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№132/04 (5003) Russkaya Mysl Founded in 1880 2021 Russian/English www.RussianMind.com №132/04 (5003). Апрель 2021, April 2021, Russian/English 2021, April №132/04 (5003). Апрель

60th ANNIVERSARY OF ’S

Not for sale Russian Mind No132/04(5003), EDITOR’S LE ER APRIL 2021

HEAD OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD ICARUS’ DREAM Victor Loupan EDITORIAL BOARD Anatoly Adamishin Metropolitan Anthony Rene Guerra Dmitry Shakhovskoy Peter Sheremetev Alexander Troubetskoy Sergey Yastrzhembsky DIRECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT Alexander Mashkin [email protected] EXECUTIVE EDITOR Karina Enfenjyan [email protected] POLITICAL EDITOR: Vyacheslav Katamidze CREATIVE PRODUCER: Vasily Grigoriev [email protected] DESIGN Yuri Nor [email protected] ADVERTISEMENT: [email protected] his image began to embody a human DISTRIBUTION: dream. In ancient Greek mythology, [email protected] Icarus, the son of Daedalus, dreamed of SUBSCRIBTION: ying to the Sun – to conquer space. Af- [email protected] ter thousands of years of waiting, Icarus’ ADDRESS: dream was realised by Yuri Gagarin, an 47 avenue Hoche, 75006, Paris, France. ordinary man, who was born in an ordi- E-mail: [email protected] years ago, on , 1961, nary Russian village. COVER: 60 a human ew into space for  e paradox is that there was some- the  rst time.  is person turned out thing unusual in Gagarin’s simplicity. to be an ordinary Russian guy Yuri He did not pretend to be a VIP. He Gagarin, a 27-year-old aviator of the just commi ed an act.  e act making Soviet Air Force. His pleasant, smiling everyone’s hearts beat.  ere aren’t that face instantly appeared on the covers many people capable of equally signi - of all magazines in the world and on cant actions. And those whose actions the front pages of newspapers. All radio embody our dreams can be counted on stations and TV channels opened their the  ngers of one hand. news programs pronouncing his name. Gagarin’s ight did not last long, it Editors are not responsible for the accuracy of the information published in news reports, Within only one day Yuri Gagarin be- took less than two hours, and it was promotional materials and advertisements. came the most famous person in the rather symbolic. But this is precisely Editors do not have the ability to enter into correspondence and do not return manuscripts world, even more famous than the most what gave it a poetic essence, without and illustrations. Editors do not provide famous movie and pop stars. which there are no mythical heroes. background information. Reproduction of any Such extraordinary, incredible popu- materials from the magazine “Russian Mind” is impossible without the permission larity arose primarily due to the fact that Victor Loupan of the editorial board. Cases of the absence of sale of the magazine e Publishing House “Russian Mind” expresses thanks “Russian Mind”, violations of the terms of delivery and other shortcomings in our work to the Foundation for Supporting and Protecting the Rights of may be reported on Compatriots Living Abroad for the support and  nancial aid +44 (0) 203 205 0041 or send on e-mail: provided to the “Russian Mind” magazine for the purpose of [email protected] the Special Issue devoted to the 60th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin’s historic  ight. CIRCULATION: 30 000 COPIES

RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 3 HIGHLIGHTS ble without ideological confrontation and an arms race. e struggle for primacy in space YURI GAGARIN: exploration combined these two aspects: mil- itary technologies for A HERO OF OUR TIME building rockets, pri- There was something bewitchingly pleasant, unofficial, macy in the  eld of sci- unpompous in the appearance of this amazing person ence and the media and political exploitation of VICTOR LOUPAN, the ful lment of the hu- Head of the Editorial Board man dream of conquer- ing the vast expanses of space. pril 12, 1961. It was a normal sian guy Yuri Gagarin, a young of- Two years before Gagarin’s  ight, e fact that the So- Aworking day. Parents were not  cer of the Soviet Air Force with in 1959, Khrushchev made his his- viet Union overtook at home, they were working. e such a good face and a pleasant toric visit to the United States. Look- the United States, be- weather was slushy in April. e smile. e other day, no one in the ing at the photographs in the Amer- came clear as early football ground in the yard looked world knew that he existed on the ican media covering his visit, one is as in 1957, when on more like a swamp and the game did globe, but then his photograph ap- simply amazed. Nikita Sergeevich October 4, the  rst ar- not go well… peared on the front pages of the was so relaxed and plain that the ti cial satellite of the Our neighbour Uncle Senya, a se- world’s largest mass media. then largest magazine Life shot him was successfully verely shell-shocked war veteran, did It also should be noted that the as if he were a movie star, but not the launched from the 5th not work due to his disability, but sat times were paradoxical then. On leader of the enemy state. Yes, there Field Research Facility near the open window in his kitchen the one hand, the Khrushchev thaw, was something extravagant, sponta- of the Soviet Ministry on the ground  oor, and constantly de-Stalinisation, liberalisation of neous in Khrushchev’s behaviour, of Defense (later called listened to the radio. Usually, he ig- intellectual and cultural life in the and it was unlike the way the super- the Baikonur Cosmo- nored us. But this time he shouted: USSR. On the other hand, the ag- power leader behaves in the minds drome) by the Hey, guys! Our man  ew into gravation of the all-encompassing of the average man. His unusual ap- carrier rocket. Its ap- space! pearance, embroidered pearance and small size We immediately ran shirts, strange hats, impressed the imagina- to his window and be- straight and even rude tion of people so much, gan to listen, of course, statements made the that the simple Russian having no clue. A er “premier” Khrushchev word “satellite” became listening to the news, (that is what he was a brand, a trademark: he turned o the radio called) a star of the then e Sputnik, Le Spout- and began explaining us emerging pop culture. nik, etc. It weighed something about space, A er that notable only 84 kilograms with rockets, about the fact trip, the task of “catch- the maximum diame- that our citizen Yuri ing up and overtaking ter of 58 centimetres Gagarin looped the America” became a true only. But the prestige Earth. I do not know  x idea of Soviet prop- of the USSR grew with whether we understood aganda. Even in car- each rotation of Sput- A solemn meeting of the first man in space Yuri Gagarin. . April 14, 1961 anything or not, but I toons, the “Soviet boat” nik around the Earth. remember how every- was catching up and e Communist idea conquered the also screened in 1957) was awarded truly classical, elite and at the same one, as one, looked up overtaking the “Amer- minds of thinking people, no longer in 1958 the Palme d’Or which is the time real folk art  ourishes. at the cloudy rainy sky ican boat”. “Corn – the as a utopia, but as a reality. World highest award granted at the pres- should be with their heads up. I think, we stared competition between the USA and queen of the  elds” was also an “im- tours not only of the Bolshoi ea- tigious International Cannes Film viewed from a cultural perspective, for a couple of hours, until our grand- the USSR, which will lead to the con- ported idea” brought by Khrushchev tre, but also of the Red Banner Song Festival. especially in its early, romantic stage mothers called us to dinner. struction of the Berlin Wall and the from the United States. But it was all and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Just 10–15 years a er the crush- of development. Space is the dream It is di cult to imagine today Cuban Missile Crisis just a year a er for internal use. In the global arena, Army took place with a full house in ing victory over Nazi Germany, the of humanity. Our most ancient what a global event the  rst manned Yuri Gagarin’s  ight. e Cuban Cri- there was a struggle for spheres of in- London, Paris and Brussels. A won- , which had risen from ancestors, in the most prehistoric  ight into space was! And this man sis put the world on the very brink of  uence, or rather, for the redivision derful  lm “ e Cranes Are Flying” the ruins, declared itself as a country times, looked at the sky with horror turned out to be an ordinary Rus- nuclear war. of the world. Redivision is impossi- by Mikhail Kalatozov (by the way, where not vulgar-commercial, but and admiration, as is poetically ev-

