noting when plants initiate growth, start flowering, ripen  Reed canary grass (Phalaris seeds, become dormant, etc. Data on the phenology of arundinacea) - Blooming invasive plants is critical information for the development  Phragmites (Phragmites of effective management programs. australis) - Vegetative growth, June 2018 General Summary no flower development observed Reporting Regions June transitions us from late spring into early summer, when some spring flowering species are setting seed or  Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus developing fruits, others are beginning to bloom, and still calleryana) - Full leaf out; fruits forming others are developing resources to use at a later time. As  Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Past bloom, immature was the case last year, poison hemlock and wild parsnip are fruit developing either in bloom or just past in all regions. Several grass  Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) - Flower heads starting species are either flowering or nearing flowering stage. to developing but not yet open Teasel in the south are nearing flowering stage, but are not as far along as they were in June 2017. Southwest

Regional Reports  Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Fully leafed out South with fruits to ~1" long  Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) - Starting to bloom (~5%);  Japanese chaff flower (Achyranthes japonica) – Vegetative fully leafed out growth 12”-18” high  Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Fully leafed out;  Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) – Full bloom no flower buds present  Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Setting seed  Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) - Brown with seeds still firmly  Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Flowering but attached past peak; fruit developing  Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) - Flower buds developing but no flowers yet Interested in becoming an invasive plant phenology  Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - bolting but no observer? flower buds observed  Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) – Immature fruit The University of Illinois Extension Forestry Program relies on developing, full leaf expansion observations from volunteers to produce the monthly invasive  Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) – Still blooming plant phenology report. Anyone interested in becoming a  Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – Full leaf volunteer observer should contact Chris Evans, Extension expansion, past flowering, immature fruit developing Forester at (618) 695-3383 or [email protected]. Volunteers are asked to make monthly observations on three to four invasive  Sweet clover spp. (Melilotus spp.) - Blooming species in their area.

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June 2018 NRES-1602 U of I Extension | Technical Forestry Bulletin

 Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) - Green  Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Multiple white berries present; up to 1/4" umbels, with most flowers open; stems up to 6’ tall  Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Plants up to 7',  Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Bolting with 5 or more pairs of full bloom with some forming seed serrated leaves  Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Second-year plants ~2' tall with  Yellow sweet clover spp. (Melilotus officinalis) - Full some plants not yet bolting; myriads of tiny first-year flower plants under most of the rosettes  Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Plants with multiple  Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) – Small fruits to umbels, some flowers open in some areas; other areas ~1/4" long, green with brown speckles in full flower  Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Fully leafed out with  Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Flowering in some areas; likely with seed developed in some areas fruits forming, 1-3 parts up to 1/3" long  Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - Flower buds East Central present, very tight (only on branches in trees); leaves on branches drooping, 3-4" and somewhat olive green;  Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Seeds are beginning actively growing to turn black and hard on most plants  English ivy (Hedera helix) - Vines actively growing  Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) - Beginning to both on ground and on branches in trees; flower buds flower forming  Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) - In full flower, and  Japanese hops (Humulus japonicus) - No sign of flowers some seeds are starting to mature yet; leaves not yet full-sized but sprawling over other  Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – Going out of plants flower and seeds are beginning to develop  Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) - Stems to 4' tall  Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Fully bolting, but with flower buds in stem axils where leaves are fully not yet flowering grown  Bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) - Flowering, with  Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) – Actively some development of seeds growing with scattered populations in bloom  Yellow sweet clover spp. (Melilotus officinalis) - Forming  Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – No longer seeds flowering; tiny berries present, ~2mm  White sweet clover spp. (Melilotus alba) - Beginning to  White mulberry (Morus alba) - Fruits gone flower  Beefsteak plant (Perilla frutescens) - From 1-12”  Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - In full flower, and some depending on light; not yet flowering seeds are starting to mature  Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Plants 6-12’ tall; not  Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Seedheads are yet flowering; no seed remaining in last year’s plants half full of hardened, developed seeds

 Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - In full bloom Northwest with stalks up to 7' tall in moist areas, most ~4' tall  Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Hard green  Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Done flowering fruits about 1/3" wide with brown speckles and seeds set in some areas; some plants beginning to  Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) – Bountiful green hips, bolt in other areas still ovary-sized with sepals present  Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – In full flower  Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - In full bloom and  Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Rosettes growing growing overtop other vegetation vigorously, with some adding a second leaf ring;  Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) - Stalks to 2.5'; a few bolting in other areas, 1-3’ tall plants beginning to flower  Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate) - Flower buds have  Periwinkle (Vinca minor) - No longer flowering; vines mostly dried and dropped off; some immature fruit growing slowly present  Bush honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) – Mature red fruit West Central observed on most specimens (likely L. tartarica)  Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Seed pods  Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) – Most plants developing in some areas, fully developed and between flowering and developing fruits beginning to dry in other areas; occasional flowers on  Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Bolting with plants 3 - lower stems in some areas 5' tall; no sign of seedheads  Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) - Full flower

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 Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) - Fully leafed Using phenology data to inform invasive plant out and small green berries present management  Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - White flowers just  Chemical treatments to annual or biennial plants should be emerging in some areas; flowers beginning to fade and applied before the plants start flowering fruit forming in other areas  Once annual or biennial plants have fruit forming, the most  Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Most plants in full effective control measure is mechanically removing the plant, making sure to remove the fruits/seeds from the area. bloom When the fruit start to mature and fall off of the plant, mechanical treatments should be halted Northeast  When fruit mature on some invasive plants, such as garlic mustard Japanese stiltgrass, and Japanese chaff flower, care  Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) – Seeds setting should be taken to avoid accidentally spreading the seeds of  Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) - Nearing full bloom in these plants. some areas; 1-3’ tall; not quite flowering yet in other  Chemical treatments on woody invasive plants should not areas be applied after bud swell/bud break until the plants have  Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) - In full bloom reached full leaf expansion  Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) – In full bloom  Foliar chemical treatments should be applied to healthy, green, actively-growing foliage. When the foliage starts to  Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Some plants bolting and other turn its fall color, then foliar treatments are not effective plants with rosettes 2-8” in diameter; flower heads Common and scientific names adhere to: beginning to appear  Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate) - Fruit appears to ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). 2016. have begun to set but aborted in at least one location Online Database (http://www.itis.gov, 1 January 2016).  Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Some plants are Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. still blooming; others beginning to form fruits Invasive plant observations used to produce this  Morrow’s honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) - Fruit is report were provided by the following individuals: forming  Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) - Fruiting Bob Arevalo, Tom Caldwell, Michael Daab, Karen DePoister, Chris Evans, Sharon Geil, Douglas Kaufman-  Bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) - Full bloom Dickson, Molly Lovelock, Pamela Moriearty, Phyllis  Yellow sweet clover spp. (Melilotus officinalis) - Most Schulte, Ann Whitney plants in full bloom; some plants in bolting stage About the author(s):  Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - In full bloom  Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Flowers Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist, Department of Natural Resources & fading, but no seed present yet Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-  Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Fruit is Champaign. setting and expanding Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician, Department of  Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Flowering with some Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, University flowers starting to fade but no fruit as yet. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.  Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - In full bloom Recommended citation:

Evans, C.W. and K. Rohling 2018. Invasive Plant Phenology Report April 2018. University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry Bulletin. NRES-1602- 201806. Urbana, IL. 3p.

Information provided within this bulletin is for informational purposes only. Reference to specific external websites, trade names, commercial products, companies, or individuals does not imply endorsement by University of Illinois Extension, nor is discrimination intended against any that are not listed.

