CEU eTD Collection ANALYSIS OF THECOMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP IN In partial fulfi THE PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION FOR THE
OFFICIALIZING THE PAST
Department ofSociology and Social Anthropology lment of Professor Jean - CentralEuropean University
the requirements forthe degreeMaster of ofArts Professor Don Kalb Budapest, Hungary ROMANIA Natalia Buier Natalia Submitted to Supervisors: 2007 By
Louis Fabiani
-ANANALYSIS OF
CEU eTD Collection relationship and its reflection in aform ofremembering asa necessary one. appearance of asingular one, and as such functions to naturalize a co structurations. A particular view on the past sanctioned in the official narrative takes the legitimize existing past whilerelations, disconnectingthe from possibility the of plural argue I that the imposition of of schemes classifying the past functions so as to d an reproduce a historical narrative and the relationship in which this stands to an act of official nomination. production,historical I try to i Romanian on Communist Relying Dictatorship. broadened a understanding of theof field T Abstract puts forward an analysis CommissionAnalysis analysis forwardan of Presidential the workputs of the forhis the dentify explain and mentions the silences and which constitute
ntingent socialntingent CEU eTD Collection References Conclusion The Report 3: Final Chapter Chapter 2: Situating the interest in the recent past Chapter 1:The Case of CPADCR Introduction of abbreviations List Table ofContents 3.3 Adjusting the past to the needs of past to needs 3.3 Adjustingthe present the the of Drawing narrative. boundaries theof the field 3.2 Contesting discourse 3.1 The Narrative of producers 2.3 Theselection of pursuit recenttruth2.2 Reclaimingthe context the past: in 2.1 The“trialof of communism”formation CPADCR the and 1.4 Methodology 1.3 me1.2 History and past the formswith Commissions. Selected 1.1 Truth dealing of
History as as anHistory instrument of knowledge
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CEU eTD Collection PSD –Partidul Social Democrat (Social Democratic Party) –PartidulPRM Român PNL –Partidul Naţional Liberal PD PD –InstitutulISP de Studii Populare (The Institute for Popular Studies) Romanian Exile) Românesc (The Institute for theInvestigation of Communist Crimes and theMemor IICCMER Investigation of Communist Crimes) IICCR – GDS Naţionale (National Salvării SalvationFSN Front) –Frontul CDR – Presidential Commission for the Analysis of CPADCR Romanian Political Detainees) AFDPR Archives) ofSecuritate Study the the CNSAS AC –Alian
- –Partidul Democrat (The Democratic Party) L –Partidul Democrat Liberal (The Democratic Liberal Party) Grupul pentruDialog SocialDialogue) Grupul Social(The Groupfor Convenţia Democrată Convention) Română RomanianConvenţia (The Democratic – – – Consiliul Naţional pentru Studierea Arhivelor Securităţii (The National Council forCouncil ArhivelorNationalNaţionalStudiereaSecurităţiipentru(TheConsiliul – Asociaţia Foştilor Deţinuţi Politici din România (The Association of the Former the of Association (The România din Politici Deţinuţi Foştilor Asociaţia ţa Civică (The Civic Alliance) Institutul –
oii Peieţaă etu nlz Dcaui Cmnse i Rmna (The România din Comuniste Dictaturii Analiza pentru Prezidenţială Comisia i eoi Exilului Memoria Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului şi
de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului (The Institute for the Mare ia
List ofabbreviations
the Communist Dictatorship 1
in Romania
)
y of CEU eTD Collection the breakdownsthe ofcapi the for framework of communistlegacyas explanatory the an Thenarrative communist power. party of successor the PSD the as party ofopposition the identification the formthe of with pastbreaking has allthrough the out been this period present in the electoral discourse in as thelegitimate representative of thepolitical right,and the theme of thenecessity of of condemnationact itself theagendaalongside broader ofitself occurred of PDL redefining reemerged, this time on the list of the president’s first mandat butshortlivedmedia broad, rather a attention,was until it theme and not 2009that the received outbursts. verbal Theevent meeting violent with ofcode the formal the PRM) broke right wing party itselfmet was with protests and the event took a burlesque turn asmembers of theextreme Romani president issued an official statement in front of the Parliament in which he declared the intellectuals. by formulated meetdemands recurrent could the president the provide Comuniste din România, fur din Comuniste the Communist Dictatorship regime has achieved.been In April 2006 the Presidential vi official the captures Băsescu, Traian in theParliament” 2009) (Popescu
“The Tism an communist regime to have been illegitimate and criminal. T of CPADCR the 18thOn the of 2006,following December the Final Reportthe CPADCR of a numberofmostvisiblea Romanian the anticommunist and activists public , Partidul România Mare ăneanu Report is the document that ended communism, when I prese I when communism, ended that document the is Report ăneanu report, a , inform the of talist regime of one been of main also the the has political tropes ther referredther toasCPADCR) up. set was CPADCR meant was to
n oai (oii Peieţaă etu nlz Dictaturii Analiza pentru Prezidenţială (Comisia Romania in
, a statement attributed toRomania’s current president, to condemn the communistregime condemn the to Introduction e w on the way in which breaking with thew with onthebreaking which way in socialist (The Greater Romania Party, further referas to red the irrefutable evidence on the basis of he onthewhich evidence basis the irrefutable 2
Commission for the Investigation of e achievements. he of condemnation act , demands in turns in demands ,
However, the the However, nted it it nted
CEU eTD Collection Reportthe ofFinal overstating independence the Reducing the empirical case to amechanism meant toredress injustices of the past or production.historical of field of within broadenedview a the Commission the workof the totalitarian or authoritarian regimes, while suggesting that what legacyof waysofthe research and onhistorical with commissions dealing truth previous past within the broader topic of the politics of memory. In this I relate the case of CPADCR to world.legitimate view ofsocial the claims for legitimacy within different fields rely on historical narratives in order to impose a meaning as history reflected ofits (Trouillotin purpose the violence,meanstowards Bourdieu’s a understanding as theory ofPierre symbolic make synthesis” the is history which or in the author’s words: “mentions narratives as constituted mentionsby and silences, where silencing understood is as a practice, Inofreproduction ofrelations. rely this I existing understanding onTrouillot’s historical of imposition schemes the c and of reproduce how does mentions and silences does thehistorical narrative officialized through CPADCR create and politicsthe memory of Romania. The in central questionmy of what is kind thesis of thatthe I understood workofbe moreover, argue only CPADCR can legitimation of view aspecific on Romania’s past, one which necessarily is exclusionary; what argue in I followsthattheof production Report the Final forms.transmuted power, the in thus broaderparty theme ofrepudiating thecommunist pasthas been present in
possible I start off my analysis with situating the problem of selecting a way of dealing wit dealing with problemwaya of situating the of selecting analysis offmy start I scrutiny, public to subjected thorough not been workhave CPADCRits Although and
the coming beingthe of into historical narratives I complement my analysis with
(Trouillot 1995:48). In order grasp to
and silences […] are active, dialectical counterparts of 3
as a written text is
1995:149), or how thatcompeting is
lassifying the pastserve the serves as an instrument for the is needed is a grounding a needed is is of in the broader theofcontext in broader
t misleading, becau he mechanisms which h the se it se it CEU eTD Collection communistperiod. the official an consolidating version CPADCR itswork, conclude I and by highlightingitsposition within a project broader of competition Following of forthe legitimacy. analysis the productionof contestation and as own orthodoxsubstanrevealed an discourseof staging the of its ce impliesthe which within the political own challenger its discourse that frames itself asoppositional, anticommunismcan surv consolidation, quintessential relational nature of anticommunism reproduces, through itsvery act of excluding and silences of conditions the and of offormation CPADCR the conditions describethe analyze I and topic narrative. view particular onthe past alternatives a topast; as so exclude waysofthe constitution, functions remembering and case, theitself symbolicpower ofa this power as anticommunismof consolidates others.remembering over Through allow implies Final Report ofFinal production the
for understanding the stakes implied stakes by for understanding the
In order to support this claim in the chapter following the theoretical framing of the disconnect
alternative andmemories discourses. Howe marginalizingcompeting constituting the historical narrative a tensiona simultaneously which itthreatens and constitutes as it; a dominant . processIt ofis the ofcontestation Reportin usage and the Final its’ the ing field a historical narrative from its purpose and does not not does and purpose narrative its from historical a the of production
that anticommunism and the corollary historical narrative are
becomes universalized through its instantiationin an official of the past . These reveal and explain, I argue, the structural mentions the structural argue, reveal I . These explain, and the mediation of instrument an of history, knowledge, in
which aims tosuppress competin 4
the very act of favoring a certain form of act ofcertain a form very favoring the of
as instrumentalfor ive throughonly creating circumscribing g memories of of memories g ver, the ver,
and and CEU eTD Collection which the Final Report the which specificities forof the accounting the production ofnarratives. historical writing. bringsnecessity of Report This the the while lookingFinal academic in at historical historical report thatis generally accepted to be a scientific work tributary to the canons of a is of CPADCR work main the of outcome the of Second commission. truth all, historical reconciliation. Therefore any look CPADCR at must account for its particularities as a range of arrangements broader a design way ofthe with dealing and communist past, as ita represents such particular selection of out which Ifindmostly important. First of all the setting up of CPADCRrepresents a specific the place of hist must also be memory taken into account.Therelationship between memory and history and of specificities historical such broadenedcontext the a production, emerging within of a narrative (Trouillot 199 which inoverlapping in is sites history produced order thebroaden understanding of theofproduction field historical and accountfor the sociohistorical process must be acknowledged 1995:6). (Trouillot As such, there is a need to production alsoof atit is the history, same time degreeof that a autonomyof the while that a naïve positivist conceals powerepistemology the relations condition which the falling intopositivist/constructivist the dicho that andmultisited is history ofproduction informmy of analysis Report, the follow TrouillotI Chapter 1: The Case of CPADCR of 1:Case The Chapter This second aspecth In my treatment of CPADCR andtheReport Final ory among forms different of remembering still constitute blossoming
and its importance are assessed. W owever brings up the necessity of broadening the lens through the lens of broadening necessity bringsupthe owever 5). 5). However, while historical narratives must be understood as understood mustbe narratives historical while However, historical knowledge knowledge historical ed to address matters of historical justice and we atmust look production the of history without tomy. to following This say, the same author, 5 - between historical justice and
to reveal the conditions of (Trouillot 1995) hile some works in historiography somein hile works
there two are main directions
in arguingin thatthe
