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The Impact of the Roman Empire on the Cult of Asclepius by Ghislaine A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79956 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications The Impact of the Roman Empire on the Cult of Asclepius By Ghislaine Elisabeth van der Ploeg A thesis submitted for the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics and Ancient History University of Warwick, Department of Classics and Ancient History April 2016 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Abstract 4 List of Abbreviations 5 List of Figures and Tables 11 Chapter One: Introduction: Mobility and Connectivity in the Cult of Asclepius 17 1.0 Introduction 17 1.1 Asclepius as Paradigm 19 1.1.1 Globalism and Regionalism in Antiquity 21 1.1.2 Identity and Regionalism 27 1.1.3 Competition and Connectivity 29 1.1.4 Conquest and Regionalism 31 1.1.5 Connectivity and the Mediterranean 33 1.1.6 Impact of Empire 36 1.1.7 Dissemination 38 1.1.8 Religious Change in the Provinces 39 1.1.9 Asclepieian Scholarship 44 1.2 The Impact of Rome on Asclepius 47 Chapter Two: Asclepius Before the Imperial Period 50 2.0 Introduction: The Pre-Imperial Cult 50 2.1 Homeric Origins 52 2.2 Dissemination 54 2.2.1 Epidaurus 56 2.2.2 Athens 58 2.2.3 Cos 66 2.2.4 Pergamum 69 2.2.5 The Italian Sanctuaries 74 2.3 Epithets 80 2.3.1 Function 82 2.3.2 Asclepius 85 2.4 Iconography 88 2.5 Conclusion 90 Chapter Three: Friends in High Places: Imperial Relations with Asclepius 93 3.0 Introduction 93 3.1 The Impact of Courtiers on Cults of Asclepius 98 3.1.1 Introduction 99 3.1.2 The Coan Cult 101 1 3.1.3 Claudius’ Death 107 3.1.4 Xenophon Back in Cos 108 3.1.5 Xenophon and the Roman Court 121 3.1.6 Conclusion 125 3.2 The Impact of Imperial Sacred Travel on the Cult of Asclepius 126 3.2.1 Introduction 126 3.2.2 Sacred Travel 127 3.3 The Impact of Imperial Sacred Travel on the Cult of Asclepius: Hadrian 132 3.3.1 Hadrian and Pergamum 137 3.3.2 The Emperor at Epidaurus 150 3.3.3 Pergamum, Epidaurus, and Eleusis 154 3.4 The Impact of Imperial Sacred Travel on the Cult of Asclepius: Caracalla 156 3.4.1 Introduction 156 3.4.2 Caracalla’s Path 157 3.4.3 Caracalla and the Need for Healing 158 3.4.4 The Cult at Pergamum 163 3.4.5 Caracalla and Asia Minor 178 3.4.6 Macrinus, Caracalla, and Asclepius 189 3.5 Conclusion 190 Chapter Four: Asclepius and the Army 195 4.0 Introduction 195 4.1 Asclepius and the Army in the Balkan and Danube Provinces: Pannonia, Moesia, Dacia and Thrace 198 4.1.1 Other Military Cults 199 4.1.2 Provincial Background and Religions 202 4.2 Sacred and Secular Healthcare for the Roman Army 207 4.2.1 Camp Medicine 215 4.3 Vows 224 4.4 The Thracian Rider 227 4.5 Religious Mobility 241 4.6 Conclusion 247 Chapter Five: The Cult(s) of Asclepius in Africa Proconsularis and Numidia 251 5.0 Introduction 251 5.1 Syncretism 254 5.1.1 A History of the Term Syncretism 254 5.1.2 Syncretism in the Provinces 261 5.1.3 Epithets 264 5.2 Eshmun-Asclepius 267 5.2.1 Eshmun and the Cult at Sidon 267 5.2.2 Assimilation 273 5.3 Asclepius in Africa Proconsularis and Numidia 278 5.3.1 Asclepius in Africa 279 2 5.3.2 African Iconography 285 5.4 The Roman Army in Numidia 291 5.4.1 The legio III Augusta in Africa 293 5.4.2 The Religion of the legio III Augusta 296 5.4.3 The legio III Augusta and Asclepius 299 5.4.4 Lambaesis 300 5.4.5 Lambaesis and Epidaurus 317 5.5 The Cultic Differences between Proconsularis and Numidia 322 5.6 Conclusion 323 Chapter Six: The Impact of the Roman Empire on the Cult of Asclepius. Conclusions. 327 Bibliography 343 3 Abstract Asclepius was worshipped in over 900 sanctuaries across the Graeco-Roman world. Although the cult had been disseminated across eastern Mediterranean from the 5th century onwards, it was only when the Romans took over the cult that it was dispersed all over the empire to become an empire-wide cult. This thesis looks at the impact of the Roman Empire on the cult, examining how Rome took over the existing cult, the ways in which Rome influenced it, and the relationship between the religion of Empire and local religion. The key questions that this thesis aims to ask are: How did the Roman Empire impact upon the cult of Asclepius? How were global and regional cult identities articulated in response to each other as a result of this impact? How did increased connectivity between areas play an important part in the creation and stimulation of cultic identities? Did Asclepius’ spheres of influence grow or adapt as a result of Roman benefactions? and What were provincial responses to Roman worship and dissemination of the cult? The timeframe for this thesis will be from 27 BC until Severus Alexander’s death in AD 235. Chapter One will introduce the scope of this thesis as well as the general theories which underpin this research. A survey of the cult before the Augustan period will be presented in Chapter Two. Further chapters will each examine a different aspect of the Roman impact on the cult, with the third focussing on imperial influences and the worship of the god by Roman and provincial elites; the fourth on how the Roman army influenced the cult; the fifth how multiple forms of the god were worshipped side-by-side in North Africa. 