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Limiting Maize (Zea Mays L.) Yield in Two Agro-Ecological Zones of the Southern-Central of Senegal

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Limiting Maize (Zea Mays L.) Yield in Two Agro-Ecological Zones of the Southern-Central of Senegal JCBPS; Section B; February 2021 –April 2021, Vol. 11, No. 2; 396-406, E- ISSN: 2249 –1929 [DOI: 10.24214/jcbps.B.11.2.39606.] Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online atwww.jcbsc.org Section B: Biological Sciences CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article Evaluation of nutrients (N, P, K) limiting maize (Zea mays L.) yield in two agro-ecological zones of the southern-central of Senegal. Arona Sonko1,2*, Ndèye Yacine Badiane Ndour2, Moussa N’Diénor2, Aliou Faye3, Niokhor Bakhoum4 & Saliou Ndiaye1 1 Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Agriculture, Université Iba Der Thiam de Thiès, B.P A296 - Thiès – Sénégal. 2 Laboratoire National de Recherches sur les Productions Végétales, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Bel Air, Route des Hydrocarbures, BP 3120 - Dakar - Sénégal. 3 Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, BP 53 CNRA – Bambey - Sénégal. 4 LMI LAPSE, Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, BP 1386, CP 18524 – Dakar - Sénégal. Received: 24 February 2021; Revised: 17 March 2021; Accepted: 30 March 2021 Abstract: Cereals response to nutrients varies according to soil characteristics in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, subtractive trials were conducted to identify the major nutrients (N, P, K) limiting maize yield in Senegal central south (Nioro site) and east (Sinthiou Malème site) soils. In each zone, we set up a randomized complete block experiment on station with 4 replicates and on farm in 5 scattered fields. The following treatments were evaluated: non-fertilizer (T) control, completely fertilized with NPK at high doses (150N-40P2O5-40K2O kg/ha), and three other treatments (PK, NK, NP) resulting from the successive omission of one element from the NPK. Soil nutrients analysis revealed, at Nioro station, a N deficiency associated, in Nioro farm, with that of P and K. However, in Sinthiou Malème, N and P deficiencies were noticed. Application of NPK increased the grain yield between 143 % and 543 % compared to the control. At Nioro, the grain yield was limited only by N on station, but by both P and K on farm. Regarding Sinthiou Malème the grain yield was 396 JCBPS; Section B; February 2021 –April 2021, Vol. 11, No. 2; 396-406. [DOI:10.24214/jcbps.B.11.2.39606.] Evaluation… Arona Sonko et al. reduced by N and P starvation. Our study suggests that an optimal use of fertilizers could sustainably enhance maize productivity in Senegal. Moreover, the adaptation of the fertilization recommendation according to the site is necessary. Keywords: Maize yield limitation, Mineral fertilizers, Nutrient deficiency, Soil fertility, Subtractive trials. INTRODUCTION Soil degradation is a major problem for agriculture in Sahelian regions, leading to land abandonment due to yield regularly reducing after several years. In addition, cultural practices such as cereal/fallow rotation, used to restore the nutrients in cultivated fields[1], is replaced by the cereal/peanut rotation without fallow or adequate use of fertilizers[2]. Soil degradation thus comes from the imbalance of the nutrient statement induced by rainfall variability, cultural practices and demographic pressure. Nutrients exportation through crops depletes the soil and exacerbates the soil erosion, leaching and thus their degradation. In Senegal, the average annual nutrient deficit due to nutrients exportation is estimated at 12N-2P-10K kg/ha [3]. In this context, maize yields are low even if they rich 1000 kg/ha to 1500 kg/ha in the study areas. Thus, they still lower compare to the optimal level evaluated to 3000 kg/ha to 4500 kg/ha on farm [4]. Achieving optimal yield for a given variety requires better use of fertilizers. Yet, the same mineral fertilizer dose was recommended in Senegal whatever the zone. Several studies have shown that mineral fertilizers improve soil fertility and crop yields [5]. Challenge remains to adjust the contribution of mineral fertilizers to the soil nutritive supply taking into account the balance of nutrients to sustainably improve soil fertility management. Indeed, the variability of soil fertility affects the efficiency of fertilizer use in Maize cultivation [6]; it is crucial to adapt the formulation recommendations to specific soil and climatic conditions. This study sought to identify the nutrients (N, P, K) that could limit maize productivity. Aim was to assess subtractive effects of N, P or K on "Suwan-1" maize cultivar yields under central south and east pedoclimatic conditions of Senegal. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study site presentation: Three villages were chosen from Nioro site in the agroecological zone (AZ) of the south-central groundnut basin and from Sinthiou Malème site in the AZ of Eastern Senegal. Daga Sekko, Paoskoto and Nioro were selected in Nioro located in Nioro du Rip department, in Kaolack region. Groundnuts and millet are the dominant crops. Groundnuts is rotated with cereals (millet, maize). Dominant soils are of tropical ferruginous type with little or without leaching on sandy-clayey sandstones located on the glacis. They have a sandy texture to sandy loam with good to average drainage. Guiri Gara, Sinthiou Damba, and Sinthiou Malème were selected in Sinthiou Malème located in Tambacounda department, in Tambacounda region. Groundnut and millet are the main crops, but cotton, whether or not rotated with maize, is also present, and sorghum as well. Peanut is also in rotation with cereals (millet, maize, sorghum). Dominant soils are gravel type reworked on cuirass and tropical ferruginous leached on colluvio-alluvial material respectively encountered on glacis and terraces. They have a sandy to sandy clay texture with medium to low drainage. Soil physicochemical characteristics of the study sites were presented in Table 1. Both zones are characterized by a dry tropical climate of Sodano-Sahelian type with a rainy season from June - 397 JCBPS; Section B; February 2021 –April 2021, Vol. 11, No. 2; 396-406. [DOI:10.24214/jcbps.B.11.2.39606.] Evaluation… Arona Sonko et al. October and a dry season from November - May. Climatic conditions of the study sites were represented by the Figure 1. Figure 1: Nioro (a) and Sinthiou Malème (b) weather conditions during 2014 rainy season. Tmin: Minimum temperature, Tmax: maximum temperature. Arrows indicate, from left to right, start of sowing, start of female flowering, start of harvest. Experimental design: A network of agronomic trials was carried out on the experimental station of the Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Researches (ISRA) and on farm in both study sites. Experiments set up in stations were under fallows above three years old in Nioro and over a long period in Sinthiou Malème. However, groundnut was previously grown on farms in the two sites. The experiment set up in station was a randomized complete block with four replicates. Each block consists of six elementary plots of 36 m2 (6 m * 6 m) separated from each other by alleys of 1.5 m. Factor studied was mineral fertilizer with five modalities resulting from the combination of different doses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Complete fertilizer (NPK) treatment consists of high doses of N, P and K. From the NPK treatment, a fertilizing element (N, or P or K) was subtracted each time to form three other treatments (PK, NK, NP). A non-fertilizer (T) treatment was added as a reference control. N was supplied in the form of urea (46 % N), P in the form of double superphosphate (25 % P2O5) and K in the form of potassium chloride (60 % K2O). Dose of the NPK treatment was 150 kg N/ha, 40 kg P2O5/ha and 40 kg K2O/ha, PK treatment is 0 kg N/ha, 40 kg P2O5/ha and 40 kg K2O/ha, NK treatment was 150 kg N/ha, 0 kg P2O5/ha and 40 kg K2O/ha and NP treatment was 150 kg N/ha, 40 kg P2O5/ha and 0 kg K2O/ha. The maize mineral fertilizer dose recommended in Senegal whatever the zone, is 122 kg N/ha, 30 kg P2O5/ha and 30 kg K2O/ha. Experiment in farms was made up of complete randomized blocks dispersed among various representative farm fields. All the treatments were applied on each farmer field. A total of five farmer fields were selected both at Nioro site (3 at Daga Seko, 2 at Paoskoto) and at Sinthiou Malème site (3 at Sinthiou Damba, 2 at Guiri Gara). Soil and crop management: "Suwan-1" maize cultivar, recommended in the study zones, was used with a grain yield of 4500 kg/ha on farm and a development cycle of 90 days [4]. Manual sowing was carried out between 12 - 20 July with 3 grains per pocket at a depth about 3 cm. Rows were spaced of 75 cm where pockets were 25 cm in each row. The thinning was done, by leaving one-plant-per- pocket, 12 days after sowing (DAS) to obtain a density of 53,333 plants/ha. Four manual weeding operations are carried out: weeding in 12 DAS, two other weeding and one hilling during the application of fertilizers in 25, 39 and 54 DAS, respectively. The fertilizer was applied around the hole about 5 cm from the base of the plants and buried to a depth of about 7 cm. Phosphorus, 398 JCBPS; Section B; February 2021 –April 2021, Vol. 11, No. 2; 396-406. [DOI:10.24214/jcbps.B.11.2.39606.] Evaluation… Arona Sonko et al. potassium and 20% nitrogen were applied 25 DAS. Remaining nitrogen (80%) was applied to the after 39 and 54 DAS in equal quantity. Data collection and analysis: Daily weather data (rainfall, temperatures, solar radiation) were collected with an automatic weather station CIMEL type at the two experimental stations of ISRA located at Nioro and Sinthiou Malème.
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