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Download (1MB) THE MARINE FISHERIES INFORMATION SERVICE: Technical and Exten­ sion Series envisages the rapid dissemination of information on marine and brackish water fishery resources and allied data available with the National Marine Living Resources Data Centre (NMfifeDC) and the Research Divisions of the Insti­ tute, results of proven researches for transfer of technology to the fish farmers and industry and of other relevant information needed for Research and Development efforts in the marine fisheries sector. Abbreviation - Mfl/-. Fish. Infor. Ser. T&E Ser.. No. 57: 1984 CONTENTS 1. The Third Indian Antarctic Research Expedition and the Role Played, by CMFRI 2. News—India and Overseas Front Cover: The Krill of Antarctica — the richest single species marine resource in the world. Back Cover: "Parental care in Antarctica. The newly hatched chick is being cared by a pair of Emperor Penguins" THE THIRD INDIAN ANTARCTIC RESEARCH EXPEDITION AND THE ROLE PLAYED BY CMFRI K. J. Mathew Central Marine Fisheries Resear^tfflnstitute, Cochin-6%2 018 Introduction reference to the various activities undertaken during India entered the Antarctica Era when a team of 21 the Expedition. A detailed report of the work carried Indian nationals landed in Antarctica on 9th December, out by the author and also the results obtained on the 1981. It was a big leap forward for the Indian science quantitative abundance of zooplankton in the respect­ and technology and was much acclaimed the world ive study areas is also included. over. It was indeed a tremendous achievement for a I. The Expedition in General developing country like India. The whole programme was due to the initiative and encouragement of Prime Preparations for tlie Expedition Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi. All members of the Expedition had to undergo a me­ The pioneering Indian team initiated some useful re­ dical checkup at the army hospital in Delhi and a tra­ search works in the continent and in the adjoining seas. ining on the glaciers in the high altitudes in the Hima­ Following the success of the first Expedition a second layas. The scientists had their training fiom 17-9-1983 team of 28 men was sent in 1982 to make follow up to 25-9-1983. The training included walking on ice, studies of the programmes already begun during the climbing vertical ice cliffs, step cutting, rope chmbing, first Expedition and also to open up new areas of re­ crossing crevasses etc. The training was imparted by the search by staying for a longer period in Antarctica. High Altitude Warfare School at Sonamaxg. (Plate I Fig. 1). The Third Indian Antarctic Research Expedition, in which the author was a scientist member, was unique On 2nd November, the members of the Expedition in several respects. The personnel contingent of 81 were called to Delhi for briefing about the Expedition. was the biggest India had ever sent to the icy continent. They were addressed by the Secretary, D.O.D., Deputy The chief task of the Expedition was to build a perma­ Chiefs of the three Services and the leader of the Second nent base station during one Antarctic summer which Antarctic Expedition. The scientists were told to re­ could house 12-16 personnel during winter. This was port in Goa in the 3rd week of November with all pre­ quite a big challenge because in the history of Antarc­ parations for their scientific works in Antarctica. tic explorations, no country has achieved such an ob­ TlieTask jective in one Antarctic summer which would last for hardly two months. The Antarctica is notorious for The objectives of the Third Indian Antarctic Resea­ its blizzards and unpredictable weather which could rch Expedition were identified as follows. minimise the working days to a great extent. Logistics Besides the above objective the 16 member scientific 1. To carry out a quick survey of the area to ensure team had several research programmes to carry out in that the site selected for the Base Station by the the Antarctic Ocean and on the continent. The team Second Expedition is stable and capable of taking of scientists included three marine biologists, one oc- the weight of the proposed structure. eanographer, one chemist, two geologists, one glacio- logist, one seismologist, two meteorologists, one oil and 2. "To erect the building for the Permanent Indian natural gas expert, three communication experts and Station and equip it with all essential services one amateur radio operator. The author was to carry like power, water, heating, seawage disposal etc. out investigations on various aspects of 'krill' (Euphau- 3. "To establish direct communication link between sia superba Dana) a protein rich and vitamin rich cru­ India and the Base Station in Antarctica. stacean which looks like tiny shrimp and would grow to about 55 mm in length and has vast resource in An­ 4. "To test the reliability of the structure and other tarctic Ocean with a circumpolar distribution. The ar­ essential equipment. If these are found satis­ ticle embodies a general account of the experiences factory, to leave a team of 12 to 16 persons be­ of the author during the Expedition with special hind for wintering in Antarctica." 