DOCSLIB.ORG

Radionuclides Deposition Over Antarctica M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Radionuclides Deposition Over Antarctica M Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 68 (2003) 137–158 www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvrad Radionuclides deposition over Antarctica M. Pourchet a, O. Magand a,∗, M. Frezzotti b, A. Ekaykin c, J.-G. Winther d a Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Ge´ophysique de l’Environnement, CNRS, BP 96, 38402 St Martin d’He`res Cedex, France b ENEA, CLIM-OSS, P.O. Box 2400, 00100 Rome A.D., Italy c Arctic and Antarctic Research Inst., 38 Bering St., 199397 St. Petersburg, Russia d Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, Tromso, Norway Received 17 June 2002; received in revised form 11 February 2003; accepted 21 February 2003 Abstract A detailed and comprehensive map of the distribution patterns for both natural and artificial radionuclides over Antarctica has been established. This work integrates the results of several decades of international programs focusing on the analysis of natural and artificial radio- nuclides in snow and ice cores from this polar region. The mean value (37±20 Bq mϪ2)of 241Pu total deposition over 28 stations is determined from the gamma emissions of its daughter 241Am, presenting a long half-life (432.7 yrs). Detailed profiles and distributions of 241Pu in ice cores make it possible to clearly distinguish between the atmospheric thermonuclear tests of the fifties and sixties. Strong relationships are also found between radionuclide data (137Cs with respect to 241Pu and 210Pb with respect to 137Cs), make it possible to estimate the total deposition or natural fluxes of these radionuclides. Total deposition of 137Cs over Antarctica is estimated at 760 TBq, based on results from the 90–180° East sector. Given the irregular distribution of sampling sites, more ice cores and snow samples must be analyzed in other sectors of Antarctica to check the validity of this figure. 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Radionuclides deposition; Flux; Antarctica ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-4-76-82-42-59; fax: +33-4-76-82-42-01. E-mail address: [email protected] (O. Magand). 0265-931X/03/$ - see front matter 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0265-931X(03)00055-9 138 M. Pourchet et al. / J. Environ. Radioactivity 68 (2003) 137–158 1. Introduction Artificial radioisotopes resulting from atmospheric thermonuclear tests carried out between 1953 and 1980 were deposited in Antarctica after transport in the upper atmosphere and stratosphere, creating distinct radioactive reference levels in the snow. The dates of arrival and deposition in this polar region are well known and therefore provide a means to estimate Antarctic snow accumulation rates or describe air mass circulation patterns (Wilgain et al., 1965; Feely et al., 1966; Pourchet et al., 1983; Pourchet et al., 1997). The 1955 and 1965 radioactivity peaks provide two very convenient horizons for dating snow and ice layers and measuring accumu- lation. Special techniques have been developed over the last 40 yrs to detect and measure artificial and natural radionuclides present in the ice sheets (Picciotto and Wilgain, 1963; Delmas and Pourchet, 1977; Pinglot and Pourchet, 1979, 1994). In Antarctica, total beta counts remain the most frequent radioactivity measurement and are used to determine the average rate of snow accumulation (Picciotto and Wilgain, 1963; Lambert et al., 1977). Gamma profiles are also used for the determination of artificial and natural radionuclide fluxes in the region. The total deposition of artificial radionuclides (mainly 137Cs, 90Sr and 3H) and the flux of natural radionuclides (especially 210Pb) has been estimated using snow samples from many Antarctic study areas (Pourchet et al., 1997), although simul- taneous measurements of these major and complementary radionuclides in the same snow core are very rare. Snow and ice sheets on the Antarctic continent are not the only depositories of artificial and natural radionuclides deposited from the atmos- phere over the south polar region. The deposition and flux of these radionuclides have also been measured in soils, plants