production CEU eTD Collection schematic outline of the reception of Report theFinal per the categories se. problem productionconcealing the Another of historical concerns these attempts reify th - neo which degree to elites, withpotential the anticommunist successes failures judged or according being the to remnants offormer the Report regime.depicted is TheFinal asthe outcome ofthestruggle of reproducing the scrutiny, orthodox discourse of forces the the of fighting democratization democracy, all the authors naturalize distinctions that should be themselves part of critical limited critical potential.While placing the case of Romania in the narrative of transitions to 2008) 2007; commissions its roleamongunderstand historical truth 1.1 this I rely on P intellectuals’ symbolic struggles over the power imposeto readings dominant of the past. In ofanalysis thethatthis as workofsuggesting understood be partof CPADCRcan the through struggles in relationshipspeci to understanding offorms the which in historical narratives are part ofbroader legitimation providean mustalso narrative historical of specific a production at Looking the judging themremembering without as epistemologically or ontologically distinct. and history and assuch argue I for thenecessity todifferentiate between past” inflation of terms such as “collective memory”, “commemoration”, whileacademic interests entire an bodyof literaturehas probablymarked been bythe Truth Commissions (Olick 1998) Robbins and A limited number of academic works has dealt with the case of CPADCR and tried to . To the misfortune of the limited number what should be added is their very their is added be should numberwhat limited the ofmisfortune . To the ierre Bourdieu’s notionscapital Bourdieu’s and ofsymbolic violence. symbolic ierre communist agendas are resisted. Under the guise of scientific neutrality, e normative presuppositions behind the work of the Commission, while Commission, while the workof the behind normativepresuppositions e . Selected forms dealingof with the past . My research is informed by the distinction between memory memory between distinction informed the is by research . My fic conditions of production. thus knowledge myI end 6 . Focusing almost exclusively onthe (Ciobanu 2009; King 2007; Tanasoiu(Ciobanu King2007; 2009; “representation of“representation the
different forms of of formsdifferent
CEU eTD Collection t marginalizes alternative ideological idealization of the functioning of democratic systems, but it also empirically relationship is between democratization the and processes law only not underpinned is byan rule regardunsettlement with the to of law. The premise that at the heart of transition often exceptionality is that the ofit the islens periods overstatedthrough of transitional successor organizations to extent great a are decommunization process by which alternative ways of dealing with thepast are selected. Differences in of conditions the inquirythe and production critical a into preclude assumptions which relationship topastlegal arrangements,also because but perm is it regime in demise tendsa arrangements legal the of following focusliterature onthe to 2000) transitional justice authoritarian regimes have been dealt with in detail by what is generally circumscribed as functi discourse dominant they claim to universality of the particular standpoint from which truth adopt and the narrative ofhistorical the intoof conditions production the inquire to fail works offunction Report the Final reactions in the political field, an exclusive focus on conceals this much of theinstrumental the Whereas necessaryunderstand imm ofundeniably to it itsreception.is nature communist regime Traian bypresident B politica he past to past he through recourse reproduce the ideological mystifications of adiscourse has that created the illusion of a . Treating CPADCR within this framework is problematic though not because this though only problematic thisframework is CPADCR within Treating Issu surroundingcondemnation of the the and issues Report ofFinal the reception l es of postsocialist justice ortotalitarian condemnation of moregenerally the or
literature
ways of dealing with the Nevertheless, the with past. ways of dealing the necessity todeal with and explanations rooted in explanations rootedin and oning as oppositional. oppositional. as oning
and its broader relevance within thecultural field. At best, these
restorative and criminal justice seen is as acommonly shared (Elster 2004; Roht(Elster 2004; ăsescu, linked within this fram 7 these works works overstate understateand both these the - Arriaza and Mariezcurrena 2006; the specificities culture of political ework to the the of to comeback ework
is constructed. At worst, eated by normative by eated
, whi ediate ediate Teitel Teitel le le CEU eTD Collection political compensationand and re forms of grappling with the past: amnesia, trials and justice, lustration, negotiated restitution classification which together with truth commissions includes five other state regimes. of previous Adam legacies (2001) Adam pastthe and and the with onlymade. one are commissions be Truth other arrangements designed toaddress matters of historical justice and reconciliation should failure actuallystrong a its to and sol legal provide memory to practical criticism of workings the of andReconciliation TheTruth Commission academic history through deconstructing the relationship between power, knowledge and the same volume arange of critiques varythat from theproblematizat andon Truth in Reconciliation South Africa(James Vijver2001) de Van and subjects through discursive categories 2006) (Moon basis social systems between legal relationship into the their inquiring and human discourse, rights literature vary themselves to a great extent, ranging fr anthropologicalof analyses om legal Wilson 2001) 2000; 1999; 2001;Nattrass 2006; Moon Vijver America Reconciliation - Commission what could be said tobe theparadigmatic case of thefield, theSouth African 1994;(Ensalaco Müller 2004) inquir past, the with have historical constituted commissions oftruth however themselves object an premise rather than an object of critical inquiry in itself. Out of the alternative ways of dealing y. (Wilson 2001) 2000; Before going further a clarification regarding the place of truth commissions ofamong the truth clarification a place regarding further Before going someWhile of the analysis remains
(Dyzenhaus 1998; Ensalaco 1994; Hayner 1994; Humphrey 2002; James and Van de Van de HumphreyJames 1994; 2002; 1998; Hayner and Ensalaco1994; (Dyzenhaus
to narrative analyses that address the constitution of political complemented onantecedent byworks cases though Latinin , a more critical literature has emerged out of the analysis of - education. As the author
particular form in which states have chosendeal have to form states which particular in
8 within the framework of transitional justice ution in the problem of retrib After the TRC . Theeditorsthe of After s point out, points out, theseareusually not . The approaches within this The approaches ions of the limitations of
bring together in bring together ution. -
-
Reflections sanctioned Truth and and Truth employ a employ a
CEU eTD Collection process. specific socio the pastare extent toagreat aresult of interested selectionsmade inthepresent, and that by used obviousone Adam becomes that choices Adam dealing it immediately in and with offered particularlyare schematic. CPADCR analyzingcasehave authors of the answers in the someitself, and of question 2009) 1 was mandate. presumably it ambiguous. Although is its highly So is justice of restorative ofhead the Commission while the extent which to the Commission sawitselfin the tradition memberswas of the inthecase Theselection than counterparts. of its other whichdegree to the constitution of CPADCR brought to publicatten was muchtion is lower up presidential decreeCPADCRwas set through than act byan ofrather parliament. The differences between CPADCR and theTRC in terms of origins, mandate and procedures. of historical commissions. truth Atthe most basic level it is obvious thatt category the themunder by filing simply Commission Truth Romanian the and commissions should be paid not to overestimate the similarities between the TRCLatin or American truth memory relati samein the and around of problems history case of post where victims identifying delayed replies perpetrators and wasmore notablyin difficult, the transitional justice that ha taken up in different instances. Other cruder classifications distinguish between approaches to carried out singularly, specific historical contexts influencing the mix of strategies that was itself. repression in different regimes, thus c
Ciobanu (2009) argues (2009) Ciobanu that such differences between approaches seem relate toto specific the nature of
. How is itthat certain ways of dealing with the past are selected over others is a broad While itis clear that inmany CPADCR respects andfinal its r
- Soviet regimes where solutions favoredcriminal law regimesoperating outside Soviet solutions where - pol itical arrangements under the current regimemajor playa role in this ve been able to identify clearly perpetrators and victims and victimsand and identify clearly to perpetrators able been ve
ompletely relegating this selection to phenomena extrinsic to the process If wemore employ a thorough classification such as the 9 onship notion to attention of justice eport centered are attributed to the to attributed here are majorhere are 1
(Ciobanu (Ciobanu CEU eTD Collection which theunderstand contradictions permeate the workof CPADCR. namely an that analysis that overstates theindependence of theReport as printedtext fails to that in part establish formsopposing ofmemory memory elite to popular will be later addressed). It is basisthis publicdebatemight limited how overstated(whyand be be this projectsactually central to of Report Final consolidated bythe hearingspublic been have central so procedurally. The degree to the which nar separated the entire process from audiences, broader unlike inthecase of where theTRC, practical than or Ingoeslegal. to addition back these it and is familiar with its contents; it is also attributable to its broadly symbolic function, rather the Report substantially debated narrowhas mostlywhich is the audience to rather this due capacity to popularreshape memory create and new subject identifications. very Put ntly, blu its importance solely in terms of it establishing itself as a discursive technology and its andreach the not archives to did out its public in workings. workofTRC,conducted generatework, unlikethe camera. not new was in CPADCR did notCPADCR include did direct testimonies, it partwas not of public scrutiny of and all its commissions truth ofthe theinvestigative mostother roleof in case the communism. Unlike to whosubjected repressionduring memoirs were scholarly work) of and previous individuals Commissio andsources methodology, the choice of these was within the attributions ofhead the of the law have shaped work its toafar extentthen less With inthecaseof toits theTRC. regard le no had CPADCR However, it. ofpublishing its report supposeddocument to initially history the ofcommunistregime, comprehensively the bythe The natur n; in in n; its work on CPADCR relied archival sources, secondary sources (mostly e of thereceptionof theReport also prevents an analysis that would assess es one of the fundamental assumptions that will guide my will guide research,es assumptionsthat offundamental one the it became thatit obvious was mostly meant documentunder to abuses of of gislative power and categories of international humanitarian CPADCR ha CPADCR 10 s actually entered the public arena should not the entered public actually s to to the procedures whichof CPADCR,
rative CEU eTD Collection attempt to accountfor attempt to the plurality withof past forms the relationships take distinct power. togethermemory thattie history, and and relationships ofpast the instrumentalization the workconstraints, well the as of the hegemonyaiming theorists understand to postmoder domination, the multiculturalist theories which identify in the practices of historiography sources of proliferation initial memory the ofHalbwachs’s workand on works can scrutiny interpreta its and ofknowledge constraints historical collective memory is thought of, his view of history is now rather obsolete, with the much has which way distinction in While influenced the of experience. Halbwachs’s extent a from to autonomous great is t which endeavor ([1952] 1992) literature on collective memory draws onHalbwachs’sseminal work,On Collective Memory historical reconstruction under specific power arrangements less is clear. Much of the 1995) Lowe 1996; and Connerton Gathercole 1994; Jacob and that historical narratives functiof tools on as and ofpast the are conditioned byknowledge memory experiencesofpresent and the that remembering. production of historical narratives and the specificities of historical writing as a form of 1.2
History and memory and History , how is it, howthatimages is T The The modes the maintain but distinction faded been an ofout, has itselfhas in ed knowledge he he (Zerubavel 1995) distinction between memory as betweendistinction history and issued by CPADCR brings the analysis to the problem of the problem analysisthe to the of issuedbyCPADCR brings Report Final , which opposes collective memory to history, with the latter seen as a scholarly While itis by now almost an axiom of the literature o .
