Kastamonu Uni., Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2017, 17 (2): 256-274 Research Article Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty Doi: 10.17475/kastorman.291978
Evaluation of Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) Ancient City as
Archaeological Park Aysun TUNA1, Elmas ERDOĞAN2 1 Inonu University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Malatya 2Ankara University, Faculty of Agricultural, Department of Landscape Architecture, Ankara *Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Received Date: 13.02.2017 Accepted Date: 26.05.2017 Abstract Aim of study: The main aim of the research is the formation of an environment revealing and protecting the historical and cultural values of Konuralp Archeological Site; and dealing within the framework of the main idea of “archeological park” which is the method of protection and refunctioning of the area and historical environment enlivenment method; and putting forward an integrated approach evaluated as far as social, cultural and trading aspects are concerned. Area of study: This study was conducted at Konuralp Archeological Site and its environs situated at Konuralp District of Düzce province in the West Black Sea Region of Turkey. Material and Methods: The method of the research had three stages, literature survey and data collection, site analysis studies in Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) archeological site at macro and micro scales studies phases. Main results: An archeological park landscape design project has been proposed to emphasize the importance of Konuralp Ancient City (Prusias ad Hypium) and to protect and re-functioning of cultural heritage in a healthy, livable and aesthetic environment. During the project preparation, the targets have been determined for any type of physical-spatial arrangements based on the qualification of archeological site, and the necessities determined in the research area were considered and it was aimed that historical environment quality will be improved by environmentally compatible designs. Research highlights: In this paper, “archeological park” concept was scrutinized as a cultural heritage protection method for sustainable development, and application of this model in Konuralp Ancient city was offered. Keywords: Archaeology, Archaeological park, Landscape design, Prusias ad Hypium, Konuralp
Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) Antik Kenti’nin arkeolojik park kapsamında irdelenmesi
Özet Çalışmanın amacı: Bu araştırmanın amacı; Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) arkeolojik sit alanının tarihi ve kültürel değerlerini ortaya çıkaran ve koruyan bir ortam oluşturulması, alanı koruyarak yeniden işlevlendirme ve tarihi çevre canlandırma yöntemi olan “arkeolojik park” ana fikri çerçevesinde ele alınması; kentsel alanın arkeolojik sit alanı ile bütünleşen bütüncül bir yaklaşımın ortaya konmasıdır. Çalışma alanı; Türkiye’nin Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan Düzce kentine bağlı Konuralp Mahallesinde yer alan Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) Arkeolojik Sit Alanı olarak tescillenmiş alan ve yakın çevresi oluşturmaktadır. Materyal ve Yöntem; Araştırmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde izlenilen yöntem; literatür ve veri toplama, bugünkü adı ile Konuralp arkeolojik sit alanı üst ve alt ölçek etüt-analiz çalışması, değerlendirme olmak üzere üç etaplı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuçlar: Konuralp Antik Kenti’nin önemini vurgulamak ve sağlıklı, yaşanabilir, ergonomik ve estetik bir çevrede kültürel mirası korumak ve yeniden işlevlendirmek amacı ile arkeolojik park tasarım projesi hazırlanmıştır. Proje hazırlanırken arkeolojik sit alanının niteliğine bağlı olarak her türlü fiziki-mekansal düzenlemelere ilişkin hedefler belirlenmiş, araştırma alanında saptanan ihtiyaçlar göz önünde bulundurulmuş ve çevreye uyumlu tasarımlar ile tarihi çevre kalitesini yükseltmek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma vurguları: Bu araştırmada ‘arkeolojik park’ kavramı incelenerek, Konuralp Antik Kenti’nde bu modelin uygulanması önerilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arkeoloji, Arkeolojik park, Peyzaj tasarım, Prusias ad Hypium,Konuralp
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Introduction usability of the territory is analyzed at the Archeological parks are defined as design stage and the remnants that it contains archeologic sites that are protected and open are integrated with recreational and to public consisting settlement ruins of educational functions. ‘Improvement of various cultures since prehistoric era. protection and value‘ of the cultural heritage According to Declaration of Salalah of that the area contains would contribute to the ICOMOS-ICAHM, an archaeological site development of the area not only at the local becomes public space, one that scale but also at the international level, simultaneously promotes and threatens its therefore, multiple researches should be scientific and historic value an performed and the design process should be archaeological park is an approach for initiated. Enabling sustainability of an sustainable management of archaeological archaeological park can be realized by sites through negotiating these tensions in management. The formation process of an planning, inventory and evaluation, facility archeological park is shown in Table 1. construction and operation, building Konuralp Archeological Site, which is a management capacity, and inclusion of local district physically located in Düzce Province, stakeholders. According to Salinas and at the West Black Sea Region of Turkey, was Osorio (2006), archeological parks are places selected as the project area. since it does not representing important periods of human display an integrated development with the history, integrating local culture with global archeological assets that need to be culture. According to Ojeda (2002), protected, and development of city center archeological parks as “they are tools with plans and plans with no protection enabling managing and controlling local anxiety and therefore the historical city societies and protection of cultural heredity center faces with the historical and cultural in sustainable city centers“. The main criteria identity loss. (Figure 1). of archeological parks are planning, design The research aims to deal with protection and administration process. Therefore, of current archeological site which faces with archeological parks are a phenomena to be indicated problems integration and contribute handled in different scales. At this stage, to the sustainable progress of the city both at primary principle is the preparation of a local and national levels in the scope of protection program. Accessibility and archeological park concept.