and lake sediments, for example on the Antarctic Peninsula (Roos et al., 1994). A detailed profile of certain radionuclides has also been obtained for the Ross Ice Shelf (Koide et al., 1979). In this work we have extended the previously available total deposition data by adding the results of a simultaneous analysis of 137Cs, 210Pb and 241Pu in the same snow cores for about 30 stations located in various parts of Antarctica and a detailed profile of these three radionuclides for Vostok and Dome Concordia stations on the Antarctic plateau area. Key results of several decades of international programs and experiments focusing on artificial radionuclide analyses of snow or ice core samples in Antarctica are used in this paper. In a previous paper (Pourchet et al., 1997), a distribution of artificial and natural radionuclides over Antarctica was proposed, based on 137Cs, 210Pb and 3H data from snow and ice-core samples. In this work, additional radioactive analysis data are used to assess and extend the previous data, increasing the significance of statistical results and validating the distribution pattern previously proposed. The evidence of a strong correlation between radionuclides may make it possible to estimate the deposition and flux of one radionuclide from available data for another one. For 210Pb, field data assess the possible double origin (unsupported and supported 210Pb) of this terrigenous radionuclide in Antarctic snow and ice-core samples, a subject already discussed by Pourchet et al. (1997). Finally, the establishment of a distri- bution pattern for artificial and natural radionuclides, which constitute isotopic tra- M. Pourchet et al. / J. Environ. Radioactivity 68 (2003) 137–158 139 cers, can help us to understand the arrival and deposition of other artificial and natural tracers via atmospheric transport. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Study area and sample description The snow and ice samples described in this paper were collected from cores or pits in different regions of the Antarctic continent, mainly in the 90–180° E sector from the Russian (Mirny to Vostok), Australian (Casey to Vostok), French (Dumont d’Urville to Dome C) and Italian (Talos Dome to Dome Concordia) transects. Ice- coring stations from other programs close to these transects were also used. Twenty-eight stations previously analyzed for 137Cs (Pourchet et al., 1997) were subject to new simultaneous 137Cs, 210Pb and 241Pu measurements. The same analyses were also performed for 24 new locations (Table 1). For Vostok and Dome Concordia stations, detailed radionuclide deposition measurements were carried out (Table 2). 2.2. Analytical methods and procedure Using a method developed by Delmas and Pourchet (1977), snow and ice core samples were melted, weighed, acidified and filtered on ion exchange paper, where all radionuclides were trapped. After drying, the filters were directly analyzed by gamma spectrometry using a low background germanium detector (Pinglot and Pourchet, 1994). Because of low activity, some samples were combined for radioac- tivity analysis (Pinglot and Pourchet, 1979, 1994). Most of the studied samples were analyzed at the LGGE laboratory in Grenoble. For high resolution gamma spec- trometry, the analyzer was protected against all interfering ambient radioactivity, in particular using an anti-Compton device. This system provides a lower detection threshold, especially for the isotopes of interest such as 137Cs (30.2 yrs), 210Pb (22.3 yrs) and 241Am (432.7 yrs), daughter of 241Pu (14.4 yrs) (Pinglot and Pourchet, 1994, 1995; Pinglot et al., 1999). Standard liquid 137Cs, 210Pb and 241Am liquids from the CEA or Amersham labora- tories (2% uncertainty at 95% of confidence level) were used to calibrate the detector. The analytical procedures were the same as those used for the snow samples. The accuracies for our measurements are about 20% for 137Cs and 210Pb and 50% for 241Am. New determinations of 137Cs for the 28 previously analyzed stations (Pourchet et al., 1997) confirm the accuracy of previous results (Fig. 1). The specific activities have been corrected for decay to the deposition time. 2.3. Measurements and determination of 241Pu and 137Cs The 241Pu and 137Cs radionuclides constitute two well-known debris products of atmospheric thermonuclear tests between 1955 and 1980. 