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Visit the U of I Extension Forestry website at [http://forestry.illinois.edu] page. 3 Technical Forestry Bulletin • NRES-1602 Invasive Plant Phenology Report July 2018

Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

This University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry Bulletin • Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza series provides monthly reports on the development of invasive cuneate) - Near full height; no plant species in Illinois. Reports are summarized by region and flowers yet produced from field observations collected between the 8th and • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera 14th of each month. japonica) - Some plants still flowering Phenology is the study of seasonal natural phenomena. This • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera observational project tracks the phenology of invasive plant maackii) - Immature fruits species in Illinois throughout the growing season, noting when • Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) plants initiate growth, start flowering, ripen seeds, become - Immature fruits present dormant, etc. Data on the phenology of invasive plants is critical • Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium information for the development of effective management vimineum) – Plants ~3’ in some programs. locations; not flowering yet • Chinese silvergrass July 2018 General Summary (Miscanthus sinensis) - Not Reporting Regions flowering yet July brings intense summer heat to Illinois and a shift in invasive plant development. Most of the spring-flowering species are • Princess tree forming seeds or even senescing while the summer plants start to (Paulownia tomentosa) - Done flowering and fruits forming bloom. Most of the woody invasive species have immature fruit. • Common reed (Phragmites australis) - Nearing full height but not flowering Regional Reports • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Seed mostly fallen out South • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Fruits nearly fully formed, but not yet mature • Japanese chaff flower (Achyranthes japonica) - Nearing full • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Rose hips present ~1/4” wide height in some areas; flower spikes beginning to form • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Flowering and forming seed • Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Samaras developed but seed not cured yet • Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) - Flowering

• Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) - Most plants nearly done Southwest flowering • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Second-year plants • Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Samaras fully grown and senesced and readily dropping seed; first-year rosettes changing color; reddest color at furthest branch ends present • Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) - Seed pods up to 6” long; full • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Fully senesced and bloom in some areas dropping seed • Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya) - Bulbils near fully formed Interested in becoming an invasive plant phenology • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Full bloom observer? • Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) - Just past bloom • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) - Immature fruits present The University of Illinois Extension Forestry Program relies on • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Fruits beginning to form observations from volunteers to produce the monthly invasive • Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - Berries beginning to plant phenology report. Anyone interested in becoming a form on vines in trees volunteer observer should contact Chris Evans, Extension • Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) - Flowering Forester at (618) 695-3383 or [email protected]. Volunteers are asked to make monthly observations on three to four invasive • Japanese hops (Humulus japonicus) - Rapidly growing; not flowering yet species in their area.

University of Illinois • Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences • Extension Forestry

July 2018 NRES-1602 U of I Extension | Technical Forestry Bulletin

• Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Fully leafed out • Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) - Full flower • Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) - Fruits to 1/3", • Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Full bloom green and nearly round • Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) - Full bloom • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Variable with some • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Flower buds developed, plants fully senesced and others still blooming where but not yet flowering in some areas; full flower elsewhere impacted by mowing and stormwater; seeds green or brown • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) - Immature fruits present but still firmly attached • Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneate) - Plants up to 3’ tall, • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Flower buds developed, actively developing side branches; no flowering observed but not flowering yet • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Immature fruits • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) - Immature fruits • forming; a few leaves turning yellow Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) - Full bloom • • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Fruits present; fully leafed White sweetclover (Melilotus alba) - Flowering out • Yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis) - Mostly gone to • Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - Flower buds present on seed, a few still flowering branches in trees; leaves on branches drooping; actively • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Some flowring and others growing on ground especially where cut setting seed and dying back • English ivy (Hedera helix) - Actively growing on the ground, • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Dropping seed but not appearing to lengthen in trees; flower clusters • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Nearing full height, 5-6’ expanded at end of branches but flower buds still closed tall, no flower development

• Japanese hops (Humulus japonicus) - Rapidly growing; not • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Full bloom flowering yet East Central • Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneate) - Stems to 5’ tall with flower buds at branchlet ends, but not blooming yet • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Gone to seed and most • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Immature berries second-year plants senesced forming • • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) - Actively growing Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Flower buds are with occasional flowering and many flower buds present beginning to open • White mulberry (Morus alba) - Branches actively growing • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Leafed out; no flowers • Beefsteak plant (Perilla frutescens) - Plant height from 2” to 2’ present in some locations tall; not flowering yet Northwest • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Seeds mature and falling readily; stems still green • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Second-year plants fully • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Nearing full height, but not senesced; first-year plants in rosette form forming flowers yet • Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Fully leafed out • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Fruits hard and ~1/2" green with brown speckles • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Fully flowered and • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Bountiful green hips to forming seeds; some starting to senesce 1/4", sepals still present • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Flower buds developed, • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Still blooming and flower and beginning to bloom buds present; seed heads also forming • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Fully leafed out • Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) - Stems up to 7’ tall and • Bush honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) - Fruits ripe and starting to flowering dry in some areas • Periwinkle (Vinca minor) - No flowers; vines growing, but more slowly than spring • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Leafed out, not blooming West Central • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Near full height, but not • Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Fruit full-sized and yet flowering yellow-orange in color • Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) - Fully leafed out • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Seed set and leaves senesced in most areas; first year seedlings established with small green berries increasing in size • Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) - Some flowering and others • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Finished flowering with setting seed small 1/8" to 1/4" fruits forming • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Seeds maturing, plants dying back, nearly dry Northeast