Figure 1. Location of the research area: Konuralp (Prusias ad Hypium), administrative and archeological site borders (WorldView-2 8 band Multispectral and panchromatic satellite image was obtained by ArcGIS 9.3 software)
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Material and Methods scientific research project. In the scope of Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) Ancient area site analysis studies and based on the City, situated in Düzce province, and its results obtained at the different scale close surrounding forms the main focus of evaluation stage, reliability state evaluation the research. This area was selected because table was generated to form a foundation to of its historical identity and intense urban the archaeological site analyse in order to activities due to its proximity to the determine unique situation of the buildings university. Its location on the main route located in the archeological site and to reveal which connects to shore to the historic core, the changes that occured in time. Realibity and scientific excavation studies within this levels were determined primarily to area recently conducted by Düzce University. determine reliability situation of the research The method of the research had three area. Scoring was made based on the stages, literature survey and data collection, structuring situation of findings in site analysis studies in Prusias ad Hypium determining reliability degrees. According to (Konuralp) archeological site at macro and the reliability levels that were obtained, the micro scales studies phases. intervention methods were determined that Before spatial analysis and classification are dealt with in the scope of Prusias ad in macro scale is used Gram-Schmidt Pan Hypium (Konuralp) Archeological landscape Sharpening to sharpen of WorldView-2 8 design project. band multispectral data using high spatial Suggestions were made about the resolution data. With ENVI software protection and sustainability of Prusias ad performs Gram-Scmidt spectral pan Hypium (Konuralp) archeological site and sharpening is best revealed in images with making its integration into urban homogenous surface features ( flat deserts or development with sustainable principles after water, etc.) (Laben et al., access date 2015). the planning scale site analysis studies at the Current map of 1/1000 scale of the result stage of the research, and after design research area was updated in order to define scale evaluation stage where design decisions research area’s typical characteristics and were brought, and after the determination of obtain current information about the area. design scale intervention areas, and Prusias The updated map was used as a base site plan ad Hypium (Konuralp) Archeological Park in the evaluation stage. Strenghts and Landscape Design Project was proposed. weaknesses of the research area were determined by SWOT analysis as a result of Results and Discussion planning scale and design scale analysis Historical Process of Prusias ad studies. Physical and social situation in the Hypium (Konuralp) Archeological Site research area was determined by this Although many studies were conducted analysis, and how the strenght aspects and about Prusias ad Hypium Ancient City, there opportunities will be evaluated in the scope are not adequate data on the ancient remains of historical environment vitalisation and city plan. However, it is known that the strategy, and how the weak aspects will be area is made of a hillside and lower city due turned into a powerful situation and the to its topographic building as a result of site requirements to remove limitation were analysis studies. scrutinized. In order to document current The settlement is known with many situation of archeological remainings situated different names throughout history. The in the research area where design decisions area’s oldest name is “Kieros“ (Dörner, are made, their evaluation in terms of 1949), it was known as Prusias ad Hypium architectural history and to form a site plan to (Prusias at the front of Melen River) during the project of “Prusias ad Hypium Bithynia Kingdom, and as Üskübü (Eskibağ, Archeological Park” suggested in the Eskiba) during the Ottoman period and as research scope, and architectural survey of Konuralp starting from the Republic Era archaeological heritage were generated such (Özlü, 2009). The name of Kieros has been antique theatre and scene, aqueducts ruins changed with respect of King as “Prusiass” and holy well (hagiasma) in the scope of after participating of Bithinia Kingdom. The
258 Kastamonu Uni., Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2017, 17 (2): 256-274 Tuna and Erdoğan Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty name of Kieros has been changed with named as “Atlıkapı”; 11 aqueduct ruins that respect of King as “Prusias” after reached today among the ruins as the part of participating of Bithinia Kingdom.However, the water system of the city; Domitius the city is called as Pros Hypios (Prusias Bathhouse which is damaged extensively and edge of Melen River ) in order to distinguish mentioned in the honor scripture erected for from other Prusias city. (Zeyrek, 2005). the son of M. Iulius Babinius from Prusias; Pausanias expressed that the land in the bridge that is thought to be made during recently founded cities required equal Roman Era and protected during Ottoman sharing the easiest and most appropriate Era and lacking its norther foot and its three manner, therefore Prusias expressed that it arched length is 30,25m, are the existing could develop according to a certain plan. buildings of Prusias ad Hypium ancient city The form that is applied to the upper parts of (Figure 3).Other buildings that are mentioned the grate system that developed in the in inscriptions but not reached today are a framework of major avenues in Prusias city temple, stadium, gmnasium and agora plan is seen. It is observed that the planning (Zeyrek, 2005). Moreover, Orpheus base element is applied in Prusias as well, which mosaic, which portrays four seasons and suggests the dwelling and public buildings includes a lyre playing person in the middle, remain within certain limits in the settlement is situated within the archeological site plan that is prepared according to the roads pointing the dwelling buildings belonging to intersecting each other vertically in the first the Roman ancient era. Hellenistic period that were founded at the western shores of Anatolia (Zeyrek, 2005). Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) Fritz made the schematic plan of Prusias ad Archeological site analysis studies Hypium city in 1965 (Figure 2). Konuralp While Konuralp Ancient City has a Ancient City is situated in the skirts of Mons central town position until 2014, it was Hypium, which dominates the plain and decided that legal statue of Konuralp easily defended, and it developed at the Municipality was terminated by 2014 South direction towards the savanna. Today, Regional Administrations General Elections, the theatre, a portion of city wall and the and as per article 11 of 5394 Municipalities ruins of water system are archeological ruins Code, it was registered that it became a above the ground remaining among district connected to Düzce Province. The contemporary buildings (Zeyrek, 2005). borders of the archaeological site were The theater, which is the only determined by dated 13.03.2013 of Kocaeli monumental building of the ancient city that Regional Committee Directorship of reached today and having typical Conservation of Cultural Assets of Turkey characteristics of Hellenistic Era; the stage (Figure 1). building showing the characteristics of the In the scope of usage characteristics, transition from Hellenistic Era to Roman Era; accessibility, spatial organization of the the city walls were built in 258 A.D. during ancient city according to the findings the “Kingdom Crisis” period and obtained in area site analysis studies of the surrounding the city at the South and West research area; settlement patterns, building- directions; the door connecting the city walls floor heights, architectural characteristics, that continue at the West direction and urban masses and voids, registered buildings, circulation were determined and the spatial analysis table and map of the archeological site was formed (Table 2) (Figure 3-4).
