Seeding and Revegetation Guidelines Lolo National Forest 2021

This guide replaces all previous seed mixes and versions of the seeding guide on the Lolo National Forest.

Introduction Every year projects on the Lolo NF cause soil and native vegetation disturbances as roads and trails are constructed, trenches for utility lines are excavated, roads are decommissioned, mine sites are reclaimed or other projects that involve soil disturbances. Natural disturbances occur too, including floods, wildfires, and landslides. Soil loss may occur before any plants can successfully colonize the disturbance, lowering the chance for natural revegetation. Or non-native vegetation and noxious weeds may establish causing competition for resources and lowing the chances for native vegetation to recover. Some projects cause disturbances that are larger than others. Some projects have objectives to fully revegetate the area, others just need to stabilize the soil long enough to allow the surrounding vegetation to naturally revegetate the area.

For the past couple decades, the Lolo NF has relied on seed mixes with multiple grass species to initiate revegetation efforts and stabilize soil. Multiple grass species were selected to provide diversity and optimize success at a wide variety of sites and situations. In the beginning, non- native species and quick growing persistent species were selected. But as monitoring and ecological considerations advanced, native plants are considered more desirable. In 2008, the Seeding Guidelines for the Lolo NF were updated to provide alternative mixes composed only of -native species. In 2014, the Regional Office published a list of restricted species (grasses, forbs and shrubs) not to be used in seed mixes due to their persistence and not allowing the surrounding vegetation to establish.

Additionally, monitoring, as part of the Southwest Crown of the Continent monitoring program, suggested that most of the grass seeds sown were not germinating or establishing no matter the timing, site conditions, or application rates. Given the high cost of seed and the time and effort it takes to apply seed, the Lolo NF decided to review the seeding guidelines and incorporate new finding and efficiencies to increase our success. And to incorporate using on site material and conserving topsoil as much as possible to reduce the chance of introducing non-native species, retaining uniform vegetation cover, reduce the costs, and be more successful at our revegetation efforts.

Lastly, the Regional Office has been dedicated to collecting seed that is more site specific and genetically better adapted to our Regions instead of relying on cultivars. Cultivars are varieties of the same species that were determined to have the greatest success rate in establishing across a wide range of sites and landscapes. For example, commercially purchased bluebunch wheatgrass is (usually) the Snake River cultivar. This means, sometime long ago (generally most of this research was done in the 1930s), bluebunch wheatgrass was collected from multiple sites across the country and planted in a variety of conditions. The one with the greatest success was then taken to a nursery and grown out for mass production. Now, the Region is collecting seeds, reviewing the genetic differences, and determining how many varieties to grow out for each forest or elevation range. This will increase our success of soil stabilization and retaining genetic integrity in the Region.

Objectives • Provide generalized seeding guidelines for more site-specific or project specific seeding prescriptions. • Provide multiple seed mix recommendations to quickly revegetate disturbed sites at a variety of levels to reduce soil erosion, to reduce noxious weed invasion while allowing for native species establishment. • Provide native species and cultivar recommendations that follow current Forest Service policy and direction by integrating locally collected grass, shrub, and forb species into mixes. • Provide alternatives to seeding that are cost effective, more efficient, and retain the species composition of the surrounding area.

Soil Preparation • Where extensive mechanical soil preparation is planned, refer to the Lolo Soil Rehabilitation Guide (2018) for information on decompaction techniques for specific soil types. • Compacted soil will be scarified prior to reseeding (i.e. landings, road surfaces, skid trails, staging areas, etc.). Heavily compacted sub-soil will be decompacted using rippers or a winged subsoiler. When ripping, maintain a depth of 6 to 12 inches with rippers being no more than 16 inches apart or as specified in contracts. To prevent damage to the soil structure, avoid plowing the areas (which inverts/displaces the topsoil horizon). o Care should be taken to not mix soil horizons – it is better to lift the soil surface layers and gently replace them in order to mitigate compactions. o Decompaction will be avoided in areas with greater than 40% rock content in the sub-soil as this can result in excessive topsoil/sub-soil mixing. o Avoid decompaction under wet conditions. • Salvage topsoil on all projects with site disturbance. Topsoil should be stored in shallow piles or windrowed. If topsoil is expected to be exposed for more than one growing season, seed with a sterile triticale or sterile wheat to reduce noxious weed establishment during extended operations. To aid in revegetation, consider replacing the topsoil if stored material has poor fertility or is highly infested with noxious weeds. o Projects with areas void of topsoil (e.g. mine reclamation sites) should consider the addition of topsoil. • Areas to be seeded that have been damaged by erosion, landslides or mass wasting will be restored and stabilized prior to seeding. The addition of shrub and tree seedlings/saplings should be considered to offer better stabilization. • If possible, treat moderate to heavy weed infestations 1-2 years prior to the seeding and revegetation project. Follow the label direction of the herbicide to determine proper timing for seeding and revegetation. • Bare, mineral soil should be exposed for broadcast seeding in order to be favorable for the retention and germination of seed. A minimum of one-half inch of surface soil shall be in a loose condition, unless otherwise specified. If possible, lightly raking the soil to cover seeds is beneficial. • Care and protection of the seedbed will be done prior to final acceptance of the revegetation work. Contractors will be responsible for repairing and reseeding areas damaged by construction operations, unless otherwise specified.