nist rethinking of linear visions of historicity and narrative of thepast are actually formed and what are the particularities of As Olick(1998) Robbins and as f as orms of remembering of orms
11 legitimation for those in power (Appleby, Hunt, tive scholarlytive limits come having under
epistemologically and ontologically ontologically and epistemologically nthal 1990; Gillis 1994; 1994; Gillis Trouillot 1990; nthal he sociopolitical realm lived sociopolitical and he
point outpoint rediscoveryof the n historical production n historical . be traced back to In
the analysis ofthe CEU eTD Collection information byhis and of Equally, narrative. his questioning data seeminglyhistorical beliefthe in optimistic repressive state apparatus) eludes precisely the multiple levels at which inequalities enter the on overemphasis His autonomythe t 1996:14). of forgotten”(Connerton rediscover whatcompletely to been has possible historian forstill the is it eyewitnesses, from tradition unbroken historianbyan the custom or reached has event when memory. dependentonsocial Even not thus reconstruction is (1996) by Connerton expressed one the as such views historical representation Munslow 1997) (see in accountin process sociohistorical realm discursive ove the tendprivilege historiographyto in works that on themultiple levels at which silences are produced overcomes thelimitations of critical in particularly a in way,insightful showing inhistorical howprocess the inequalities thoseand thisidea Trouillot develops to foregroundproblem rememberedthe ofis brings silencing. observation gender and relationspower that outcomeinfluence the of is what remembered. Lowenthal’s (1994) As Gillis narratives. and knowledge discourses or interpretations of the past is indeed central to the production of historical 1989) authority” universal ofand representations history, processes that official as specificform a past as ofthe acknowledgesthathistory, but organizing knowledge, forms memory of distinct as oppose history and not does which view ona rely CPADCR I the historical narrative within are anyreproduced new(Trouillot accounts His 1995). stress . This dynamic only ofnot suppression memoriof lived (Lowenthal 1994) (Lowenthal
torians amounts to obliteration the of in differences the way facts which stands which stands in topl opposition the
that nationswhat to choose forget equally whatis to important g for thedivergence between the actual past and its . In my of CPADCR . In analysis 12
shows,memory workis embedded class, in he practicing historian practicinghe subjected historian (unless to a
ural characterof livedmemory narrative, groundedis in“a claim to , according to , according whom“Historical es but also of alternative no statementno about an
I therefore oppose oppose therefore I r the actual theactual r , relies on, relies (Nora CEU eTD Collection . TheFinal of reality imposeofconstruction principles to reproduce the and also function they such as and an of narratives instrument knowledge, historical constitute and that intellectual practices as interested pursuits is the basis on which I try to understand how is it historical narratives as a cultural pra ofsymbolic and violence.ofanalysis symbolicBourdieu’s production capital Seeing the the historical narrative put forward by CPADCR Icomplement my analysis with Pierre parti to insightful in understanding the broader structures within which historical representation is tied it that narratives instrumentalized. are To extentTrouillot’s this conceptual framework less is historical narratives themselves articul are while ofproduction, field historical it is insightful terms how in of is understanding it that dimension of power” political impose the ofprinciples of construction the reality- the dimension a to ofpower theory because is political specificallysymbolic knowledge production of is knowledge inherentlypolitical, or in wording Bourdieu’s problematic broad the n and ofrelyon productio this sensethatthe I view knowledge in the 1.3 transmitted.get orthodoxy field it howthat the is ofcultural challengede how and th is modes of legitimation sense illuminate how is it that history contributes to the reprodu memory history. between and themselves created are
History as an instrument an knowledge History instrument of as the constitutionthe and workof CPADCR instrumentsas function domination. H of cular forms of legitimation and domination. For understanding the stakes andthecularimplied stakes in domination.understanding formsFor of legitimation The literatureonthe r , w hile postulating undesirablehile an dichotomous ofrelationship view the
elationship between memory history and be can withinplaced (Bourdieu 1993:165) ctice and relying understandingon Bourdieu’s of ated, it remains useful less understanding how in is 13 . Trouillot’s understandingTrouillot’s of a broadened in particular, social reality ction of ction dominantthe order,
Report “the theoryof -
is a major a is can this in istory CEU eTD Collection allstrategies include whichstruggles, new aima by imposing of at construction reality social the claim that “on the collective and more properly political level they, i.e. s whichinstruments through symbolic struggles are carried out must Relying identified. be on carried out. arrive at asking how is itthat competition over themaximization of symbolic profit is actually Accepting that the accumulation of is valuablesymbolic a capital form of we accumulation, (Bourdieu1993:188) asmust it the fulfills such function ideological recognized be that narratives as theto needs ofpresent” the (1990: past a adjusted reconstructing retrospectively those aimwhich of are strategies construction at (Bourdieu1990). construction attempts at challenging thecategories of perception of theworld new anda imposing representation, onthe objective whilelevel, on the subjecti the take form Symboliccan of). acts 1990:138 struggles of (Bourdieu n?” constitutio is question “ona central conditions what symbolic can power of power become a Anythough1990). society symbolic capital relative perspectives can gain the appearance of universalvalues (Bourdieu 1990:(Bourdieu capital “are inaposition toimpose thescale of values most thei favorable to individual is kinds of capital when they perceived are and recognized aslegitimate” 1990:129) (Bourdieu violencesymbolic struggles.capital, and Symbolic capital, form “a differentassumed by
key in determining in key theof “objectiveclassificationstheto and granted hierarchy values urdieu’s notion of symbolic power are the notions notions of the for notion are of power symbolic Central understanding Bourdieu’s Treating theTreating production of as history system a of symbolic production goods means ) 1990:135 s groups”and (Bourdieu
offering grounds for legitimation. offering grounds In orderIn to understand how the ofsecuring symbolic functions,power the ). 135). Moreover is markedis between conflicts bythe symbolic different powers, a so , under the effect, the official under of Bourdieu’s observation that “the most typical of these
135) speaks to the possible salient role of historicalof salient role possible the to speaks 135) 14
and assuch possessors of symbolic alarge ve level these take the form of
nomination or legalization of legalization nomination or r products”r ymbolic ymbolic .
CEU eTD Collection of dispossession the effect of the securing or act of employment violence initial its the if in farfrom is trivial ofviolence symbolic ofconcept Theuse the misrecognized. but maintained relations of power (p.170); the violence inherent in the reproduced thus divisions is violence contained objective within the sosecure to as precisely functions of energy”, ( must owncreated reproductionthey continuously of be thetheir themselves principle within systematic inc ulcation transmissionreproduction and of culturalre to reproduce itself is overstated. Of the contrary, Bourdieu himself asserts that the ofworld divisions the are thems of domination itself. In this the argument that the instruments for imposing the legitimate while ofcharacter symbolic violence identifying process the the with act of the reproduction processual the reifies andsituational contingencies”.repetitive, though without reading Sucha symbolic violence which seesit as “smooth, tension free, non reproduction itself social stratification while joining it with a moral judgment passed on the act of the of a“merely rhetor the apparently neutral scientific truth. political, therefore contestable act, while borrowing the legitimacy ofact anthat bases itself in necessity of acollective position”, while the act of official nomination loses its charaas acter nomination. In this relation the historical narrative can “impose itself with the authority and act an meets of itself, official an as of history, instrument which knowledge juncture at the that the follows the politicalrejecting old or lexicon maintaining orthodoxthe (Bourdieu1991:134) view” ). Symbolicp.187). power, “capable of effects producingreal without any apparent expenditure Bourdieu’s ofviolence beenlevel symbolic has notion challengedremainingonthe Bourdieu’s as Final Report (Collins 2008:24)(Collins ical “a ofway theusage”, of argument dramatizing” ofreproduction the (Bourdieu 1993:187)
and and ofthe condemnation act ofcommunist the regime constitute elves fought over is is elves foughtlost and over capacity the of order dominant a . This however basedis in a ofreading the notion of sourcesorsymbolic capital rely
15 and that when social relations contain donot whenand social that - confrontational, highly
on aprocess of , it it CEU eTD Collection willingness of IICCR case thembringing already of the attention media. into the Theavailabilityand mostwith ofpersons them with public and some being the ofdevelopments the surrounding forterview, the in refused invitation an outspokenly contactingprovedbe others to difficult members of CPADCRestablishingand interviews them. with number a While of them press. What was proven significantly challenging in the research process was contacting the of indi takings reconstitution ofposition the the Report of Final the “Observator Cultural” and “Idei topic byfour topic secondary sources, most notably press articles. The discursive analysis of the coverage of the primarily through reconstructed Commission been have of the work constitution the and dynamics of ofcontestation the the workofsurrounding CPADCR.t Thediscourses critical source for understanding the internal dynamicsthe Commission of aswell asthe groupedors criticalauth only volume around Report thethe Final addressing forms of data collection. Interviews with members of CPADCR as wellas with several of the onseveral productiondrawing required of understandingfield historical broadened of the triangulation. 1.4 as understandviolence. formto a it of symbolic views about the past takes placeand the experience of certain groups silenced is it adequateis of marginalization alternative the production historical to past through recourse the about Reformulating this in terms of the empirical case analyzed, if in the act of speaking the truth certain groupsmeans from the t Methodology TreatingCPADCR adescriptive case as study relied I on methodological of sometheinterviewees of
U publications nderstanding the formation the workofrelyingnderstanding the CPADCRona and through
in the cultural field. carry comprehensive to a tried out I addition this In to
during the period 2005- the during o impose their own vision of ownt their vision o impose în D în ialog” has been essential tounderstanding the reception to describe indetail the course of research their as 16
vidual membersprinted of the CPADCRvidual in 2010, namely “Di “22”, he social world is identified.