4 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 5 granddaughter Rita. e military o cers and local collective farmers arrived at the scene soon. One group of military men took the descent un- der protection, and the other took Gagarin to the location of the unit. From there, Gagarin reported by phone: “Please, tell the Air Force Commander: I have completed the task, landed in the spec- i ed area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin”. A helicopter immedi- ately took o from the Engels air eld and eas- ily found the descent vehicle, but the cosmo- idenced by the mysterious statues Yuri Gagarin was born on , April 20. Knowing this, he scheduled naut was not nearby. on Easter Island. Strange stone idols 1934. In 1961 he was only 27 years the launch no later than April 17, e o cers were in- mystically gaze into the sky, as if ex- old. On the day of departure, April 12, 1961 (in fact, the  rst American John formed that he le in a pecting someone’s arrival. Likewise, 1961, he, a senior , was early Glenn  ew into space almost a year passing truck. e heli- Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, promoted to a major in the Air Force. a er Yuri Gagarin.) copter immediately set astronomers and progenitors of He wrote a report asking for admis- Due to the lack of time during cre- o in pursuit and eas- space exploration, were staring at sion to the group of cosmonaut can- ation of the -1 spacecra , a ily caught up with the the heavens. And Konstantin Edu- didates at the age of 25. e selection number of extraordinary decisions truck moving along the ardovich Tsiolkovsky too. I do not was strictest. Initially the detachment were made. For example, they had bumpy road. Hearing know, was it intentionally or not, was supposed to include 20 people. to abandon the emergency rescue the rotor of the Mi-4, but the launch of Sputnik coincided e candidates were selected by a systems at the start and so landing Gagarin jumped out of with the centenary of the birth of special group of specialists from the of the ship. In addition, a redundant the cockpit and waved that great Russian and Soviet scien- Central Military Research Aviation brake system was removed from the his hands. Just like in tist. Tsiolkovsky, like Brahe and Ke- Hospital. Psychologists noticed design. the movies! pler, was a scientist and thinker be- that “Gagarin loves performances in During takeo , Gagarin u ered a Due to the maxi- ing ahead of his time. As a promoter which heroism, the will to win, the simple word: “Let’s go!” It immedi- mum level of secrecy, of the idea of space exploration, Tsi- spirit of competition prevail. In sports ately became legendary and historic. the launch of Gagarin into space was the hero’s lace was untied on his right continued  ying, put his life at risk olkovsky, back in the 1920s, came to games, he takes the initiative, leader- During the  ight, which lasted 1 not previously covered. All the won- boot. e footage clearly shows how again testing new aircra s. the conclusion of deploying “rocket ship, captains the team. His favourite hour and 48 minutes, Gagarin con- derful shots that we saw and loved it dangles, which, in my opinion, is Yuri Gagarin died in a plane crash trains” – in fact, they were proto- word is “work”. He is self-con dent. ducted the simplest experiments: he were not  lmed on April 12, 1961, very touching! is unique chronicle on March 27, 1968. To investigate its types of today’s multistage rockets. He takes workouts in his stride. He ate, drank, and made notes with a but post factum, especially for news- was shown many years later, during causes, a special State Commission At the same time, he comprehend- is educated very harmoniously. Sin- pencil. His feelings and everything reels. He repeated before the cameras the times of glasnost and perestroika. was established. e colossal report ed the problem of human survival cere. Persevering. Does not hesitate that he saw through the window, he everything that he really did. at record is widely available today. in 29 volumes was classi ed. It is only in weightlessness during long space to defend the point of view, which he recorded using the onboard tape re- In Moscow, Gagarin was received e uniqueness of Yuri Gagarin’s known with certainty that the MiG-  ights. It is also remarkable that considers to be correct”. corder. with unheard-of fanfare. Khrush- personality also lies in his simplicity. 15UTI plane collided with the Earth the basis of Tsiolkovsky’s works Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, the chief e return to Earth turned out to chev was waiting for him at Lenin’s ere was something bewitchingly and the crew was killed. pu ing him ahead of everyone and designer being responsible for the be so unusual that it is impossible to mausoleum. e cosmonaut drove pleasant, uno cial, unpompous in e fate of Yuri Gagarin is like the everything and being fantastic at the entire space program of the USSR, miss talking about it. e  rst peo- up in an open ZIL car and marched the appearance of this amazing per- life of ancient Greek mythical heroes – time, included nothing more than was in a hurry. Because, according ple who met a er the to the steps leading to the podium son. Having become an unprecedent- people who performed heroic deeds mathematics with a empts to use to Soviet intelligence, the Americans  ight were the forester’s wife Anna of the mausoleum. Soviet television ed world star, he continued working. simply doing their duty. And their fate the “mathematical apparatus”. intended to send a man into space on Takhtarova and her six-year-old did not show these shots, because No one could have imagined that he inspires subsequent generations.

6 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 7 SOCIETY formal than usual. I also felt that Her Majesty would prefer to be given a da odil  ower than the more heral- dically correct Welsh leek!” CELEB TING is year’s coin has 95 mils, which is a change from the number nor- mally used on sovereigns of Eliza- HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN’S beth II – each symbolising a year of TH e Queen’s life. Another exception is 1957 and sovereigns of this year 95 BIRTHDAY have signi cantly more mils than those struck a er this date. e 2021 Sovereign will also feature a unique privy mark – a Royal Crown with 95 entwined. e 2021 Sovereign retains Pis- trucci’s St George design, which is revered as one of the greatest works of numismatic art. e Royal Mint ensures that each Sovereign is struck to the proof standard that built the Sovereign’s iconic reputation. Clare Maclennan, Divisional Di- rector of the Consumer Division at e Royal Mint said, “ e launch of the annual Sovereign Collection is eagerly anticipated amongst coin col- lectors and this year we mark a very special royal occasion as we celebrate Her Majesty the Queen’s 95th Birth- day. To celebrate this remarkable milestone, the 2021 Sovereign will include two extra special elements – orn on 21 April 1926, Her Maj- of the people throughout the United bouquet is o en presented to e a unique privy mark and a change Besty e Queen celebrates her Kingdom and the Commonwealth, Queen, perhaps on her birthday, and to the milled edge of the coin. e 95th birthday in 2021. Currently thanks to her earnest commitment that this could be a tribute from the unique privy mark represents the the world’s longest reigning head and devotion to her people. four nations of the United Kingdom. royal cypher crown with the number the world’, while its role has changed sets. From the limited striking of the of state and the longest reigning e Royal Mint has struck every I wanted it to look suitably royal but ‘95’ to mark the celebration of Her over the years that followed, it main- Proof coin sets, one was gi ed to the monarch in British history, she has UK coin of e Queen’s reign, from with an element of informality for Majesty’s 95th birthday. As a classic tains a global reputation for accuracy, British Museum and another to the overseen a period of extraordinary the  rst ones that marked her cor- the personal nature of the occasion. symbol of royalty, the crown makes reliability and quality. Royal Collection. One set was kept change. roughout, e Sovereign onation to the coinage of an expe- I also enjoy gardening, which I  nd a   ing choice for this extraordinary When Elizabeth II was o cial- at e Royal Mint Museum, where it has remained a symbol of quality rienced and much-loved monarch. relaxing and creative as well as an in- moment in British royal history.” ly proclaimed queen, thousands of remains in the collection today, along and stability. e year 2021 signi es a personal spiration for my work,” said Timothy During the 19th century the Sover- people lined the streets to catch a with the pa ern pieces and the origi- With a record-breaking reign char- milestone for Her Majesty and Royal Noad. eign was known as ‘the chief coin of glimpse of their young queen, while nal dies. is special striking heralded acterised by unprecedented achieve- Mint be celebrating with the nation “I wanted to create a tapestry-like millions more watched the the return of e Sovereign coin. Just ments and milestones, it’s hard to as the Queen turns 95, making her e ect, with the Royal Cypher stand- ceremony on television. a few years later, in 1957, the highly believe that Her Majesty was once a the  rst British monarch to reach ing out against a dense, circular mass It was the perfect regarded gold coin was also struck as princess that nobody ever expected such a grand age. e coin’s reverse, of leaves and  owers. I originally ex- moment for e bullion, becoming the  agship coin to become queen. designed by Timothy Noad, is a  oral perimented with using spring  owers Royal Mint to wel- of e Royal Mint, famous across the Born third in line to the throne, tribute, featuring e Queen’s own but eventually se led on the national come the return world as a symbol of quality, accuracy it was due to her uncle’s abdication words, ‘My heart and my devotion,’  oral emblems, which are tried and of e Sovereign and a masterpiece of design. For this and the unexpected loss of her father as the inscription. tested in coin designs and clearly coin, marking the reason, e Sovereign was also stock- that she found herself being crowned “Her Majesty e Queen is well- connect e Queen to the four UK historic occasion piled as an emergency ransom fund at 25. However, Her Majesty very known as a lover of  owers and gar- nations. For this design, I made the by striking a hand- by the military during the 1950s, in quickly earned a place in the hearts dens. I like the idea that a posy or  owers more naturalistic and less ful of Sovereign Proof case of war in the Middle East.

