1 DEPARTMENT of GENETICS and PLANT BREEDING 1. Course No. : GBPR 211 2. Course Title : Principles of Plant Breeding 3. Credit H
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DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING 1. Course No. : GBPR 211 2. Course Title : Principles of Plant Breeding 3. Credit Hours : 3 (2+1) 4. General Objective : To impart knowledge to the students on the principles and procedures of plant breeding in self and cross pollinated crops to develop the high yielding varieties / hybrids 5. Specific Objectives Theory By the end of the course, the students will be able to i. learn breeding procedures in self and cross pollinated crops ii. understand exploitation of heterosis utilizing male sterility and other methods iii. know about the various population improvement programmes iv. study about the fundamentals of mutation, polyploidy and wide hybridization and their role in crop improvement Theory Lecture Outlines 1. Definition, aim, objectives and scope of plant breeding 2. History and development of plant breeding – scientific contributions of eminent scientists – landmarks in plant breeding 3. Modes of reproduction – asexual reproduction (vegetative reproduction and apomixis) and sexual reproduction – their classification and significance in plant breeding 4. Modes of pollination – classification of crop species on the basis of mode of pollination – self- pollination – mechanisms promoting self -pollination – genetic consequences of self-pollination – cross-pollination – mechanisms promoting cross -pollination – genetic consequences of cross- pollination – – often cross-pollinated crops 5. Method of plant breeding – classification of plant breeding methods – methods of breeding for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and asexually propagated species – brief account of breeding methods 6. Plant introduction – primary introduction and secondary introduction – history of plant introduction – plant introduction agencies in India – National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) and its activity – procedure of plant introduction – purpose of plant introduction – merits and demerits of plant introduction – germplasm collections – genetic erosion – gene sanctuaries 7. Selection – natural and artificial selection – basic principles of selection – basic characteristics and requirements of selection – selection intensity – selection differential – heritability – genetic advance 1 8. Mass selection – procedure for evolving a va riety by mass selection – modification of mass selection – merits, demerits and achievements 9. Johannsen’s pure line theory and its concepts and significance – origin of variation in pure lines – characters of pure lines – progeny test 10. Genetic basis of pure line selection – general procedure for evolving a variety by pure line selection – merits, demerits and achievements – comparison between mass and pure line selection 11. Biometrics – definition – qualitative and quantitative characters – role of environment in quantitative inheritance – biometrical techniques in plant breeding – components of genetic variation i.e. additive, dominance and epistatic variance – differences between additive and dominance variance 12. Hybridization – aims and objectives – types of hybridization – pre-requisites for hybridization – procedure / steps involved in hybridization 13. Handling of segregating generations – pedigree method – procedure – modifications of pedigree method – merits, demerits and achievements 14. Handling of segregating generations – bulk method – procedure – merits, demerits and achievements of bulk method – comparison between pedigree and bulk method – single seed descent method 15. Handling of segregating generations – backcross method of breeding – its requirements and applications – procedure for transfer of single dominant gene and procedure for transfer of single recessive gene 16. Handling of segregating generations – backcross method – applications of back cross method – transfer of a dom inant gene – transfer of a recessive gene – transfer of two or more characters into a single recurrent parent (simultaneous transfer, stepwise transfer and simultaneous but separate transfer) – merits, demerits and achievements – comparison between pedigree and backcross method; Multiline variety – definition – characteristics of a good multilane – development of multilane varieties – achievements 17. Self-incompatibility – classification – heteromorphic, homomorphic, gametophytic and sporophytic sys tems of incompatibility – mechanisms of self-incompatibility 18. Self-incompatibility – relevance of self-incompatibility – methods to over come self- incompatibility – advantages and disadvantages – utilization in crop improvement 19. Male sterility – different types – genetic, cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility – inheritance and maintenance 20. Male sterility – utilization of male sterile lines in hybrid seed production – their limitations, advantages and disadvantages 21. Hardy Weinberg Law – factors affecting equilibrium frequencies in random mating populations 22. Heterosis – heterosis and hybrid vigour – luxuriance – heterobeltiosis – brief history – heterosis in cross- pollinated and self-pollinated species – manifestations of heterosis 23. Heterosis – genetic bases of heterosis – dominance, over dominance and epistasis hypotheses – objections and their explanations – comparison between dominance and overdomiance 2 hypotheses – physiological bases of heterosis – commercial utilization 24. Inbreeding depression – brief history – effects of inbreeding – degrees of inbreeding depression – procedure for development of inbred lines and their evaluation 25. Exploitation of heterosis – history of hybrid varieties – important steps in production of single and double cross hybrids – brief idea of hybrids in maize, bajra, sunflower, rice and forage crops 26. Synthetics and composites – production procedures – merits, demerits and achievements – factors determining the performance of synthetic varieties – comparison between synthetics and composites 27. Population improvement – selection without progeny testing – selection with progeny testing – progeny selection – merits and demerits of progeny selection – line breeding – achievements 28. Recurrent selection – different types – detailed procedure of simple recurrent selection and brief description of other recurrent selection methods – conclusion on the efficiency of different selection schemes 29. Methods of breeding for vegetatively propagated crops – clone – characteristics of asexually propagated crops – characteristics of clones – importance of a clone – sources of clonal selection – procedure – advantages and disadvantages – problems in breeding asexually propagated crops – genetic variation within a clone – clonal degeneration – achievements – comparison among clones, purelines and inbreds 30. Mutation breeding – spontaneous and induced mutations – characteristic features of mutations – procedure of mutation breeding – applications – advantages, limitations and achievements 31. Polyploidy – autopolyploids – origin and production – morphological and cytological features of autopolyploids – applications of autopolyploidy in crop improvement – limitations of autopolyploidy – segregation in autotetraploids – allopolyploidy – morphological and cytological features of allopolyploids – applications of allopolyploidy in crop improvement – limitations of allopolyploidy 32. Wide hybridization – history – objectives – barriers to the production of distant hybrids – techniques for production of distant hybrids – applications of wide hybridization in crop improvement – sterility in distant hybrids – cytogenetic, genetic and cytoplasmic bases of sterility – limitations and achievements References Allard, R.W. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Phundan Singh, 2006. Essentials of Plant Breeding . Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. Poehlman, J.M. and Borthakur, D. 1995. Breeding Asian Field Crops. Oxford and IB H Publishing Co., New Delhi. Sharma, J.R. 1994. Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw Hill, Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi. Singh, B.D. 2006. Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 3 Lecture No: 1 Definition, Aim, Objectives and Scope of Plant Breeding Definition : Plant breeding can be defined as an art, a science, and technology of improving the genetic make up of plants in relation to their economic use for the man kind. or Plant breeding is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for the benefit of mankind. or Plant breeding deals with the genetic improvement of crop plants also known as science of crop improvement. or Science of changing and improving the heredity of plants Aim : Plant breeding aims to improve the characteristics of plants so that they become more desirable agronomically and economically. The specific objectives may vary greatly depending on the crop under consideration. Objectives of Plant Breeding : 1. Higher yield : The ultimate aim of plant breeding is to improve the yield of economic produce. It may be grain yield, fodder yield, fibre yield, tuber yield, cane yield or oil yield depending upon the crop species. Improvement in yield can be achieved either by evolving high yielding varieties or hybrids. 2. Improved quality: Quality of produce is another important objective in plant breeding. The quality characters vary from crop to crop. Eg. grain size, colour, milling and backing quality in wheat. Cooking quality in rice, malting quality in barley, size, colour and size of fruits, nutritive and keeping quality in vegetables, protein content in pulses, oil content in oilseeds, fibre