proved a proved be to lema Veche”, he he CEU eTD Collection
multiple forms of texts. data (in the form of interview material) and analysis of secondary sources embodied in 1992) Wacquant rel in theory of ofuse the own designation withauthor’s congruence on.However,in the built is theory reproduction ofschemes, classificatory methodologically I depart from research coursehis the how ahistorical understand that to it is inviolence narrative order comes servethe to framework in relationtomethodology. the While I theoryofemploy Bourdieu’s symbolic legitimacy within the cultural field. of t of dynamics contestation the me depictionthe reconstitute of the cultural left dominant discourseswithin and to understand body. Interviews with the editors of the volume Anticommunism TheIllusion helped of have a depictionsas dynamicswidespread of unitary Commissionthe it resisting internal and of the well as the history of their cooptation into the Commission was A central observation regards the way inwhich employ I theselected theoretical ation tothe research object
meant to understandto object meant an
he
Final Final , I make use of it as a “thinking tool” “thinking a as of make use , I it 17 Report
of inquiry constructedthrough ethnographic of inquiry
er struggles partofbroad as the for central for reconstituting the
(Bourdieu and CEU eTD Collection communist abuses regime it. and under For the official the textof call as wel its acknowledgment of the already existing wide body of scholarly work that speaks to the history of the of the Report’ Final Radu Filipescu, ArmandVirgilIerunca, Goşu,Lovinescu,Monica some MariusAlexandrualso Oprea, but Zub) the future members of CPADCR (among them Sorin Antohi, Ioana Boca, Ruxandra Cesereanu, Dorin Dobrincu, by the civil society ever since 1990”. Among the individual signatories of the call were a significant numbe as been requested has reconciliation, premisenational of an act justice, carry historical forth of to will political the condemnation criminality the of condemnation the non governmental organizations and several hundred intellectuals signed the petition concluding that „through presidency in presidency March the 2006. Under title of „Call http://www.gds.ong.ro/apel.htm 3 2 communist regime intellectuals that aske wasalsothe ofindeed formation linked to CPADCR coming pressure from public supporting the passingoflaw.notably possible lustration a However,it notedmust be thatthe steps thepursued in directionof same and having the PNL time at permanent a structure IICCRanticommunism,with being perceivedthe shaking liberal monopolythe over attemptat an th Communism (IICCR) had already , asnurturing itwas formed at a timewhen the Institute for the Investigation of the Crimes of the t Commission bore beginning very From action. an the such thatwouldhimcommission provide with the onevidence the basisof whic demanding condemnation of the the communistregime Traian president B 2.1 right the representing PD over PNL and dividebetweengrowing the government and the president Romania immediately after the collapse of communism). of the collapse after Romania immediately democrat orientation (that goes back to the early 90s and links PD
Ilieşiu, was presented to the to presented was Ilieşiu, Sorin by initiated CPADCR, of up setting the precedes immediately callthat The This wasalso the period during which PDredefined itself asa right wing party, breaking withits social e Liberal Party (PNL) and prime minister C formation of CPADCR “trialof The communism” of the formation and The setting up of CPADCR to back April goes 2006, when after series a of calls Chapter 2: Situating the interest in the recent past recent inthe interest the 2: Situating Chapter Florin Abraham and Ovidiu Şimonca. Ovidiu and Abrahams critics, such as Florin . 3
Several d, in the form of open letters, for thecondemnation of official the letters, d, form open the of in . Another call, from April 2005, “Proclamation for Romania”, also initiated by
of the communist regime you will prove (i.e. the such initiativesare to the the linked discussions surrounding
some forms the other with communist dealing most of past, been set up as agovernme under institute the aegisofntal 2 ,
for the President of Romania, Traian Băsescu”, several dozen several Băsescu”, Traian Romania, of President the for the setting up of CPADCR was later interpreted as 18
ălin Popescu Tăriceanu. In the context of the of context the In Tăriceanu. Popescu ălin and the sharpened betweenthe andstruggle
with FSN, the coalition that governed
Notable about the text of callis of the text about Notable l as for the list of signatories see signatories list of l as the for he touch of its political touchpolitical he of its
institutional setting of president) that you have the
h he could pursue ă sescu set up a sescu set
r of r of - CEU eTD Collection reform of Romania the “moral in out to carry theorder president and society, theparties civil political solidarity between for calls thedecommunization ofRomania”, initiated bythe same Sorin Ilieşiu, also invokes the “Prague declaration”and requesting the following of the recommendations of the Final Report presiden the public intellectuals did not end with thefrom official condemnation of the regime, answer but have been followed by calls official an elicit not did Ilieşiu Sorin blatant truths” (Tismăneanu 2005) anticommunist the ofRomanian feel publications exile need the for the confirmation of such he and feel“doesn’t that president” formerthat the diss to the Wiesel Commission would need a person with the moral authority of Elie Wiesel as its a that saying was Tismăneanu Holocaust, Romanian the of investigation 2005) (Tismăneanu overwhelming that and stakethe is anythingelseonebefore thatpertains political to will of member future CPADCR)know just as well as I do that the and interviewer the (i.e. saying: “you, Mr. Goşu was Tismăneanu byheadincluding future of the CPADCR,Vladimir Tism for condemnation.call The ideaofblishing esta was commission a met suspicion, with years from theexistence of Romanians>>…” President, t whopeople in gather a commission, document they themselves and come Mr. << say and during an interview he declared that “unless there an is academic position, aposition of some commission for investigatin andformation Theidea the ofsuperflous therefore of wasunnecessary. commission a a proof such of ofregimewas criminality supporters that documenting and view the the the marked bythe tension between memb future and AC of vicepresident Ilieşiu, Sorin by initiated them of all CPADCR, of up setting er of CPADCR. CPADCR. of er From outset very the for the call the condemnation communistp official the of his is ourhis happened, is conclusion, what you this is condemn allthe to have right 45 ” ("Pactul Pentru Decomunizarea României") Decomunizarea Pentru ("Pactul . Discussing the adoption ofDiscussing possible the mmissionmodel ofco the for the
g pastthe wasalready brought up bythe president in 2005, when .
those who endorsed the necessity of scientific proof 19 (Băsescu 2005) (Băsescu
literature theliterature regarding problembynow is . t. The calls for decommunization on behalf of
idents and those of us who wrote in the those and idents the ofin who us wrote “Pact for “Pactfor 2008 the August notably, Most . ăneanu. In October 2005, Vla 2005, October In ăneanu.
he wouldhe not give courseto the “Commission similar ast was was ast dimir ”
CEU eTD Collection Culic 2005) Culic connections foreigninstitutional with academic research institutions and universities –with the latter comprised during a and writing socialism tocanons back of the traced history postsocialist Romania is that between the representatives of a nationalist discourse that is its production within the field of historiography is setting in of narrative Reportvoice the upthe Final advanced these actors stand to each other has significantly influenced the types of h scholars, representatives of thecivil society and political actors, and therelationship in which coming Final Report ofFinal the production exemplified bythe historical narratives are produced at the intersection of several 2.2 necessary. remarks regarding the interest in the study of the recent past in Romanian are context privately fu Romanian communism frombenefits broad rather a institutional infrastructure, both and state be regarded as publishing ofmemorial literatu indeedby it flourishingis the supported of both scholarly work strictly wellas the extended the and abundanceworkdocumenting of ofcommunistpast scientific criminalthe the nature Reclaiming theReclaiming recent past Probably the has tension mostProbably that notable marked writing the ofin history The interest in the recent not pastis confined totheacademic environments and What seemed tobethe at time ofsetting the to terms with Romania’s communist past has been has termsRomania’s to with communist past argued disputedand for by . However, it also is undeniable that historians themselves have had aprivileged
. nded. Beforended. turning to details the ofsetting the upof CPADCR of couple a
However, the nationalist strands of historiography have actually a dua a actually of have strands historiography nationalist However, the individual or isolated attempts at grappling with the past. The study of of Thestudy isolatedpast. attempts or grappling the at with individual of younger mostly historians and/ re inpostsocialistre Romania.more But importantly these can : the pursuit of truth of the context in : pursuit 20 required. required.