8 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 9 HISTORY plant that morning, thought that of all that was best in the mature So- In re ecting these aspirations, in contrast to the grey suited busi- viet system, he seemed to represent Gagarin struck a chord with a work- nessmen and the dark overalls of the embodiment of the new ‘Social- force who lived under the constant the factory workers Gagarin cut an ist Man’ and delighted his audience threat of thermo-nuclear war and YURI GAGARIN ‘unbelievable’  gure in his bright at the union o ces by declaring that a empted to capture something of green uniform; and that he looked as he was ‘still a foundryman at heart’. the spirit of Khrushchev’s new, more though he had been  lmed in ‘tech- Presented with the honorary mem- open and vibrant U.S.S.R.  at the IN nicolour, thrown into a stark contrast bership of the Foundry Workers’ Un- dreams of rapprochement and social- JOHN CALLOW by the monotone which surrounded ion, and a medal bearing the hopeful ist advance, cherished by the Soviet him. In an age before the Beatles, inscription ‘Together moulding a premier and his protege, were ulti- when rock music stood on the  imsi- be er world’, Gagarin paid tribute mately to evaporate amidst Kenne- xactly three months to the day Although Whitehall chose to re- Gagarin’s reception are not hard to est of foundations and the role of the to ‘a union which ranks among the dy’s blockage of Cuba and a return to Ea er his  ight in Vostok I had main aloof, the situation in Manches- discern. In marked contrast to the pop singer was still ill-de ned, the oldest in the world and has such  ne the arms race, was by no means clear ushered in a new age of space explo- ter was very di erent. ageing Soviet leadership, Yuri was  rst man in space was guaranteed a traditions’, before wishing its mem- in the summer of 1961.  e subtle ration [i.e. 12 July 1961], the trim Gagarin’s visit to the city had been young, dynamic and glamorous. Pos- status normally reserved for visiting bers ‘every success in… champion- manner in which Gagarin’s visit to  gure of Yuri Gagarin strode down organised in advance, under the aus- sessing an una ected charm and an royalty and Hollywood  lm stars. ing working class rights and interests, Britain had been handled – as op- the gangway of a Brit- outgoing personality,  e young Martin Ke le plastered and working for a world of peace. posed to the heavy handed treatment ish Viscount airliner his fame rested securely pictures of Gagarin on his bedroom  ese sentiments were expand- a orded to his later and quite disas- and walked briskly out on his own bravery, skill walls, while in the pages of the Times ed upon during his address, later in trous mission to Gomulka’s Poland – across the runway of and athleticism. one correspondent captured the feel- the day, to the workforce at the Met- ensured that the reputation of the Manchester airport to- As a result, he ap- ings of many, for whom ‘space-men ro-Vickers factory: then the largest U.S.S.R. probably stood higher with wards a sea of expectant pealed equally to both have been the wildest  ction’, the industrial plant in Western Europe. the British public at that moment faces, and  ashing cam- men and women, the stu of popular novels, comic books Skilfully circumventing many of the than at any point since May 1945, era bulbs. young and the old. Small and radio programmes until sudden- most intransigent problems created while the order books of the Soviet Heavy banks of children dressed up in ly ‘one morning, this fantastic  ction’ by the , Yuri stressed the  rms who exhibited at Earls Court cloud had obscured home-made space suits, had become scienti c fact. Who, he need for arms reduction and peaceful were  lled in record time by their the aircra ’s  nal de- and stayed away from asked, ‘would not… walk a few hun- co-operation in pushing forward the anxious commercial rivals. scent, and a ferocious their lessons in order to dred yards to see this incredible’ man, boundaries of science and technolo- Khrushchev had scored a valuable downpour had lashed wave at him from street who ‘visits us and talks to us. gy, and in pursuing a policy of under- public relations success in the West, the tarmac, soaking corners. Teenage girls If Gagarin’s popularity with the standing the detente. He explained while for Gagarin himself, the visit the top hats and tails crowded the platform people of Manchester was undenia- that ‘Although only one person was had been nothing short of a triumph: of the waiting dignitar- constructed for him at ble, then the nature and long-term po- aboard the spaceship, it took tens of con rming his diplomatic skills and ies. However, what the Tra ord Park, and surged litical signi cance of his visit was still thousands of people to make it a suc- conferring upon him a political role rain could not damp- through the police lines in doubt, and was to be hotly debated cess. Over 7,000 scientists, workers which had not yet become onerous. en was the warmth of which surrounded Ring- over the course of the next few weeks, and engineers just like yourselves Yet perhaps the most durable Gagarin’s smile and the raw enthu- pices of the local trades councils, and way airport and the union o ces at in the pages of the local and national were decorated for con- e ect of his visit to these siasm of the crowds who thronged had received the blessing of the civic Brooks Bar, anxious to obtain an au- press. Commentators, from both the tributing to the suc- shores, and the one the concourse: pushing at the safe- leaders who were only too happy to tograph, to present a bouquet of  ow- le and the right, were agreed that the cess of the  ight’, which Gagarin ty barriers and seizing every van- organise a lavish reception for him at ers, or to steal a kiss. Seasoned factory tour had done li le to alter the do- and concluded would proba- tage point in an a empt to catch a the Town Hall. As the rain cleared, workers rushed to shake his hand or to mestic political landscape, to remove to the sound bly have been glimpse of their hero. the Red Flag  u ered beside the slap him on the back, stumbling over deeply held prejudices, or to prompt a of thunderous best pleased  e sheer scale of public enthusi- Union Jack over Albert Square and a their words of praise, while outside thorough-going reassessment of Brit- applause that with, was the asm for the visit, which came at the brass band struck up the national an- their training ground the United team ain’s Cold War alignment. However, ‘ ere is plenty sense of ideal- height of the Cold War, had else- them of the U.S.S.R. to welcome the broke o their practice to wave at the the prestige of the labour movement of room for all ism and hope where caught the authorities by sur- arrival of the  rst cosmonaut. «Magellan of the Cosmos». as a whole, and the Foundry Work- in which he had prise.  e Macmillan government, Against the background of the Ber- A er the drab years of post-war ers’ Union in particular, had been … I visualise the inspired in the which had initially been reluctant lin crisis, the escalating con ict in austerity, there seemed something greatly enhanced by the presence of great day when hearts and minds to invite the cosmonaut to Britain, Vietnam and the abortive American almost magical about the  rst hu- the youthful cosmonaut. Gagarin was a Soviet spaceship of British working hastily added an extra day to his invasion of Cuba, this spontaneous man being to have broken the a potent symbol of the power of or- landing on the people.  is, at least, schedule and o ered a grudging of- outpouring of popular sentiment in bounds of the earth and viewed ganised labour and socialist thought. will disembark a party of was enough to transcend  cial sanction to what had originally honour of a Soviet airman, acting as ‘through the portholes [of his space- Born into a peasant family, he had scientists, who will join British and the harsh realities of the Cold War been conceived as a trades union- an uno cial ambassador, may at  rst ship] … a diamond- eld of shining, served his time as a foundry appren- American scientists working in ob- era and to signal a be er way ahead. sponsored tour, aimed at promoting sight appear incongruous. Howev- bright, cold stars. tice before  nding fame through his servatories in the spirit of peaceful economic co-operation between the er, upon closer inspection the rea- Mary McClellan, who had travelled own e orts, and sustained hard work. co-operation and competition rather First published in Working Class East and West. sons behind the genuine warmth of up to the rally at the Metro-Vickers As both the product and expression than thinking on military lines. Movement Library Bulletin no 10, 1990