137Cs is characteristic of both well-known reference layers in snow (1955 and 1965 peaks on beta profiles), 140 Table 1 Inventory of existing accumulation data, 137Cs and 241Pu density activities (Bq mϪ2), and 210Pb fluxes (Bq mϪ2 yrϪ1) measured and calculated in snow and ice-core samples of different zones of the Antarctic continent Stations Lat. S Long. E Elevation 10 m Snow Deposition (Bq mϪ2) 210Pb Ref. temperature accumulation M. Pourchet et al. / J. Environ. Radioactivity 68 (2003) 137 137Cs 241Pu flux deposition (°)(°)(m)(°C) (kg mϪ2 yrϪ1) (a) (b) (Bq mϪ2 yrϪ1) Ice cores M.M 77.83 167.00 20 160 164∗ n.m. n.m. 3 J9 82.37 191.33 50 Ϫ29.4 90 89 16 1.90 1 F9 84.4 189.00 50 Ϫ30.4 84 17 18 9 2.36 2 km105 67.58 93.70 1351 313 51 155 51 4.22 2 km260 68.77 94.47 2280 Ϫ33 69 44 n.m. 1.28 2 km325 69.3 95.02 2560 Ϫ37 140 95 36 5.60 2 km400 69.95 95.62 2760 Ϫ40 154 81 42 5.40 2 km200 68.25 94.08 1970 Ϫ29 271 181 99 4.48 2 VK631 72.22 96.62 3421 68 52 56 18 2.55 2 Komso 74.1 97.50 3498 Ϫ53.9 64 52 86 80 3.43 2 VK747 73.25 97.07 3270 84 40 48 29 2.26 2 VK14 78.45 106.84 3470 Ϫ55.4 23 52 34 1.20 2 VK17 78.45 106.84 3470 Ϫ55.4 19 35 38 28 2.66 2 Vostok (a) 78.45 106.84 3471 Ϫ55.4 23 58 n.m.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 78/Tuesday, April 23, 2019/Rules
    Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 78 / Tuesday, April 23, 2019 / Rules and Regulations 16791 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., nor does it require Agricultural commodities, Pesticides SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The any special considerations under and pests, Reporting and recordkeeping Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as Executive Order 12898, entitled requirements. amended (‘‘ACA’’) (16 U.S.C. 2401, et ‘‘Federal Actions to Address Dated: April 12, 2019. seq.) implements the Protocol on Environmental Justice in Minority Environmental Protection to the Richard P. Keigwin, Jr., Populations and Low-Income Antarctic Treaty (‘‘the Protocol’’). Populations’’ (59 FR 7629, February 16, Director, Office of Pesticide Programs. Annex V contains provisions for the 1994). Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is protection of specially designated areas Since tolerances and exemptions that amended as follows: specially managed areas and historic are established on the basis of a petition sites and monuments. Section 2405 of under FFDCA section 408(d), such as PART 180—[AMENDED] title 16 of the ACA directs the Director the tolerance exemption in this action, of the National Science Foundation to ■ do not require the issuance of a 1. The authority citation for part 180 issue such regulations as are necessary proposed rule, the requirements of the continues to read as follows: and appropriate to implement Annex V Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321(q), 346a and 371. to the Protocol. et seq.) do not apply. ■ 2. Add § 180.1365 to subpart D to read The Antarctic Treaty Parties, which This action directly regulates growers, as follows: includes the United States, periodically food processors, food handlers, and food adopt measures to establish, consolidate retailers, not States or tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report of the XXXIII ATCM
    Rapport fi nal de la trente-troisième Réunion consultative du Traité sur l’Antarctique RÉUNION CONSULTATIVE DU TRAITÉ SUR L’ANTARCTIQUE Rapport fi nal de la trente-troisième Réunion consultative du Traité sur l’Antarctique Punta del Este, Uruguay 3 – 14 mai 2010 Secrétariat du Traité sur l’Antarctique Buenos Aires 2010 Réunion consultative du Traité sur l’Antarctique (33e : 2010 : Punta del Este) Rapport nal de la trente-troisième Réunion consultative du Traité sur l’Antarctique, Uruguay, 3 – 14 mai 2010. Buenos Aires : Secrétariat du Traité sur l’Antarctique, 2010. 410 p. ISBN 978-987-1515-14-1 1. Droit international – Questions liées à l’environnement. 2. Système du Traité sur l’Antarctique. 3. Droit environnemental – Antarctique. 