Seeding Application • Successful broadcast seeding and revegetation efforts depend heavily on weather conditions. If you seed too close to the summer season, the seed may germinate but will not establish as the grass will not have an established root system to endure the hot, dry summer months. Seeding will occur during optimal seeding periods, typically mid- October through mid-November or March through early May. Light snow cover will not reduce success of seed germination and may enhance success as frost heaving will gradually bury the seed. • Climatic conditions or variation of sites can extend seeding times outside the optimal seeding periods. (e.g. high elevation or wetter sites) • No seed application work should be done during extremely rainy, windy or dry weather. • Do not apply seed over frozen ground. • Species and application rates are listed in the seed mixture tables in terms of Pure Live Seed (PLS) based on site conditions for broadcast seeding. Species characteristics and PLS calculation are outlined in Appendix A. • Typically seed rates range from 15-30 viable seeds per square foot depending on species and site conditions. Increase rates should be doubled when broadcast seeding over harsh, severely burned or weed infested sites. • Total seed applied may be greater than listed PLS rates based on variations in seed germination.

Seed Procurement • Order bulk seed by listed PLS rates outlined in the Lolo seed mixes. • Have seed suppliers label each bag with the needed pounds of seed per acre to obtain the PLS rates listed in the seed mixes. • If a species (or listed cultivars) is not available at the time of seed ordering, consult with the appropriate Forest/Zoned Botanist or Native Plant Coordinator for substitutions. If in doubt it is best to leave the unavailable species out of the mix and adjust accordingly. Species from the Region One Restricted Species list may not be used. • Prices and availability will vary by mix, supplier and time of year. • See Appendix B for Coeur d’Alene Nursery Coordination and a suggested list of commercial suppliers. If possible, contact the CDA nursery first. Seed Certification • Certified, blue-tagged seed shall be used where a name variety or cultivar is specified. Blue tags, that are removed to mix or spread the seed will be saved and provided to the forest. • All seed purchased will be certified free of seeds from weeds listed on the current "All States Noxious Weeds List” or the Region one “Restricted Species” list. • Test results from a certified seed analyst and seed analysis labels attached to the bags will be provided to the Forest Service. Lab testing for noxious weeds will be conducted prior to seed mixing. Only after a finding and documentation in writing of no weeds on the current "All States Noxious Weeds List" will the seed be accepted and used. (This is a common practice for all commercial growers to avoid weed contaminated seed, each lot must be tested by a certified seed laboratory against the all State noxious weed lists and documentation of the seed inspection test provided.)

Soil Amendments • Soil Amendments introduce organic substances to the soil that activate microbe and fungus populations and build soil humus. Soil amendments are only prescribed on harsh sites where natural recovery is not anticipated on its own. Soil amendments help rebuild soil in areas where topsoil and litter have been removed, subsoil is exposed, or mixing of the soil surface and subsurface has occurred. • Examples of soil amendments include Biosol, a commercially produced liquid; or Biochar, a pellet made from charred forest products. Soil amendments can be applied during seeding because they improve the health of the soil rather than introduce rapidly available nutrients. o Note: Biosol will attract wildlife including bears; therefore, food storage provisions are required at all times. • It is not recommended to apply fertilizer with grass seed because it has been found to increase noxious weed presence through changes in the soil nutrient cycles which favor fast growing opportunistic vegetation.

Organic Matter Application (Wood Slash, Mulch, and Duff) The intent of organic matter applications is to provide additional organic inputs for soil development, provide protection to seeding investments, protect from erosion, and ensure adequate shade and moisture retention as seed re-establishes. The desired end state is to cover 65 – 70% of the area with organic matter materials. For smaller materials such as mulch and forest floor duff 70% coverage is ideal; for larger materials, less material – at 65% coverage is more appropriate. The goal is to provide for erosion control while still allowing enough light and moisture to ensure seed germination. • Wood Slash should be spread across the site to prevent erosion using on-site materials and if needed, additional new slash from off-site sources. At least 50% of the material should be less than 3 inches in diameter (needles and small branches) and spread uniformly across the site. Larger materials should be scattered in pockets throughout the area to provide microsites of shade and moisture. Recommended application rate is approximately 15 tons/acre. • Mulch material should be either “wood straw” mulch or certified (tagged) weed free grain-straw (if being purchased). In instances of steeper slopes, bales or bags of coarse wood straw are preferred. Generally, grain straw is ineffective on steeper slopes, as well, though generally can be used on slopes less than 40-45%. Mulch is generally applied at a rate of 2,000 pounds/acre. • Duff material from the forest floor includes needle cast, decomposed organic matter, and surface soil horizons. These materials can be collected from adjacent, weed-free areas; materials should be collected in small quantities (2 ft – square plots) from multiple locations rather than creating 1 large collection area. The recommended application rate is one 5-gallon bucket of forest floor material spread over 100 square feet. Duff redistribution is more effective when spread by handcrews, rather than mechanically with an excavator bucket.