4E 15 16 17 18 19 20 PORTION 'A MAGN4FIED 1 1 1 1 1 i^ TO SHOW STATIONS 6/30- S FOR STUDY OF 68'- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRI­ BUTION OF KRILL 6^30- 1 1 1 1 —1— —r r* I Fig. 1. The cruise track of M.S. FINNPOLAFUS - the vessel used for the 3rd Expedition Scientific 2. "Representative meteorite sample collection. a. Marine Biological and Oceanographic Studies 3. "Geomorphological, glaciological and structu­ ral studies. 1. "Assessment of geographic distribution, compo­ sition and biomass of 'krill' and other zooplank- 4. "Coastal shelf area studies with special reference ton in the coastal and oceanic wateis in the sou­ to submarine geology." thern seas. Geophysics 2. "Studies on thermocline structures and coastal and 1. "Seismic refraction experiments for estimating oceanic water masses in the southern ocean along ice thickness at various sites. a section from Antarctica to Mauritius. 2. "Magnetic profiles extending to several kilome­ 3. "Distribution of and inter-relationships between tres using two proton precision magnetometies." various chemical constituents of seawater, such as inorganic micronutrients, dissolved oxygen Habitat development studies! and components of carbon dioxide systems in re­ 1. "Investigations of density, strength and defor­ lation to physical and biological features. mation profiles of snow cover for foundation 4. "Speciation of phytoplankton involved in pri­ and superstructure designing. mary biochemical end products of photosynthesis. 2. "Wind movement and direction based on snow 5. "Microbiological studies in sediments and sea deposition studies. water." 3. "Evaluation and testing of engineering equip­ Limnological studies ment and products." 1. "Physical and chemical studies in the fresh water Communications lake systems in relation to carbon, nitrogen and 1. "Different kinds of antennae to be tried for co­ phosphorous cycles. mmunication stabiUty in the Antarctic environ­ 2. "Phytoplankton and benthic species and the bio­ ment, and operation of an Amateur radio." chemistry of their photosynthesis in relation to light and temperature. Meteorological programme 3. "Zooplankton quantitative studies, speciation 1. In the ocean and specimen collection. a. "Measurement of surface pressure, temperature, 4. "Microbiological studies in continuation of the humidity and wind velocity. earlier work." b. "Radiosonde/omegasonde measurements of upper Aerosol studies air pressure, temperature and humidity". 1. "Sampling for analysis of various radioisotopes 2. Over Antarctica for studies on air mass movements and trace ele­ a. "Both of the above. ments at Bhaba Atomic Research Centre and b. "Surface ozone, snow catch and radiation regime microbiological work at Marathwada University." of Antarctica." Soil analysis Personnel and Facilities for the Expedition 1. "Sampling of soil for radioactive analysis at BARC to assess levels of remnants of nuclear ex­ The personnel contingent consisted of 81 Indian na­ plosions in Antarctica. tionals selected from the three armed services and from various research Institutes of the country. The scien­ 2. "Chemical analysis of cations, cationic exchange tific team was composed of 16 members of which one capacity, pH and organic carbon contents." was an amateur radio operator. Chemical studies of other constituents The Expedition was conducted using a Finnish vessel, 1. "Chemistry of ice and snow samples. FINN POLARIS of 159.22 m length. The ice-streng­ 2. "Analysis of moss and Uchen chemistry." thened vessel was specially designed for navigation in the polar seas. It could hit and smash sea ice of upto Geological studies 0.75 m thickness. The main engine had a power of 1. "Collection of samples for petrological, geoch- 9900 hp. The Expedition carried with it four helico­ ronological, geochemical, palaeontological, se- pters (two larger ones from the Indian Air Force which dimentological and palaeomagnetic studies. could carry about 3 tonnes of cargo and two smaller from the Indian Navy), four snow vehicles each having staying there for four days she sailed off to Antarctica. a load capacity of 10 tonnes, snow scooters, 200 tonnes Passed through the roaring forties without any major of building materials, 2,000 barrels of fuel, snow cutting storms or rough sea; on the other hand the fifties machines, three large generators, many small genera­ were quite rough with storms, high swells and tors, living containers, boiler, two sets of equipments breaking waves. The situation was almost the same for satellite communication, many other communica­ during the homeward voyage also. Figs. 2 and 3 give tion equipments, and a lot many other major and the pattern of daily average wind and barometric pre­ minor items. The food materials and soft drinks ssure on way to Antarctica in December, 1983 and on amounted to a large quantity.
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