4. Protection de l’environnement – Antarctique ISBN 978-987-1515-14-1 Contenu VOLUME 1 (en format papier et CD) Sigles et abréviations 9 PREMIÈRE PARTIE – RAPPORT FINAL 11 1. Rapport nal 13 2. Rapport du CPE XIII 133 3. Appendices 259 L’Accord de siège pour le Secrétariat du Traité sur l’Antarctique 261 Ordre du jour provisoire pour la XXXIVe RCTA 273 DEUXIÈME PARTIE – MESURES, DÉCISIONS ET RÉSOLUTIONS 275 1. Mesures 277 Mesure 1 (2010) Zone spécialement protégée de l’Antarctique nº 101 (Taylor Rookery, Terre Mac.Robertson) : Plan de gestion révisé 279 Mesure 2 (2010) Zone spécialement protégée de l’Antarctique nº 102 (îles Rookery, baie Holme, Terre Mac.Robertson) : Plan de gestion révisé 281 Mesure 3 (2010) Zone spécialement protégée de l’Antarctique nº 103 (îles Ardery et Odbert, côte Budd, Terre Wilkes)
    [Show full text]
  • Wilderness and Aesthetic Values of Antarctica
    Wilderness and Aesthetic Values of Antarctica Abstract Antarctica is the least inhabited region in the world and has therefore had the least influence from human activities and, unlike the majority of the Earth’s continents and oceans, can still be considered as mostly wilderness. As every visitor to Antarctica knows, its landscapes are exceptionally beautiful. It was the recognition of the importance of these characteristics that resulted in their protection being included in the Madrid Protocol. Both wilderness and aesthetic values can be impaired by human activities in a variety of ways with the severity varying from negligible to severe, according to the type Protocol on Environmental Protec tion to the Antarctic Trea ty - of activity and its duration, spatial extent and intensity. A map of infrastructure and major travel routes the "M adrid Protocol" in Antarctica will be the first step in visually representing where wilderness and aesthetic values Article 3[1] may be impacted. It is hoped that this will stimulate further discussion on how to describe, acknowledge, The protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent an d associated ecosystems and the intrinsic value of Antarctica, understand and further protect the wilderness and aesthetic values of Antarctica. including its wilderness and aesthetic values and its value as an area for the conduct of scientific research, in particular research essential to understanding the global environment, shall be fundamental considerations in the planning and condu ct of all activities
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation of New Indian Research Base at Larsemann Hills, Antarctica
    Draft Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation of New Indian Research Base at Larsemann Hills, Antarctica 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 History of Indian Antarctic Research 1.1.1 Dakshin Gangotri The importance of Antarctica as a pedestal for front-ranking scientific research was recognized by India in 1981, when the first Indian Antarctic Expedition was launched. Since then, India has made great strides both in Polar Sciences and related logistics, through a judicious and harmonious blend of multi-institutional expertise, brought together under the umbrella of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (earlier Department of Ocean Development). This has paved the way for the country to sustain its scientific endeavor in the icy continent on year-round basis ever since 1983, when the first permanent Indian Antarctic Base “Dakshin Gangotri” (70O 5’ 37”S: 12O E) was commissioned on the ice shelf, off the Princess Astrid coast in Central Dronning Maud Land (Figure 1). Figure 1 : Location of Dakshin Gangotri Station and India Bay India Bay The station made of wood huts and built in the record time of an austral summer, continued to host the members of Indian expeditions to Antarctica till 1989, when it had to be decommissioned due to excessive snow accumulation (Figure 2). The area has since been designated as historical site, HSM 44. 5 Draft Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation of New Indian Research Base at Larsemann Hills, Antarctica Figure 2 : Dakshin Gangotri Station (In 1983) (In 1990) 6 Draft Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation of New Indian Research Base at Larsemann Hills, Antarctica 1.1.2 Maitri In the year 1988 an ice free, rocky area on the Schirmacher oasis was selected to build the Second Research Station “Maitri (70o45’52”S: 11o44’03”E).