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• Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Second-year plants Using phenology data to inform invasive plant senescing and dropping seed management • Field brome (Bromus arvensis) - Seed fully formed • Chemical treatments to annual or biennial plants should be applied before the plants start flowering • Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) - Flowers present and most just beginning to open in some areas; plants beginning to • Once annual or biennial plants have fruit forming, the most effective control measure is mechanically removing the senesce and some seed dropping in other areas plant, making sure to remove the fruits/seeds from the area. When the fruit start to mature and fall off of the plant, • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Beginning to senesce, mechanical treatments should be halted but not dropping seed yet • When fruit mature on some invasive plants, such as garlic • Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) - Most plants are in full mustard Japanese stiltgrass, and Japanese chaff flower, care should be taken to avoid accidentally spreading the seeds of bloom these plants. • Teasel (Dipsacus spp) - Flower buds fully formed on most • Chemical treatments on woody invasive plants should not plants but flowers are not open yet be applied after bud swell/bud break until the plants have reached full leaf expansion • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellate) - Fruits forming • Foliar chemical treatments should be applied to healthy, • Tawny day lily (Hemerocallis fulva) - Flower buds formed but green, actively-growing foliage. When the foliage starts to not yet blooming turn its fall color, then foliar treatments are not effective • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - No longer flowering, Common and scientific names adhere to: but not yet developing fruits ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). 2016. Online • Morrow’s honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) - Fruit fully ripe Database (http://www.itis.gov, 1 January 2016). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. with some beginning to mature • Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) - Fruit is fully ripe Invasive plant observations used to produce this report were provided by the following individuals: • Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) - Full bloom • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Two thirds in full bloom Bob Arevalo, Chris Evans, Margaret Evans, Karen DePoister, S.A. Fenwick, Sharon Geil, Molly Lovelock, Mary Marsh, Kevin Rohling, with no senescence and one third leaves yellowing and seed Phyllis Schulte, Terri Treacy, Ann Whitney fully ripe About the author(s): • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Seed is present and Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist, fully mature Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Fruit is set and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. appears to be fully expanded Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician, Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Rose hips forming Recommended citation: • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Full bloom Evans, C.W. and K. Rohling 2018. Invasive Plant Phenology Report • Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) - Full bloom July 2018. University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry Bulletin. • Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) - Flowers just starting NRES-1602-201807. Urbana, IL. 3p. to open

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page. 3 Visit the U of I Extension Forestry website at [http://forestry.illinois.edu] Technical Forestry Bulletin • NRES-1602 Invasive Plant Phenology Report August 2018

Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences

This University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry Bulletin • Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza series provides monthly reports on the development of invasive cuneate) - Most plants flowering plant species in Illinois. Reports are summarized by region and • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera produced from field observations collected between the 8th and japonica) - Some plants still 14th of each month. flowering; others with green fruits ~1/4” Phenology is the study of seasonal natural phenomena. This • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera observational project tracks the phenology of invasive plant maackii) - Immature fruits ~1/8” species in Illinois throughout the growing season, noting when • Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) plants initiate growth, start flowering, ripen seeds, become - Immature fruits ~1/8-1/4” dormant, etc. Data on the phenology of invasive plants is critical • Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium information for the development of effective management vimineum) – Plants ~6’ tall in programs. some locations; not flowering • Chinese silvergrass August 2018 General Summary (Miscanthus sinensis) - Some plants Reporting Regions flowering In August, many herbaceous plants have set seed and are either progressing towards dormancy or are developing first year • Princess tree rosettes in the case of biennials such as poison hemlock and the (Paulownia tomentosa) - Fruits developing teasels. One exception is phragmites, which is just beginning to • Common reed (Phragmites australis) - Flowering bloom. Most woody invasive plants are developing fruits and • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Seed mostly dispersed seeds before entering a period of senescence as fall approaches. • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Fruits fully formed

