George Washington

Acervo de la BIblioteca Jurídica Virtual www.juridicas.unam.mx

George Washington

April 30, 1789, to March 4, 1797 l.i~jr: THE POlO'.liC. ni i HE 1PARtiNT.S LIF <;ECSL;F :\:AI~:HI:.!c;-~oN

Yitli diii.:i-l jiuitrciit r.i~i.~v.:i:ii.,::i ~uuyu, criqr

George Washington

GEORGEWASHINGTON was born at Bridges Creek, on the Potomac River, in Westmoreland County, Va., on the 22d day of February (or I ~th,old style), 1732. Augustine Washington, his father, was a son of Lawrence Washington, whose father, John Washington, came to Virginia from England in 1657, and settled at Bridges Creek. Augus- tine Washington died in 1743, lcaving severa1 children, George being the eldest by his second wife, Mary Ball. At the early age of 19 years he was appointed adjutant-general of one of the districts of Virginia, with tlie rank of major. In November, 1753, he was sent by Lieutenant- Coverilor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, to visit the French army in the Ohio

Valley on important- business. War followed, and in 1754 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel,- and engaged in the war. In 1755 he acted as aid-de-camp to Eneral Braddock. Soon after this he was appointed by the legislature commander in chief of al1 the forces of the Colony, and for three years devoted himself to recruiting aud organ- izíug troops for her defense. In 1758 he commanded a successful expedition to Fort Du Quesne. He then left the Army, and was married to Mrs. Martha Custis, a widow lady of Virginia. For sixteen years he resided at Mount -Cernon, occasionally acting as a magistrate or as a member of the legislature. He was a delegate to the Williamsburg convention, August, 1773, which resolved that taxation and representation were inseparable. In 1774 he was sent to the Continental Congress as a delegate from Virginia. The following year he was unanimously chosen commander in chief, and assumed the command of the Conti- nental Army July 2, 1775. He commanded the armies throughout the War for Independence. At the close he resigned his commission, De- cember 23, 1783, and retired to priyate life. He was a delegate to, and president of, the National Convention which met in Philadelphia, Fa., in May, 1787, and adopted a new Constitution, tliat greatly increased the power of the Federal Government. He was unanimously elected the first President of the United States, and was iuaugurated on the 30th of April, 1789, in New York City, and at the end of his first term was unanirnously reelected. He retired March 4, 1797, h"ng declined a third term. In September, 1796, he issued his Farewell Address to the people. July 3,1798, he was again appointed to the command of the armies of the United States, with the rank of lieutenant-general. He was a Freemason, and served as master of his lodge. He died at Mount Vernon, Va., after a short iliness, December 14, 1799, and was buried there. 41 42 Messages and Pajers oftlte Pres2ents

PROCEEDINGS INITIATORY TO THE FIRST PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION.

[From the Washington Papers (Executive Proceedings, vol. 17). Department of State.] Charles Thomson, esq., Secretar-y of the late Congress, being appointed by the Senate of the United States to carry to General Washington the o5cial information of his unanimous election to the office of President of the United States of America, arrived at Mount,Vernon on the 14th day of April, A. D. 1789, when he communicated to General Washing- ton the purport of his mission in the following words : SIR: The President of the Senate chosen for the special purpose, having opened and counted the votes of the electors in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 1 was honored with the commands of the Senate to wait upon Your Excellency with the information of your being elected to the office of President of the United States of America. This commission was intrusted to me on account of my having been long i=- in the confidence of the late Congress, and charged with the duties of one of the principal civil departments of Government. 1 have now, sir, to inform you -tira%the proofs you have given of your 7 patriotism, and of your readiness to sacrifice doxriestic ease and private enjoymeuts to preserve the happiness of your country, did not permit the two Houses to harbor a doubt of your undertaking this great and important office, to which you are called, not only by the unanimous vote of the electors, but by the voice of America. , 1 have it, therefore, in command to accompany you to New Ycrk, where the Senate and House of Representatives are convened for the dispatch of public business. : I To which General Washington replied SIR: 1 have been accuctomed to pay so much respect to the opinion of my fellow-citizens that the knowledge of their having given their unanimous suffrages in my favor scarcely leaves me the alternative for an option. 1 can not, 1 believe, give a greater evidence of my sensibility of the honor which they have done me tlian by accepting the appointment. 1 am so much affected by this fresh proof of my country's esteem and confidence that silence can best explain my gratitude. While 1 realize the arduous nature of the task which is imposed upon me, and feel my own inability to perform it, 1 wish, however, that there may not be reason for regretting the choice, for, indeed, al1 1 can promise is only to accomplish that which can be done by an honest zeal. Upon considering how long time some of the gentlemen of both Houses - of Congress have been at New York, how anxiously desirous they must Geovge Washington 43 be to proceed to business, and how deeply the public mind appears to be inipressed with'the necessity of doing it speedily, 1 can not find myself at liberty to delay my journey. 1 shall lherefore be in readiness to set out the day after to-morrow, and shall be happy in the pleasure of your company, for you will permit me to say that it is a peculiar gratification to have received the communication from you.

OFFICIAL INFOKMATION OF THE ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OJ? THE UNITED STATES, APRIL 6, 1789. Be it known that the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States o£ America, being convened in the city and State of New York, tliis Gth day of April, A. D. 1789, the underwritten, appointed President of the Senate for the sole purpose of receiving, opening, and counting tlie votes of the electors, did, in the presence of the said Senate and EIouse of Representatives, opeu al1 the certificates and count al1 the votes of the electors for a President and Vice-President, by which it appears that His Excellericy George Washington, esq., was unanimously elected, agreeably to the Constitution, to the office of President of tlie said United States of America. 7 In testimony whereof 1 have hereunto set my hand and seal. -- JOHN LANGDON. MOUNTVERNON, A$Y~ 14, 1789. To the Honorable JOHN LANGDON, fiesident $70 temjore of the Senate of the UnitEn States. SIR: 1 had the honor to receive your oficial communication, by the harid of Mr. Secretary Thomson, about I o'clock this day. Having concluded to obey the important and Aattering cal1 of my couritry, and liaving heen impressed with an idea of the expediency of my being with Congress at as early a period as possible, I propose to commence my journey on Thursday morning, which will be the day after to-morrow. 1 have the honor to be, with sentiments of esteem, sir, your most obedient servant, GP WASHINGTON.

RESOLVE OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES RESPECTING MR. OSGOOD'S PREPARING HIS HOUSE POR THE RECEPTION OE THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

The committee to whom it was referred to consider of and report to the House respecting the ceremonial of receiving the President, and to whom also was referred a letter from the chairman of a committee of the 44 Messages and Pajers ofthe Presz'deíz~s Senate to the Speaker, communicating an instruction from that House to a committee thereof to report if any and what arrangements are necessary for the reception of the Vice-President, have agreed to the following report : That Mr. Osgood, the proprietor of the house lately occupied by the President of Congress, be requested to put the same and the furniture thereof in proper condition for the residence and use of the President of the United States, and otherwise, at the expense of the United States, to provide for his temporary accommodation. That it will be more eligible, in the first instante, that a committee of three members from the Senate and five members from the House of Representatives, to be appointed by the two Houses respectively, attend to receive the President at such place as he shall embirk kom New Jersey for this city, and conduct him without form to the house lately occupied by the President of Congress, and at such time thereafter as the President shall signify it will be most convenient for him, he be formally received by both Houses. Read and accepted.

The Senate proceeded by ballot to the choice ofa-exmnittee, agreeably to the report of the committee of both Houses agreed-fo tE15th instant, when the Honorable Mr. Langdon, the Honorable Mr. Carroll, and the Honorable Mr. Johnson were chosen. A true copy from the Journals of the Senate. Attest: SAM. A. OTIS, Semetary.