and as such least at a schematic placing of up of CPADCR a general consensusover general a up of CPADCR . The necessity of studying as well as
fields
so or historians with stron - call , this ed istori
“reformist camp” being eloquently being cal narratives l heritage, (see not g
CEU eTD Collection conflicts which undermine the possibility of thinking about a rather unitary “reformist” camp. “reformist” about unitary a rather thinking of possibility the undermine which conflicts the communis of offield the research the institutional in struggles Recent 4 to ofworkin Much Romania). the ambassador of Netherlands initiative offormer the the the university), The Romanian Institute for Recent History (IRIR collaboration offormer the t and IICCR Communism ( Postcommunism and Study of Totalitarianism on for Studies Center Romanian the to Academy),the (affiliated Studies on Communism (affiliated to Communist Crimes t and research centers, among these the most important being the Institute for the Investigation of arereformist group muchmore peripheral than they actually are “reformist”monol as the depict group majora within tension theof field his recent history. Opposing the nationalist historians to the reformist group, while it does capture themselves part are ofwhat actually is amuchbroader apparatus of production of Romania’s more freedom the universitydepartments, autonomous in nationalist myths. Much opposition of comes this fromenjoying greater indeed researchers Romanians 2005). (Culic undesirable wa in production historicalof agenda the shaping section of the Romanian Academy and thehistorians associated with i production historical has surrounding been seen reflecting as The thesedistinctions. history sometime recuperate and pre communistand both inherit they as
This depiction is of course due partly to the time at which the quoted authors have conducted their research. The institutionalizedstudy of Romani s forged in the samenarrative the forged in s
(Berindei and(Berindei 2001) Cândea Many of the works produced ofworks here,Many the includingmajor the workTheHistoryof he Memoryhe of the Romanian Exile,
torical production becausenot torical production misleading is
ithic, it alsohistoriansithic, suggests the belongingto that further referred to asCSCP the Civic Academy), The National Institute for the he historyhe of department the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
have been severely criticized for reproducing criticized for reproducing severely been have 21 (Livezeanu 2003) a’ s recent past is embodied in number a of - communist historiographic traditions, communist traditions, historiographic t past has however brought to the fore - ys by the younger researchers bytheys younger private organization, set organization, private . 4
the the International Center for . however, these historians these historians however, The institutional setting - set upthrough the set t aret often seen as
only does itdoes only - up at
CEU eTD Collection politically (although members of GDS have held political office); its weekly publication, 22, weekly office); its political held GDS have members of (although politically Romanian anticommunist discourse. been directly never 1990,GDS has Foundedin involved having aclaim toadissidentpast, these two associations havemajor had a inshaping role the the Civic Alliance. Seen as compo byoccupied twonon- a law.lustration notably radical anticommunist discourse but also in the specific mostmeas supported, they ures a in only not stronganticommunist instantiated agendas, their linkedto been has elections) Romanianwon Convention the (the 1996 rolein alliancethat their the and broad Democratic (PNŢ Party Peasant National the and (PNL) Party - so communist regime, the from communi studythe towardsof turning the in pressure archives. Significant upofregime’s opening the shaping specificwaysin of dealing thewith communist past, most notablyin and through the for ofSecuritateCouncil Study the the Archives (CNSAS) both had have aconsiderable role - (AFDPR Romania organizations. Amongthese, the Association for theFormer Detainees Political from research opportunities related toRomania’s recent pasthave diversified. 2007),2005, CSCP in confirming thatcontrary to Polirom). publishing mosthouses, notablyPolirom ( centers themselves, or through with published works the collaboration of Romanian these researchcente A special position in advancing the interest in Romania’s recent past has been The interest i st st past has also originated, especially in the first decade after the fall of the Three
of these centers have been set up after the 2000year (IRIR 2000, in Asocia rs hasrs been disseminated either through the publications of theresearch governmental associations, theGroup for Social Dialogue, respectively n Romania’s recent pastbeen has also on the agenda of other i Fşio Dţnţ Pltc dn România) din Politici Deţinuţi Foştilor ţia called historical parties, most notably the National Liberal sed mostlysed of liberal intellectuals, with a majority of them for example 22 ) . The political trajectories of the some the grim interest predictions and the IICCR annual is published by
and Theand National se parties IICCR in in IICCR CEU eTD Collection Declaration Declaration on European Communism”. Conscience and wide intellectuals; received this support among the Romanian case is of 2008“Prague the its in communism both thanmonth a before the official accession date). International calls for repudiating Romania of context the in Băsescu intellectuals. contributed to formationthe of specific a imaginary of communism and anticommunist have shaped discourse thathave early twoorganizations these members in thein following section, number quitea of the members of CP the Party of the Civic Alliance ofmore realm,constitution involvementpolitical the direct the a had in through GDS,AC has fromdefined ver the 7 6 5 rupture forsymbolic a need (the linked EU officially ofto been accession history anticommunismhave institutionalizethe to should added. be supranational Romanian efforts the structures anticommunism constructed is and asa“concentration of and active responsi (AC) its weekly circulation ha organ izations. constant calls for the truth about the communist regime and the 1989 Revolution are a shared legacy of the two in Romaniacrisis” which finds itself,alonglines the “faith, of humanism democracy”, as and well the as re for calls The AC. within drafted discourse the of lines the along agenda its relationship with AC. Undoubtedly though, PAC has benefited from the early popularity of AC and has drafted
For theFor text of the seedeclaration “Carta Alian see The two organizations cannot be seen as overlapping, the existence of PAC being marked by a tensed s constituteds itsmain platform, enjoyed and significant popularity in the 1990s early when , similarly self To this national institutional structure within thewhich andhistory memory of
ţei Civice”, the founding document of AC (Pavel and Huiu 2003:523 - y beginning along linesy beginning the of As oppos anticommunistdiscourse. an described asa
(Pavel and Huiu2003) (Pavel 150.000copies was around
historical embodiment aswell ason an ideological level have also http://praguedeclaration.org/
6
(Partidul AlianţaCivică(Partidul
joining the EU, and his official declaration wasissuedless declaration EU, the official his and joining with thecommunist pasthas been advocated by Traian “representative organism of theRomanian civil society” 23 ble extraparliamentary forces”
- 7
PAC, 1991) in ADCR have also been active dressing “moraland spiritual the dressing - . 526) As will be discussed . The Civic Alliance among Romanian among Romanian
5 , has beenhas , ed to to ed CEU eTD Collection won the 1996 elections, see Pavel and Huiu Co Democratic Romanian The Română, Democrată (Convenţia 8 2.3 anticom of ideological the onslogan the under coordinates summed to reliant adherence which discuss sociothrough to - the of right wing libera ofhistory inquiry whichto such any major as one project the wouldbe of CPADCR indebted. critical a it wouldhave in interest past and very the which studyingofrecent in the context communistthe regime meant thatthe Commission would necessarily function within a ana iscriticism, orthodoxconfirmed existence discourse of dominant, closer a the such bythe parties platformswingpolitical the supported and right of communism” Romaniamarked has been by therepeatedc become themeasure of the adherence to the new moral and political order”. Postsocialist repudiationinstitutions, the of the communist the modeland “communist” intellectual have (Gheorghiu2007:349)Gheorghiu field. As cultural former regimehas been what constructed and as itssuccessor, both within the political and legitimacy of their o intellectuals grouped around thes The pervasivelyanticommunistone. a been has from1990s early field the starting cultural recent past must be connected, mustit be noted that the dominant discourse in the Romanian
For a detailed description of the participation of intellectuals in the political field and their role in forging CDR in and role their forging the political field in intellectuals of the of participation a description For detailed lysis oflysis thereception. workof CPADCRits and The selection of of selection The producers While itis this institutional structure to which the systematic interest in Romania’s As it As it is obvious bynow formationthe of CPADCRmore than 16years fallafter the of munism munism
and self (Gheorghiu 2007) (Gheorghiu lism have been naturalized so astoconstitute the legitimate categories pposition pposition wellas f as - declared, right wing liberal intellectuals have traditionally
e e struggledinstitutions have for the recognition of the political order and consecration within the cultural field is . While at this point might .While thispoint to this contentionopen be at (2003)
or defining their position defining position or oppositionalagains their as .
24 alls of public intellectuals for a “trial of
nvention), the broad right wing coallition that observes, “thedistance fromthe old 8 . In thecultural field, thecategories endorsed t the CEU eTD Collection scientific, intellectual hisjustified choice 2006b) credibility of the pre of “yoube moral2006: a cannot part theand whencommission youcontest scientific 9 anticommunistthe discourse and had closeties some with ofmost the prominent institutions all public intellectuals self the recognitionofcapital naming. their lead hand, which to one almostmembers were On the members and experts, are two degree alarge separated precisely by thetwo forms ofsymbolic knowledge. experts: symbolic capital intheform ofrecognized anticommunist dissidence and expert CPADCR. personal conflict between him and Vladimir Tism with the Securitate ofcollaborated allegations having over respectively December September,CPADCR in 2006) case is ofThis the metropolitan NicolaeCorneanu Sorin (who and Antohi resigned both from the Tismă commission Vladimir and experts 20 members, 18 included CPADCR Tism ofIndeed, the up thedetails setting confirmofof As head CPADCR this. C Agoston, Cristina Petrescu, Anca Şincan, Virgiliu Ţârău, Cristian Vasile, Smaranda Vultur. NovákCsaba Zoltán,Negrici, Olti Eugen Nagâţ, Germina Mureşan, Maria Iordachi,Constantin Dor Goşu, Armand Cioflâncă, Adrian Chiriţă, Radu Cesereanu, Ruxandra Bottoni, Stefano Boca, Ioana Baier, Hannelore experts Zub; Alexandru Vasile, Cristian Tănase, Kligman, Stelian Salat, Levente Gail Rusan, Romulus Ilieşiu, Sorin Ierunca, Virgil Filipescu, Lovinescu,Monica Nicolae Manolesc Radu Dumitrescu, Ticu Constantin Berindei, Mihnea
The final structure of CPADCR consists of president Tism Vladimir president of CPADCRconsists of structure final The Final Report nau a te opee reo t slc te members. the select to freedom complete the had ăneanu . As for the basis for extending his invitations, Vladimir Tism Namely, t Discussingconflict his withPa 9 The two different groups that comprise the individuals working comprise thefor CPADCR, groupsindividuals that The twodifferent . In addition to this 12 other people are credited as collaborators in as the arecollaborators credited writing 12otherpeople this to addition of. In . wo forms of legitimation were at work in the selection of the members and of members and the selection the workin at were legitimation of forms wo Notable the is case of members three that have resigned orwere dismissed. . s in terms of inviting outstanding termsinviting in of s The case of former dissident, Paul Goma, who was dismissed following a and political figures sident ofsident the commission, the ma - defined as liberal intellectuals, a asdefined whobeen liberal have
u, Mariusu, Oprea, H. (see for example Tismăneanu 2006a; 2006b) (seefor example Tismăneanu 2006a; ul Goma, the head of CPADCR was declaring in was declaring of Goma, head ul CPADCR the 25 ă - R. Patapievici, Dragoş Petrescu, Andrei Pippidi, Pippidi, Andrei Petrescu, Dragoş Patapievici, R. neanu, speaks to to the speaks internaldynamicsneanu, of voices of the civil society, society, prominent voices ofcivil the n who invites you” n nau mmes oi Alexandrescu, Sorin members ăneanu, The final componence of of componence The final in Dobrincu, Robert F Robert in Dobrincu, neanu head as of the ă neanu hasneanu repeat PADCR, Vladimir ctive promoters of
(Tismăneanu . ü edly edly rt os, os, CEU eTD Collection itselfproblematics is which groundedcontingent in inclusionsexclusions. and reproduction within an officially sanctioned narrative assists the reification of a hierarchy of expertst lead to the have “coterie”. However, asseen inthe Final Report have CPADCR of critics some work. Therelevance ofprevious the connections ofexpe the ofinvestitureat were the delegation subsequent networks the and personal delegation, clear towards would a point not corollarystudies areawithin the ofthe field research communism interviewed experts. Where the institutional connections or the visibility of a res previous or current institutional affiliations and publications, as well as by some of the previous scholars in the analysis of theRomanian communist regime oronclosely related The topics. asaformonly supporttowards itsdelegation her of mission. declaring and of suggestions Lovinescu having with memberand a be ofCPADCR Monica to the accepted substantially legitimationVladimir by IeruncaVirgil MonicaLovinescu and been have insistently used as ofa symbolicsource ofhead CPADCR of defense Report in the Final nof Kligman,whoserecognitio as Gail intern studyhistoriography the past. The or ofcommunist paramount Romania’s example case is the possessors of the largest share of institutionalized cultural capital within the national field of andAlliance AFDPR. The notable exception is thatof the few researche whors were seen as the beenRomania’s discourse have shaping about that recent past, namely GDS, CivicThe As far asthe selection of theexperts is concerned, these were judged tobe leading
connections between the selected experts are confirmed simple by a look their at to theto Final Report Tism he reproduction he ăneanu, although it is likel is it although ăneanu, , i , with the former having passed away before its completion its awaybefore passed former having the , with n terms of thesuperficial denu 26 of therecurrent subjects of ational invoked scholar wasrepeatedly
the particular conditions particular of conditions the of cooptation the . Similarly, thenames of Romanian exiles y ofthat none them contributed have rt members not be is to judged, as nciation
the field.the Their ofan academic
earcher and by the CEU eTD Collection result will be” be” will result B precepts, and precepts, the terrorist executioners”(Tismăneanu the 2006a) this experimentclearly possible,whowere states human how was his carriers, who were its victims, who were condemn communism. I think we must have the elegance to design a scientific work” Armand Go 13 12 11 10 past; hand one the personal act basismemory not the truth could theas for speakingthe about past two primaryon aboutreinforced claims: the the truth speaking of ofdelegation act the set a in multiplewas grounded of intellectuals condemningfor communist incontestably the regime. itselfact and being public thedemandsofciety and so to expectations aresponse civil relationship with the abuses of the regime the communistpast perbut ideology ofthe se communis CPADCR the mediation of science. However, dynamic this was complemented fact in bythat the theact through truth impartial an as offormulated being possibility the thathad verdict a in grounded political act was thus realm of professionalexpertise and can be achieved through scientific investigat “verdict” of CPADCR discourse broader that centered around acknowledging from very outset the the future a in Tismăneanu Vladimir by integrated was suspicion dissimulation. Rather, the initial asoccurred, attacks some moreinmedia through suggested of the have of violent act an not has of head CPADCR as distrustful ofproject intellectuals the ofthe of cooptation one
ssu ditd ht e r atal o te od oad cnenn commun condemning towards road the on actually are we that admitted ăsescu “Our report “Our Băsescu Mr. “what “[…] starting from what I feel as a citizen of Romania and what I felt until 1989, asI president 1989, until felt I what and Romania cannot of citizen a as feel goto I from what starting “[…] See for example Vladimir example See for 13
on the other, t other, on the It therefore becomes obvious that from the very beginning the founding of CPADCR theCPADCR fromfounding of beginning that very becomesthe therefore obvious It The leap from generalized suspic şu: şu: 11
will illuminate precisely the causal relationship between the communist ideology, with its utopian its utopian with the ideology, communist between causal relationship the precisely will illuminate (Tismăneanu 2006a) was added “I believe that when the president invited me to become the coordinator of this Commission, Mr.