• Regional Reports Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Rose hips present ~1/4” wide • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Setting seed South • Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) - Seed is dispersing

• Japanese chaff flower (Achyranthes japonica) - Full bloom; Southwest some plants up to 6’ tall • Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Samaras developed and • Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) - Samaras developed and seed appears to be cured seed appears to be cured • Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) - A few plants still flowering, • Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) - A few plants still flowering, most most with seed pods ~6” long with seed pods ~6” long • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Second-year plants • Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Fully leafed out; no senesced and dessicating; first-year rosettes present flowers observed, but did not flower last year • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Fully senesced and dropping seed; first year rosettes present Interested in becoming an invasive plant phenology • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - A few still flowering; observer? most curing but not yet dropping seed • Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) - Done flowering, but not The University of Illinois Extension Forestry Program relies on yet dropping seed observations from volunteers to produce the monthly invasive • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) - Fruits nearly ripe plant phenology report. Anyone interested in becoming a • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Fruits green and developing volunteer observer should contact Chris Evans, Extension • Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - Berries 1/8-1/4” Forester at (618) 695-3383 or [email protected]. Volunteers • Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus) - Still flowering are asked to make monthly observations on three to four invasive • Japanese hops (Humulus japonicus) - Flowering species in their area.

University of Illinois • Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences • Extension Forestry

August 2018 NRES-1602 U of I Extension | Technical Forestry Bulletin

• Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus) - Fruits round and • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Second year plants nearly ripening with salmon/light orange husks done flowering with leaves turning brown at base; rosettes • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Fully senesced and green dropping seed • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) - Immature fruits growing • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Most flowering and larger but still green, but soft some finished flowering; first year rosettes present • Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneate) - Blooming • Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) - Fruits mostly immature • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Immature fruits with some nearly ripe up to 1/4” growing larger but still very hard • Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Fruits green and • White sweetclover (Melilotus alba) - Gone to seed developing up to 1/4” • Yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis) - Gone to seed • Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) - Finishing bloom period • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Seeds readily dropping and and beginning to form fruits leaves senesced • English ivy (Hedera helix) - ~5% of plants beginning to • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Continuing to drop bloom; green berries present where petals are gone seed with most leaves brown • Japanese hops (Humulus japonicus) - Actively growing • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Immature rose hips present overtop other vegetation; flower buds forming East Central • Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneate) - Most plants flowering • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Immature green fruits • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Seed dropped in second up to ~1/4” year plants; first year rosettes forming • Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) - Blooming; many • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Fruit maturing buds at branch ends • White sweetclover (Melilotus alba) - Blooming in some areas; • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Leafed out seed heads in others Northwest • White mulberry (Morus alba) - Fruits dropped; leaves • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Second-year plants fully beginning to yellow senesced; first-year plants in rosette form • Beefsteak plant (Perilla frutescens) - Most plants at full height • Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Fully leafed out; no but not flowering yet fruits observed yet; other areas with immature fruits • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Seed mostly • Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe)- Full bloom and starting dispersed; leaves mostly brown and stems browning to form seed heads; rosettes of non-blooming and first year • Common reed (Phragmites australis) - Flowering or near plants fully emergent flowering in most locations • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Most plants fully • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Fruits fully formed senesced and most seeds have fallen; mowed plants are and ripening stunted and flowering; first year rosettes are fully developed • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Rose hips developing up to and robust 1/8” • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Most buds done • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Plants still blooming and with flowering and are drying out flower buds; seed heads forming on others • Autumn/Russian Olive Sp. (Eleagnus sp.) - Fruits forming • Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) - Seed forming but not yet • dispersing readily Burning bush (Euonymus alatus) - Immature fruits present • Periwinkle (Vinca minor) - Leaves dark green • Dame’s rocket (Hesperis matronalis) - Second year plants senesced; first year rosettes robust and lush West Central • Japanese hops (Humulus japonicus) - No flowering observed • Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) - Siliques dried and • Bush honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.) - Fruits ripe and are dropped opening with leaves mostly brown in second-year plants; first year rosettes present on some plants • Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) - Fully leafed out with • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Small immature fruits no sign of flowering forming • Musk thistle (Carduus nutans) - Gone to seed • White sweetclover (Melilotus alba) - A few flowering; most • Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) - Seeds are brown and are done flowering with seed ripening; significantly reduced dropping on most plants with leaves mostly senseced in natural areas due to sweet clover weevils • Common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum) - Finished blooming and • Yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis) - Gone to seed; first seed heads drying out year plants still relatively small; significantly reduced in