Alternatives to Seeding There are several instances when seeding is not the best option for revegetating a disturbance. Some projects are small and can easily utilize surrounding vegetation (e.g. trail rehab or small burn pile scars). Some projects, while larger, are inherently not benefitted by seeding techniques (catch basins in curvet replacements or large road maintenance projects) because the seed will not have time to establish due to frequency of future disturbances. The following provides options to reduced seeding and increase the success of native vegetation establishing.

On-site Material • Using the surrounding vegetation to provide revegetation material is cost-effective and great way to maintain the vegetative diversity of a site. Generally, heavy machinery is involved in restoration projects. Having the excavator scoop buckets of adjacent vegetation and scattering it across a scarified/ripped substrate will generally result in successful revegetation efforts since it is adapted to the site conditions. The pictures below (photo 1) of a road decommissioning project after the Jocko Fire demonstrate how successful this can be. Pockets of shrubs were scattered along the scarified roadbed. And though not positioned directly upright or rooted into the ground the shrubs established. This will happen with grasses as well, roots are designed to find water and soil, so the plants will self-plant. The time period between these two photos is seven growing seasons (2008-2015). If seed was used it would easily be another decade before this type of establishment would occur.

Photo 1: Example the effectiveness of using on-site material scattered on a decommissioned road. Circled trees in the background are for reference. Photo credit: Shane Hendrickson

• Salvaging topsoil also can salvage rootstock of shrubs, forbs, and grasses. Rootstock allow for a competitive advantage when trying to revegetate a site quickly and effectively with locally adapted material. This technique is best used on projects were the soil and root stock can be returned to its original placement within a couple of days (e.g. utility line burial, small maintenance activities, temporary roads). Ideally, the topsoil would be replaced within a couple of weeks or months but if longer periods are needed the guidelines for topsoil storage should be followed (see the Soil Preparation Section above) • Transplanting small trees like spruce or riparian vegetation (willows) • Site specific seed collection is a good way to preserve the genetic integrity of a site but needs to be planned out years in advance. This is important for projects in Wilderness, Research Natural Areas, or restoration projects in botanical areas of interest. Seeds can be collected throughout the year and sent to the Coeur d’Alene Nursey for growing out to increase the amount of seed. This of course will take several growing seasons and not all plants produce viable seed every year.

Shrub Planting Shrub planting can be used as an alternative to, or in tandem with, seeding in disturbed areas or high traffic locations where seeding may not reach desired results on its own. Because of initial costs, shrub planting is often focused in high value locations – but can be an effective option for establishing vegetation in a variety of areas and used as a screening to detour use of an area. For all restoration projects involving shrub planting, careful planning is needed to meet project timelines, select appropriate species and stock, and plan for planting densities.

Shrub propagation requires up to 2 growing seasons from the time of cutting selections to a planting ready product; therefore, planning for your project requires at least 3 seasons. During year one, complete site visits to determine what species are appropriate for shrub planting and develop a plan to either use cuttings, collect seed, or use available shrub sources from the Lolo National Forest’s nursery stock at the Coeur d’Alene Nursery (CDA Nursery). If on-site seed and cutting sources will be used for propagation, collect these in the fall on year one.

During years 2 and 3, little additional work is needed; shrub propagation will be on-going at the CDA Nursery. In year 3, coordinate with nursery staff for product pick-up and or delivery to local tree coolers available in Missoula (BLM office), Seeley Lake, and Superior. Additionally, coordinate with appropriate district tree planting staff or silviculture staff to ensure there is storage room for your shrubs (generally only a few boxes). Shrubs should be planted within 1 – 2 weeks of delivery; preferably in spring.

The Lolo National Forest has source hedge rows available for use for restoration and planting projects at the Coeur d’Alene Nursery. Using hedgerows can eliminate some of the guess work associated with picking viable plants for cuttings in the field but does not provide a genetic match to species from the immediate site. Using cuttings may save money for smaller projects and ensures a better germination success. The Lolo hedgerow inventory is currently growing: kinnickinnic, Oregon grape, prickly rose, common snowberry, and Wood’s Rose, Redosier dogwood, black cottonwood, yellow willow, and Scouler’s willow

For Information on Lolo NF Shrub Hedgerows and to request to use them for your project, contact the Hedgerow Manager (as of 2021, Ann Hadlow, [email protected]) .