10 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 11 HISTORY didates. It was intended had logged more  ight time than the that Tereshkova would all the US Mercury who be launched  rst in had  own to that date combined. , with Ponom- Both Tereshkova and Bykovsky were THE FIRST AND TODAY’S aryova following her in record-holders. Bykovsky had spent . nearly  ve days in orbit and even to- However, this plan day he retains the record for having WOMEN IN SPACE was changed in March spent the longest period of time in 1963: Vostok 5 would space alone. uropean Space Agency looks carry a male cosmo- Eback at the incredible achieve- naut, Valeri Bykovsky, ments of females in space – starting  ying the mission with Today’s women in space with who has a woman in Vostok 6 in Peggy Whitson. Photo: ESA/NASA made history as the  rst woman in June.  e Russian space  e assignment of women to space space, and celebrating today’s female authorities nominated Tereshkova to cation with Bykovsky in Vostok 5, missions is no longer regarded in the astronauts. make the joint  ight. marking the second time that two same ‘historic’ way that it was in years manned spacecra were in space at gone by. In 2012, NASA’s Sunita Wil- the same time. With the radio call liams was only the second woman in Valentina Tereshkova Flight of the ‘Seagull’ sign ‘Chaika’ (‘seagull’), Tereshkova history to command an Internation- had become the  rst woman in space. al Space Station Expedition and this Valentina Tereshkova was born A er watching the launch of Vostok She was 26. was barely mentioned in the media. in Maslennikovo, near Yaroslavl, in 5 at on 14 Tereshkova’s televised image was Men and women work alongside on 6 March 1937. Her father June, Tereshkova completed prepa- broadcast throughout the Soviet each other in space as members of was a tractor driver and her mother rations for her own  ight. On the Union and she spoke to Khrushchev expert teams on the International worked in a textile factory. Interest- morning of 16 June, Tereshkova and by radio. She maintained a  ight Space Station.  ere is no di erence ed in parachuting from a young age, her backup Solovyova both dressed log and performed various tests to between the training given to male or Tereshkova began skydiving at a lo- in spacesuits and were taken to the collect data on her body’s reaction female astronauts, or in the responsi- cal  ying club, making her  rst jump launch pad by bus. A er completing to space ight. Her photographs of bilities given in space missions. It is at the age of 22 in May 1959. At the checks of communication and life Earth and the horizon were later commonplace for female astronauts time of her selection as a cosmonaut, support systems, she was sealed in- used to identify aerosol layers with- to  y several times in space. she was working as a textile worker in side her spacecra . in the atmosphere. Susan Helms jointly holds the re- a local factory. A er a two-hour countdown, Her mission lasted just under three cord for the longest spacewalk, while A er the  rst human space ight by Vostok 6 li ed o without fault and, days (two days, 23 hours, and 12 Peggy Whitson ( rst female Space Yuri Gagarin, the selection of female within hours, she was in communi- minutes). With a single  ight, she Station commander) has spent more cosmonaut trainees was authorised than a year of her life o the planet. by the Soviet government, with the Whitson and South Korean astro- aim of ensuring the  rst woman in naut Soyeon Yi  ew the  rst space- space was a Soviet citizen. cra reentry in which women out- On 16 February 1962, out of more numbered men on a crew. than 400 applicants,  ve women NASA Karen Nyberg, were selected to join the cosmonaut  ying with ESA’s Luca Parmitano corps: Tatyana Kuznetsova, Irina on Expedition 36/37 is working on Solovyova, Zhanna Yorkina, Valenti- the Space Station on the anniver- na Ponomaryova and Valentina sary of Valentina Tereshkova’s pio- Tereshkova.  e group spent several neering  ight. months in training, which included Nyberg said, “I grew up in an age weightless  ights, isolation tests, cen- where it was OK to do what you trifuge tests, 120 parachute jumps wanted to do as a girl, but I know that and pilot training in jet aircra . before this, it was not necessarily so. Four candidates passed the  nal Valentina Tereshkova. Photo: ESA A lot of the scientists, engineers and examinations in November 1962, astronaut females who came before a er which they were commis- space, since technically these were launched on solo Vostok  ights on me, set the stage for me. It’s incredi- sioned as in the Soviet only honorary ranks). consecutive days in March or April ble what some of those women prob- air force (meaning Tereshkova also Originally a joint mission was 1963. Tereshkova, Solovyova and ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano and NASA astronaut Karen Nyberg. ably had to go through to make it no became the  rst civilian to  y in planned that would see two women Ponomaryova were the leading can- Photo: ESA/NASA question for me.”

12 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 13 HISTORY dition 1 in November of 2000.  e station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecra : SPACE EXPLO TION  the Russian and Progress; the American Dragon and Cygnus; A BRIEF HISTORY the Japanese H-II Trans- fer Vehicle; and former- umans have al- cra had sent back detailed images of ly the Space Shu le and Hways looked up Jupiter and Saturn, their rings, and the European Automat- into the night sky and their . ed Transfer Vehicle. It dreamed about space. Skylab, America’s  rst space sta- has been visited by as- In the la er half of the tion, was a human-space ight high- tronauts, cosmonauts, 20th century, rockets light of the 1970s, as was the Apollo and space tourists from were developed that Soyuz Test Project, the world’s  rst 17 di erent nations. were powerful enough internationally crewed (American Space launch systems to overcome the force and Russian) space mission. have been designed to of gravity to reach or- In the 1980s, satellite communi- reduce costs and im- bital velocities, paving cations expanded to carry television prove dependability, the way for space ex- programs, and people were able to safety, and reliability. ploration to become a The International Space Station pick up the satellite signals on their Most U. S. military and reality. Here are the key home dish antennas. Satellites dis- scienti c satellites are highlights and milestones in the his- Armstrong took “one giant leap for covered an ozone hole over Antarc- launched into orbit tory of space exploration, according mankind” as he stepped onto the tica, pinpointed forest  res, and gave by a family of expend- to the Aerospace Corporation. moon. Six Apollo missions were us photographs of the nuclear power able launch made to explore the moon between plant disaster at Chernobyl in 1986. designed for a variety 1969 and 1972. Astronomical satellites found new Landing on the moon: Apollo 12 launches for second Nov. 14, 1969 of missions. Other na- 1957–1962 During the , unmanned stars and gave us a new view of the tions have their own spacecra photographed and probed center of our galaxy. shu le for most civilian and military tle  ight operations were suspended launch systems, and there is strong On Oct. 4, 1957, the Soviet Union the moon before astronauts ever space missions. Twenty-four success- for more than two years. competition in the commercial launched the  rst arti cial satellite, landed. By the early 1970s, orbiting ful shu le launches ful lled many Discovery was the  rst of the launch market to develop the next , into space. Four years later communications and navigation sat- Space shuttle scienti c and military requirements three active space shu les to be re- generation of launch systems. on April 12, 1961, Russian Lt. Yuri ellites were in everyday use, and the until Jan. 28,1986, when just 73 sec- tired, completing its  nal mission on Gagarin became the  rst human to Mariner spacecra was orbiting and In , the launch of the onds a er li o , the space shu le March 9, 2011; Endeavour did so on orbit Earth in . His  ight mapping the surface of Mars. By the space shu le Columbia ushered in Challenger exploded.  e crew of June 1.  e  nal shu le mission was The future of space lasted 108 minutes, and Gagarin end of the decade, the Voyager space- a period of reliance on the reusable seven was killed, including Chris- completed with the landing of Atlan- exploration reached an altitude of 327 kilometers ta McAuli e, a teacher from New tis on July 21, 2011, closing the 30- (about 202 miles). Hampshire who would have been the year space shu le program. Modern space exploration is reach-  e  rst U.S. satellite, Explorer  rst civilian in space. Space systems continue to become ing areas once only dreamed about. 1, went into orbit on Jan. 31, 1958.  e Columbia disaster was the sec- more and more integral to homeland Mars is focal point of modern space In 1961, became the ond shu le tragedy. On Feb. 1, 2003, defense, weather surveillance, com- exploration, and manned Mars ex-  rst American to  y into space. On the shu le broke apart while re-enter- munication, navigation, imaging, and ploration is a long-term goal of the Feb. 20, 1962, John Glenn’s historic ing the Earth’s atmosphere, killing all remote sensing for chemicals,  res, United States. NASA is on a jour-  ight made him the  rst American seven crew members.  e disaster oc- and other disasters. ney to Mars, with a goal of sending to orbit Earth. curred over Texas, and only minutes  e International Space Station is humans to the Red Planet in the before it was scheduled to land at the a research laboratory in low Earth 2030s. Kennedy Space Center. An investiga- orbit. With many di erent partners NASA and its partners have sent Landing on the Moon tion determined the catastrophe was contributing to its design and con- orbiters, landers, and rovers, increas- caused by a piece of foam insulation struction, this high- ying laboratory ing our knowledge about the planet. “Landing a man on the moon and that broke o the shu le’s propellant has become a symbol of cooperation  e Curiosity Rover has gathered returning him safely to Earth within tank and damaged the edge of the in space exploration, with former radiation data to protect astronauts, a decade” was a national goal set by shu le’s le wing. It was the second competitors now working together. and the MARS 2020 Rover will President John F. Kennedy in 1961. During Exploration Mission-1, will venture thousands of miles beyond the loss of a shu le in 113 shu le  ights.  e station has been continuously study the availability of oxygen and On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil moon during an approximately three-week mission. (Image: NASA) A er each of the disasters, space shut- occupied since the arrival of Expe- other Martian resources.