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Table 1. The Process of Formation of the Archaeological Park The Process of Formation of the Archeological Park Planning Process Design Process Management Process (Strategic Planning Approach) Data Collection Stage (Upper Scale Design Principles (Puren et al 2006, Action and Management Plans Analyses) (Nigro 2006) Nikovic 2010) (Regional) (Nigro 2006) -Environmental analyses; preparation of the maps of -Visceral design -Protection policies Geology, -Genius loci (soul of the place) concept -Protection development interventions Geomorphology, strengthening, -Archeological site management Hydrology, -Arrival sense (improvement of -Landscaping planning and management Topography, archeological site sensibility and legibility -Economic and social intervention Climate, according to the character of the natural programs Soil, etc. environment) -Archaeological site spatial analyses -Defined entry and meeting places Archeological Park Management Archeologic site area distribution - Park presentation manners Experience by Stages (as per decisions of Regional visitors Councils) -Behavioral effect -collaboration and coordination studies - Orientation sense (local-private-civil collaboration) Area usage characteristics -Cycle line with inner archeological park -Attempts to improve history awareness Distribution and characteristics of definition (design of new cycle line by of local people registered buildings considering historical street texture) -Enabling continuity of history and Technical infrabuilding, - Determination of major roads, archeology researches, Structural situation-structural secondary roads, knot points, and cross- -Maintenance, supply and repair of system roads points service units and their supervision - Access, cycle analyses -Utilization of plant material orientation -Check of excavation studies and -Socio-cultural analyses (demographic - Reflective effect enabling safety and supervision building, education status, ownership status) - Selection and positioning of service units -Establishment of archeological park - Interaction area analyses of archeologic (cafe, informing point, communication unit, visitor management units sites for urban and rural areas (determination WC, etc.) fitting components -Harmony to legal-managerial of protection zone, buffer zones) environment at the national and FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE: international level and formation of a DATA COLLECTION STAGE (infra scale Complying with the structuring conditions supervision mechanism analyses) in archeological sites determined by -Zoning plans decisions of Regional Councils for usage -Zoning plans with protection purpose and positioning of structural material, and -Archeological assets survey and restitution protective approach to prioritize the identity projects of the historical texture DATA EVALUATION STAGE -Determination of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats aspects of the region (SWOT analysis)
Konuralp Archeological Site Planning and archeological park project main idea and to Design Scale Analysis determined sub region selection criteria. SWOT analysis was conducted for the research area primarily in order to develop
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Figure 2. Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp (Şimşek, 1958), schematic plan for Prusias ad Hypium (Fritz, 1965)
Table 2. Spatial Analysis of Konuralp Archeological Site “ ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE Ist DEGREE IInd DEGREE IIIrd DEGREE Regions Çiftepınarlar District, Çiftepınarlar Dist. Çiftepınarlar Dist. Terzialiler Dist. Ş.Hüseyin Terzialiler Dist. Terzialiler Dist. Ş.Hüseyin Kıl Dist. Tepecik Village Kıl Dist. Archeological assets Theater and stage building, Bathhouse ruins, Atlıkapı Ottoman Era grave stones western city walls, mosaics, and southern city walls, Necropolis aqueducts Area dimensions (ha) 26.08 15.06 101.32 Settlement pattern Archeological buildings An organic road pattern Building islands appropriate registered in the building harmonized with natural to main axes in the grid scale without conservation slope, sporadic joined order system and the grid system zone traditional dwellings on and intense new settlements small structural islands that do not have a certain geometric order Building-floor heights There is no construction 2-3 floors 2-5 floors Architectural Hellenistic period and Local stones from Concrete frame, wooden characteristics Roman Period local stones Hellenistic era and Roman framed brick and cob filled era, wooden framed brick housing and cob filled traditonal dwelling examples, buildings with concrete frame system Urban masses/voids Despite construction Gaps among the buildings Hous gardens, park areas, prohibition, archeological and dwelling gardens are graveyard and fields make remains are harmed by new open areas. They are public up open green areas. Wheat, construction in their open areas that do not carry corn and hazelnuts are surrounding because of the out their square function. grown mainly in the fields. lack of protection zone and failure to publicisizing. These are open areas without identity. Registered buildings Ancient theater and scene, Atlıkapı and southern city Ottoman era tombstones western city walls, Roman walls, aqueducts, bathhouse bridge, mosaics, Necropolis ruins, 5 vernacular (Tepecik region) architecture examples, 2 mosques (Konuralp Central Mosque, Teke Mosque) Access-Circulation Unique stone coverings are Partially unique stone Road construction studies situated between the ancient coverings were determined are continuing because it is theater and stage building. at Atlı Kapı street. There are a new structuring area. There is no defined parking dead end and narrow streets. Different hard ground lot. There are no traffic They are non-appropriate or tilings are determined signs. vehicle traffic because they (hardwood, granite, basalt, are sloped lands. There is no etc.) parking lot.