wants is that text, written not only for today’s generation, but also for the future ones, that ones, future the for also but generation, today’s for only not written text, that is wants -
he possibility to formulate a singular truth about the the belongs truthto he the to singular past a about possibility formulate concentration system” concentration displaced from arena the offield the of andopinion so planned , . the strong emphasis on the necessity to condemn not just condemnnot to necessity ason the emphasis well as the strong 10 Tismăneanu
To thisthe idea ofpedagogic the function of the work of
’s declaration while interviewed by another member of CPADCR, of member another by interviewed while declaration ’s
recognitions and exclusions. Traian exclusions. and recognitions B
(Tismăneanu 2006a) , 12
ion or opposition or amongion intellectuals together 27 with
the
m, found to stand in a causal in causal a stand m, found to reinforcement of the
ism, that we know what the the what know we ism, that (Băsescu 2005) (Băsescu ăsescu idea of the the of idea
as as ’s very’s ion. Aion. to to be be to
the the CEU eTD Collection who to were present the ofhistory the communistregime as opponents and victims of it the commission whoformulate to apparently an neutral able experts would be truth. authority of wasrecognizedthe bodyof transferredwhat a thisauthorityas to president 1991:190) about truth the past. truths”speakthe secured to the blatant right no investigation is forof the “there need such as that anticommunistsreputation who forgedtheir and liberal intellectuals had felt of delegation justificationits initial the In wasreproduced. the with confrontation the past, the a particular upon past particular to a vision the act ofwithin the official of nomination, thesetwolevels exclusion constituted the premise for the culturalfieldrecognition within of anticommunismasaform of symboliccapital. Forged On hand one selection. to the neutral,recourse scientific expertise as on the other the representation.collective Theverdict uponthe past was beto mediated through two forms of could that impo verdict se itself fora forging basis asa regime,became the political a and anticommunism its contingent in form, product the as of a relationship intellectuals between the only legitimate The ones. subjective experience of communism, said, orbetter remembering wasalreadywork. at ofthe act delegating the capacity tojudge the pastahierarchy of legitimate forms of could now take the form anarr of Yet, the the Yet, selection of the members of CPADCRthe to c lead
and therefore impose to a singular ofreading as the a past position,collective the
very coming of confirmed being which into thatthe representations of those
e th Having “to power speak thein name of- non ative ative whichto value truth a could
past and its r its impose universal. Thepast itselfas and 28
professionals” be althoughassigned, in onstitution of a onstitution emembering (Bourdieu
we re re
CEU eTD Collection see Mihai Dinu Gheorghiu, Dinu Gheorghiu, Mihai see con institutional their and elites liberal anticommunist the of symboliccapital of accumulation 1990s early on the synthesis aninsightful For Ionescu. Nae as such orientation, political right extreme of intellectuals 1990. It has also had a strong role in the rehabilitation of the myth of prosperous interwar Romania and interwar institutions in the advancement of the intellectual agenda of the anticommunist public intellectuals ever since alsowhile redressing factual inaccuracies. 16 15 14 extreme right party PRM, with its leader being among those whose collaboration with the attacks camefrom ininitial ofearly the together the much reactions. Many the judged constitutes an official act of theRomanian state. “illegitimate and criminal regime”; thesame editorial note informs us that this message Report 18 of Parliament the on al. 2007) et ofconsequences continue which burden to our history shapeand our destinies” (Tismăneanu years about those <
All of the following references refer to the print edition The differences between the two versions are minor, but the latter does introduce mino Humanitas, early inheritor of the inf the of inheritor early Humanitas, The Narrative The , embraced some of its recommendations and o The The The major outcome t of . Theprinted also edition the bythe includes message president in delivered front two events, the presentation of B presentation and the Report the two events, d printed version d printed
Intelectualii Intelectualii tinuation of “all the books and documents published during 17published thedocuments and tinuation books of “all Chapter 3:FinalRepor The Chapter th
15 of December, the discourse in which he presented the Final presented he which in discourse of the December,
he work of CPADCR was the Final Report the was of work CPADCR he în cîmpul puterii cîmpul în rastructure of the publishing house of PCR, has been one of the key was published ofmost one 2007byHumanitas, the in was published
th
of December 2006 on the website of and website presidency, 2006onthe December of 16 . An note unsigned editorial to the volume informs 29
(2007)
(Tismăneanu, Dobrincu, and Vasile 2007) .
fficially condemned communism asan
ăsescu t is oneis of most its important ’s statement’s were ver r editing corrections corrections editing r it issued. The issued. it
nections, nections, 14 . A . y CEU eTD Collection picture of the Report itself is required. synthetic a ofReport the theofcontestation dynamics at the Beforedepth looking in ignored. while more takings theaddressed thorough position culturalpr within the surrounding bycoursewhich supported predicament actual wasnot This debates the however Tismăneanu Vladimir as dialogue, intellectuals defending Report the have recommend already had relegated them discretedniche. a it beginningto in from very This the nationalist and characterAssociation notoriously a orthodoxist werehad and ofthat violence a attacks coming the moreover to accusationsofand him trying T details. biographical discrediting individual members of C attacks coming from first the were perhaps relatively moremoderate, they still aimed at associated with Victor Roncea, journalist and member ofCivic Media Association). While the Report 2009) Mediafax 2006; Romanian dailies published several articles systematically Tismăneanu" Comisiei Cauza Din Pară Şi Foc ("Iliescu, and lacking “intellectual honesty” being government,attacked“manipulative” as a has the Report andone neocommunist important figure of the communist regimemost andthe important representative of a Similar former denounced. regime is Final ReportFinal of of lack ofthe recognition
Jurnalul Jurnalul membersbeing of the and CPADCR, these
ed their originators took, as critiques originating from the extreme right have been constantly been have from extreme right the took, originating critiques as against president Băsescu president he attacks were also connected with attacks against , while also later chronologydenouncing the it aims to impose from Victor andVictor Roncea from othermembers of Civic Media f some of the actions the of of ofF the character revolutionary some hide his communistpasthide his ,the acceptable aslimitsofan
has has
as unl as repeatedly declared, thoseare of aliberal democr ly, former presidently, I ikely partners for dialogue for for dialogue partners ikely PADCR, contesting their credibility through 30 . The attacks coming. Theattacks from incriminating both the the both incriminating Naţional on Iliescu, presented asan on Iliescu, presented
imagined community of community of imagined ess have been constanly and and
the groupthe of public Ziua
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a section already entitled sentimental epilogue the nation and religion are religion and the nation epilogue sentimental entitled already section a students ’
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CEU eTD Collection et al. 2007:23) al. et they wore and continue to wear, and that part of Romania that desired and desires an open society” after 1989 have signified a continuous struggle between the forces of the old regime, irrespecti opposition movements. For the complete list see pp. 774 - regime, the whichserious, we to they have duty present because manifestation precisely formsrepresent the of of old communistmethods and mentalities have continued to exist under various forms, some of them extremely 23 22 2007:27) destroy” to aimed and it attacked which values, spiritual veritable to hostile regime was displays banningof ofpublic the the regime leaders; of ofcommunist its apologies or the i the also but law, include urgent adoption of lustration the a aspects juridical and an ency studyfor the of communism up high setting in researchschools), a group ordertoin elaborate manual a use for(namely didactic elaborating ofReport the the results communism, adapting monuments,commemorative organizing for aday victimsthrough national the commemorative erecting of communism, memorialization, CPADCRof of infrastructure the recommendsconsolidating memory, regime (ideology and state apparatus), as well as the resp communist the condemning regime. includes This condemning both the instruments of the measure thatis necessary thatofimposed performeddiagnostic is officiallyThe first bythe that constitute the last part of the conclusion. These divided are intofive diff the communist regime. diagnostics themselves are of and organizations control intermediaryrepression. These corollary and organizations institutions immediately responsible fo development of society; have survived theofficial collapse of thecommunist regime and have hindered the democratic
These range from “abandoning the national interest” to th “Communismcollapsed onlyofficially on December 22, 1989. Unof
transfigured, but not fundamentallytransformed” 2007:776) (Tismăneanual.et The administrative dimension is captured in the recommendations of the Commission recommendationsof the in captured dimension is The administrative
clopedia of Romanian communism ofrecommendationsclopedia Romanian The pertaining etc. to legislation
of the communist state, as well as individual members of the political 23
22 the possibility of collective guilt or incrimination is excluded, complemented by a detailed list of crimes that can be attributed to r abuses under the abusesregime under r a conferences, 33 776 776 e destruction of political parties and the repressing of repressing the and political parties of e destruction (Tismăneanu et al. (Tismăneanuet 2007) onsible the persons.Under heading the setting up the re the party the apparatus re theand ficially, structures, and especially structures, ficially, .