14 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 15 SCIENCE sion I have had many opportu- agnostics, Mini-EUSO nities to grow as a professional. experiments, already on Leading Spaceship EAC, our team board on the ISS, and on of students and young researchers which Luca Parmitano ITALIAN ASTRONAUT working on technologies for lunar has already worked dur- exploration, and being part of the ing the ESA Beyond iHAB programme, providing an as- mission in 2019. SAMANTHA CRISTOFORE I tronaut’s perspective in the early de- velopment of the habitation module that ESA will provide to the Lunar Europe in low- RETURNS TO SPACE Gateway, were both enriching pro- Earth orbit fessional experiences. I also had the he sion, returning to Earth in a Russian 2021/22 astronaut selection. I look chance to live for 10 days underwa- During ESA’s T(ESA) astronaut Samantha Cris- Soyuz vehicle a er 200 days in space. forward to her continuing the essen- ter as the Commander of NASA’s Space19+ ministerial tofore i has been assigned a second “It gives me great pleasure to an- tial work of European scientists in NEEMO23 crew, experiencing a Soyuz training for ESA astronaut Samantha council, Member States space mission and will  y to the In- nounce Samantha’s second space orbit as she inspires all Europeans to close analogue to a space mission,” Cristoforetti at Star City, Moscow in Russia. supported the Agency’s ternational Space Station in spring mission,” said ESA Director General explore farther and reach higher for said Samantha. Photo: ESA/GCTC continued commitment 2022. Samantha  rst  ew to the In- Josef Aschbacher. “Samantha is an the bene t of Earth.” “But going back to the Internation- to the International ternational Space Station in 2014 for excellent role model for anyone ap- “I am grateful that in the years al Space Station, my home away from Space Station until at least 2030 and Italy’s space agency ASI ‘Futura’ mis- plying to ESA’s recently announced since I returned from my  rst mis- home, has always remained my aspi- Reflecting on Futura the provision of second  ights for all ration. I am honoured astronauts from ESA’s class of 2009. to be entrusted with a During Futura, Samantha support- Samantha’s  ight follows the sec- second space mission ed an extensive scienti c programme ond  ights of her classmates Alexan- and look forward to rep- of experiments in physical science, der Gerst in 2018, Luca Parmitano in resenting again Europe biology and human physiology as 2019 and  omas Pesquet in 2021, in orbit, as we continue well as radiation research and tech- and could see a direct on-Station to pursue scienti c dis- nology demonstrations. handover with Ma hias Maurer who covery and technolog- Samantha also oversaw the un- is scheduled to  y his  rst mission to ical excellence,” added docking of ESA’s   h and  nal Au- the Space Station later this year. Samantha. tomated Transfer Ve- hicle (ATV) marking the end of a successful Preparation programme that paved in progress the way for the Euro- pean Service Modules Training for Saman- currently being pro- tha’s second mission is duced for NASA’s Ori- already under way and on spacecra that will has included Interna- travel around and to the tional Space Station re- Moon. fresher sessions at ESA’s European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Italian Germany, and NASA’s involvement Johnson Space Center in the mission in , Texas. In the coming  e call for applica- months, her schedule tions of the new ASI will intensify as she experiments is still on- brushes up on Space going. While waiting Station systems and to train on the new ex- procedures and trains periments, Samantha Samantha Cristoforetti poses in the Cupola module for the speci c experi- Cristofore i will follow of the International Space Station with two 100-day Samantha Cristoforetti training for spacewalks in NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory in Houston, USA. Diving ments and tasks she will among others LIDAL, patches to mark her 200th day in space. underwater is as close as it gets to experiencing weightlessness on Earth for long periods of time. Photo: NASA/ESA perform in space. NUTRISS, Acoustic Di- Photo: ESA/NASA