    [Show full text]
  • SECTION THREE: Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica
    SECTION THREE: Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica The need to protect historic sites and monuments became apparent as the number of expeditions to the Antarctic increased. At the Seventh Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting it was agreed that a list of historic sites and monuments be created. So far 74 sites have been identified. All of them are monuments – human artifacts rather than areas – and many of them are in close proximity to scientific stations. Provision for protection of these sites is contained in Annex V, Article 8. Listed Historic Sites and Monuments may not be damaged, removed, or destroyed. 315 List of Historic Sites and Monuments Identified and Described by the Proposing Government or Governments 1. Flag mast erected in December 1965 at the South Geographical Pole by the First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition. 2. Rock cairn and plaques at Syowa Station (Lat 69°00’S, Long 39°35’E) in memory of Shin Fukushima, a member of the 4th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, who died in October 1960 while performing official duties. The cairn was erected on 11 January 1961, by his colleagues. Some of his ashes repose in the cairn. 3. Rock cairn and plaque on Proclamation Island, Enderby Land, erected in January 1930 by Sir Douglas Mawson (Lat 65°51’S, Long 53°41’E) The cairn and plaque commemorate the landing on Proclamation Island of Sir Douglas Mawson with a party from the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition of 1929­ 31. 4. Station building to which a bust of V. I. Lenin is fixed, together with a plaque in memory of the conquest of the Pole of Inaccessibility by Soviet Antarctic explorers in 1958 (Lat 83°06’S, Long 54°58’E).
    [Show full text]
  • National Science Foundation § 670.29
    National Science Foundation § 670.29 the unique natural ecological system ASPA 115 Lagotellerie Island, Mar- in that area; and guerite Bay, Graham Land (c) Where a management plan exists, ASPA 116 New College Valley, information demonstrating the consist- Caughley Beach, Cape Bird, Ross Is- ency of the proposed actions with the land management plan. ASPA 117 Avian Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula § 670.29 Designation of Antarctic Spe- ASPA 118 Summit of Mount Mel- cially Protected Areas, Specially bourne, Victoria Land Managed Areas and Historic Sites ASPA 119 Davis Valley and Forlidas and Monuments. Pond, Dufek Massif, Pensacola Moun- (a) The following areas have been tains designated by the Antarctic Treaty ASPA 120 Pointe-Geologie Parties for special protection and are Archipelego, Terre Adelie hereby designated as Antarctic Spe- ASPA 121 Cape Royds, Ross Island cially Protected Areas (ASPA). The ASPA 122 Arrival Heights, Hut Point Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as Peninsula, Ross Island amended, prohibits, unless authorized ASPA 123 Barwick and Balham Val- by a permit, any person from entering leys, Southern Victoria Land or engaging in activities within an ASPA 124 Cape Crozier, Ross Island ASPA. Detailed maps and descriptions ASPA 125 Fildes Peninsula, King of the sites and complete management George Island (25 de Mayo) plans can be obtained from the Na- ASPA 126 Byers Peninsula, Living- tional Science Foundation, Office of ston Island, South Shetland Islands Polar Programs, National Science ASPA 127 Haswell Island Foundation, Room 755, 4201 Wilson ASPA 128 Western shore of Admiralty Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230. Bay, King George Island, South Shet- ASPA 101 Taylor Rookery, Mac.
    [Show full text]
  • Listado De Sitios Y Monumentos Historicos
    Medida 9 (2016) Anexo Lista de Sitios y Monumentos Históricos revisada Designación/ N.º Descripción Ubicación Modificación 1. Asta de bandera plantada en diciembre de 1965 en el Polo Sur geográfico por la primera expedición 90°S Rec. VII-9 polar argentina por vía terrestre. Parte proponente original: Argentina Parte a cargo de la gestión: Argentina 2. Mojón de rocas y placas en la Estación Syowa para recordar a Shin Fukushima, miembro de la 4ª 69°00'S, Rec. VII-9 expedición japonesa de investigación antártica, quien muriera en octubre de 1960 en el ejercicio de 39°35'E sus funciones oficiales. El mojón fue erigido por sus colegas el 11 de enero de 1961. Parte de sus cenizas descansan en el mojón. Parte proponente original: Japón Parte a cargo de la gestión: Japón 3. Mojón de rocas y placa en la Isla Proclamación, Tierra Enderby, erigidos en enero de 1930 por Sir 65°51'S, Rec. VII-9 Douglas Mawson. El mojón y la placa recuerdan el desembarque de Sir Douglas Mawson en Isla 53°41'E Proclamación en 1929-31 con un grupo formado a partir de las expediciones de investigación antártica de Gran Bretaña, Australia y Nueva Zelandia. Parte proponente original: Australia Parte a cargo de la gestión: Australia 4. Edificio de la Estación del Polo de la Inaccesibilidad. Edificio de la estación sobre el cual se encuentra 82° 06 '42”S, Rec. VII-9 un busto de V.I. Lenin, junto con una placa en conmemoración de la conquista del Polo de la 55° 01' 57”E Medida 11(2012) Inaccesibilidad por parte de los exploradores antárticos soviéticos en 1958.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised List of Historic Sites and Monuments