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CEU eTD Collection expertsand within attributed to this. A more important aspect pertains to the relationship between the members time had they available for research, many and ofshortcomings the of Report are the form the for F understanding the Revolution”. thenotably recognitionof“Timi the calls Report for the recognition of new symboloci oflic the collapse of theregime, most ofbeing the idea of1989 Revolution d’etatthe coup conspiracy. thea or result Moreover, gets termed asthe “myth of modernization under communism”; Report also the repudiates Dej and Ceau attest perceptionsdismantle of past. One the of the maintheses of Report the is formulated as so to is what recommending it thathas to nature given done be the ofverdict, the it also strives to scholarships for researchers of thecommunist dictatorship. infrastructure the existingand allocation research the thefor supporting need are which of the present truth regarding the communist period educational in institutions, the corollaryof categor insistence on the necessity to grant full access to the archives of the regime. Finally, the last the alsoforand of is action research regimecourse advocated future ofthearchives, with an communist symbols, modification oflaw the Archives.A the of of the functioning National
the unitary nature of the regime, in opposition to claims of a discontinuity between the between the discontinuity claims of to opposition a in unitaryof regime, the nature the y of endorsed actions refers exclusively to education, and calls for the necessity to necessity for the education, refers exclusively to calls actions and endorsed y of Interviews membersInterviews ofwith CPADCRlight to couple a of brought aspects essential While the şescu periods. Another narrative the Report is situat is Report the narrative Another periods. şescu Final ReportFinal the Whilethe Commission. almost been nodetails have released publicly
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A notable exception is constituted by Levente Salat’s Kommunizmus article Romániai “A Öröksége És Az ăneanu trying to explain him that there is no way the entire entire the way no is there that him explain to trying ăneanu The same between tension twoways of relating to supposedly the ideal form o on the level of the administrative discourse of the Report. The final Thefinal ofReport. of discourse the on maintained administrative s level the the
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(Z., CPADCR member) CPADCR (Z., , 24
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up recurrently the in interviewspublicstands and 36 mmunist past. Thus, because Reportthe relied “interests are too strong” for researchers to
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CEU eTD Collection with the with the recurrent political use to which archival material, subordinated to a positivist reading, has been put. Tismăneanu. Vladimir been has Marino against attacks the of promoter campaign of discrediting himthrough the publishing of details from his 25 which are reflected in these primary levels of the constitution of historical facts. for past events in full trust of archival material is b in themoment of fact creation as well as in that of fact assembly, attemptto any and account archival material. Or, rephrasing this in Trouillot’s terms, silences enter historical narratives sources, as well asthe uneven representation of dimensions ofsocial the different readingSuch a naturally the prevents questioning of ofprocess production the of written oppressiv suspended,as most andis reports is denounced the ofsame the material that the institution Securitate the using regime is symptomatic in its multipl An exacerbated positivistic readin this as a problem remains that central discussionsubstantial on problem the use the of of archiva constructed. While of the scope this paper or the availabledata does not allow for a in which theauthority of inestablishing adocument facts decidedis is initself historically sometimes be more significant than the record resulting from that act” (2002:48) 2007:782) al.which access to history, therefore to the archives, et free is and unrestricted” (Tismăneanu textofmembers the and Reportcomments of itself. the “A democratic Romania one is in pervasive vision however recurrent of is confirmed of truth” by both them asthe “repository whichReport, lackseven separate a on section methodology. Thecentrality ofand archives a
A paradigmatic illustration of this can be found in the recent scandal surrounding the alleged collaboration Securitate e of regime thecommunist seen are asfully reliable, self , the Report reads. However,as notes, O’Toole act of“the makingrecord can
of the litof archives, for example, almost any critical scrutiny of the reliability of the erary critic Adrian Marino. Following the posthumous publication of his memoirs, a
g of archival material from the Romanian e uses. Numerous instances prove that when comes it to
to understanding the production ofnarratives historical 37 ound to reproduce inequalitiesthe reproduce very ound to
l material, itisimportant signal to This however is only one instantiation of of instantiation one is only however This Securitate Securitate - explanatory documents.explanatory file ensued. A strong strong A ensued. file
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CEU eTD Collection with various points of critique, within overall critical stances that range from obviousl condemnation of communism occured. assumptions and thecharacteristics of thecult closer look this at volume and thedynamics of contestation its reveals many of the volume that brings together 12 authors that aim to take a critical look at the subtitled subtitled volume the Anticomunismului toaddition this Iluzia latter also wrote in defence of the platforms defenders of the Report used to address criticism. Several of the editorialists of t Cultural Observator criticism. O notoriously nationalist, orthodoxPRM, indeed were sometimescharacter. and in antisemitic thr CPADCR of members individual incriminations in the Report as well as attacking the credibility of individual CPADCR.comingReactions political wereat the field mostly denouncing from aimed and circumventeddiscussionlived Reporty substantial regarding an and the the workof regime. communist the with Church of ofcollaboration the descriptions the supposedly partisan The Orthodox Church also issued sever carried out by two dailies that conflated the themewith attacks aimed president at B (PRM and acampaign PSD), inopposition while the two parties against theReport was also 3.2
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(Andreescu 2008) (Andreescu
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being the only substantial contribution to a debate debate a to contribution substantial only being the t in terms of a broader understanding of in genuine t terms broader a of ks their position takings, they takings, position their ks 40
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CEU eTD Collection ideas, accusations of ignorance and lack of empathy for the victims of communism. o identification group of authors as unitary, their description as anti the of constructionthe also are these in RecurrentTismăneanu. Vladimir by termselogious highly in described ("Interviuri În Oglindă Cu Tismăneanu Vs. Ernu, Rogozanu Şi Şiulea" 2008) different thing to end up being mocked and treated as a rhapsodist by people without any credit in the field” 27 26 re included acknowledgment sometimes this of that is such actan can only done be confineswithin the of liberalideology. Theretrospective confirm become The obvious. analysis of the publicstands and interviews with members CPADCR of “heretical” ways of that thinking “the acceptable ways of thinking and speaking” the past ties. political and institutional their through authors of discreditation individual the and youth, unknowledgeable rebellious, associatedwith act anaimedcritique as act gaining through at publicfigures,prestige contesting ofidentifiand drawing boundaries the Report mostlywas seen asa neutral, scientific endeavor, contestation its implied the of opinion that which wasinitially d question beyon unspokenand came projectreframing the of theofand contestation the how Report revealed within only fieldthe CPADCR upof setting time aroundthe the of discourse premise to thebrought foreground. assumptionsare unspoken some previously Report the of of the contestation defence and assumption that authors lack the scientific competence to challenge the Report Final the Illusionof Anticommunism himself, usually in highly elogious terms,most of the articles that aim to deconstruct the
“Important is the qualification of those who criticize the Report. It is one to meet honest suggestion meet honest to one is It Report. the criticize who those of qualification the is “Important See for example the position takings of se articles It is indeed only through the act of contestation and through the circumscribing of circumscribing of the the contestation act through throughand indeedthe only is It s
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- marxist”, “neo marxist”, cation of “heretcation Angela Furtun Angela of the of radiography the However,a commission. g upthe 41 - gauchist” left embodying thegauchist” totalitarianof resurgence l Neamţu l Mihai or Grigurcu Gheorghe ă, ferences to this - anticommunists, accusations of negationism, an ical remarks asblasphemies” (Bourdieu 27
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the the CEU eTD Collection of field. dichotomyto actual the cultural corresponds the structure of- neo guise existing threat within the cultural field posed byreemergence a of totalitarian ideas within the On thesaid. otherhand effect ofthe nomination functioned as so construct theto idea of an heretical discourse, portra ying them not as falling within the boundaries whichof that be can effect. On the hand one it functioned to relegate the competing claims of the to sphere Anticommunism The out. singled were discourse field, discourses that cultural threaten competing not or did anyin way the dominant tolerable”, which in practice meant that alreadymarginal voices within the political and have been systematically addressed when limitof violence is the what “their beyond went attempt togain prestige through the association with established names. Also, public critics critics.with Denouncing of the act critiquein itself wasdone through describing as an it only the lens judgedbe throughtheapproachable. which communism were to past is member), is a statement that captures the way in which the moral categories of the victims of avail noother we abouthave torturers, victimsand must talk scheme and moreover astheonly available one. thelegitimate as only Report classificatory the distinctions in employed binary saw the speech. precisely towards identifying alternative voicesas falling such outside a community of muchideology, anddiscreditassumptions ofto was that critics liberal ofeffort directed the 1993:169) chose to enterdialogue to into chose CPADCR of head isway also the Notable which in Interviews with the members of CPADCR also confirm that s . This meant thelimits that of any acceptable discourse were set asthose shar marxism, thus supporting the communist claim that the marxism, supporting thus
were labeled asanti - anti The Illusion of Illusion associated The with authors of group - communists, a classificatory strategy with a double 42
“If we want to talk about communism, we able language” (
ome of themembers - anticommunist L., CPADCR CPADCR L.,
