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Rural Development in the Gambia River Basin

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Rural Development in the Gambia River Basin The University of Michigan Ganb~ia River Basin Studies Rural Development in the Gambia River Basin Center for Research on Economic Development and Great Lakes and Marine Watrs Center The University of Michigan with Harza Engineering Company 1985 The University of Michigan Gambia River Basin Studies Rural Development in the Gambia River Basin Prepared for U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and Gambia River Basin Development Organisation (OMVG) Contract No. 685-0012-C-00-2158-00 September 1985 PREFACE This report represents part of the work of a number of researchers and field staff. The actual report was written by William Derman, Frank Casey, Sarah Lynch, Cynthia Moore and Charles Steedman. The following researchers contributed significantly to this report: " Judith Carney Balingho Dam impact study * Frank Casey Basinwide survey, village studies in Senegal, marketing and analysis of village data " Lucie Colvin Migration in Senegambia " Christine Elias Village studies and irrigation in The Gambia * Jim Fitch Economic analysis " Rolf Jensen Guinea * Robert Kagbo Irrigation study * Sarah Lynch Economic analysis of development plans for the basin " Leonard Malczynski Data management and analysis * Cynthia Moore Basinwide survey, irrigation study in Senegal, analysis of village data " William Roberts Qualitative work in the Senegambian villages, and survey of the dam impact zones in Guinea " Michael Vuister Data management " Walter West Kekreti Dam impact study " Andr~e Wynkoop Guinea In addition to the above researchers the following Gaxmbians, Guineans and Senegalese worked in the tield: The Gambia Q Ousainou Baldeb, Falnakoi Janneh, Bouba Jarra -- Supervisors * Lamin Barrow, Mamdou Balajo, Cherno Bojang, Musa Suso, Yukase Darbo, Mamadou Marong, Mamadou Barry, Yusupha Jobe, Dembele Fye -- Enumerators * Musa Ceesay -- General research associate * Bakari Sanneh, Tuku Jallow, Yahya Marong -- Data entry operators iii Senegal * Karim Diallo, Moussa Waly --- Supervisors * Mamadou Ba, Pape Diak, Kassa Keita, Iba Mall, Sambaly Keita, Ousman Sacko -- Enumerators * Maguette N'Diaye - Trainee from the Ministry of Rural Development Kekreti Impact Study * Fula Ba, Dowda Sow - Enumerators who also served as data entry operators Guinea • Professor Fode Keita -- Supervisor " Cellou Teliwel Diallo, Mamdou Dian Diallo, Aramoussa Sane, Ahmadou Korka Diallo, Mamdou Boiro, Idrissa Diallo, Saliou Tanou Diallo, Therno Ibrahima Barry, Lansan Sylla, Ismael Souare, Mamadou Cisse, Kindi Diallo -- Enumerators * Mamadou Baillo Diallo -- Researcher * Seydian Camara -- Trainee " Professor Ali Oulare -- supervisor and counterpart All of the Gambian, Guinean and Senegalese researchers carried out their responsiblities with professionalism and commitment despite the range of challenges posed by village living. John Sutter, the original team leader, and Michael Watts wrote the plan of study for Senegal and The Gambia and many of the stock and flow questionnaires used in the Senegambian survey villages. Their dedicated efforts, assisted by those of Chris Elias, got the village studies underway on time and with an excellent staff. In addition, we express our profound thanks to the numerous individuals and agencies too numerous to cite who gave so generously of their time and resources to facilitate our studies. Our great appreciation is given to Rebecca Doyle, Patricia Humphrey and Carol Wilson of the Center for Research on Economic Development who have worked itnceasingly to produce this report. Sherry Cogswell performed logistic and administrative miracles to help us both in the field and in Ann Arbor. iv Special thanks go to the hundreds of villagers who permitted us to live in their villages, shared their hospitality and often scarce food, and who submitted to our endless questions in the hope that through our studies and OMVG's action, positive changes might occur. Ann Arbor, Michigan William Derman September 1985 Team Leader LLI zw LA V) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE .... ............ .................... i. LIST OF TABLES ..... ................. .. xv LIST OF FIGURES....... .... .. .. .. xix LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS....... .................. .xxi 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............ ........................ 1 i.i. Current Status......................... 2 1.2. Socioeconomic Impacts of the Proposed Dams. ........ 3 1.2.1. Summary of Direct Impacts ...... ............. 5 1.2.2. Mitigative Measures ........ ................ 6 1.3. The Guinean Portion of the Basin....... .............. 7 1.4. Irrigation Experience in the Gambia River Basin ... ...... 8 1.5. Current Development Programs and Suggestions for their Improvement ...... ............ 