RESOLVE OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES RESPECTING MR. OSGOOD'S PREPARING HIS HOUSE FOR THE XECEPTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, Wednesday, April rg, r789. Mr. Benson reported from the committee to whom it was referred to consider of and report to the House respecting the ceremonial of receiving the President, and to whom was also referred a letter from the chairman of a committee of the Senate to the Speaker, communicating an instructiíín from that House to a committee thereof to report if any and what arrangements are necessary for the reception of the Vice- President, that the committee had, according to order, considered of the same, ,and-hd agreed to a report thereupon, which he delivered in at George Washington 45 the Clcrk's table, and where the same was thrice read, and the questioti put thereupon agreed to by the House as foiloweth : That Mr. Osgood, the proprietor of the house lately occupied by the President of Congress, be requested to put the same and the furniture therein in proper order for the residence and use of the President of the United States, and otherwise, at the expense of the United States, to provide for his temporary accommodation. That it will be most eligible, in the first instance, that a committee of three members from the Sknate and five members from the House of Representatives, to be appointed by the Houses respectively, attend to receive tlie President at such place as he shall embark from New Jersey for this city, and conduct him without form to tlie house lately occupied by the President of Congress, and that at such time thereafter as the President shall signify it will be most conveiiient for him, he be formally received by both Houses. Extract from the Journal. JOHN BECKLEY, Clerk.

RESOLVE 05' THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES RESPECTING A COMMITTEE TO MEET THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STZTES.

IN THE HOUSEOF REPRESENTATIVES - OF THE UNITED STATES, Wednesday, A#& 15, r789. Resolved, That it will be most eligible, in the first instance, that a committee of three members from the Senate and five members from the House of Representatives, to be appointed by tlie Houses respectively, attend to receive the President at such place as he shall embark from New Jersey for this city, and conduct him without form to the house lately occupied by the President of Congress, and that at such time thereafter as the President shall signify, he be formally received by both Houses. THURSDAY,ApriZ r6, r789. The committee elected on the part of this House, Mr. Boudinot, Mr. Bland, Mr. Tucker, Mr. Benson, and Mr. Lawrance. Extract from the Journal. JOHN BECKLEY, CZerk. . REQUEST OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY CONGRESS TO KNOW WHEN THEY SHOULD MEET THE PRESIDENT. The committee appointed in consequence of the resolutions of both Houses of Congress, and which accompany this note, most respectfully conimunicate their appointment to the President of the United States, with a request that he will please to llave it signified to them when they 46 Messages and Pajers of the B-esidents shall attend, with a barge which has been prepared for that purpose, to receive him at Elizabeth Town, or at such other place as he shall choose to embark from New Jersey for this city. NEW YORK,Apn7 17, 1789. JOHN LANGDON. CHARLES CARROLL, of Carrollton. WM. SAMUGL JOHNSON. ELIAS BOUDINOT. THEODORICK BLAND. THOS. TUDR. TUCKER EGBT. BENSON. JOHN LAWRANCE.

TO THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS RESPECTING THE TIME OF THE PRESIDENT MEETING THEM AT ELIZABETH TOWN.

GENTLEMEN:Upon my arrival in this city 1 received your note, with the resolutions of the two Houses which accompanied it, and in answer thereto beg leave to inform you that, knowing how anxious both Houses must be to proceed to business, 1 shall continue my journey dispatch as possihle. To-morrow evening 1 purpose to be at Tre~ton,the ni& following at Brunswick, aud hope to have the pleasure of meeting you at Elizabeth Town point on Thursday at 12 o'clock. G9 WASHINGTON.

LETiER FROM THE HONORABLE ELIAS BOUDINOT.

NEW YORK,Apm2 21, 2789. His Excellency GEORGEWASHINGTON, Esq. SIR:The committee have just received Your Excellency's letter of the 2oth, and will be at Elizabeth Town on Thursday morning. 1 must beg Your Excellency will alight at my house, where the committee will attend, and where it will give me (in a particular manner) the utmost pleasure to receive you. 1 have the honor to be, with the most profound respect, sir, your most obedient and very hunible servant, . ELIAS BOUDINOT.

LETTER FROM THE HONORABLE ELIAS BOUDINOT, APRIL 23, 1789. ELIZABETHTOWN, Wedmesday Evening. His Excellency GEORGEWASHINGTON, Esq. SIR: 1 have the honor of informing Your Excellency that the committees of both Houses arrived-here this afternoou, and will be ready to Geovge PVash ington 47 receive Your Excellency at my house as soon as you can arrive here to-morrow morning. If you, sir, will honor us with your company at breakfast, it will give us great pleasure. We shall wait Your Excellency's arrival in hopes of that gratification. You can have a room to dress in, if you should think it necessary, as convenient as you can have it in town. 1 have the honor to be Your Excellency's rnost obedient humble servant , ELIAS BOUDINOT

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS RESPECTING THE TIME OF THE INAUGURATION OF THE PRESIDENT.

Mr. Benson, from the committee appointed to consider of the time, place, and manner in which, and of the person by whom, the oath prescribed by the Constitution shall be administered to the President of the United States, atid to confer with a committee of the Seriate, appointed for tlie piirpose, reported as followeth: - - - Thnt the President hath been plerised to signify to them that any time or place which botli Hoiises may think proper to appoint and any manner which shall appear i~losteligible to thern will be convenieut and acceptable to hini. That requisite preparations can not probably be made before Thursday next; tliat the President be on that day formally received iri the Senate Clianiber; that tlie Representatives' Chamber being capable of receivirig tlie greater iiumber of persons, that tlierefore the President do take the oath ir1 that place arld in the presence of both Hoiises; that after the fornial reception of tlie President iil tlie Seuate Chamber he be attendecl by both Houses to the Representatives' Chaniber, and that the oath be admiiiistercd by the chancellor of tliis State. The committee further report it as their opinion that it will be proper that a comrnittee of both Houses be appointed to take order for further conducting the cererrionial. The said report was twice read, and on the question put thereupon was agreed to by the House. Ordeved, That Mr. Benson, Mr. Ames, and Mr. Carro11 be a committee on ttie part of this House pursuant to the said report. Extract from the Journal. JOHN BECKLEY, CZerk. 48 Messeges and Papers ofthe PresZdents

KEPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS TO THE SENATE RESPECTING THE TIME OF THE INAUGURATION OF THE PRESI- DENT. *r UNITRDSTATES OF AMERICA, Zn Sena fe, Afd 25, 1789. The committee appointed to consider of the time, place, and manner in which and of the person by whom the oath prescribed by the Consti- tution shall be administered to the President of thé United States, and to confer with a committee of the House appointed for that purpose, report: That the President hath been pleaced to signify to them that any time or place which both Houses may think proper to appoint and any manner which shall appear most eligible to them will be convenient and acceptable to him; that requisite preparations can not probably be made before Thursday next; that the President be on that day formally received in the Senate Chamber by both Houses; that the Representatives' Chamber being capable of receiving the greater number of persons, that therefore the President do take the oath in that place in presence of both Houses; that after the formal reception of the President in the Senate Chamber he be attended by both Houses to the Representatives' Chamber, and that the oath be administered by the chancellor of this State. The comgictee further report it as their opinion that it will be proper - that a committee of both Houses be appointed to take order for conduct- - iug the ceremonial. Read and accepted. And Mr. Lee, Mr. Izard, and Mr. Dalton, on the part of the Senate, together with the committee that may be appointed on the part of the House, are empowered to take order for conducting the business. A true copy from the Journals of Senate.

The committees appointed to take order for conducting the ceremonial of the formal reception, etc., of the President report that it appears to them more eligible that the oath should be administered to the Presidetlt in the outer gallery adjoining the Senate Chamber than in the Repre- sentatives' Chamber, and therefore submit to the respective Houses the propriety of authorizing their committees to take order as to the place where the oath shall be adrninistered to the President, the resolutions of Saturday assigning the Representatives' Chamber as the place notwithstanding. Read and accepted. A true copy from the Journals of the Senate. - SAM. A. OTIS, Secretary. UKDER FOR CONDUCTING TNE CEREMONIAL POR THE INACJGURA- TION OE* THE PRESIDENT.