More information on how to collect cuttings, species selection, and seed collection can be found on the CDA Nursery SharePoint site. This site will also have cost estimates, shrub availability, and planting recommendations. The CDA Nursery staff is very helpful and friendly so don’t hesitate to contact them! Seed Mixes

Lolo NF Aesthetic (A) Mix For all elevations and habitats with low presence of noxious weeds and surrounding vegetation is intact. This mix is designed to be short-lived and provide soil stabilization and competition for noxious weeds until the surrounding vegetation can establish in the disturbed area. This mix can be used on most projects and should be used in any forested sites Target Site Common Name Species composition lbs/ac Total lbs acres % Mountain brome Bromus marginatus 40% 8 1 8 Slender Wheatgrass Elymus trachycaulus 30% 6 1 6

Sterile Wheat Triticale x Secale 30% 6 1 6

Total: 100% 20 Total 20

Lolo NF Dry Site (D) Mix Low to mid elevation sites with a high susceptibility to noxious weed invasion but surrounding vegetation is intact. All aspects at low to mid-elevations and south and west-facing aspects at higher elevations. Moisture and temperature conditions may vary by aspect but are subjected to dry or droughty periods. Generally, Douglas Fir and Ponderosa Pine habitat types with a bunchgrass understory component.

Target Site Common Name Species lbs/ac Total lbs composition % acres

Mountain brome Bromus marginatus 15% 1.95 1 1.95 Rough bentgrass Agrostis scabra 10% 1.3 1 1.3 Sandberg's Poa secunda 20% 2.6 1 2.6 bluegrass Bluebunch Pseudoregneria 10% 1.3 1 1.3 wheatgrass spicata Idaho Fescue Festuca idahoensis 15% 1.95 1 1.95

Sterile Wheat Triticale x Secale 30% 3.9 1 3.9

Total: 100% 13 Total 13

Lolo NF Heavy Dry Site (HD) Mix This rate/acre is the most competitive Lolo mix for weedy, dry and or harsh sites. Low to mid elevation sites with a high susceptibility to noxious weed invasion. All aspects at low to mid-elevations and south and west-facing aspects at higher elevations. Moisture and temperature conditions may vary by aspect but are subjected to dry or droughty periods. Generally, Douglas Fir and Ponderosa Pine habitat types with a bunchgrass understory component. Target Site Common Name Species lbs/ac Total lbs composition % acres Mountain brome Bromus marginatus 15% 7.5 1 7.5 Rough bentgrass Agrostis scabra 10% 5 1 5 Sandberg's Poa secunda 20% 10 1 10 bluegrass Bluebunch Pseudoregneria 10% 5 1 5 wheatgrass spicata Idaho Fescue Festuca idahoensis 15% 7.5 1 7.5

Sterile Wheat Triticale x Secale 30% 15 1 15

Total: 100% 50 Total 50

Lolo NF Riparian (R) Mix All elevations and soils with surface or shallow subsurface water. Many riparian projects will also include planting of shrub cuttings and or nursery plugs. Do not use the seed mix in flood zones as it will wash away before it can establish. Target Site Common Name Species lbs/ac Total lbs composition % acres Blue wild rye Elymus glaucus 44 7 Western fescue Festuca occidentalis 25 4 Deschampsia Tufted hairgrass 13 2 caespitosa Rough bentgrass Agrostis scabra 6 1 Fowl mannagrass Glyceria elata/striata 6 1

Goldenrod Solidago canadensis 6 1

Total: 100% 16 Total 50

Lolo NF Cool Mix Relatively dry-moist to cool sites and cool-cold moist sites (NATIVE with short –lived, quick establishing introduced nurse species). Mid to Higher elevation sites that have a wide range of moisture and temperature conditions with shorter growing seasons. Target Site Common Name Species lbs/ac Total lbs composition % acres Mountain Brome Bromus marginatis 25 5 Blue Wildrye Elymus glaucus 20 4 Deschampsia Tufted hairgrass 10 2 caespitosa Poa secunda ssp. Big Bluegrass 20 4 ampla Slender Elymus trachycaulus 25 5 Wheatgrass Total: 100% 20 Total 50

Lolo NF Pollinators Mix Pollinators are important to our nation’s food supply and the diversity of plant communitites. The habitats that support native pollinators are just as important though shrinking rapidly. One way to support pollinators is providing diverse habitats throughout their range. There is not one “MIX” that can provide everything for all the pollinating species out there but there are several combinations of forbs, shrubs and grasses that can achieve this goal. If you are interested in developing a pollinator mix for your project work with the Forest Botanist or Regional Botanist to create the best mix for the area. The goal would be to create pollinator islands throughout the forest.