16 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 17 SCIENCE According to Robert Hogg, Mars  e sheer volume of imagery and scientist for Perseverance. “Butler 2020 Perseverance rover deputy mis- data already coming down on this inspired and in uenced the plane- sion manager, the rst test of the ro- mission has been a welcome bounty tary science community and many botic arm was “a big moment”. “ at’s for Ma Wallace, who recalls wait- beyond, including those typically PERSEVE NCE: the main tool the science team will ing anxiously for the rst images to under-represented in STEM elds.” use to do close-up examination of trickle in during NASA’s rst Mars “I can think of no be er person to the geologic features of Jezero Crater, rover mission, Sojourner, which ex- mark this historic landing site than DRIVING ON MARS and then we’ll drill and sample the plored Mars in 1997. On March 3, Octavia E. Butler, who not only grew ones they nd the most interesting. Wallace became the mission’s new up next door to JPL in Pasadena, but When we got con rmation of the ro- project manager. He replaced John she also inspired millions with her vi- FOR THE FIRST TIME botic arm  exing its muscles, includ- McNamee, who is stepping down as sions of a science-based future,” said ing images of it working beautifully he intended, a er helming the pro-  omas Zurbuchen, NASA associate ASA’s Mars 2020 a er its long trip to Mars – well, it ject for nearly a decade. administrator for science. “Her guid- NPerseverance rov- made my day,” said Hogg. “John has provided unwavering ing principle, ‘When using science, er performed its rst Upcoming events and evaluations support to me and every member of do so accurately,’ is what the science drive on Mars March include more detailed testing and the project for over a decade,” said team at NASA is all about. Her work 4, covering 21.3 feet calibration of science instruments, Wallace. “He has le his mark on this continues to inspire today’s scientists (6.5 meters) across the sending the rover on longer drives, mission and team, and it has been my and engineers across the globe – all Martian landscape.  e and je isoning covers that shield privilege to not only call him boss in the name of a bolder, more equita- drive served as a mobil- both the adaptive caching assembly but also my friend.” ble future for all.” ity test that marks just (part of the rover’s Sample Caching Butler, who died in 2006, authored one of many milestones System) and the Ingenuity Mars such notable works as “Kindred,” as team members check Helicopter during landing.  e ex- Touchdown site named “Bloodchild,” “Speech Sounds,” “Par- out and calibrate every perimental  ight test program for able of the Sower,” “Parable of the system, subsystem, and the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter will With Perseverance departing from Talents,” and the “Pa ernist” series. instrument on Perse- also take place during the rover’s its touchdown site, mission team sci- Her writing explores themes of race, verance. Once the rov- commissioning. entists have memorialized the spot, gender, equality, and humanity, and er begins pursuing its  rough it all, the rover is send- informally naming it for the late sci- her works are as relevant today as science goals, regular ing down images from the most ad- ence ction author Octavia E. But- they were when originally wri en commutes extending vanced suite of cameras ever to travel ler.  e groundbreaking author and and published. 656 feet (200 meters) to Mars.  e mission’s cameras have Pasadena, California, native was the or more are expected. already sent about 7,000 images. rst African American woman to win “When it comes to On Earth, Perseverance’s imagery both the Hugo Award and Nebula The mission wheeled vehicles on  ows through the powerful Deep Award, and she was the rst science other planets, there are Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech Space Network (DSN), managed ction writer honored with a MacAr- A key objective of Perseverance’s few rst-time events by NASA’s Space Communications thur Fellowship.  e location where mission on Mars is astrobiology, in- that measure up in signi cance to space. To help be er understand the program that helped land Persever- and Navigation (SCaN) program. In Perseverance began its mission on cluding the search for signs of ancient that of the rst drive,” said Anais dynamics of a retrorocket landing on ance with one they will rely on to in- space, several Mars orbiters play an Mars now bears the name “Octavia microbial life.  e rover will charac- Zari an, Mars 2020 Perseverance the Red Planet, engineers used Per- vestigate the planet. equally important role. E. Butler Landing.” terize the planet’s geology and past rover mobility test bed engineer at severance’s Navigation and Hazard More recently, the controllers “Orbiter support for downlink of O cial scienti c names for places climate, pave the way for human ex- NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Avoidance Cameras to image the checked out Perseverance’s Radar data has been a real gamechanger,” and objects throughout the solar sys- ploration of the Red Planet, and be in Southern California. “ is was spot where Perseverance touched Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experi- said Justin Maki, chief engineer for tem – including asteroids, comets, the rst mission to collect and cache our rst chance to ‘kick the tires’ and down, dispersing Martian dust with ment (RIMFAX) and Mars Oxygen imaging and the imaging scientist and locations on planets – are desig- Martian rock and regolith. take Perseverance out for a spin.  e plumes from its engines. In-Situ Resource Utilization Exper- for the Mars 2020 Perseverance nated by the International Astronom- Subsequent NASA missions, in rover’s six-wheel drive responded iment (MOXIE) instruments and rover mission at JPL. “When you ical Union. Scientists working with cooperation with ESA (European superbly. We are now con dent our deployed the Mars Environmental see a beautiful image from Jezero, NASA’s Mars rovers have traditionally Space Agency), would send space- drive system is good to go, capable of More Than Roving Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) in- consider that it took a whole team given uno cial nicknames to various cra to Mars to collect these sealed taking us wherever the science leads strument’s two wind sensors, which of Martians to get it to you. Every geological features, which they can samples from the surface and return us over the next two years.”  e rover’s mobility system is not extend out from the rover’s mast. An- picture from Perseverance is relayed use as references in scienti c papers. them to Earth for in-depth analysis.  e drive, which lasted about 33 the only thing ge ing a test drive dur- other signi cant milestone occurred by either the European Space Agen- “Butler’s protagonists embody de-  e Mars 2020 Perseverance mis- minutes, propelled the rover for- ing this period of initial checkouts. on March 2, or sol 12, when engi- cy’s Trace Gas Orbiter, or NASA’s termination and inventiveness, mak- sion is part of NASA’s Moon to Mars ward 13 feet (4 meters), where it On Feb. 26 – Perseverance’s eighth neers unstowed the rover’s 7-foot- MAVEN, Mars Odyssey, or Mars ing her a perfect t for the Persever- exploration approach, which in- then turned in place 150 degrees to Martian day, or sol, since landing – long (2-meter-long) robotic arm for Reconnaissance Orbiter.  ey are ance rover mission and its theme of cludes Artemis missions to the Moon the le and backed up 8 feet (2.5 me- mission controllers completed a so - the rst time,  exing each of its ve important partners in our explora- overcoming challenges,” said Kath- that will help prepare for human ex- ters) into its new temporary parking ware update, replacing the computer joints over the course of two hours. tions and our discoveries.” ryn Stack Morgan, deputy project ploration of the Red Planet.

18 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 19 ORTHODOX MESSENGER “beginning” of our re- at is how grace, demption. healing and protection e belief that the from the Lord’s cross Lord Jesus was cruci- are poured out on the TODAY IS THE BEGINNING  ed and died on the world. e cross is not cross is an important only past and present dogma of the Church. but also the future. e OF OUR SALVATION In the creed, we con- Church is waiting… on AUGUSTIN SOKOLOVSKI, fess our faith in “the the return of the cross. Doctor of eology, priest Lord Jesus, Christ, the We are waiting for the Son of God, who was Lord’s return according cruci ed for us under to the Bible. oday is the beginning of our sal- portant holiday concerning the fol- began on March 15 and Easter clos- Pontius Pilate”. is Not only are we all Tvation, / the revelation of the lowing of its occurrence is Easter. es on May 2. e Christmas cycle is means that the death of partakers of this world, eternal mystery! / e Son of God Easter is celebrated on the  rst Sun- parallel to the Easter cycle in the li- the Lord on the cross is but we are  esh of the becomes the Son of the Virgin / as day a er the  rst full moon a er the turgical calendar. It begins with the not an idea, not a rep-  esh of our planet. But Gabriel announces the coming of vernal equinox. Annunciation, that is the day of the resentation, not an ac- the world lives its own Grace. / Together with him let us is means that all the celebra- conception of the Lord Jesus Christ complishment realised life, the world goes cry to the eotokos: / Hail, O Full tions and memories associated with by the Virgin Mary of the Holy Spirit by come great hero, but its own way. Like any of Grace, / the Lord is with You! Easter, Lent, the day of Pentecost and the Christmas season, circumci- a real, terrible, shame- real historical event in (Troparion – Tone 4). and the sequence of liturgical read- sion and presentation. And the early ful, painful, grievous salvation history, the ese words from the Troparion of ings on Sunday belong to di erent church celebrated Christmas and the death. Once upon a message must be re- the Annunciation are very meaning- dates each year. is year 2021, Lent baptism of Jesus Christ was called time in history. vealed in the history ful. “Hence in our Lord Epiphany, on January e death of the of the world. If this is Jesus, the personal ex- 6 (19) with the count- one who as God once not heard, the world istence overcomes all down from Epiphany. entered into history has started to collapse. own limits and in God, Festivals for saints, to save us, something e world starts su er- it becomes truly unlim- icons and historical exceptional made up ing from ailments and ited.” e Annunciation events are celebrated for human salvation. diseases. is celebrated in the Rus- throughout the year. Our being, we know “Like there is a soul sian Orthodox Church ere are ideological this and see, we recog- in the body, there on April. It is one of the celebrations in the litur- nise and understand it are Christians in the most important Chris- gical calendar as well. more and more, is con- world,” says one of the tian feasts of the month. Initially in connection nected with su ering,  rst Christian texts, If somebody looks at with this or that event, hardship and pain. e ““Epistle to Diogne- the liturgical calendar, they have turned into Lord’s cross is insepa- The Crucifixion of Jesus. Russian icon by Dionisius. XVI tus”. We are Christians one can feel that it is a celebrations in honour rable from the su erer. in the Church. Like special calendar of its and memory of this or Turning to the cross we refer to it as found and that has since been re- the angels of the Lord Jesus, mes- kind in which, as in any that dogma or doctri- you. We invoke the cross of the Lord, vealed in the Bible and the life of the sengers of the eternal praise. secular calendar, the nal belief. Concerns re- we glorify the cross, we have bi en Church. e cross of Christ is the life “Rejoice, gracious, the Lord is with time from the begin- lated to Easter change the protection and the help of the of the world. e cross of Christ is you” is said to Mother Mary. e di- ning of the year to its by date, the rest do cross. All sacraments and ordinances the new heart of the universe. When vine and the Human meet, never to end is administered, in not. One of these hol- of the church are developed from the we worship the cross, we bid him separate again. e communion of celebrations, rhythms idays – the adornment cross of the Lord. to protect us. We bid him to save us man and God becomes an example, a and data and that it is of April – is the feast e sacrament of the sacraments – from all misfortune. paradigm, an image and a criterion for diachronic. of the Annunciation. the Eucharist – becomes the mo- We live worried on fearful days. every other common coexistence. For is means we are It will be celebrated by ment when the priest blesses the ey frighten us because we are un- the experience of Redemption today. dealing with di erent the church on April 7. bread and wine that has to become aware of the greatness of the divine O Victorious Leader of Trium- time sequences, be- e event of Annunci- the Sacrament in a cruciform man- gi . Power and protection that was phant Hosts! / We, your servants, tween the liturgical ation is directly related ner by the power of the Holy Spir- once given by the Lord in his cross. delivered from evil, sing our grateful cycles and the festive to salvation and is con- it. And they become the body and We forget that the Lord belongs to thanks to you, O eotokos! / As events, to change those ducted in the profes- blood of the Lord Jesus. us. He lives and feels, he cries and you possess invincible might, set us in detail to resolve par- sion of faith. e main e cross of Christ is the founda- mourns, sees himself and waits with a free from every calamity / so that we adoxical relationships. song of the festival, the tion of the world. is is the force childlike love for everyone who turns may sing: Hail, O unwedded Bride! e  rst and most im- Annunciation. 1408 Troparion, is called the of gravity that scholars believe to be to him over and over again. (Kontakion – Tone 8).