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SWOT Analysis for the Research Area In the scope of the findings obtained in usages should be prevented. It was taken as a site analysis studies carried out in the fundamental factor in the plan decisions in research area, strengths and weaknesses of the scope of culture tourism of the design of the research area, and opportunities and this area as an archeological park, threats were set (Table 2). The research area archeological artworks such as the theater, is surrounded by 1-2-3. Degree archeological west and south city walls, Atlıkapı, bridge, sites besides it’s being the most important aqueducts, bathhouse ruins, and Necropolis cultural area of Duzce Province. The region area, and in addition traditional settlement, gains more importance by its regeneration Ottoman Era graveyard, temples and with educational facilities with the mosques, and the things required by the legal foundation of Düzce University in 2006. It is statue of the area should be evaluated necessary that dense construction process together. with the increase of commercial and housing
Table 3. SWOT analysis for the research area Strengths Weaknesses - Designation status of archeological site in the research area - Failure to implementation a “Zoning Plan for Protection and 1st degree archeological site status has been determined, Purpose“ of the research area, - Some traditional dwellings were registered as immovable - Development pressure in the area by the presence of Düzce cultural asset in addition to archeological ruins such as theater, University and forming pressure on the research area, city walls, and bridges, - Pressure of unqualified multi floor new constructions in terms - Presence of Düzce University to contribute to performance of of aesthetics and technically in the city center and archeological scientific researches about the history of the region that is close site losing their unique property among these buildings, to the research area and archeological site, and to the - Failure to carry out maintenance and conservation studies of development of the area, the archeological assets and traditional settlements, - Continuation of scientific excavation studies at the theater and - Low standard of trading usages directed to tourism, its surrounding, - Inadequacy of accommodation services - Having transportation and functional connections with other - Inadequacy of social and technical infrastructure in the area, tourism centers in the region, - There are problems about the drop off and pick up areas of - The area has a suitable climate since it is close to the sea tour busses and lack of parking lots. shore, - Kocaeli Regional Committee Directorship of Conservation of Opportunities Cultural Assets has reached a decision by embracing the - Indwellers have a city awareness and potential to support the research area and its surrounding of Konuralp Municipality for development, the protection and development of the area, - Acceptance of Konuralp Ancient city theater as a crucial - Civil initiative studies for the introduction of the research area cultural asset of Western Black Sea and making investments in - Designation status of the archeological site within the project this context, area limits as 1st degree, 2nd degree and 3rd degree - Presence of a potential for various tourism usage purpose in archeological sites the research area, - Registered traditional dwellings provide information about - A cultural tourism potential generated by architectural, artistic Konuralp’s domestic architecture, and historical values, - Traditional settlements and their gardens situated in the area are evaluated as an important potential in terms of reflecting - Ecologic tourism potential brought by agricultural production traditional garden identity. abilities in urban settlement that are provided by the climate and - There is a strong axis within the research area at the east-west vegetation of the region, direction. - Presence of the socio-economic revival potential of the area - There are sign boards at the roads going to the other brought by its economic value, archeological ruins in the environment especially. - The projects that will develop as planned in the research area - There are unique patterns at Atlıkapı Street, Cihan Street and supports the introduction of the region throughout Konuralp and the theater located in the research area. its development socio-economically, - The archeological park project that will be carried out in the area will set an example among the archeological sites in other regions, - Konuralp is connected to Düzce as a district rather than a region status connected to the center and this is determined as the area receiving more investment support financially.
Threats
- The new buildings pressure on the archeological site, - The presence of possibility of actualization of large scale tourism investments in the area contradicting the physical and socio-economic structure.
EXTERNAL
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Table 3 continued
In Terms of Archaeological Sites and Archeological Assets; - Practical problems on implementation of “Zoning Plan for Protection and Conservation Plan“for whole archaeological site. - It was determined that there is new constructions in the 3rd degree archeological site according to the temporary structuring conditions. - Atlıkapı (door) and Southern City walls are not situated within the borders of 1st degree archeological site. Therefore, city wall building in this area is used as a foundation or reliance wall in the housings. -The ruins found during infrastructure works are not under protection and they are left at the roadsides. -There is no registrationbout the “holy well (hagiasma)” situated in the research area and therefore it was determined that this building was not under protection. - There are not informing signboards about the archeological assets. -There is no protection and restoration study carried out in the archeological site. In terms of accessibility; -Although the traffic circulation system was built according to the zoning plan, there are irregularities on road widths on the same axis. - There is no defined and organized entrance for the research area. The entrance to the area is provided at the east direction. - There is no defined parking lot in the area. The empty field on Çarşıiçi Avenue and the area in front of the antique theater is used as a parking lot. The street is preferred as a park at the area. - The roads and squares at the area have lost their function. - There are pavements in a certain arrangement along the access line, and the laying is worn out.