Monitoring Project proponents are responsible for monitoring their projects. This is not to fall onto other resource areas. • Monitoring frequency will need to be determined by site conditions or as indicated during project development and analysis. Initial monitoring should occur shortly after seed germination. Project plans should outline monitoring methods and requirements. Document monitoring results. • Monitoring methods can vary from visual methods or photo points to plot sampling for species and composition. See Appendix D for Regional Revegetation Monitoring Guide • Seeded sites with poor germination or low application rates should be reseeded or overseeded to provide the desired soil protection and meet site revegetation objectives. • Note any noxious weed invasions, weed establishment, or any new invader species, and report those findings to the Forest or Zone Noxious Weed Coordinators. Map and document the extent of the noxious weeds within the seeded area during monitoring.

Planning Your Project All projects will likely be reviewed or coordinated with other specialists on the Forest. This is when project planning will begin, and revegetation techniques will be incorporated into the design of the project as necessary. (Natural disaster project will obviously follow a different path.)

Appendix A. Grass Species Characteristics

Common Species Native Growth Form Minimum Preferred Drought Erosion Comments Name Precipitation Soil Type Tolerant Control Mountain Bromus Yes Med-tall 16 inches Silty-loamy to Moderate Very good Rapid establishment, Brome marginatus bunchgrass clayey short-lived Slender Elymus Yes Tall 16 inches Sandy to clayey Moderate Very good Rapid establishment, Wheatgrass trachycaulus bunchgrass short-lived Rough Agrostis scabra Yes Tall bunchgrass 25 inches Tolerates acidic Moderate Highly Stream banks to bentgrass soils successful sagebrush communities Sandberg’s Poa secunda Yes Short bunchgrass 1 – 12 inches Yes Good bluegrass ssp. sandbergii Bluebunch Pseudoregneria Yes Med-tall 10 inches Silty-loamy to Yes Good Moderate establishment wheatgrass spicata bunchgrass clayey Idaho Fescue Festuca Yes Short bunchgrass 10 inches Silty-loamy to Moderate Good Slow establishment, poor idahoensis clayey seeding vigor, long-lived Blue Wildrye Elymus glaucus Yes Tall 12 inches Sandy to silty-loam Moderate Moderate Rapid establishment, bunchgrass short-moderate lifespan Western fescue Festuca Tall bunchgrass 25 inches or Well-drained Yes Excellent Good palatability, fair occidentalis taller seed producer Tufted Deschampsia Yes Medium 20 inches Silty-loamy to Moderate Good Low maintenance ground Hairgrass caespitosa bunchgrass clayey cover Fowl Glyceria Yes mannagrass elata/striata Big Bluegrass Poa scunda Yes Tall bunchgrass 25 inches or Excellent Excellent palatability to ssp. ampla taller livestock and wildlife year-round Goldenrod Solidago Yes Tall forb 36-60 inches Moderate – No Good canadensis wetlands Sterile Wheat Triticale x No Sterile cover crop Secale Pure Live Seed Calculation Pounds of seed per acre to be furnished shall be obtained by dividing the PLS Lbs/acre = pounds commercial seed per acre pounds of pure live seed (PLS) per acre required by the product of the percent purity times the germination rate: purity x germination

Example: 5 PLS Lbs/acre_____ = 6.54 pounds of commercial seed per acre 0.9 x 0.85 (where purity = 90% and germination = 85%) Appendix B – Contact Information

Lolo National Forest Contacts: Karen Stockmann – Native Seeds and Shrubs Ann Hadlow Shrubs and Lolo NF Hedge Row Sources Kurt Wetzstein – Trees Coeur d’Alene Nursery Coordination Contacts Aram Eramian Emily Overton Nathan Robertson Nursery Superintendent All Container Stock All Bareroot Stock, Source 208-765-7372 208-765-7391 Increase, and Seed 208-215-5307(cell) 208-215-5169(cell) 208-765-7387 208-215-5168(cell)

Intra-agency service agreement (fund transfers)

Nursery Deadlines

Other Suppliers Noxious Weed Seed Free Forage – agr.mt.gov/NWSFF Montana Seed Growers Association (list of certified seed growers) www.ag.montana.edu/msga/

Order by species names (not Mix name) to ensure the proper species are being purchased.