4 List of Abbreviations Abbreviations of ancient authors and modern journals generally follow those used by the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition (2003) and L’Année Philologique. AA Archäologischer Anzeiger. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. de Gruyter: Berlin. ACD Acta classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis. Debreceni Egyetem: Debrecen. AE L’Année épigraphique (Paris 1888- ) Ael. Aelian Aeschin. Aeschines Orations AKB Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt: Urgeschichte, Römerzeit, Frühmittelalter. von Zabern: Mainz. Am. J. Med. The American Journal of Medicine. Excerpta Medica: Amsterdam. Amm. Marc. Ammianus Marcellinus AMNG Die antiken Münzen Nord-Griechenlands, F. Imhoof- Blumer ed. (Berlin, 1898 - 1913). AMS Asia Minor Studien. Habelt: Bonn. ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. de Gruyter: Berlin, 1940-. AncSoc Ancient Society. Peeters: Leuven. AntAfr Antiquités africaines. CNRS Éd: Paris. App. Bel. Civ Appian Bella Civilia App. Mith. Appian Mithridates App. Pun Appian Punica Apollod. Bibl. Apollodorus Library Apul. Flor Apuleius Florida Ar. Vesp. Aristophanes Wasps ARG Archiv für Religionsgeschichte. de Gruyter: Berlin. Aristid. Or. Aristides Orationes ASAA Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente. Atene: Scuola Archeologica Italiana di Atene; G. Bretschneider: Rome. Aur. Vic. De Vir. Ill. Aurelius Victor De Viris Illustribus AW Antike Welt: Zeitschrift für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte. von Zabern: Mainz. BCAR Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma. L’Erma di Bretschneider: Rome. BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Athènes: École française d’Athènes. de Boccard: Paris. BMC Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum (London 1873–) BMCR Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Bryn Mawr College: Bryn Mawr (Pa.). BMCRE Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum, H. Mattingly ed. (London, British Museum Press). 5 BMusImp Bullettino del Museo dell’ Impero Romano. Tipi del Clvucci: Rome. Britannia Britannia: a Journal of Romano-British and Kindred Studies. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: London. Caes. BGall Caesar Bellum Gallicum Callim. Hymn Callimachus Hymns Cass. Dio Cassius Dio Celsus, Med Celsus De Medicina Chiron Chiron: Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Beck: Munich. Cicero Nat. D. Cicero De natura deorum Cic. Tusc Cicero Tusculanae disputationes Cic. Verr. Cicero In Verrem CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin, 1863 -) CIS Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum (Paris, 1881 -) CNG Classical Numismatic Group CQ Classical Quarterly. Oxford University Press: Oxford. CSIR Corpus signorum imperii romani. (Coimbra, 1990 -) CW Classical World. Duquesne University, Department of Classics, Classical Association of the Atlantic States: Pittsburgh (Pa.). Dacia Dacia: revue d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne. de l’Académie roumaine: Bucarest Éd. Dam. Isid. Damascius Vita Isidori Dig. Digesta Dio Chrys. Or. Dio Chrysostomus Orationes Diod. Sic. Diodorus Siculus DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection: Washington (D.C.). EDCS Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss/Slaby (Frankfurt) http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_de.php EE Ephemeris Epigraphica (Rome, 1872-1913) Eur. Bacch. Euripides Bacchae Euseb. Chron. Eusebius Chronica Festus Glos. Lat. W.M. Lindsay’s 2nd edition version of Festus in his Glossaria Latina, Vol. 4 Fronto Ep. Fronto Epistulae Gnomon Gnomon: kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft. Beck: Munich. GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. Duke University, Department of Classics: Durham (N.C.). Gymn. Agone Zur Geschichte dergymnischen Agone an griechischen Festen. T. Klee, Leipzig 1918. Hephaistos Hephaistos: New Approaches in Classical Archaeology and Related Fields. Camelion Verl: Kissing. Herod. Herodas Mimiambos Hes.
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