10 2. INTRODUCTION TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE GAMBIA RIVER BASIN . 15 2.1. Introduction to the Current Situation ... ........... ... 15 2.2. The United Nations Development Programme and the Formation of OMVG *.*....................................16 2.3. Current Strategies in the Gambia River Basin ............ 18 2.4. Regional Considerations ....... ..................... 20 2.5. River Basin Development ....... .................. .. 21 2.6. Brief Summary of the Rural Sector in the Gambia River Basin ..................................... 22 2.7. Socioeconomic Component of the Gambia River Basin .. ..... 24 2.7.1. Objectives........ ..................... ... 24 2.7.2. Village-based Studies ..... ............... ... 25 2.7.3. Thematic Studies....... ..................... 28 2.8. Organization of the Report ...... ................. ... 28 3. THE CURRENT SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SITUATION IN THE BASIN ... ...... 29 3.1. Background on Member State Economies .... ............... 29 3.1.1. Levei9 of GNP and Income..... ................. 29 3.1.2. Trade and Balance of Payments ........... 31 3.1.3. Relevant Agricultural Policies.... ............. 33 ix Page 3.2. A Zonal Overview of the Gambia River Basin............... 35 3.2.1. Zone I......... ....................... ... 36 3.2.2. Zone II ......... ...................... 37 3.2.3. Zone III ......... ......................... 38 3.3. Populations of the Gambia River Basin ... ........... ... 39 3.3.1. Demographic Status and Trend.... ............... 39 3.3.2. Ethnicity ......... .................... .43 3.3.3. Migration Patterns...... ................. ... 48 3.4. Social Organization of Basin Farming Systems .............. 60 3.4.1. Village organization...... ................... 60 J.4.2. Household Organization ..... ............... ... 61 J.4. 3 . Land Tenure ......... .................. 64 3.4.4. General Characteristics of the Farming Systems ..... ............... ... 67 3.5. Farming Systems in Guinea ...... ................. ... 72 3.5.1. Cropping Patterns and Principal Crops ........... 72 3.5.2. Planting Cycle and Seasonality ... .............. 75 3.5.3. Land Holdings ....... .................. .. 75 3.5.4. Division of Labor ...... ................ .. 76 3.5.5. Technology........ ..................... ... 78 3.5.6. Livestock ........ ..................... ... 79 3.5.7. Nonagricultural Activities.... ............. ... 80 3.6. Marketing of Foodgrains ....... ................. ... 80 3.6.1. The Role of Markets in The Gambia and Senegal . 81 3.6.2. The Role of Markets in Guinea ... ........... ... 90 4. DAM IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE GAMBIA RIVER BASIN ............. 95 4.1. Definition of the Affected Zones..... ................. 95 4.1.1. Baiingho ......... ...................... ... 98 4.1.2. Kekreti ......... ...................... .99 4.1.3. Kogou Foulbe ........ .................... ... 99 4.1.4. Kouya ......... ....................... ... 99 4.1.5. Kankakoure........ ...................... .100 4.2. Purposes of the Studies ....... .................. .100 4.2.1. Balingho ......... ...................... .100 4.2.2. Kekreti ......... ...................... .100 4.2.3. Guinea Dams ........ .................... .100 x Page 4.3. Brief Description of Methciology..... .............. .100 4.4. The Zones of Study: Balingho ..... ............... .. 102 4.4.1. Background........ ..................... .102 4.4.2. Agriculture ......... .................. .103 4.4.3. Livestock ......... .................... .104 4.4.4. Fishing and Other Riverine Resources.......... .105 4.4.5. Nonagricultural Activities ..... ............ .105 4.4.6. Inmigration and Emigration.... ............ .106 4.4.7. Marketing ......... .................... .106 4.5. The Zones of Study: Kekreti...... ................ .107 4.5.1. Population Characteristics.... ............. .107 4.5.2. Settlement Patterns ....... .............. .108 4.5.3. Agriculture ........ .................... .109 4.5.4. Livestock .......... ..................... 110 4.5.5. Nonagricultural Activities .... ............. .111 4.5.6. Inmigration and Emigration.... ............. .111 4.5.7. Marketing ........ ..................... ... 115 4.6. The Zones of Study: Guinea ...... ................ .116 4.6.1. Kouya ......... ....................... .. 116 4.6.2. Kankakoure ....... .................. .... 118 4.6.3. Kogou Foulbe........ .................... .119 4.7. Impacts Associated with Dam Construction............. .120 4.7.1. Loss of Homes and Villages.... ............. .120 4.7.2. Loss of Land...... .................... ... 123 4.7.3. Differential Effects of Loss of the Balingho Rice Fields ....... ................... .. 130 4.7.4. Differential Effects on Minorities in the Kekreti Zone ....... ................... .131 4.7.5. Marketing ......... .................... ... 133 4.7.6. Migration ......... ................... .. 134 4.7.7.
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