    Measure 19 (2015) Annex Revised List of Historic Sites and Monuments Designation/ No. Description Location Amendment 1. Flag mast erected in December 1965 at the South Geographical Pole by the First Argentine Overland Polar 90S Rec. VII-9 Expedition. Original proposing Party: Argentina Party undertaking management: Argentina 2. Rock cairn and plaques at Syowa Station in memory of Shin Fukushima, a member of the 4th Japanese 6900'S, Rec. VII-9 Antarctic Research Expedition, who died in October 1960 while performing official duties. The cairn was 3935'E erected on 11 January 1961, by his colleagues. Some of his ashes repose in the cairn. Original proposing Party: Japan Party undertaking management: Japan 3. Rock cairn and plaque on Proclamation Island, Enderby Land, erected in January 1930 by Sir Douglas 6551'S, Rec.VII-9 Mawson. The cairn and plaque commemorate the landing on Proclamation Island of Sir Douglas 5341'E Mawson with a party from the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition of 1929-31. Original proposing Party: Australia Party undertaking management: Australia 4. Pole of Inaccessibility Station building. Station building to which a bust of V.I. Lenin is fixed, together 82°06'42”S, Rec. VII-9 with a plaque in memory of the conquest of the Pole of Inaccessibility by Soviet Antarctic explorers in 55°01'57”E Measure 11(2012) 1958. As of 2007 the station building was covered by snow. The bust of Lenin is erected on the wooden stand mounted on the building roof at about 1.5 m high above the snow surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No 163: Dakshin Gangotri Glacier, Dronning Maud Land
    Measure 12 (2010) Annex Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No 163: Dakshin Gangotri Glacier, Dronning Maud Land 1. Introduction India introduced a Working Paper at XXV ATCM (WP47) on a draft management plan for a proposed site of Special Scientific Interest for snout of Dakshin Gangotri Glacier, Schirmacher Hills (also known as Vassfjellet), Dronning Maud Land. The Committee noted that this should be termed an ASPA rather than SSSI. Accordingly, during XXVI ATCM India submitted a draft management plan for Antarctica Specially Protected Area (XXVI ATCM/WP-38) and thereafter submitted revised management plan during XXVII-ATCM (WP 33). The management plan was adopted by Measure 2 (2005) and designated ASPA 163 during XXVIII ATCM (WP 25). Dakshin Gangotri glacier has significant value in terms of glacier retreat monitoring. A snout is being monitored since 1983 to understand the effect of climate change on glacier. This area is also important for study of algae, moss, cynobacteria and lichen which are wide spread in Schirmacher Hills and especially within the ASPA site. Cynobacteria contribute significantly to the nitrogen fixation, and many species have been identified so far from this area. Many species of lichens are also indentified in this area according to study conducted since 2003. 2. Description of values to be protected i. Historic Value Dakshin Gangotri Glacier is a small tongue of polar continental ice sheet, overriding the Schirmacher Hills in central Dronning Maud Land (CDML). It was identified by the second Indian Antarctic Expedition in 1982-83 and since then its snout is being monitored regularly for fluctuation w.r.t.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 77, No. 23/Friday, February 3
    Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 23 / Friday, February 3, 2012 / Rules and Regulations 5403 Applicable State Name of non-regulatory SIP revision geographic area submittal date EPA approval date Additional explanation ******* Documents Incorporated by Reference (9 VAC Statewide ..................... 5/25/11 2/3/12 [Insert page Addition of paragraphs 5–20–21, Section E.1.a.(1)). number where the (1)(a) and (1)(u). The document begins]. citations of all other paragraphs are re- vised. ******* [FR Doc. 2012–2334 Filed 2–2–12; 8:45 am] managed area (ASMA 7) and five principles underlying and requirements BILLING CODE 6560–50–P historical sites and monuments in of E.O. 12988 are not implicated. Antarctica (HSM 83–87). Federalism and Consultation and Public Participation NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Coordination With Indian Tribal The addition of these areas and sites Governments 45 CFR Part 670 merely reflects decisions already made by the Antarctic Treaty Parties at The Foundation has considered this Conservation of Antarctic Animals and various international ATCM meetings. final rule under the requirements of E.O. Plants Because these amendments involve a 13132 on federalism and has determined that the final rule conforms AGENCY: National Science Foundation. foreign affairs function, the provisions with the federalism principles set out in ACTION: Final rule. of Executive Order 12866 and the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. this E.O.; will not impose any SUMMARY: Pursuant to the Antarctic 553), requiring notice of proposed compliance costs on the States; and will Conservation Act of 1978, The National rulemaking, opportunity for public not have substantial direct effects on the Science Foundation (NSF) is amending participation, and delay in effective States, the relationship between the its regulations to reflect newly date, are inapplicable.