Visit the U of I Extension Forestry website at [http://forestry.illinois.edu] page. 2 U of I Extension | Technical Forestry Bulletin NRES-1602

natural areas due to sweet clover weevils inflorescence • White mulberry (Morus alba) - Fruits dropped • Callery (Bradford) pear (Pyrus calleryana) - Fruit fully • Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) - Senescing and dropping developed and no signs of senescence seed; mowed plants stunted flowering; first year rosettes • Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) - Full bloom developed and robust Using phenology data to inform invasive plant • Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) - Seeds are nearly management mature; not yet entering summer semi-senescence • Chemical treatments to annual or biennial plants should be • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Full flowering applied before the plants start flowering • Once annual or biennial plants have fruit forming, the most • Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) - Fruits ripening; effective control measure is mechanically removing the blue fruits on most female individuals plant, making sure to remove the fruits/seeds from the area. When the fruit start to mature and fall off of the plant, • Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) - Finished flowering with mechanical treatments should be halted small 1/8" to 1/4" fruits forming • When fruit mature on some invasive plants, such as garlic mustard Japanese stiltgrass, and Japanese chaff flower, care • Crownvetch (Securigera varia) - Many plants still blooming; should be taken to avoid accidentally spreading the seeds of others with seed maturing these plants.

• Chemical treatments on woody invasive plants should not Northeast be applied after bud swell/bud break until the plants have reached full leaf expansion • Field brome (Bromus arvensis) - Seeds beginning to drop and • Foliar chemical treatments should be applied to healthy, leaves drying at base green, actively-growing foliage. When the foliage starts to • Chicory (Cichorium intybus) - Ranging from bare stalk to full turn its fall color, then foliar treatments are not effective bloom Common and scientific names adhere to: • Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) - Seed is set and starting to ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). 2016. Online disperse while some plants are still blooming Database (http://www.itis.gov, 1 January 2016). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. • Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) - Most plants are in full bloom with some beginning to set seed Invasive plant observations used to produce this • Cut-leaf teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) - Full bloom report were provided by the following individuals: • Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) - Fruits fully developed Duane Ambroz, Bob Arevalo, Karen DePoister, Margaret Evans, S.A. and ripening on some plants Fenwick, Sharon Geil, Molly Lovelock, Mona Maas, Pam Moriearty, Kevin Rohling, Phyllis Schulte, Terri Treacy, Ann Whitney • Morrow’s honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) - Fruit fully formed, some fruit is mature About the author(s): • Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist, Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) - Fruit is fully mature Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences, and starting to dry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. • Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) - Plants are blooming Kevin Rohling, Forestry Technician, Department of Natural Resources with some setting seed & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. • Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) - Full bloom Recommended citation: • Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) - Fruits 3-5” wide Evans, C.W. and K. Rohling 2018. Invasive Plant Phenology Report August 2018. University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry • Phragmites (Phragmites australis) - Beginning to develop Bulletin. NRES-1602-201808. Urbana, IL. 3p.

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page. 3 Visit the U of I Extension Forestry website at [http://forestry.illinois.edu]