- The sign boards situated at the roads going to the culture assets are neglected. There are no informing signboards about the archeological buildings. - The unique stone fitted streets are not protected, and some of them are fitted with asphalt or locked cobble. - There is no defined pedestrian line in the research area. In terms of dwellings;
INTERNAL - An increase was occurred in the reinforced concrete housing construction in comparison to the previous years as a result of the development pressures. - Dense development regions (Çarşıiçi Avenue, Cumhuriyet Avenue) are not harmonized with the historical pattern. - The historic traditional settlement are neglected and they cause visual pollution. Moreover, incompatible additions are made to some of these buildings. - Registered vernecular architecture examples look neglected and need restoration studies. In terms of commercial buildings; -Multi-storey buildings used both for housing in the research area are incompatible with the historical pattern. - Unqualified façade arrangements in trading buildings diminish visual quality in terms of environment. - Service units such as accommodation and food-beverage units are insufficient. - When the characteristics of the commercial buildings are evaluated, there is no trading building to sell products special to Konuralp Antique City and local products. In terms of public buildings and public open spaces; - It was determined that the squares situated in the area have weak connections with the archeological assets and other areas. - It was determined that park fitting components in the district park that are shown as public open spaces are inadequate. - The studies that are performed in the scope of façade arrangement of the Ottoman Bath situated in the area ruin the uniqueness of the building. - Konuralp Museum that is situated in the area cannot form a unity with the area due to its position. - Landscape design of the existing square has a weak public open area characteristic in terms of utilization.
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Figure 3. Spatial Analysis and Distribution of Archaeological Assets of Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) Archaeological Site
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Archaeological Site Analysis and the • 1st level: the construction situated in Determination of Reliability Degress the section of 100%-84%; The restitution studies for historical • 2nd level: the construction situated buildings need to be carried out scientifically in the section of 83%-64%; to explain the unique design of the • 3rd level: the construction situated in architectural component, and to explain the the section of 63%-31%; changes in the building during the historical • 4th level: the construction situated in process. In the scope of the restitution the section of 30% and lower section research of Konuralp Archeological Site, are determined to be reliable in during the determination process of the order to offer a restoration proposal components or sections that are changed in for the construction of the later periods demolished partially or archaeological site. completely and are added. To determine the situations of the archeological assets in the In this section of the research, based on historical process were evaluated the the data obtained in the scope of site analysis comparative studies, air photographs, maps, studies carried out in Konuralp ancient city, written and visual documents such as interviews carried out with the individuals observations included in the notes of living in the research area and the data on the travelers, and oral resources. Different historical development of the area and by reliability levels were determined according evaluating the obtained findings, suggestions to the obtained data, presence of were made for protection and sustaining archeological remains (Table 4-5). socio-cultural continuity of the unique Based on these findings, table of characteristics of Landscape Design reliability levels was formed and included in Suggestion for Prusias ad Hypium Table 4. According to the scoring made Archeological Park scale was proposed according to the findings obtained as a result (Figure 5). of the upper and sub scale analysis studies, Sub regions where historical city pattern the highest score was determined to be 38 is protected for the archeological park project (100%), and the lowest score was 12 (30%). were determined and suggestions were Accordingly; developed in sub scale for these regions.
Figure 4. Registered, religious and cultural buildings located in Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp)
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The findings obtained for the selection determined and design decisions were of sub regions and determinations of the developed according to the reliability current situations were evaluated and the levels. reliability situation of the research area was Table 4. Reliability Level Scoring Table RELIABILTIY LEVEL SCORING TABLE Archeological Sites Score 1st Degree Archeological Site* 10 (the areas with structuring prohibition, and with no intervention to be made other than scientific excavations) 2nd Degree Archeological Site* 8 (the areas with structuring prohibition but their protection and utilization conditions are determined by protection committees)
3rd Degree Archeological Site* 4 (archeological areas able to permit new arrangements according to protection-usage decisions)
* The High Council of Cultural and Natural Assets Protection of Turkey classified archeological sites according to their significance and characteristics with the Resolution dated 05.11.1999. Furthermore, protection terms applicable to these sites were determined.
Findings on Structural Situation Traces Coming From the Building 10 Written Resources and Documents 8 Visual Resources/Photographs, Plans-Maps 6 Oral Resources (obtained from experts and local people) 4 Qualified new buildings (compatibles with temporary structuring 2 conditions) Unqualified new buildings (not compatible with temporary structuring 0 conditions and creating visual pollution) * Qualified and unqualified building in 2nd.and 3rd. Degree were built according to the temporary construction conditions of Kocaeli Regional Committee Directorship of Protection of Cultural Assets of Turkey.Therefore is not given “0” point in reability degrees
Table 5. Archeological Site Reliability Levels
Classification of Location Trace( Written Visual Resources Oral Qualifie Reliabil Archaeological sites (Dist/Road from Resource Res. d new ity buil. build. Level Archaeolog 1st 2nd 3rd Photo Plan/map ical assets Deg Deg Deg Theater Dist..Cifte 1 (Theatron) pinarlar Ave.Hurri yet
Theater Dist..Cifte 1 (Skene) pinarlar Ave.Hurri yet
Theater Dist..Cifte 2 (Orchestra) pinarlar Ave.Hurri yet
Atlıkapı Dist..Cifte 1 and pinarlar Southern St.Atlıkapı city walls