    [Show full text]
  • Title 45 Public Welfare Parts 500 to 1199
    Title 45 Public Welfare Parts 500 to 1199 Revised as of October 1, 2020 Containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect As of October 1, 2020 Published by the Office of the Federal Register National Archives and Records Administration as a Special Edition of the Federal Register VerDate Sep<11>2014 14:23 Dec 02, 2020 Jkt 250203 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 8091 Sfmt 8091 Q:\45\45V4.TXT PC31 kpayne on VMOFRWIN702 with $$_JOB U.S. GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL EDITION NOTICE Legal Status and Use of Seals and Logos The seal of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) authenticates the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) as the official codification of Federal regulations established under the Federal Register Act. Under the provisions of 44 U.S.C. 1507, the contents of the CFR, a special edition of the Federal Register, shall be judicially noticed. The CFR is prima facie evidence of the origi- nal documents published in the Federal Register (44 U.S.C. 1510). It is prohibited to use NARA’s official seal and the stylized Code of Federal Regulations logo on any republication of this material without the express, written permission of the Archivist of the United States or the Archivist’s designee. Any person using NARA’s official seals and logos in a manner inconsistent with the provisions of 36 CFR part 1200 is subject to the penalties specified in 18 U.S.C. 506, 701, and 1017. Use of ISBN Prefix This is the Official U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identified to certify its authenticity.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (1MB)
    THE MARINE FISHERIES INFORMATION SERVICE: Technical and Exten­ sion Series envisages the rapid dissemination of information on marine and brackish water fishery resources and allied data available with the National Marine Living Resources Data Centre (NMfifeDC) and the Research Divisions of the Insti­ tute, results of proven researches for transfer of technology to the fish farmers and industry and of other relevant information needed for Research and Development efforts in the marine fisheries sector. Abbreviation - Mfl/-. Fish. Infor. Ser. T&E Ser.. No. 57: 1984 CONTENTS 1. The Third Indian Antarctic Research Expedition and the Role Played, by CMFRI 2. News—India and Overseas Front Cover: The Krill of Antarctica — the richest single species marine resource in the world. Back Cover: "Parental care in Antarctica. The newly hatched chick is being cared by a pair of Emperor Penguins" THE THIRD INDIAN ANTARCTIC RESEARCH EXPEDITION AND THE ROLE PLAYED BY CMFRI K. J. Mathew Central Marine Fisheries Resear^tfflnstitute, Cochin-6%2 018 Introduction reference to the various activities undertaken during India entered the Antarctica Era when a team of 21 the Expedition. A detailed report of the work carried Indian nationals landed in Antarctica on 9th December, out by the author and also the results obtained on the 1981. It was a big leap forward for the Indian science quantitative abundance of zooplankton in the respect­ and technology and was much acclaimed the world ive study areas is also included. over. It was indeed a tremendous achievement for a I. The Expedition in General developing country like India. The whole programme was due to the initiative and encouragement of Prime Preparations for tlie Expedition Minister Smt.
    [Show full text]