Bruce Seed Farm, Inc. Mountain West Coop (Cenex) 91 Lower Deep Creek Road 4570 N Reserve St. Townsend, MT 59644 Missoula, MT 59808 Phone: 406-266-3103 406-543-8383 Cell: 435-770-0219 Fax: 549-5195 Fax: 406-266-3104 Bill Griffin (cell) 370-6467 OR Brody Maughan 115 Main St. [email protected] Stevensville, MT 59870 406-777-5441

Westland Seed Circle S Seed 36272 Round Butte Rd W 14990 Madison Frontage Road Ronan, MT 59864 Three Forks, MT (406) 676-4100 406-285-3269 [email protected]

Appendix C – Region One List of Restricted Species

Non-Native Species with Invasiveness and Persistence Traits Restricted List for Revegetation and Restoration

Table 1. The following agricultural and landscaping grass species (non-natives) are considered both persistent and invasive when used for revegetation in habitats found within USFS Region One. Common name Scientific name Lifeform Synonymous species and related varieties and subspecies (also non-native)

GRASSES Crested wheatgrass Agropyron cristatum perennial bunchgrass Similar: A.cristatum ssp. cristatum, A. (L.) Gaertn. cristatum ssp. pectinatum, Agropyron desertorum-desert wheatgrass, Agropyron fragile/Agropyron sibiricum—Siberian wheatgrass

Redtop bentgrass Agrostis gigantea perennial, rhizomatous Syn: Agrostis alba auct. non L., A. gigantea Roth grass Roth var. dispar (Michx.) Philipson , A. nigra With, A. stolonifera L. ssp. gigantea (Roth) Schübl. & G. Martens, A. stolonifera L. var. major (Gaudin) Farw. Creeping foxtail Alopecurus perennial, strongly Syn: Creeping meadow foxtail; Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. rhizomatous grass ventricosus. Similar: Alopecurus pratensis L. Smooth brome Bromus inermis perennial, strongly Syn: Common brome, Awnless brome Leyss. rhizomatous grass Similar: Bromus inermis ssp. inermis, Bromus inermis Leyss. ssp. pumpellianus. Meadow brome Bromus riparius perennial, strongly Similar: Pumpelly brome— Bromus inermis Rehman rhizomatous grass Leyss. ssp. pumpellianus (Scribn.) Wagnon Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata L. perennial bunchgrass Syn: Turkeyfoot grass, Cocksfoot Similar: D. glomerata ssp. aschersoniana, D glomerata ssp. glomerata, D. glomerata ssp. himalayensis, D. glomerata ssp. hispanica, D. glomerata ssp. lobata, D. glomerata ssp. lusitanica, D. glomerata ssp. smithii, D.glomerata ssp. woronowii. Quackgrass Elytrigia repens (L.) cool season perennial, Syn: Agropyron repens Gould strongly rhizomatous Sheep fescue Festuca ovina L. perennial bunchgrass Similar: Hard fescue—Festuca ovina var. duriuscula, Festuca trachyophylla Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L. perennial bunchgrass Syn: English ryegrass Similar: Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum, L. perenne ssp. perenne Altai wildrye Leymus angustus large tussock Syn: Aneurolepidium angustum (Trin.) (Trin.) Pilger bunchgrass Nevski, Elymus angustus Trin. excluded Common name Scientific name Lifeform Synonymous species and related varieties and subspecies (also non-native)

GRASSES Timothy Phleum pratense L. perennial bunchgrass Syn: Herds grass; Phleum nodosum L., Phleum pratense L. ssp. nodosum (L.) Arcang, Phleum pratense L. var. nodosum (L.) Huds. Bulbous bluegrass Poa bulbosa L. cool season tufted Similar: Poa bulbosa ssp. nevskii perennial Canada bluegrass Poa compressa L. Strongly rhizomatous Syn: Wiregrass, English bluegrass perennial Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensisL. Strongly rhizomatous Syn: Junegrass, lawngrass perennial forming dense Similar: Poa pratensis ssp. alpigena, P. sod pratensis ssp. colpodea, P. pratensis ssp. irrigata, P. pratensis ssp. pratensis Russian wildrye Psathyrostachys densely tufted perennial Syn: Elymus junceus Fisch. ×Leymostachys juncea (Fisch.) bunchgrass korovinii Tzvelev Nevski Tall fescue Schedonorus cool-season perennial Syn: Alta fescue, Reed fescue; Festuca arundinaceus bunchgrass arundinacea Schreb, F. elatior L. ssp. (Schreb.) Dumort., arundinacea (Schreb.) Hack, F. elatior L. var. nom. cons. arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm, F. fenas Lag. F. uechtritziana Wies, Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshir, Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub Intermediate Thinopyrum perennial, rhizomatous Syn: Intermediate wheatgrass, Pubescent wheatgrass/ Pubescent intermedium (Host.) grass wheatgrass; Agropyron aucheri Boiss, A. wheatgrass Barkworth & Dewey ciliatiflorum Roshev, A. gentryi Melderis, A. glaucum (Desf. ex DC.) Roem. & Schult. A. intermedium (Host) P. Beauv. A. intermedium (Host) P. Beauv. var. trichophorum (Link) Halac, A. podperae Nabelek , A. pulcherrimum Grossh., A. trichophorum (Link) K. Richt. Melderis, Elymus hispidus (Opiz) Melderis ssp. barbulatus (Schur) Melderis, E. hispidus (Opiz) Melderis var. ruthenicus (Griseb.) Dorn E. intermedius (Host) P. Beauv., Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski, E. intermedia (Host) Nevski ssp. barbulata (Schur) Á. Löve, E. intermedia (Host) Nevski ssp. intermedia, E. intermedia (Host) Nevski ssp. trichophora (Link) Tvzel Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey ssp. barbulatum (Schur) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey

Table 2. The following agricultural and landscaping forb species (non-natives) are considered both persistent and invasive when used for revegetation in habitats found in USFS Region One. Common name Scientific name Lifeform Synonymous species and related varieties and subspecies (also non- native)

FORBS

Yellow alfalfa Medicago sativa L. ssp. perennial Syn: Medicago falcata L, Medicago falcata falcata L. var. romanica (Prodan) O. Schwarz & Klink Sweet clover Melilotus officinalis L.(Lam.) annual/ short-lived Syn: Melilotus alba Medikus, orth. perennial var., M. albus Medik, M. albus Medik. var. annuus Coe M. arvensis Wallr., M. leucanthus W.D.J. Koch ex DC., M. lutea Gueldenst. M. officinalis (L.) Lam. var. micranthus O.E. Schulz Red clover Trifolium pratense L. biennial/perennial Syn: T. pratense L. var. frigidum auct. non Gaudin, T. pratense L. var. sativum (Mill.) Schreb. Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum L. perennial Syn: Trifolium elegans Savi,, T. hybridum L. ssp. elegans (Savi) Asch. & Graebn, T. hybridum L. var. elegans (Savi) Boiss., T. hybridum L. var. pratense Rabenh. White clover Trifolium repens L. perennial Syn: Trifolium repens L. var. atropurpureum hort., T. repens L. var. biasolettii, T. occidentale, T. repens L. var. giganteum Crimson clover Trifolium incarnatum L. annual Syn: Trifolium incarnatum L. var. elatius Gibelli & Belli Strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum L. Rose clover Trifolium hirtum All. annual

Berseem clover Trifolium alexandrinum L. annual

Bird's foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus L. perennial Similar: Lotus corniculatus ssp. frondosu, L. corniculatus var. carnosus, L. corniculatus var. corniculatus, L. corniculatus var. hirsutus Sanfoin Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. perennial Syn: Hedysarum onobrychis L. Onobrychis sativa Lam., O. viciaefolia Scop., orth. var. Winter vetch Vicia villosa Roth annual/perennial/ Similar: V. villosa Roth ssp. biennial eriocarpa,, V. villosa Roth ssp. pseudocracca, V. villosa Roth ssp. varia, V. villosa Roth ssp. villosa Greater knapweed Centaurea scabiosa L. perennial Syn: Centaurea scabiosa L. var. vertesensis(Boros) Soo Cornflower Centaurea cyanus L. Perennial cornflower Centaurea montana L. perennial Syn: Mountain bleuit, Mountain knapweed, C. montana L. var. alba hort. Field mustard Brassica rapa L. annual, biennial Similar: Brassica rapa var. amplexicaulis, B. rapa var. dichotoma, B. rapa var. rapa, B. rapa var. silvestris, B. rapa var. Common name Scientific name Lifeform Synonymous species and related varieties and subspecies (also non- native)

FORBS

trilocularis Common yarrow Achillea filipendulina Lam. spreading perennial Common corncockle Agrostemma githagoL. annual Scarlet pimpernel Anagallis arvensis L. annual Similar: Anagallis arvensis ssp. arvensis, A. arvensis ssp. foemina

Golden chamomile Anthemis tinctoria L. perennial Syn: Cota tinctoria (L.) J. Gay Chickpea milkvetch Astragalus cicer L. perennial Lawn daisy Bellis perennis L. perennial Syn: English daisy Celandine Chelidonium majus L. biennial Similar: Chelidonium. majus var. lanciniatum, C. majus var. majus, C. majus var. plenum Chicory Cichorium intybus L. biennial, perennial Syn: French endive, Succory, Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum Hegi, C. intybus L.var. sativum (Bisch.)Janch Golden tickseed Coreopsis tinctoria var. annual/ perennial tinctoria