Western Dist..Terzi 1 city walls aliler
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Table 5 continued
Classification of Location Trace( Written Visua Oral Res. Qualif Reliabili Locatio Archaeological sites (Dist/Road from Resource l ied ty Level n buil. Reso new (Dist/R urces build. oad Archaeolog 1st 2nd 3rd Photo Plan/map ical assets Deg Deg Deg Roman Dist..Terzi 1 Bridge aliler
Aquaducts Dist..Cifte 1 ruins pinarlar Ave.Carsii ci
Baths(Ther Dist..Cifte 2 mae) pinarlar St.Kaleler
Necropolis Dist..Tepe 1 cik
Holy well Dist..Cifte 2 (Hagiasma) pinarlar Ave.Hurri yet
Vernacular Structurs Traditional Dist..Cifte 2 houses/ pinarlar unregistere d Traditional Dist.Terzia 3 houses/ liler unregistere d Traditional Dist..Cifte 1 houses/ pinarlar registered/p St.Kaleler arcel of 1825-1826 Traditional Dist..Cifte 1 houses/ pinarlar registered/p Ave.Konur arcel of alp 2252 Traditional Dist..Cifte 1 houses/ pinarlar registered/p St.Basol arcel of 1738-1745 Religious- cultural structures (registered) Teke Dist..Cifte 1 Mosque pinarlar Ave.Konur alp
Konuralp Dist..Cifte 2 Mosque pinarlar Ave.Hurri yet
Turkisch Dist..Cifte 3 Bath pinarlar St.Hamam
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Table 5 continued
Classification of Location Trace( Written Visual Oral Res. Qualified Relia Location Archaeological sites (Dist/Roa from Resource Resources new bility (Dist/Roa d buil. build. Level d
Archaeolog 1st 2nd 3rd Photo Plan/map ical assets Deg Deg Deg
Ottomon Dist..Cifte 1 cemetery pinarlar St.Ali Hamza
Buildings and environs /after 1950 year qualified Dist..Cifte 3 buildings* pinarlar unqualified Dist..Cifte 4 buildings* pinarlar Ave.Carsi ici
* Qualified and unqualified building in 2nd.and 3rd. Degree were built according to the temporary construction conditions of Kocaeli Regional Committee Directorship of Protection of Cultural Assets of Turkey.Therefore is not given “0” point in reability degrees
Table 6. Intervention areas and intervention method diagram Intervetion Areas Intervention Priority actions Reliability Levels Location /District-Aveneu-Street) method
Dist.Ciftepinarlar Dist.Tepecik Dist.Terzialiler
Ave.Hurriyet Necropolis St.Hamam Sok -Continuation and (theater,scene, orchestra) (western city start of scientific Ave.Carsiici (aquaduct walls) excavation studies ruins) Roman Bridge at the St. Atlıkapı (Atlıkapı, archaeological southern city walls) assets, St.Kaleler (registered Solving problems vernacular structurs) archaeological site St. AliHamza (Ottoman ratings (Giving te cemetery) 1st. Degree Archaeological Site status for St. Atlıkapı
2.Degree Preservation- Removal of rehabilitation incompatible St.Cihan (traditional house) additions which St. Sevinak, St.Basol, St. Hurriyet, (unregistered traditional house ) distorts unique St.Hurriyet (holy well (hagiasma) pattern Registration of traditional dwellings 3.Degree St.Cihan (unique way texture) Revitalization Re-function of the Ave.Carsiici (Konuralp square) abondened St.Hamam Sokak (Turkisch Bath) building St.Hurriyet
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Table 6 continued Reliability Intervetion Areas Intervention Priority actions Levels Location /District-Aveneu-Street) method 4.Degree Renovation Renovation of Unqualified new buildings (not compatible with temporary unqualified structuring conditions and creating visual pollution) structures for the protection of traditional city pattern.
Conclusion surroundings of Atlıkapı and Southern city An archeological park landscape design walls, Western city walls, Roman Bridge, project has been proposed to emphasize the bathhouse area, aqueducts and Necropolis importance of Konuralp Ancient City among the other archeological ruins. It is also (Prusias ad Hypium) and to protect and re- suggested that scientific excavation studies functioning of cultural heritage in a healthy, are carried out around the Ottoman Era livable and aesthetic environment. During the Cemetery to reveal its multilayer building project preparation, the targets have been and cultural values. determined for any type of physical-spatial arrangements based on the qualification of Pedestrian roads must be established. It archeological site, and the necessities was suggested that Çarşıiçi Avenue, where determined in the research area were D-100 (Düzce-Akçakoca) Highway connects considered and it was aimed that historical to the city and it is considered to be the environment quality will be improved by archeological park’s entrance point is environmentally compatible designs. pedestrianized to strengthen the relationships Decisions were made suggesting an of all cultural heritage areas with each other integrated approach to strengthen the and to facilitate the perception and relation of relationship between the history and present the visitors. Moreover, it is considered that in the entire city in this target scope in the there is the intensification potential of the archeological park project suggested for the excavation studies on this line and the ancient city (Figure 5). In this context, the southern city walls integrated with Atlıkapı intervention areas and intervention methods monumental building is interrelating this line have been determined as a result of the through the road. The intense vehicle traffic analysis and synthesis studies conducted in on Çarşıiçi Avenue should be carried out the macro and micro scale in the over Hamamaltı Street which is situated on archeological site in the scope of Konuralp the South side of the avenue. Archeological Park Landscape Design Project (Table 6). A defined city entrance must be established. It is observed that the area does The excavation studies must be extended not have a defined entrance and the area that and maintained. The excavation areas are is used as the entrance today is not integrated the most important parts of the archeological with the city in the scope of the site analysis park where the visitors can establish studies. According to Dörner (1949) was the behavioral and emotional relationships. the city entry located through the Western Continuation of the excavation process is an City walls in Bithynia Kingdom. Therefore, important criteria to follow up the changes the entrance of the city is through this point. on site during the excavation process, and to It is suggested that the area, which is improve the legibility and perceptibility of reserved as a median at the entrance and the archeological park. Therefore, the first where there is a deserted building, is design criteria of the archeological park is evaluated as the visitor meeting point. enabling the visitors to witness the development of this process as the A parking lot area must be established. excavation studies continue. It is suggested There is a parking lot problem as determined that excavation studies should start the in the area analysis and site analysis studies.