20 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 21 BOOKS  e Galactic Empire has prospered for twelve thousand years. Nobody suspects that the heart of the thriving Empire is ro en, until psychohistori- BOOKS an Hari Seldon uses his new science to foresee its terrible fate. Exiled to the desolate planet Ter- THAT WILL TAKE YOU minus, Seldon establishes a colony TO SPACE

hese books will take you on a Tjourney through space – be it a galaxy far, far away or our own So- lar system.

Aelita by Alexei Tolstoi Aelita (1923) is a science- ction fantasy in the manner of H. G. Wells, telling the story of a Soviet expedi- tion to Mars with the aim of estab- lishing communism. A o cer foments a rebellion of the native Martians, who are in fact long- ago emigrants from Atlantis.  e sto- ry was adapted into a screenplay in 1924. Its futuristic, expressionistic of the greatest minds in the Empire, sets were designed by Isaac Rabino- a Foundation which holds the key to vitch of the Kamerny  eatre. changing the fate of the galaxy.  e  lm in uenced the design in However, the death throes of the Flash Gordon, a space opera, which Empire breed hostile new enemies, was created by the artist Alex Ray- and the young Foundation’s fate will mond in 1934 and led to a popular be threatened  rst. radio serial and several  lms. Giper- boloid inzhenera Garina (1926,  e Death Box) described an a empt of Dune by Frank Herbert an unscrupulous inventor to use his death ray to conquer the world. He Melange, or ‘spice’, is the most val- manages to rule a decadently capital- uable – and rarest – element in the ist USA for a short period. of Ba le, One Man’s Poison, Warm, universe; a drug that does everything Keep Your Shape, Death Wish, e Foundation Trilogy by Isaac from increasing a person’s life-span to Watchbird, Bad Medicine, Forever. Asimov making intersteller travel possible. And A Collection of Robert Sheckley Robert Sheckley was a Hugo and it can only be found on a single planet: Science Fiction by Robert Sheckley Nebula-nominated American author. e Foundation series is Isaac the inhospitable desert world Arrakis. He was  rst published in science Asimov’s iconic masterpiece. Un- Whoever controls Arrakis controls A Collection of Robert Sheckley  ction magazines of the 1950’s. His folding against the backdrop of a the spice. And whoever controls the Science Fiction includes 14 short numerous quick-wi ed stories and crumbling Galactic Empire, the spice controls the universe. stories that appeared in magazines of novels were famously unpredictable, story of Hari Seldon’s two Foun- When the Emperor transfers stew- the 1950’s. Included are: Beside Still absurdist and comical. Sheckley was dations is a lasting testament to ardship of Arrakis from the noble Waters, Cost of Living, Diplomatic named Author Emeritus by the Sci- an extraordinary imagination, one House Harkonnen to House Atrei- Immunity, Ask A Foolish, Question, ence Fiction and Fantasy Writers of that shaped science  ction as we des, the Harkonnens  ght back, mur-  e Leech, Warrior Race,  e Hour America in 2001. know it today. dering Duke Leto Atreides. Paul, his

22 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 23 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke

 is classic novel, lat- er turned  lm, de ned an era of science  c- tion. A er discovering a monolith transmi ing radio signals buried un- der the moon’s surface, a group of astronauts embark on a mission to investigate one of Sat- urn’s moons where the radio signals are being received.  e mission goes awry, and the astro- nauts have a lot to con- tend with, from HAL 9000 – the arti cially intelligent computer – to the truth behind the society situated in the depths of our solar system.

Star Wars Trilogy by George Lucas, Donald Glut and James Kahn

Luke Skywalker rediscover the wonder of came into existence, to the formation dreamed of adventures the legend that begins: of the  rst stars, galaxies and planets, out among the stars A long time ago, in a and to the evolution of human beings and alien worlds. But galaxy far, far away… able to contemplate our own origins when he intercepted a and ultimate destiny. message from a beauti-  en on towards that destiny in the ful captive princess, he Bang! e Complete in nite future, long a er the Earth got more than he had History of the has been consumed by the Red Giant bargained for – and that Universe by Sun.  e story is told in clear, straight was how the adventure and forward terms, in the strict order in of his life began. which the events happened, and uses Forty years a er the Bang! Space, time, no mathematics. groundbreaking movie ma er… the Universe Bang! is an amazing story and this Star Wars: A New Hope was born 13.7 billion newly revised text brings it Bang! son, and Lady Jessica, his concubine, In order to avenge his father and  rst hit the silver screen, Star Wars re- years ago. In nitely up to date. Is it  ction?  e authors  ee into the desert. On the point of retake Arrakis from the Harkonnens, mains one of the most beloved sagas small at  rst, it expand- hope not, since it is based upon death, they are rescued by a band for Paul must earn the trust of the Fremen ever told. Together, the three original ed more rapidly than lifetimes work by great scientists Fremen, the native people of Arrakis, and lead a tiny army against the innu- Star Wars movies A New Hope, e downfall and redemption, of the nev- anyone can contemplate. Brian May, such as Albert Einstein, Stephen who control Arrakis’ second great re- merable forces aligned against them. Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the er-ending  ght between the forces of Patrick Moore and Chris Linto ex- Hawking and hundreds of other source: the giant worms that burrow And his journey will change the Jedi told one epic: a heroic tale of in- good and evil. Read the story of the plain how all this came about, from brilliant minds. Enjoy, and let your beneath the burning desert sands. universe. nocence lost and wisdom gained, of movies in one paperback volume and the moment when time and space imagination run riot.