Sweet William Dianthus barbatus L. perennial Syn: D. barbatus L. ssp. barbatus Maiden pink Dianthus deltoides L. perennial Syn: Dianthus deltoides L. ssp. deltoides Foxglove Digitalis purpurea L. biennial Syn: Digitalis purpurea L. ssp. amandiana, D. purpurea L. ssp. purpurea Coneflower Echinacea purpurea (L.) perennial Syn: Echinacea purpurea Moench (L.)Moench var. arkansana Steyerm, Brauneria purpurea( L) Britton., Rudbeckia purpurea L. Siberian wallflower Erysimum ×marshallii annual Syn: Cheiranthus allionii hort. ex (Henfr.) Bois Bois, Erysimum ×allionii hort., nom. illeg. Tufted poppy Eschscholzia caespitosa annual Benth. California poppy Eschscholzia californica annual/ short-lived Similar: Eschscholzia californica Cham. perennial ssp. californica, E. californica ssp. mexicana. Baby's breath Gypsophilia elegans M. Bieb. annual/biennial Syn: Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb. var. elegans Dames rocket Hesperis matronalis L. biennial/ short-lived Syn: H. matronalis L. ssp. candida perennial H. matronalis L. ssp. voronovii

Blue-button, field Knautia arvensis (L.) J.M. perennial Syn: Scabiosa arvensis L. scabiosa Coult. Shasta daisy Leucanthemum maximum annual Syn: Chrysanthemum maximum (Raymond) DC Ramond Common name Scientific name Lifeform Synonymous species and related varieties and subspecies (also non- native)

FORBS

Baby snapdragon Linaria macroccana Hook. f. annual Scarlet flax Linum grandiflorum Desf. annual Syn: Adenolinum grandiflorum (Desf.) W.A. Weber, Linum grandiflorum Desf. var. rubrum hort. Sweet alyssum Lobularia maritime (L.) Desv. annual Syn: Alyssum maritimum (L.) Lam. Clypeola maritima L., Koniga maritima (L.) R. Br. Maltese cross Lychnis chalcedonia L. perennial Black medick Medicago lupulina L. annual/perennial Syn: Medicago lupulina L. var. cupaniana (Guss.) Boiss. M. lupulina L. var. glandulosa Neilr. Similar: M. lupulina var. willdenowii Forget-me-not Myosotis scorpioides L. annual Syn: Myosotis palustris (L.) Hill Corn poppy Papaver rhoeas L. annual Salad burnet Sanguisorba minor Scop. perennial Similar: Sanguisorba minor ssp. balearica, S. minor ssp. magnolii Common crown vetch Securigera varia (L.) Lassen perennial vine Syn: Coronilla varia L. Johnny jump-up Viola tricolor L. annual

Table 3. The following agricultural and landscaping forb species (non-natives) may have persistent and/or invasiveness characteristics when used for revegetation in USFS Region One habitats however more information is needed. Common name Scientific name Lifeform Synonymous species and related varieties and subspecies (also non- native)

FORBS SPECIES FOR WHICH MORE INFORMATION IS NEEDED

Painted daisy Glebionis carinatus annual Syn: Chrysanthemum carinatum (Schousb.)Tzvelev Schousb, Ismelia carinata (Schousb.) Sch. Bip. Moss verbena Glandularia pulchella annual/ perennial; sub- Syn: Glandularia tenuisecta (Briq.) (Sweet)Troncoso shrub/forb Small, Verbena pulchella Sweet, V. pulchella Sweet var. gracilior (Troncoso) Shinners, V. tenuisecta Briq, V. tenuisecta Briq. var. alba Moldenke Gazania Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn. perennial Syn: Gazania splendens Lem. Garden cosmos Cosmos bipinattusCav. annual Rocket larkspur Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur annual Syn: Consolida ambigua (L.) P.W. Ball & Heywood, Delphinium ajacis L, D. ambiguum L. Basket of gold Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. perennial Syn: Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br, Common name Scientific name Lifeform Synonymous species and related varieties and subspecies (also non- native) Alyssum saxatile L, A. saxatile L. var. compactum hort. Similar: Aurinia saxatilis ssp. orientalis African daisy Arctotis stoechadifolia P.J. perennial Syn: Arctotis grandis Thunb, A. Bergius stoechadifolia P.J. Bergius var. grandis European columbine Aquilegia vulgaris perennial Golden columbine Aquilegia chrysantha A. Gray perennial Similar: Aquilegia chrysantha var. chaplinei, A. chrysantha var. chrysantha, A. chrysantha var. hinckleyana, A. chrysantha var. rydbergii

Syn: Abbreviation of “synonymous”. Species described as “synonymous” are considered to be the same as the listed species, according to the NRCS Plants Database.

Similar: Species described as “similar” are listed by the NRCS Plants Database as related taxa.

All taxonomy current and accurate according to the NRCS Plants Database as of 1/1/13.

USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 November 2012). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Appendix D – Region One Revegetation Monitoring Guide This is almost available. The Regional Office is still making some changes.