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Moreover, it is also set that vehicle traffic level. Archeotour is defined along affects the archeological buildings Kemerkasım Village line where aqueduct unfavorably. For this purpose, it is suggested building ruins are located at the east of the that the vacant area at the north of the city situated out of the study area, and archeological park entrance is used as a Tepecik Necropolis which is announced as parking lot to fulfill the needs of the visiters. 1st degree archeological site at the west section of the city. The ancient city enables A new landscape design must be carried sight-seeing of all archeological buildings out for Konuralp square and its near along the tour line of approximately 8,5 km. environs. The existing square plays an Sitting areas are placed along the tour line at effective role in the formation of social certain intervals and resting areas are building which is the knot point of the city provided. The regions where Konuralp and in the awareness gaining of urbanity, and Ancient City’s archeological buildings are it is aimed that this square is integrated with dense and the regions which contain the city and the identity of the square is monumental buildings that are threatened by emphasized. There are unqualified modern living are determined as the focus commercial buildings surrounding the points of the archeological park. The focus square, where Konuralp Central Mosque and regions of the archeological park were Konuralp Bey Masjid is located, and these determined as; usages affect the environment aesthetically in - The ancient theater and its a negative way. Therefore, these units are surrounding, which forms the core of removed and small sale units to sell souvenir, the city within the historical process food and beverage, and local products are and still exsiting today, although established in their places. Furthermore, the partially, and where the historical city museum which has great significance for texture dominates; the archeological park should move to this - Atlıkapı, which is characterized as area and an information center is established the main entrance gate of the city and to give tourism-guidance services in this area opens to the theater, and Atlıkapı due to the proximity of the area to the Street, where the southern city walls archeological remains situated across from are located; the existing square. - Hürriyet Avenue, which opens to the antique theater at the east and Improvement of traditional dwellings is contains housings and buildings mandatory. Due to the site analysis studies; densely; and these regions were there are only three traditional dwellings that examined in sub scale in detail and are registered. However, there are dwellings design decisions and suggestions worth registering in the area. But it was were offered. observed that the dwellings are neglected and that no conservation studies were carried out The theater and its near environs: The in these buildings. For this purpose, it is antique theater and its near environs are aimed that restoration studies has to be registered as a 1st degree site based on the carried out for the traditional dwellings to decree of the High Commission of Real integrate their unique texture. There are no Estate, Ancient Arts and Monuments in accommodation units within the study area. 1978. The only study about the theater plan, Therefore, traditional dwellings should be section and elevation is included in the book used for accommodation purposes. of De Barnardi Ferrero (1970), titled Teatri Classici in Asia Minore. In Ferrero’s book, The relationships between the archeologic survey and restitution studies of Prusias ad sites must be strengthened. “Archeotour” is Hypium antique theater by architect E. planned in the scope of Konuralp Guillaume are included. In the book dated Archeological Park Project to make the 1970, the state of the theater during that archeological ruins meaningful and for the period is documented. A survey study of the visitors to perceive and use it in a limited antique theater was carried out in the
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Kastamonu Uni., Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2017, 17 (2): 256-274 Tuna and Erdoğan Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty scientific research project to determine the - It was observed that the south side of current state of the theater building and to the stage building of the theater is used by document its change in time. The plan and local people during August-October months sections of the current state of the to dry filberts and paddy. In other periods, it “orchestra“ and “scene“ sections of the is used as a parking lot with the influence of theater building in addition to the cavea Konuralp Central Mosque and due to the lack section were drawn. The data obtained by the of a parking lot in the close surrounding. survey study were compared with the Based on these data, small scale timber units drawings of E. Guillaume. In this scope; it is were designed for local product sale for the observed that the majority of the seats in the residents in this area to dry their products and “cavea“area of the theater remained under to market them according to their habits ground or are moved to another area or (Figure 5). ruined. - Information signs are suggested in According to the site analysis studies, the the regions where excavation studies are relationship of the theater that is the focal conducted. According to the reliability point of the archaeological park with its degrees obtained from oral meetings during surrounding and theater usage of local site analysis studies, on the other hand that people was observed so that antique theater virtual reconstructions of the tunnels is made and its environs was designed in detail. In the which reach Yılanlıkapı-Aslanlıkapı and scope of the suggested archeological park Selametkapı and are asserted to be present at projects; the “orchestra” area of the theater, and to be - Due to the scene of the theater’s presented to visitors. upper point (anelamma), it is used in an uncontrolled manner by the local people and Atlıkapı and southern city walls: In the visitors. It is subject to vandalism threat as a scope of Konuralp Archeological Park, street result of the unfunctional and inadequate improvement is proposed at Atlıkapı Street illumination fixings in the area, Therefore, an where the monumental building is located, observation platform was built in this area to which is characterized as the entry of the city protect the current anelamma wall, to leave it at the South of the antique theater. In the as a reserve area to the