The committees of both Houses of Congress appointed to take order for conductirig the ceremonial for tlie formal receptiou, etc., of the Presi- dent of the United States on Thursday next have agreed to tlie following order thereon, viz : That General Webb, Colonel Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel Fish, Major Franks, Major L'Enfant, Major Bleeker, and Mr. John R. Livingston be requested to serve as assistants on the occasion. That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the President. That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the Vice-President, to the right of the President's chair, and that the Senators take their seats on that side of the Chamber on which the Vice-President's chair shall be placed. That a chair be placed in the Senate Chamber for the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to the left of the President's chair, and that the Representatives take their seats on that side of the Chamber on which the Speaker's chair shall be placed. That seats be provided in the Senate Chamber sufficient to accommodate tlie late President of Congress, the governor of the Western Terri- tory, the five persons beiug tlie heads o£ tlie great Departments, the iniriister plenipotentiary of France, the ericargado de negocios of Spain, the chaplains of Congress, tlie persons iii the suite oHA&President, and also to accomniodate tlie followirig public officers of the- State, viz: The governor, lieutenant-governor, tlie chancellor, the chief justice of the supreme court and other judges thereof, aiid the rnayor of the city. That one of the assistants wait on these gentlemen and inform tliem tl-iat seats are provided for their accommodation, and also to signify to them that no precedence of seats is iiitended, aiid that no salutatiori is expected froin them o11 their entrance iiito or their departure froxn the Senate Chamber. That the members of both Houses assemble in their respective cliam- bers precisely at 12 o'clock, and that the Representatives, preceded by tlieir Speaker and atterided by their Clerk aricl other officers, proceed to tlie Seuate Chamber, tliere to be received by tlie Vice-President and Senators rising. That the committees attend the President froin his residence to tlie Senate Charriber, arid that he be there received by the Vice-President, tlie Senators and Representatives rising, and by tlie Vice-President conducted to his chair. Tliat after tlie President.shal1 be seated in his chair and tlie Vice- Presideut, Senators, and Representatives shall be again seated, tlie Vice-President shall announce to the President that the niembers of both Haiises will attend him to be present at his taking the oatli of office required by the Constitution. - 50 Messages and Pajers of tlie Presidenfs To the end that the oath of office may be administered to the Presi- dent in the most public manner and that the greatest number of the people.of the United States, and without distinction, may be witnesses to the solemnity, that therefore the oath be administered in the outer gallery adjoining to the Seuate Chamber. That when the President sl~allproceed to the gallery to take the oath he be attended by the Vice-President, and be followed by the chancellor of the State, and pass through the middle door; that the Senators pass through the door on the right, and the Representatives pass through the door on the left, and such of the persons who may have been admitted into the Senate Chamber and may be desirous to go into the gallery are then also to pass through the door on the right. That when the President shall have taken the oath and returned into the Senate Chamber, attended by the Vice-Presideut, and shall be seated in his chair, that Senators and Representatives also return into the Seuate Chamber, and that the Vice-President and they resume their respective seats. That when the President retire from the Senate Chamber he be conducted by the Vice-President to the door, the members of both Houses rising, and that he be there received by the committees and attended to his residence. That immediately as the President shall retire the Representatives do also return from the SenateTlhamber to their own. That it be intrusted to thwstants to take proper precautions for keeping the avenues to the hall open, and for that purpose they wait on his excellency the governor of this State, and in the name of the committees request his aid by an order or rccommendation to the civil officers or militia of the city to attend and serve on the occasion as he shall judge most proper.

RESOLVE OF THE HOUSE: OF REPRESENTATIVES UPON THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE RESPECTING THE INAUGURATION OF THE PRBSIDENT.

Mr. Bensou, from the committee of both Houses appointed to take order for conducting the ceremonial of the formal reception of the Presi- dent of the United States, reported as followeth: That it appears to the committee more eligible that the oath should be administered to the President in the outer gallery adjoining the Senate Chamber than ir1 the Representatives' Chamber, arid therefore submits to the respective Houses the propriety of authorizing their committees to take order as to the place where the oath shall be- administered to the President, the resolutions of Saturday assigning the Representatives' Chamber as the place notwithstanding. The said report being twice read, Resolved, That this House doth concur in the said report and authorize the committee to take order for the change of place thereby proposed. Extract from the Journal. JOHN BECKI,E;Y, CZerk.

MRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

APRIL 30, 1789. Fellow- Cifizens of lhe Senate and of fhe House of Represelztafives: Among the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the present month. On the one hand, 1 was summoned by my countxy+ivhoce voice 1 can never hear but with veneration and love, from a refreat wmhad chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylutn of my declining years- a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit to incliriation, and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country callecl me, being sufficient to awaken in the wisest arid most experienced of her citi~ensa distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but overwlielrn witli despondence orie who (inheritiug inferior endowments from nature and unpracticecl iti the d&ies of civil adrninistration) ought to be peculiarly conscious of his awn deficiencies. In this coníiict of emotions al1 1 dare aver is that it has been niy faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every circurnstance by which it might be affected. Al1 1 dare hope is that if, iu executing this task, 1 have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of foriner instances, or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my incapacity as well as disincli- nation for the weighty and untried cares before me, my error will be palliated by the motives wliicli mislead iiie, aiid its conseqitences be judged by my country with some share of the partiality in which they originated. - - 52 Messages and Pajevs ofthe Presidents Such being the impressions under which 1 have, in obedience to the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official act my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, that His benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of - the people of the United States a Government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes, and may enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute with success the functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and private good, 1 assure myself that it expreses your sentiments not less than my own, nor those of my fellow-citizens at large less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of men more than those of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an

independentA nation seems to have been distinnuished- by some token of providential agency; and in the important revolution just accomplished in the svstem- of their united g-overnment- the tranquil deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from which the event has resulted can not be compared with the means by which most governments have been established without come return of pious gratitude, along with an humble nnticipation of thefuture blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arisingout of the present crisis, have forced themselves too strongly ou my mind to be suppressed. You will join with me, 1 trust, in thinking that there are none under the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can more auspi- ciously commence. By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the President " to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The circumstances under which 1 now meet you will aquit me from entering into that subject further than to refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are assembled, and which, in defining yourpowers, designates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more cds- sistent with those circumstances, and far more congenia1 with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications 1 behold the surest pledges that as on one side no local ~rejudicesor attachments, no separate views nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of com~nunitiesand interests, so, on another, that tl-ie foundation of our ilatioiial policy will be laid in the pure atld immutable principies of private rnorality, and the preeminente of free government be exemplified by all the attribuks which George Washington 53 can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of the world. 1 dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is no truth more thoroughly . - established than that tliere exists in the economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness; between duty and advantage; between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of piiblic prospenty and felicity; since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eterna1 rules of order and riglit which Heaven itself has ordained; and since the preservatioii of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republicaii model of government are justly considered, perhaps, as deeph, asf¿naZ&, staked on the experiment intrusted to the hands of the American people. Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain with your jiidgment to decide how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged against the system, or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. Iristead of iindertaking particular recommenda- tions on this subject, in which 1 could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities, 1 shall again give way to niy entire cori- fidence in your discernment and pursiiit of the public good; for 1 assure-- myself that whilst you carefully avoicl every alteration which might - endanger the benefits of an united and effective government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen aild a regard for the public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advanta- geously promoted. To the foregoing observations 1 have one to add, which will be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as possible. When 1 was first honored with a cal1 into the service of my country, then on the eve of nn arduoiis struggle for its liberties, the light in which 1 contemplated my duty required tliat 1 s1io;ilíl renounce every pecuiliary compensation. Frorn this resolution 1 have in no instance departed; and beiilg still under the impressions which prodiiced it, 1 must decline as inapplicable to myself aiiy share in the personal ernoluments which may be indispensably iucludecl iii a permanent provision for the executive department, and iiiust accordingly pray that the peciiniary estimates for the station in whicli 1 aiil placed may diiring my continuance in it be liinited to such acual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require. IIaviiig tlius iniparted to yoii iiiy seiitimerits as they llave been - awnkeiiecl by the occasion mhich briiigs iis togetlier, 1 shall take iny present leave; but not without resarting once more to the benign Parent 54 Messagios and Pu.ms ofthe Presidents of the Human Race in humble~supplication that, since He has been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for the security of their union and the advancement of their happiness, so His divine blessing may be equally consfliczous in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise- measures on which the success of this Governulent must depend.

ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. SIR: We, the Senate of the Uuited States, return you our sincere thanks for your excellent speech delivered to both Houses of Congress, congratulate you on the complete organization of the Federal Govern- ment, and felicitate ourselves and our fellow-citizens on your elevation to the office of President, an office highly important by the powers con- stitutionally annexed to it and extremely honorable from the manner i-h i-h the appointment is made. The unanimous suffrage of the elective body in your favor is peculiarly expressive of the gratitude, confidence, and affection of the citizens of America. and is the highest testimonial at once of your merit and their esteem. We are sensible, sir, that nothing but the voice of your fellow-citizens could have called you from a retreat chosen with the fondest predilection, endeared by habit, and consecrated to the repose of declining years. We rejoice, and with us al1 America, that in obediente to the cal1 of our common country you have returned once more to public life. In you al1 parties confide; in you al1 interests unite; and we have no doubt that your pact services, great as they have been, will be equaled by your future exertions, and that your prudence and sagacity as a statesman will tend to avert the dangers to which we were exposed, to give stability to the present Government and dignity and splendor to that country which your ski11 and valor as a soldier so eminently contributed to raise to independence and empire. When we contemplate the coincidence of circumstances and wonder- ful combination of causes which gradually prepared the people of this country for independence; when we contemplate the rise, progress, and termination of the late war, which gave them a name among the nations of the earth, we are with you unavoidably led to acknowledge and adore the Great Arbiter of the Universe, by whom empires rise and fall. A review of the many signal instances of divine interposition in favor of this country claims our most pious gratitude; aud permit us, sir, to observe that among the great events which have led to the formsion and establishment of a Federal Government we esteem your acceptance of the office of President as one of the most propitious and important. Gemge Wasfiington 55 In the execution of the trust reposed in us we shall endeavor to piirsiie that enlarged and liberal policy to which your speech so happily directs. We are conscious that the prosperity of each State is insep- arably coilnected with the welfare of all, and that in promoting the latter we shall effectually advance tlie former. In full persuasion of this truth, it shall be our invariable aim to divest ourselves of local prejudices and attachments, and to view the great assemblage of com- riluiiities and interests committed to our charge with an equal eye. We feel, sir, the force and acknowledge the justness of the observatiori that the foundation of our national policy should be laid ir1 private morality. If irldividuals be not influenced by moral principies, it is in vain to look for public virtue. It is therefore tlie duty of legislators to enforce, both by precept and example, the iitility as well as the necessity of a strict adherence to the rules of distributive justice. We beg you to be assured that the Senate will at al1 times cheerfully cooperate in every measure which may strengthen the Union, conduce to the Iiappiness or secure and perpetuate the liberties of this great confederated Republic. We commend you, sir, to the protection of Almighty God, earnestly beseeching Him long to preserve a life so valuable and dear to the people of the United States, and that your Administration rnay be prosperous to tlie nation arid glorious to yourself. MAY 7, 1789.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. GENTLEMEN:1 thank you for your address, in which the most affectioriate sentiments are expressed iri the most obliging terms. The coincidence of circumstances which led to this auspicious crisis, the con- ficlei~cereposecl in me by my fellow-citizens, and tlie assistance I may expect from counsels which will be dictated by atl erilargecl aricl liberal policy seem to presage a more prosperous issue to my Adnlinistration than a diffidence of niy abilities had taught rne to anticipate. 1 now feel nlyself inexpressibly happy in a belief that Heaveri, which has done so mucli for our infant nation, will not withdraw its providential influence beforc our political felicity shall have been completed, and in a conviction tliat the Seriate will at al1 times cooperate iu every measure xvhich may tencl to promote the welfare of this confederated Republic. Thus supported by a firm trust in the Great Arbiter of tlie Universe, aided by the collectecl wisdom of the Union, and imploring the clivine beriedictiou on our joint exertions ir1 the service of our country, 1 readily engage with yoti in the arduous but pleasing task of attempting to make a nation liappy . GQ WASHINGTON. MAY 18,1789. - 56 Messages and Papers oftñe Pvesidents

ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES T0 GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. SIR: The Representatives of the people of the United States present their congratulations on the event by which your fellow-citizens have attested the preeminente of your merit. You have long held the first place in their esteern. You have often received tokens of their affection. You now possess the only proof that remained of their gratitude for your services, of their reverence for your wisdom, and of their confidence in your virtues. You enjoy the highest , because the truest, honor of being the first Magistrate by the unanimous choice of the freest people on the face of the earth. We well know the anxieties with which you must have obeyed a summons from the repose reserved for your declining years into public scenes, of which you had taken your leave forever. Rut the obedience was due to the occasion. It is already applauded by the universal joy which wel- comes you to your station. And we can not doubt that it will be rewarded with al1 the satisfaction with which an ardent love for your fellow-citizens must review-C- successful efforts to promote their happiness. This anticipation is not justified merely by the past experience of your signal services. It is particularly suggested by the pious impressions under which you commence your Administration and the edigWened nlaxims by which you mean to conduct it. We feel with you thmag- est obligations to adore the Invisible Hand which has led the American people through so many difficulties, to cherish a conscious responsibility for the destiny of republican liberty, and to seek the only sure means of preserving and recommending the precious deposit in a system of legisla- tion founded on the principles of an honest policy and directed by the spirit of a diffusive patriotism. The question arising out of the fifth article of the Constitiition will receive al1 the attention demanded by its importante, and wil1, we trust, be decided under the influence of al1 the considerations to which you allude. In forming the pecuniary provisions for the executive department we shall not lose sight of a wish resulting from motives which give it a peculiar claim to our regard. Your resolution, in a moment critica1 to the liberties of your country, to renounce al1 personal emolument, was among the maily presages of your patriotic services which have been amply fulfilled; and your scrupulous adherence now to the law then imposed on yourself can not fail to demonstrate the purity, whilst it increases the luster, of a character which has so many titles to admiration. Such are the sentiments which we have thought fit to address to yoii. They flow from our own hearts, and we verily believe that amoiig the millions we represent there is not a virtuous citizen whose heart will disown them. Al1 that remains is that we join in our fervent supplications for the blessings of Heaven on our country, and that we add our own for the choicest of these blessings on the most beloved of her citizens. MAY 5, 1789.

- GRNTIZMEN:Your very affectionate address pro~lucesemotions which 1 kiiow not how to express. 1 feel that my past endeavors in the service of rny country are far overpaid by its goodness, and 1 fear much that my future ones may ~iotfulfill your kind anticipation. Al1 that 1 can promise is that they will be invariably directed by an honest and an ardent zeal. Of this resoiirce my heart assures me. Por al1 beyond 1 rely on tlie wisdom and patriotism of those with whom 1 am to cooperate and a contiuuance of the blessings o£ Heaven on our beloved country. G9 WASHINGTON. MAY 8, 1789.

SPECIAL MESSAGES.

Iri pursuance of the order of the late Congress, treaties between the United States and several nations of Indians have been negotiated and signed. These treaties, with siindry papers respecting theni, 1 now lay heforc you, for your consideration aild udvice, by the hands of General Ktiox, uiider whose oficial snperintendence the business was transacted, ancl who will be ready to commuuicate to you any information on such points as may appear to require it. Go WASHINGTON.

NEW YORK,June rr, r789. Gozfleemen of fhr Scnnfe: A convention between His Most Christian Majesty and the United States, for the piirposes of determining and fixing the functions and prcrogatives of their respective cot~suls,vice-coiisuls, agents, and com- ~liissaries,was signed by their respective plenipotentiaries on the 29th of Jnly, 1784. It appearirig to the late Congress tliat certairi alterations in that con- vctitioii ought to be rriade, tliey instructed their niinister at thr Court of France to endeavor to obtain them. 58 Messages and Pajevs of the fiesidents Tt has accordingly been altered in severa1 respects, and as amended was signed by the plenipotentiaries of the contracting powers on the 14th of November, 1788. The sixteenth article provides that it shall be in force during the term of twelve years, to be counted from the day of the exchange of ratzjZca- tions, which shall be given in proper form, and exchanged on both sides within the space of one year, or soener if possible. 1 now lay before you the original by the hands of Mr. Jay for youi consideration and advice. The papers relative to this negotiation are in his custody, and he has my orders to communicate to you whatever official papers and information on the subject he may possess and yov may require. G9 WASHINGTON.