ing theing CEU eTD Collection moral duty towards Romanians to do this and I did this without hesitating” and to this Romanians towards do hesitating” I this did without moral duty condemn the crimes of communism […] It was not easy, I stirred the anger of the former regime, butI had the mandate, the president placed the placedthe condemnationmandate, president the of communism. campaign.2009 electoral 2007:18) whocondemned becomehas President to want communism” “the very by the he presidentcommunistregime,presented in the speech condemned donot “I regime takes inorder to mark its rupture with thepast. However, despite the disclaimer 28 experience. in Vladimirsubjective grounding However, as sufficient wasfound have to past instruments toframe antico Anticommunism was still within the realm of c an as individualseen decision. throughwas what past own communist his approached the president moreover and central, not and then decommunization anticommunismwere from platform the onwhich the preside 3.3 one. declaration itself is ambiguous, and it ultimately constitutes not a legal act, but a political forcall annulling condemnations political under the former Thestatus regime. of the ofthe ones them related are tomemorialization and accessto archives, an exception being the for support numberofrecommendations a his the president expressed the official declaration in front of the Parliamen actThe of the condemnationwith act itself,form of the condemnation. in ofpresident’s the com condemnation of the proof for withnecessary the president
“Also in mymandate […] I had the courage to go in front of the parliament Adjusting the past to the needs of the present the of needs the past to Adjusting 28
Its’ status, as such, does not place it outside the realm of thesymbolic gestures a Whatmostly is significant though about this is that itmarks a significant departure immediateIf function the of CPADCRFinal its and , the theme official ofthe condemnation of communism becameacentral one inthe At the top of the list of the realizations achieved during his first mmunism asanecessary position
nt ran thein 2004elections. The of topics t presentedt the conclusions of Report while the 43 ontingency, and not president the did have the ontingency, . The basis for breaking with the. Thebasisforwith breaking (Băsescu 2009) (Băsescu
munism, its roledid end not its munism,
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It is this is It process of internalization of Report after the development confirmedbythe actitself and events ofthe ssu o t b spotd y h cam ht h ps i nw outside the now is past the that claim the by supported be to got ăsescu From memory on,the ofcommunist and the here past individual “duri Moreover, heading under of the ng the last three years, last2005- ng the i.e. three ("Interviuri În Oglindă Cu Tismăneanu Vs. Ernu, Rogozanu Şi Şi Rogozanu Ernu, Vs. Tismăneanu Cu Oglindă În ("Interviuri
condemnation has decidedly closed achapter from tructure is put into place. 44
that was supported wasby that supported
nostalgia 2008, Traian B Traian 2008,
all memories thatdonot
critiquing the Report ăsescu has proven proven has ăsescu the legitimization ăsescu ’s act of act ’s CEU eTD Collection were chosen asthe authorized voice of thepast revealedis in the form schemes oftheself producers, procedures and themes function so as tomediate and reproduce the classificatory Vladimir Tism of the in person designated voice the ofis of unique IICCMER communication”, “strategy victims. its be to judged who of is categories are through those the past the Alternative ofmemories the past mustbe suppressed, and the only legitimate form of judging the official politics of memor they. In words of its executive president, Report recommendationsofFinal the Institute, out aslaid in the first press conference implementing focusedaround is organized, it. of president the as Tismăneanu Vladimir with tank, think PDL the important members of the reorganized institute are also members of the academic council of scientifi respectively president, executive as appointed were Neamţu Mihail and Ioan Stanomir while council, scientific the of president appointed was Tismăneanu off through a decision of the current prime minister, Emil Boc, president of PDL. Vladimir the Memory of theRomanian Exile. The former president of IICCR, Oprea, Marius was l In development which communism did not cease to evoke as one of its trum economic an of workplace, the of stability the stability, economic of image positive a with dictatorship, experience, with memory of communism, but it is about winning the battle with those who did not have a direct havea already those who with the battle it winning is about country.not And this in totalitarianism t regard with battle a fight to important very is It The silencesmentions and thatenter historical narrative the through Conference" 2010) Conference"
the fieldthe of the discourse, ăneanu. ăneanu. - designated victimsdesignated which exceptionalizesnarrative communism.A of those for whom totalitarianism is rather associated with a positive image of the a image positive associated of with those for rather is whom totalitarianism
doxa of culturalfield the representatives of which
and makesexplicitand assumptionswhich the ground 45 o the future of thememory of communism and
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belongsspeech,anticommunist communityi.e of the the that liberal one. to thecontrolling meansproduction it historical aretheto who also of in position is nominate privilegeof the s while opposition, breakdowns be can concealead inperpetuation the of the communist and relations In realities ofmustthis, the incarnationspostsocialist fought be against. its inpervasivenessmaintained the of communist m administrative tool kit. If communism was illegitimate and criminal, and a double threat is an can diagnostic, explanatory a discourse, nowas official function framework an and butopposition marginalizes daythe to experience day ofmmunism, co through sanctioned the peaking the truth is secured by the anticommunists. Those truth securedThose anticommunists. the is bythe peaking 46
entalities structures,and both ideologyand - anticommunist CEU eTD Collection future verdict as irrefutable socons to functioned as knowledge realm of regimethe to expert communist the instrument of displacing the past from the terrain of plural memories. Ascribing though. is one revealed of universal a historical narrative that its capacity to impose a particular view on the past with the authority w those classificatory schemes the reproduces of instrument an knowledge procedures themes and political consensus. Its structural rootsare Trouillot o form framingofficially communistregime the the and construction of the instrument itself, the in for selection ofinstruments the The of CPADCR. ofcase linethe guiding ofanalysis the though,seen the two criteria of recognition thatlead to the naming ofmembers of the providethe As authority for to evidence the ones the condemnation. the who given were self a than less as nothing function dominant positions in the cultu the relationships between the fields at the in categories the expression view ofthe particular gain a and the appearance ofRetracing universality. the reproduce narrative ofhistorical production the the schemes which recognized cultural capital. In turns, in the act of official nomination the classificatory f a historicalf analysis, a reveal The formation of CPADCR, argued, reveals as in its very creation its asfunction an Under The act of speaking of speaking thepastThe act about truth of the thebecame in privilege the those ho control the means of historical production. It is only in the usage of an established usage onlyof the Itestablished is in an production. the meansof historical ho control (1995:106) standing the implications of a constructed break with the past the been withpast has implicationsof the constructedbreak the a standing Final ReportFinal
argues
aims to impose, as seen, can only through can done understanding be seen, aims impose, to as , “effective silencing does not require a conspiracy, not conspiracy, even a silencinga require , “effective not does
by the non- ral field, a situation
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both silences and instrumental mentions. However,as mentions. instrumental and silences both Conclusion experts tersec .”
47 Through the selection of producers, ofevidence, producers, Through selection the tion of was whichtion this produced.
which created the premises for a verdict to and contestable only by the holders of onlyholders contestable and bythe
s lose appearance their as
a verdict on verdict a
truct the CEU eTD Collection for a pedagogical project aiming to construct “a true” memory of the communist regime can with thebreakdowns ofthecapitalist state filed are under the thus ofthe head nostalgia, need PSD c field the In political itsown asopponents. so create to functions official into the verdict brought necessaryrelationship a one. was displaced into create thepremises for relationship between victims and torturers while instrumentalizing the condemnation so as to those judged be to the victimsregime.the of I andarchives through the retrieval material)of reproduced. were So thewere categories of historical production (the silences entering the historical narrative in the creations of the (Tismăneanu et al. 2007:765) al. et (Tismăneanu and Romanian Republic ofRepublic, wasnot a Popular,Popular Romaniawasnot not was communism asaregime tothe alien values oftheRomanian natio with declared ideology,identified Marxism,having and its communist regime and consensus. functioned so asto naturalize theclassificatory schemesthe f of Howeve Report understanding to intrinsic neutrality, and another which seesthemoral categories of thevictims of communism as with two d in originating symbolic the past anconfronted capital claims to each anticommunist other of r Theholders symbolic capital. reproduce CPADCR
More in which thevoice of theexperts and the ones of the members clearly are discernable. r, on the onthe r, level ofdiagnosis the and administrative functions, the Final Report
iffering visions with regard to historical research: one which calls for scientific With setting upa the relationshipbetween of causality the crimes of the ontinues to to ontinues identifiedbe the as neocommunist opposition, dissa while Final Report Final of ascontestation the over, the d within the work of the commission the between tension two forms of
ing competing narratives anticommunism as a contingent a anticommunismas narratives competing condemning it; this tension is maintained in the analytical parts of the
could In drawn. be this, the structural silences in the fie and and knowledge expert the ecognized in communistpast 48
n the act of const
reveals, thehistorical narrative orgers ofanticommunist the orgers ructing communism a as n the conclusion that the n thethat conclusion tisfaction Final ld ofld CEU eTD Collection Appleby, Joyce Oldham, Lynn Avery Hunt, and Margaret C. JoyceAppleby, Oldham, 1994. Margaret Lynn Hunt,and Avery Jacob. Telling the Truth Ş Ansamblul "Raportul: 2008. Gabriel. Andreescu, of Kan Societies." and Memory Politics Divided 2001. "The inAdam, Adam.in ya Heribert in Istoriografică." Analiză Tismăneanu: Comisiei "Raportul 2008. Florin. Abraham, References the Constructing speech. c fallingofliberal the constructing as boundaries critics the with the outside and constitutes acceptable discourse manifest.is The contestation of Report theFinal reinforced.be the In culturalfield the drawing of bounda power in the present. the in present. power and threatening the future, while the Thecapitalist state. nostalgic have now the committed double sin of having forgotten the past joined on.The administrative relies diagnosticthe and ofofficialhere function the nomination are alternative memories as imminent threats thus reinforcing the very scheme ofcl the power of official nomination, the historical narrative functions so as to nominate possible classified as victims findcommunism donot of expression the in historical narrative. Under power offormulas and of banalization erasure the experiences of those whonot been have the Under production. historical means the of control who classificatoryof schemes those the reproduces revealed which past as of aproject view the of particular a imposing double imperativethat the of remembering not and mistakesrepeating the of the past is somarxism as reproduceanticommunist to functions the so asso anti the impose to About HistoryAbout and Cartier. Chişinău: O.Şiulea, Ţichindeleanu. Rogozanu, C. byV. C. TismăneanuErnu, , edited Raportului Ale Critice Lecturi Athens Press. Ohio University VanVijver. James de L. and TrcAfter the - and Cartier. Chişinău: Rogozanu, C. O. Şiulea, Ţichindeleanu. byC. V., edited Tismăneanu Ernu, Raportului Ale Critice Lecturi Anticomunismului.
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