future periods and scope of street improvement, it is proposed scientific research and excavation studies. that; Composite wooden material is suggested for - The unique stone pavement under the pedestrian road. Besides, sitting units and the asphalt that is determined during information panels at certain intervals on the site studies come into prominence; platform are suggested. - Restoration and cleaning studies of - The concrete stairs built by Konuralp Atlıkapı monumental building and Municipality in the past to connect the the city walls extending at the east- “orchestra” area of the theater with the west direction of the door are “cavea” are not in harmony with the theater’s performed; texture. In order to protect the current - Restoration studies of the traditional connection line in the archeological park housings situated at both sides of the project but not to hinder future excavation street are carried out; studies, it is suggested that it is covered with - The vacant area at the west of the movable material. street is publicized and this area is - A walking trail is designed as a result arranged as a sitting-relaxation area; of revealing the “diazoma” section of the - Street furniture in the area such as theater. In addition, in order to achieve safety informing and directioning are at this location, railing is considered and it is positioned. suggested that diazoma ground is covered by a raised platform. In order not to harm the Vernacular Architecture: It is offered in unique texture by interventions, a raised the scope of site analysis studies that platform is designed not to have direct restoration studies of the building which is a contact with the ground (Figure 5). crucial part of local culture are performed for
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Kastamonu Uni., Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2017, 17 (2): 256-274 Tuna and Erdoğan Kastamonu Univ., Journal of Forestry Faculty which late Republic Era Protection studies Acknowledgement are not carried out, and its integration to the This paper is based on a PhD study titled modern environment. “Archeological Parks in the Scope of In the present study, “archeological park” Sustainable Antique Cities: The Case of concept was scrutinized as a cultural heritage Duzce-Konuralp”. This thesis study was protection method for sustainable supported by Coordinator of Scientific development, and application of this model Research Projects of Ankara University, in Konuralp Ancient city was offered. Project Number: 12L4347002. Archeological parks are used as a cultural heritage protection and management method References during the recent years, and this is an Ferrero, B. 1970. Teatri Classici in Asia Minore approach to enable re-interpretation of urban 3. Citta dalla Troade alla Pamfilia, Roms archaeological sites. Archaeological park Fritz, F. 1965. Codex Kultur ATLAS, Turkei 5. management model special to this sub region Grundholzen must be developed in order to protect cultural Laben et al., Process for Enhancing the Spatial values that the archeologic area and its close Resolution of Multispectral Imagery Using Pan-Sharpening, US Patent environs have and to protect archeological 6,011,875.http://www.exelisvis.com/docs/Gra landscape and in order to direct research, mSchmidtSpectralSharpening.html (access protection, usage and planning processes date 2016) involving sustainability of the area and the Ojeda. 2002. the Archeological Park of Fregellae archaeological site. It is necessary that a in Italy, Rome collaboration and unity environment must be Salinas C, E. Osorio, J. A., 2006. Turismo y provided in order to protect Konuralp Sustentabilidad: de la Teoría a la práctica en Archaeological Site as a whole which is Cuba. Cuadernos de Turismo. Universidad de offered for carrying out archeological park La Habana-Universidad de Murcia, N° 17, pp. studies, in order to keep it alive with its 201-221. Pausanias.?, Description of Greece,trs. W.H.S. residents and enable people’s participation, Jones, (1998), Harvard University and to restoration of historical texture with Puren, K., Drewes, E. and Roos, V. 2006 An the contribution and support of central and Exploration of Sense of Place as Informative local managements, and to develop its sub for Spatial Planning Guidelines: A Case Study building and to improve life quality. In order of the Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site, to protect this environment, it is necessary South Africa, International Journal of Human that site management policies are determined and Social Sciences, vol.1, no.3: 190-197, based on collaboration to be formed with Simşek, L., Archicve of Lutfu SIMSEK,1996 public-private-local-civil synergy and with Memnon, FGRhİST 434, C. 9,3 , international institutions for the protection Nigro, F. 2002. Cultural Heritage Planning and Management for Development:The and keeping alive of the historical and Palestinian Archaeological Park of the Jericho cultural heritage area. Oasis, Rome , 191-208 The top priority in the site management Nikolic, E., Rogic, D., Anđelković Grašar, J. scope should be to raise awareness for 2010. “Archaeological Park As a Product Of embracement primarily by the host society Emotional Design: Design And Organization and to act together in the protection studies to Of A Park Based On The Exploration Of enable sustainability of the archeological Visitors’ Emotions”, Archaeology and park and to protect the cultural heritage that Science 6, Center for New Technology they have. Since Archeological Park concept Archaeological Institute Belgrade p:259-269 has a key characteristic for sustainable Norberg-Schulz, C. 1980 Genius Loci – Towards A Phenomenology of Architecture, New development, it must be a planning and York: Rizzoli. design study to be performed together with Özlü, Z. 2009. Batı Karadeniz’de Antik Bir many professional disciplines in the Osmanlı Kenti Prusias ad Hypium Üskübü multidisciplianary platform as an approach (Konuralp), Düzce Üniversitesi Araştırma and application area to be evaluated not only Yayınları, No:1, 467s. in micro scale but also in the national level. Tuna, A. (2014) . Sürdürülebilir Antik Knetler Kapsamında Arkeolojik Parklar: Düzce
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Konuralp Örneği, Ankara Univesitesi Fen Zeyrek, T., Çelik, G. 2005. Prusias ad Hypium Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Peyzaj Mimarlığı (Kieros) Anadolu’nun Kuzeybatısında Antik Bölümü, Doktora Tezi Bir Kent (Konuralp/Üskübü), Ege Yayınları, İstanbul, 126s.
Figure 5. Landscape Design Suggestion for Prusias ad Hypium (Konuralp) Archaeological Park
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