NEWYORK, June 15, 1789. GentZeemen of the Senate: Mr. Jefferson, the present minister of the United States at the Court of France, having applied- for permission to return home for a few months, and it appearing to me proper to comply with his request, it becomes necessary that some person be appointed to take charge of out affairs at that Court during his absence. --- - For this purpose 1 nominate William Short, esq., and request youi - advice on the propriety of appointing him. - There are in the Office for Foreign Affairs papers which will acquaint you with his character, and which Mr. Jay has my directions to lay before you at such time as you rnay think proper to assign. G? WASHINGTON.

NEWYORK, Augzst 6,1789. Gentleemen of tñe Senate: My nomination of Benjamin Fishbourn for the place of naval officer of the port of Savannah not having met with- your concurrente, 1 now nominate Lachlan McIntosh for that office. Whatever may have been the reasons which induced your dissent, 1 am persuaded they were such as yoii deemed sufficient. Permit me to submit to your consideration whether on occasions where the propriety of nominations appear questionable to you it would not be expedient to communicate that circumstance to me, and thereby avail yourselves of the information which led me tomake them, and which 1woiild with pleasure lay before you. Probably my reasons for nominating Mr. Fishbourn may tend to show that such a mode of proceeding in such cases might be useful. 1 will therefore detail them. First. While Colonel Fishbourn was an officer in actual service and chiefly under my own eye, his conduct appeared to me irreproachable ; - George Washtngfo~ 4

nor did 1 ever hear anything injurious to his reputation as an ofticer or a geritleman. At the storm of Stony Point bis behavior was represented to have been active and brave, and he was charged by his general to bring the account of that success to the headquarters of the Army. Secondly. Since his residente in Georgia he has been repeatedly elected to the assembly as a representative o£ the coiinty of Chatham, in which the port of Savanuali is situated, aiid sometimes of the counties of Glynri . and Carnden ; he has been choseii a member of the executive council of the State and has lately been president of the same; he has been elected by the officers of the militia in the county of Chatham lieutenant- colonel of the militia in that district, and on a very recent occasion, to wit, in the month of May last, he has been appointed by the council (0x1 the suspension of the late collector) to an office in the port of Savan- nah nearly similar to that for whicli 1 nominatecl him, which office he actually holds at this time. To these reasons for nominating Mr. Fish- boiirn 1 might adcl that 1 received private letters of recommendation and oral testimonials iri his favor from some of the lnost respectable characters in that State ; but as they were secoridary considerations with -nie. 1 do not think it necessary to commiinicate tliern to you. It appeared, therefore, to me that Mr. Fishbourri niust have enjoyed the confidence of the militia oflicers in order to have been elected to a militas. rank; the conjdence of the freemeti to have been elected to the assembly; the conzidence of the assembly to have been selected for the council, and the confidence of the council to have bvpointed collector o£ the port of Savannah. GQ WASHINGTON.

The business wliich has liitherto beeri iinder the consideration of Con- Krcss has heeri of so rnuch iniportance that 1 was iinwilling to draw their attention from it to any other subject; but the disputes which exist between some of the United States and severa1 powerfiil tribes of Indians within the limits of the Union, arid the Iiostilities whicli llave in several instantes been committed on the frontiers, seem to require the imiiiediate interposition of the General Government. 1 have therefore directed the severa1 statements and papers ~vhich have been subrnitted to rne on this subject by Gexieral Knox to be laid before yoii for your iriformation. While the ineasiires of Goveriiment ouglit to be calculated to protect its citizens frorn al1 injury arid violerice, a due regard should be extended to those Indian tribes whose happiness in the course of events so materially depends ori the riatiorlal justice and hnmariity nf the United States. If it shoiild be the judgmerit of Congress that it would be most expedient to terminate al1 differences in the Southern district, and to lay the - - 60 Messages and Papers of the Presidents foundation for future confidence by an amicable treaty with the Indian tribes in that quarter,'I think proper to suggest the consideration of the expediency of instituting a temporary commission for that purpose, to consist of three persons, whose authority should expire with the occasion. How far such a measure, unassisted by posts, would be competent to the establishment and preservation of peace and tranquillity on the frontiers is also a matter which merits your serious consideration. Along with this object I am induced to suggest another, with the national importance and necessity of which 1 am deeply impressed; 1 mean some uniform and effective system for the militia of the United States. It is unnecessary to offer arguments in recommendation of a measure on which the honor, safety, and well-being of our country so evidently and so essentially depend; but it may not be amiss to observe that 1 am particularly anxious it should receive as early attention as circumstances will admit, because it is now in our power to avail owselves of the militas. knowledge disseminated throughout the several States by means of the many well-instructed officers and soldiers of the late Army, a resource which is daily diminishing by death and other causes. To suffer this peculiar advantage to pass- away unimproved would be to neglect an opportunity which will never again occur, unless, unfortu- --nately, we should again be involved in a long and arduous war. y -- GQ WASHINGTON.

1 have directed a statement of the troops in the service of the United States to be laid before you for your information. These troops were raised by virtue of the recolves of Congressaf the 20th October, 1786, and the 3d of October, 1787, in order to protect the frontiers from the depredations of the hostile Indians, to prevent al1 intrusions on the public lands, and to facilitate the surveying and selling of tlie same for the purpose of reducing the public debt. As these important objects continue to require the aid of the troops, it is necessary that the establishment thereof .should in al1 respects be con- formed by law to the Constitution of the United States. Go WASHINGTON.

In consequence of an act providing for the expenses which may attend negotiations or treaties with the Indian tribes and the appointment of commissioners for managing the same, 1 nominate Benjamin Lincoln as one of three commissioners whom 1 shall propose to be employed to negotiate a treaty with the Southern Indians. My reason for nominating George Washington- 61 hiin at this early moment is that it will not be possible for the public to avail itself of his services on this occasion unless his appointment can be forwardecl to hini by the mail which will leave this place to-morrow morning. G'9 WASHINGTON.

NETVYORK, August 21, 1789. (;entlemeiz of thc Senatc The President of the United States will meet the Senate in the Senate Chamber at half past 11 o'clock to-morrow, to advise with them on the terms of the treaty to be negotiated with the Southern Indians. G? WASHINGTON.

SEPTEMBER16, 1789. Gentlemen of the Senafe: Tlie governor of the Western territory has made a statement to me of tlie reciprocal hostilities of the Wabash Indians and the people inhab- iting the frontiers bordering on the river Ohio, which 1 herewith lay before CongiesC. Tlie United States iii Congress assembled, by their acts of the 21st day of July, 1787, arid of the I 2th August, 1788, made a provisional arrangement for calling forth the militia of Virginia and Pennsylvania iii the proportions therein specified. As tlie circumstarices which occasioned the said arrangement continue nearly tlie saine, 1 think proper to suggest to your consideration the expediency of making some temporary provision for calling forth the niilitia of the United States for the purposes stated in the Constitution, whicli would einbrace the cases apprehended by tlie governor of the Western territory. GQ WASHINGTON.