24 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 25 T VEL amond Jet Team, dedicating every SpaceX designed, manufactured, egress exercises, as well as partial and performance to charitable causes. tested, and has  own multiple full mission simulations. In 2011, Isaacman co-founded what missions with one of the safest, Prior to  ying NASA astronauts as would become the world’s largest most-advanced human space ight part of the Commercial Crew Pro- SPACEX: private air force, Draken Interna- systems ever built. gram, SpaceX put every component of tional, to train pilots for the United In 2020, SpaceX returned Amer- every system through its paces, includ- States Armed Forces. ica’s ability to  y NASA astronauts ing two  ight tests to and from the In- USHERING IN NEW E Traveling weightless at over 17,000 to and from the International Space ternational Space Station, demonstra- miles per hour, the crew will conduct Station for the rst time since Shut- tions of Dragon’s escape system both experiments designed to expand our tle’s last  ight in 2011. In addition to on the launch pad and in- ight, over OF SPACE MISSIONS knowledge of the universe. Crew  ying astronauts to space for NASA, 700 tests of the spacecra ’s Super-

lans for the world’s rst all-ci- ceive emergency preparedness train- Pvilian mission to space were ing, spacesuit and spacecra ingress announced earlier this year from and egress exercises, as well as par- SpaceX’s headquarters in Haw- tial- and full-mission simulations. thorne, CA.  e mission is being  e mission will launch from his- targeted for the fourth quarter of this toric Launch Complex 39A at NA- year and will be commanded by Jared SA’s Kennedy Space Center in Flori- Isaacman, the 37-year-old founder da and will be carefully monitored at and Chief Executive O cer of Shi 4 every step by SpaceX mission control Payments and an accomplished pilot as the spacecra orbits the planet and adventurer. every 90 minutes along a customized Inspiration4 will leave Earth from  ight path. Upon conclusion of the Kennedy Space Center’s historic multi-day journey, Dragon will reent- Launch Complex 39A, the embar- er Earth’s atmosphere for a so water kation point for Apollo and Space landing o the coast of Florida. Shu le missions, and travel across a  e Dragon spacecra is capable low earth orbit on a multi-day jour- of carrying up to 7 passengers to and ney that will continually eclipse from Earth orbit, and beyond. It is more than 90% of the earth’s pop- the only spacecra currently  ying ulation. Named in recognition of that is capable of returning signi - the four-person crew that will raise cant amounts of cargo to Earth, and awareness and funds for St. Jude is the rst private spacecra to take Children’s Research Hospital, this humans to the space station. milestone represents a new era for Falcon 9 is a reusable, two-stage human space ight and exploration. rocket designed and manufactured “Inspiration4 is the realization of a by SpaceX for the reliable and safe lifelong dream and a step towards a transport of people and payloads into future in which anyone can venture Earth orbit and beyond. Falcon 9 is out and explore the stars. I appreciate the world’s rst orbital class reusable the tremendous responsibility that rocket. Reusability allows SpaceX to comes with commanding this mis- re y the most expensive parts of the sion and I want to use this historic rocket, which in turn drives down the ing the month of February, members Dragon’s 365lbs cargo capacity will SpaceX’s Dragon spacecra was de- Draco engines, more than 500 joint moment to inspire humanity while cost of space access. of the public can enter for a chance be allocated for both crew essentials signed to also carry commercial as- so -capture docking tests to validate helping to tackle childhood cancer Isaacman has given St. Jude two to join the  ight to space and support as well as scienti c equipment dedi- tronauts to Earth orbit, the space sta- the performance of Dragon’s docking here on Earth,” said Jared Isaacman. seats on the Inspiration4 mission. the lifesaving mission of St. Jude. cated to micro-gravity research and tion or beyond. system design, about 8,000,000 hours Isaacman and the Inspiration4  e rst seat is reserved for a St. Jude An accomplished pilot rated to experimentation.  e crew will receive training by of hardware in the loop so ware test- crew will undergo commercial as- ambassador with direct ties to the  y commercial and military aircra , Inspiration4 is commi ed to as- SpaceX on the launch vehicle and ing, and nearly 100 tests and  ights of tronaut training by SpaceX on the mission who exempli es the pillar of Isaacman holds several world re- signing the maximum possible mass spacecra , orbital mechanics, op- Dragon’s parachutes to ensure a safe Falcon 9 launch vehicle and Dragon Hope as well as the courageous vision cords including a Speed- Around- towards this valuable research, pro- erating in microgravity, high grav- landing back on Earth – in addition spacecra , including a speci c focus upon which St. Jude was founded –  e-World  ight to raise money viding access to space for inspiring ity, zero gravity, and other forms of to all of the knowledge gained from on orbital mechanics, operating in compassion, unity, equality and inclu- and awareness for the Make-a-Wish projects that are otherwise unable to stress testing.  ey will go through twenty one previous successful cargo microgravity, zero gravity, and other sion.  e second seat will represent Foundation. He has  own in over overcome the high barriers of tradi- emergency preparedness training, resupply missions to the space station forms of stress testing.  ey will re- the mission pillar of Generosity. Dur- 100 airshows as part of the Black Di- tional space-based research. spacesuit and spacecra ingress and and over 100 Falcon 9 launches.

26 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 27 CULTURE COSMOS: REVERSE PERSPECTIVE Exhibition at Pushkin House, the home of in London

ushkin House of the history of the de- Pis proud to an- velopment of the Rus- nounce our rst sian steppes, with its online exhibition, snows and frosts, end- COSMOS: Reverse less spaces that have Perspective, by Liz shaped the culture of Davis, Fred Sco , the peoples living on it. Gleb Sobolev and Ma- Join us for the open- rina Sokolova, curated ing event on 12th by Pierre d’Avoine and April to learn about Gleb Sobolev.  e ex- the works in the ex- hibition is supported hibition, as well as an 12-MONTH by the Nikolai Fedor- introduction to Rus- ov Library (Moscow), sian cosmism, lmed the Konstantin Tsiolk- at the site of Gagarin’s SUBSCRIPTION TO ovsky House-Muse- monument in Mos- um (Kaluga), and the cow. Further events Museum of the First will include a discus- Flight (Gagarin). sion with anthropol- RUSSIAN MIND Opening on 12th ogist Tim Ingold and April – the 60th an- lms by Stella Sco niversary of Yuri and Dan Canyon, as MAGAZINE Gagarin’s rst  ight well as a discussion into outer space (and between cosmonaut United Kingdom – 38 GBP ANNUAL International Day of Sergey Avdeev and European Union – 65 EUR Digital Subscription – Human Space ight) – Dr Iya Whiteley of the exhibition of col- the Centre for Space The rest of the world – 80 EUR £25 lages and graphics fo- Medicine at Universi- cuses on looking back ty College London. at Earth from space, Finally, 18th May rediscovering our own marks the 60th an- earthly lives, experi- niversary of the rst TO SUBSCRIBE YOU CAN DO THE FOLLOWING: ences and challenges.  yby of Venus by a 1. Bank transfer for EUR and USD currency: 2. Subscribe via Pay Pal on our Taking the “reverse man-made object, Coordonnees bancaires: «La Nouvelle Maison Russe» website: perspective”, the art- the Soviet -1 Payee address: CTRE CIAL DOMAINE VERBOISE 71 RUE DE www.russianmind.com/ ists o er the cosmos probe, and we’ll be SURESNES 92380 GARCHES payment/ as an alternative lens for life, one op- Nikolai Fedorov (1829–1903), the fa- celebrating that with a closing discus- Bank: Domiciliation agence Societe Generale 30003 posed to a single perspective or abso- ther of Russian cosmism, a philosoph- sion with the artists. Agence garches la verboise (04090) IMPORTANT lute reference frame – a distributed ical exploration of space that took  roughout the ve weeks of the Account number: 00037260011 Please make sure that you provide vision, geometrically expressed as a place before the technology to reach it exhibition, you’ll be able to view the the confi rmation of your payment Russian icon. had even been developed.  e predic- works online, read essays about the Sort Code: 23-65-53 and contact details (home address, “Our vastness serves as a transition tions about space and life in zero grav- themes of the exhibition, and Bank Identifi er Code: 30003 phone number and email address). to the vastness of the heavenly space, ity of his contemporary Konstantin video previews of the events. BIC/SWIFT Code: SOGEFRPP You can contact us at this new eld for a great feat,” wrote Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) grew out pushkinhouse.org IBAN FR76 3000 3040 9000 0372 6001 151 rmoffi [email protected] RUSSIAN MIND – APRIL 2021 29