SIIPTEMBER17, 1783. Gentlemen of the Senate: It doubtless is important that al1 treaties and compacts formed by the TJriited States witli other nations, xvhether civilized or not, should be rnade with caution and executed with fidelity. It is said to be the general understanding and practice of nations, as a check ou the inistakes and indiscretions of miriisters or commissioners, riot to consider ariy treaty negotiated and signed by such officers as final and conclusive uiitil ratified by tlie sovereign or government froni whom they derive their powers. This practice has been adopted by the United States respectirig their treaties with European nations, and 1 am inclined to tliiiik it would be advisable to observe it in tlie coiiduct o€ our treaties with the Indiaus ; for though sucli treaties, beiug ou their part made by 62 Messages and Pa;6evs of tlie Prestden ts their chiefs or rulers, need not be ratified by them, yet, being formed on our part by the agency of subordinate officers, it seems to be both prudent and reaconable that their acts should not be binding on the nation until approved and ratified by the Government. It strikes me that this point should be well considered and settled, so that our national proceedings in this respect may become uniform and be directed by fixed and stable principies. - The treaties with certain Indian nations, which were laid before you with my message of the 25th May last, suggested two questions to my mind, viz : First, whether those treaties were to be considered as per- fected and consequently as obligatory without being ratified. If not. then secondly, whether both or either, and which, of them ought to be ratified. On these questions 1 request your opinion and advice. You have, indeed, advised me " io execufe and ezjoi7z un obseniahce of" the treaty with the Wyandottes, etc. You, gentlemen, doubtless intended to be clear and explicit, and yet, without further explanation, 1 fear 1 may misunderst2nd your meaning, for if by my execufing that treaty you mean that 1should make it (in a more particular and immediate manner than it now is) the act of Government, Mtfollows that 1 am to ratify it. If you mean by my executing Zt that 1 am to see that it be camed into effect and operation, then 1 am led to conclude either that you consideriLas beingperfect and obligatory in its present state, and therefore tbtse executed and observed, or that you consider it as to derive its completion and obligation from the silent approbation and ratification which my proclamation rnay be construed to imply. Although 1 am inclined to think that the latter is your intention, yet it certainly is best that al1 doubts respecting it be removed. Permit me to observe that it will be proper for me to be informed of your sentiments relative to the treaty with the Six Nations previous to the departure of the governor of the Western territory, and therefore 1 recommend it to your early consideration. GQ WASHINGTON.

His Most Christian Majesty, by a letter dated the 7th of June last, addressed to the President and members of the General Congres of the United States of North America, announces the much lamented death of his son, the Dauphin. The generous conduct of the French monarch and nation toward this country renders every event that may affect bis or their prosperity interesting to us, and 1 shall take care to assure him of the sensibility with which the United States participate in the affliction which a loss so much to be regretted must have occasioned both to him and to them. G9 WASHINGTON. UNITEDSTATES, Se$fember 29, 1789. Genflemen of the Senate: Agreeably to the act of Congress for adapting tlie establishment of the troops iri public service to the Constitution of tlie United States, 1 riomi- nate the persons specified iu tlie inclosed list to be the commissioned officers thereof. This nomination differs from the existing arrangement only in the following cases, to wit : Lieutenaiit Erkuries Beatty, promoted to a vacant captaincy in the infantry; Ensign Edward Spear, promoted to a vacant lieutenancy of artillery ; Jacob Melcher, who has been serving as a volunteer, to. be axi ensign, vice Benjamin Lawrence, who was appointed nearly three years past and has never been mustered or joiued the troops. It is to be observed that the order in which the captains and subalterns are named is not to affect their relative rank, which has been hitlierto but imperfectly settled owing to the perplexity of promotions in the State quotas conformably to the late Confederation. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, September 29, r789. Genflemen of the Senafe: Having beeti yesterday informed by a joint committee of both Houses - of Congress that they had agreed to a recess to commence this day and to continue uritil the first Monday of January next, 1 take the earliest opportunity of acquainting you that, cotisidering Iiow long and laborious this session has been and the reasons which 1 presume have produced this resolution, it does not appear to me expeclient to recomrnend any nieasures to their consideration at present, or now to cal1 your attention, gentlemeti, to any of those matters in my department which require your advice and cousent and yet remain to be dispatched. G? WASHINGTON.

Gentlemen o/ fhe IiTouse of Reflvesentatives; Having beeti yesterday informed by a joint committee of both Houses of Congress that they had agreed to a recess to commence this day and to continue utitil tlie first Monday of Jariuary riext, 1 take the earliest opportuility of acquainting you that, corisideririg how long arid laborious this sessiori has beeu and tlie reasous whicli 1 presiinie have produced this resoliitioti, it does not appear to nic expedient to recouimend any tneasures to tlieir consideratiou at present. GQ WASHINGTON.

Messages and Papers of tñe Presz'dents other nations should be facilitated by such provisions as will enable me to fulfill my duty in that respect in the manner which circumstances may render most conducive to the public good, and to this end that the compensations to be made to the percons who may be employed should, according to the nature of their appointments, be defined by law, and a competent fiind designated for defraying the expenses incident to the conduct of our foreign affairs. Various considerations also render it expedient that the terms on which foreigners may be admitted to the rights of citizens should be speedily ascertained by a uniform rule of naturalization. Uniformity in the currency, weights, and measures of the United States is an object of great importance, and will, 1 am persuaded, be duly attended to. The advancement of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures by al1 proper means will not, 1 trust, need zecommendation; but 1 can not forbear intimating to you the expediency of giving effectual encouragement as well to the introduction of new and useful inventions from abroad as to the exertions of ski11 and genius in producing them at home, and of facilitating the intercourse between the distant parts of our country by a due attention to the post-office and post-roads. Nor ani 1 less persuaded that you will agree with me in opinion that there is nothing which can better deserypyQxcpatronagethan the pro- motion of science and literature. Knowl-in every country the surest basis of public happiness. In one in which the measures of government receive their impressions so immediately from the sense of the community as in ours it is proportionably essential. To the security of a free constitution it contributes in various ways-by convincing those who are intrusted with the public administration that every valuable end of government is best answered. by the enlightened confidence of the people, and by teaching the people themselves to know and to value their own rights; to discern and provide against invasions-of them; to distinguish between oppression and the necesary exercise of lawful authority; between burthens proceeding from a disregard to their convenience and those resulting from the inevitable exigencies of society; to discriminate the spirit of liberty from that of licentiousnecs-cherishing the first, avoiding the last-and uniting a speedy but temperate vigilante against encroachments, with an inviolable respect to the laws. Whether this desirable object will be best promoted by affording aids to seminaries of learning already established, by the institution of a national university, or by any other expedients will be well worthy of a place in the deliberations of the Legislature.

Ge?zflemenof the Nouse of Re$resentative~.- 1 saw with peculiar pleasure at the close of the 1st session the resolution entered into by you expressive of your opinion that an ade- George Washizgion 67 - quate provision for the support of the public credit is a matter of high importance to the national honor and prosperity. In this sentiment 1 eutirely concur ; and to a perfect confidence in you best endeavors to devise such a provision as will be truly cousistent with the end 1 add an equal reliance on the cheerful cooperation of the other branch of the Legislature. It would be superfluous'to specify inducements to a measure in which the character and permanent interests of the United States are so obviously and so fieeply concerned, and which has received so explicit a sanction from your declaration.

Gentlemen of thc Senate and Nouse of Represenfatives: 1 have directed the proper officers to lay before you, respectively, such papers and estimates as regard the affairs particularly recommended to your consideration, and necessary to convey to you that information of the state of the Union which it is my duty to afford. The welfare of our country is the great object to which our cares and efforts ought to be directed, and 1 shall derive great satisfaction from a cooperation with you in the pleasing though arduous task of insuring to our fellow-citizens the blessings which they have a rigfitto expect from a free, efficient, and equal government. GQ WASHINGTON.

ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

The PRE~IDENTOF THE UNITED STATES. Srx: We, the Senate of the United States, return you our thanks for your speech delivered to both Houses of Congress. The accession of the State of North Carolina to tk Constitution of the United States gives us much pleasure, and we offer you our congratulations on that event, which at the carne time adds strength to our Union and affords a proof that the more the Constitution has been considered the more the goodness of it has appeared. The information which we have received, that the nieasures of the last session have been as satisfactory to our constituents as we had reason to expect from the difficulty of the work in which we were engaged, will afford us much consolation and encouragement in resuming our deliberations in the present session for the public good, and every exertion on our part shall be made to realize and secure to our country those blessings which a gracious Providence has placed within her reach. We are persuaded that one of the most effectual means of preserving peace is to be prepared for war, aild our rittention shall be directed to the objects of commoii defense and to the adoption u: such plans as shall appear the most likely to prevent our dependence on other 68 Messages and Pa#ers ofr'lie A-esziz'ents countries Ior essential supplies. In the arrangements to be made respect- inz- the establishment of such troops- as may be deemed indispensable- we shall with pleasure provide for the comfortable support of the officers and soldiers, with a due regard to economy. We regret that the pacific measures adopted by Government with regard to certain hostile tribes of Indians have not been attended with the beneficia1 effects toward the inhabitants of our Southern and Western frontiers which we had reason to hope; and we shall cheerfully cooperate in providing the most effectual means for their protection, and, if necessary, for the punishment of aggressors. The uniformity of the currency and of weights and measures, the introduction of new and useful inventions from abroad and the exertions of ski11 and genius in producing them at home, the facilitating the communication between the distant parts of our cauntry by means of the post-office and post-roads, a provision for the support of the Department of Foreign Affairs, and a uniform rule of naturalization, by which foreigners may be admitted to the rights of citizens, are objects which shall receive such early attention as their respective importance requires. Literature and science are essential to the preservation of a free constitution; the measures of Goveriiment should therefore be calculated to strengthen the confidence that is due to that important truth. Agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, forming the basis of the - wealth and strength of our confederated Republi-be --the fquent subject of our deliberation, and shall be advanced by al1 proper means in our power. Public credit being an object of great importance, we shall cheerfully cooperate in al1 proper measures for its support. Proper attention shall be given to such papers and estimates as you may be pleased to lay before us. Our cares and efforts shall be directed to the welfare of our country, and we have the most perfect dependence upon your cooperating with us ou al1 occasions in such measures as will insure to our fellow-citizens the blessings which they have a nght to expect froni a free, efficient, and equal government. JANUARY 11, 1790.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT.

GBNTLEMEN:1 thank you for your address, and for the assurances which it contains of attention to the severa1 tnatters suggested by me to your consideration. Relying on the coutiiluance of your exertions for the public good, 1 anticipate for ow country the salutary effects of upright and prudent counsels. GP. -WASHINGTON. JANV~LRY14, 1790- ADDRESS OP THE HOUSE. OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. t SIR: The Representatives of the people of the United States have taken into consideration your speech to both Houses of Congress at the opening of the present session. We reciprocate your congratulations on the accession of the State of North Carolina, an event whicli, while it is a testimony of the increasing good \vil1 toward the Government of the Union, can not fail to give additional dignity and strength to the Americati Republic, already rising in the estimation of the world in national character and respectability. The information that our measures of the last session have not proved dissatisfactory to our constituents affords us much encoiiragement at this jiiricture, when we are resuming tlie arduous task of legislating for so extensive an empire. Nothing can be more gratifying to tlie Represetitatives of a free people tliax~tlie reflection tliat their labors are rewarded by the approbation of their fellow-citizens. Under this imprecsiou we sliall inake every exertion to realize tlieir expectatiotis, ancl to secure to thetli those blessings whicli Providence has placed within their reach. Still prompted by the same clesire to proxriote their interests which then actuated us, we shall iti the present session diligently and a~~xiouslypiirsuc those measures wliich sliall appear to us conaficve to that end. We concur with you in the sentiment that agriculture, comrnerce, and manufactures are entitled to legislative protection, atid that the promo- tion of science and literature will contribute to the seciirity of a free Government; in the progress of our deliberations we shall not lose sight of objects so worthy of our regard. The various and weighty matters which you have judged necessary to reconiirieud to our atteutiotl appear to us essential to the tranquillity and welfare of tlie Union, and claim our early and most serious consideration. We sliall proceed witliiout delay to bestow on them that calm discussion which their importante reqiiires. We regret that the pacific arrangements pursued with regard to certain hostile tribes of Itidians have not been attended witli that siiccess which we had reasoti to expect from them. We shall not liesitate to concur in sucli further measures as may best obviate any ill effects which might be apprehended from the failure of those riegotiations. Yoiir approbation of tlie vote of this House at the last session respectirig tlie provision for tlie public creditors is very acceptable to us. The proper inode of carrying that resolution irito effect, being a subject in which the futiire character and happiness of these States are deeply involved, will be amorig the first to deserve our attentioti. Tlie prosperity of the Uriitecl States is the primary object of al1 our deliberations, and we cherish the reflection ttat every measure which we 70 Messages and Pajers ofthe Besz'denfs may adopt for its advancement wiíi not only receive your cheerful concurrence, but will at the same time derive from your cooperation additional efficacy, in insuring to our fellow-citizens the blessings of a free, efficient, and equal government. JANUARY 12, 1790.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. GRNTLR~N:1 receive with pleasure the assurances you give me that you will diligently and anxiously pursue such measures as shall appear to you conducive to the interest of your constituents, and that an early and serious consideration will be given to the various and weighty matters recommended by me to your attention. 1 have full confidence that your deliberations will continue to be directed by an enlightened and virtuous zeal for the happiness of our country. G? WASHINGTON. JANUARY14, 1790.

SPECIAI, MESSAGFS.

Having advised with you upon the terms of a treaty to be offered to the Creek Nation of Indiaus, 1 think it proper you should be informed of the result of that business previous to its coming before you in your legislative capacity. 1 have therefore directed the Secretary for the Department of War to lay before you my instructions to the commissioners nnd their report in consequence thereof. The apparently critica1 state of the Southern frontier will render it expedient forme to communicate to both Houses of Congress, with other papers, the whole of the transactions relative to the Creeks, in order that they may be enabled to form a judgment of the measures which the case may require. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,]anuayy rr, 1790. GentZemen of fhe Nouse of Representafives: 1 have directed Mr. Lear, my private secretary, to lay before you a copy of the adoption and ratification of the Constitution of the United States by the State of North Carolina, together with a copy of a lettrr from His Excellency Samuel Johnston, president of the convention of said State, to the Presiderof the United States. Geovge Washington 71 The originals of the papers which are herewith transmitted to you will be lodged in the office of the Secretary of State. GO WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, January 12, 1790. Genflemenof the Senafe and Nouse of Represenfafives: 1 lay before you a statement of the Southwestern frontiers and of the Indian Department, which have been submitted to me by the Secretary for the Department of War. 1conceive that an uiireserved but confidential communication of al1 the papers relative to the recent negotiations with some of the Southern tribes of Indians is indispensably requisite for the information of Con- gress. 1am persuaded that they will effectually prevent either transcripts or publications of al1 such circunistauces as might be injurious to the public interests. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, January zr, 1790. Gentleemen of the Senafe nnd Noz~senftafives: The Secretary for the Department of TarTas submitted to me certain principies to serve as a plan for the general arrangement of the militia of the United States. Conceiving the subject to be of the highest importance to the welfare of our country and liable to be placed in various points of view, 1 have directed him to lay the plan before Congress for their information, in order that they may make such use tkereof as they may judge proper. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED~~"I'TEc, Ju~ZUU?~ 25, Genrtc~tenof the Senafe una? House of Representatives: 1 have received from His Excellency John E. Howard, governor of the State of Maryland, an act of the legislature of Maryland to ratify certain articles in addition to and amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress to the legislatures of the several States, and have directed my secretary to lay a copy of the same before you, together with the copy of a letter, accompanying the above act, from his excellency the governor of Maryland to the President of the United States. The originals will be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State. - GQ WASHINGTON. 72 ~e~~ag~sand Pajers ofth PresSents /

GentZemen of the Senate and Nouse of Representatives: 1have directed my secretary to lay before you the copy of an act of the legislature of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations entitled "An act for calling a convention to take into consideration the Constitution proposed for the United States, passed on the 17th day of September, A. D. 1787, by the General Convention held at Philadelphia," together with the copy of a letter, accompanying said act, from His Excellency John Collius, governor of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, to the President of the United States. The originals of the foregoing act and letter will be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Feóruary r, 1790. Gentlewzen of the Senate and Hozse of Representatives: 1 have received from His Excellency Alexander Mnrtin, governor of the State of North Carolina, an act of the general assembly of that State entitled "An act for the purpose of ceding to the United States of America certain westem lands therein described," and have directed my secretary - -- to lay a copy of the same before yo~,together with a copy of a letter, - accompanying saiifrom His Excellency Governor Martin to the President of the United States. The originals of the foregoing act and letter will be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State. G'? WASHING'I'ON.

UNITED STATES,Feóruary 9, 1790. Gentlemen of the Se=ate/ You will perceive from the papers herewith delivered, and which are enumerated in the annexed list, that a difference subsists between Great Britain and the United States relative to the boundary Iíne between our eastern and their territories. A plan for deciding this difference was laid before the late Congress, and whether that or some other plan of a like kind would not now be eligible is submitted to your consideration. In my opinion, it is desirable that al1 questions between this and other nations be speedily and amicably settled, and in this instance 1 think it advisable to postpone any negotiations on the subject until 1 shall be informed of the result of your deliberations and receive your advice as to the propositions most proper to be offered on the part of the United States. As 1 am taking measures for learning the intentions of Great Britain respecting the further detention of our ~Gts,etc., 1 am the more solicit- Geovge Washington 73 ous that the business now submitted to you may be prepared for negotiation as soon as the other important affairs which engage your attention will permit. G? WASHINGTON.

I UNITEDSTATES, Fe6ruary 15,rjpo. Genflemen of fhe Senafe and Nouse of Re$resentatives: 1 have directed my secretary to lay before you the copy of a vote of the legislature of the State of New Hampshire, to accept the articles proposed in addition to and amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, except the second article. At the same time will be delivered to you the copy of a letter from his excellency the president of the State of New I-Iampshire to the President of the United States. The originals of the above-mentioned vote and letter will be lodged in the office of the Secretary of State. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Febrzdary r8, 1790. GeniZemen of fhe Senafei By the mail of last evening 1 received a lette-ATis Excellency Jolin Hancock, governor of the Commonwealth of Massachilsetts,- inclosing a resolve of the senate and house of representatives of that Common- wealth and sundry documents relative to the eastern boundary of the United States. 1 have directed a copy of the letter and resolve to be laid before you. The documents which accompanied them being but copies of come of the papers ~vhicliwere delivered to you with my communication of the 9th of this month, I have thought it unnecessary to lay them before you at this time. 'I'hey will be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, together with the originals of the above-mentioned letters and

G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Mavclt 8, 1790. Gentlenten of thp Senafe and IíTouse of Re$resentatiues: I Iiave received from His Excellency Joshua Clayton, president of the State of Delaware, the articles proposed by Congress to the legislatures of the several States as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, which articles were transmitted to him for the consideration o£ tlie legislature of Delaware, and are uow returned with the following resolutions annexed to them, vi-: The generksembly of Delaware having taken into their consideration the above 74 Messaga and Papers of the If.eszSZdents amendments, proposed by Congress to the respective legislatures of the severa1 States, Resolved, That the first article be postponed; Resolved, That the general assembly do agree to the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth articles, and we do hereby assent to, ratify, and conhthe same as part of the Constitution of the United States. In testimony whereof we have caused the great sea1 of the State to be hereunto affixed this 28th day of January, A. D. 1790, and in the fourteenth year of the inde- pendeúce of the Delaware State. Signed by order of council. GEORGE MITCHELL, Speaker. Signed by order of the house of accembly. JEHU DAVIS, Speaker. 1 have directed a copy of the letter which anompanied the said articles, from His Excellency Joshua Clayton to the President of the United States, to be laid before you. The before-mentioned articles and the original of the letter will be lodged in the office of the Secretary of State. GP WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTA~S, March r6, 1790. . Gentlemen qf the Senate and ~ouseof~epvesenta tives: 1 have directed my secretary to lay before you the copy of an act and the form of ratification of certain articles of amendment to the Constitu- tion of the United States by the legislature of the State of Pennsylvania, together with the copy of a letter which accompanied the said act, from the speaker of the house of assembly of Pennsylvania to the President of the United States. The originals of the above will be lodged in the office of the Secretary of State. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, AfinI r, r7po. Genflemen of fhe Senate and Nouse of Re$vesenfafivest 1 have directed my private secretary to lay before you a copy of the adoption by the legislature of South Carolina of the articles proposed by Congres to the legislatures of the several States as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, together with the copy of a letter from the governor of the State of South Carolina to +&e President of the United States, which have lately come to my hands. The originals of the foregoing will be lodged in the office of the Secretary of State. G? WASHINGTON, George Washington 75 UNITED STATFS, A97-275,1790. Genflemen of the Senute and House of Refiresenfafives: 1 have directed my private secretary to lay before you copies of three acts of the legislature of the State of New York, which have been transmitted to me by the governor thereof, viz: ' 'An act declaring it to be the duty of the sheriffs of the severa1 counties within this State to receive and safe keep such prisoners as shall be committed under the authority of the TTnited States." "An act for vesting in the United States of America the light-house and the lands thereunto belonging at Sandy Hook." "An act ratifying certain articles in addition to and amendment of the Constitution of the United States of Amenca, proposed by Congress." A copy of a letter accompanying said acts, from the governor of the State of New York to the President of the United States, will at the same time be laid before you, and the originals be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Muy 3r, r7po. Genflemen of fhc Senate: %i-.de Poiery served in the American Army for severa1 of m>t ye-he late war as secretary to Major-General the Marquis de Lafayette, and might probably at that time have obtained the commission of captain from Congress upon application to that body. At present he is an officer in the French national guards, and solicits a brevet commission from the Uuited States of America. 1 am authorized to add, that while the compliance will involve no expense on our part, it will be particularly grateful to that friend of America, the Marquis de Lafayette. 1 therefore nominate M. de Poiery to be a captain by brevet. G? WASHINGTON.

Gentlemen of fhe Senafe and House of Representatives: Having received official information of the accession of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations to the Constitution of the United States, 1 take the earliest opportunity of communicating the same to you, with my congratulations on this happy event, which unites under tlie General Government al1 the States which were originally confederated, and have directed my secretary to lay before you a copy of the letter from the president of the convention of the State of ~hode-Island to the presiden; of the United States. - GQ WASHINGTON. 76 Messages and Papers of fhe Prexidenfs UNITED STATES,/une rr, 1790. GentZemen of tke Senate and House of Re$resentattves: 1 have directed my secretary to lay before you a copy of the ratification of the amendments to the Constitution of the United States by the State of North Carolina, together with an extract from a letter, accompanying said ratification, from the governor of the State of North Carolina to the President of the United States. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Junc 16, 1790. GentZeemen of fke Senate and House of Re$resnztafives: The ratification of the Constitution of the Uaited States of America by the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations was received by me last night, together with a letter to the President of the United States from the president of the convention. I have directed my secretary to lay before you a copy of each. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, June 30, 1790. GentZemen oj the Senafe and House of Re$resenf&es: An act of the legislature of the State of Rhodemd and Providence Plantations, for ratifying certain articles as amendments to the Consti- tution of the United States, was yesterday put into my hands, and 1 have directed my secretary to lay a copy of the same before you. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, August 4, 1790. GentZemen of fhe Sezate: In consequence of the general principles agreed to by the Senate in August, 1789, the adjustment of the terms of a treaty is far advanced between the United States and the chiefs of the Creek Indians, now in this city, in behalf of themselves and the wliole Creek Nation. In preparing tlie articles of this treaty the present arrangements of the trade with the Creeks have caused much embarrassment. It seems to be well ascertained that the said trade is almost exclusively in the hands of a company of British merchants, who by agreement make their impor- tations of goods from England into the Spanish ports. As the trade of the Indians is a main mean of their political manage- inent, it is therefore obvious tliat the United States can not possess any security for the performance of treaties with the Creeks while their trade is liable to be interrupted or withheld at the caprice of two foreign- powers. Geovge Washington 77 Hence it becomes an object of real importance to form new channels for the commerce of the Creeks through the United States. But this operation will require time, as the present arrangements can not be suddenly broken without the greatest violation of faith and morals. It therefore appears to be important to form a secret article of a treaty similar to the one which accompanies this message. If the Senate should require any further explanation, the Secretas. of War will attend them for that purpose. G9 XVASHINGTON.

The President of the United States states tlie following question for the consideration and advice of the Senate: If it should be found esen- tia1 to a treaty for the firm establishment of peace with the Creek Nation of Indians that an article to the following effect should be inserted therein, will such an article be proper? viz :

SECRET ARTICLE. The commerce necessary for the Creek Nation shall be carried on through the ports and by the citizens of tlie United States if substantial ancí effectual arrangements shall be inade for that purpose by the United States on or before the 1st day of August, 1792. In the meantime the said commerce rnay be carried on through its present channels and - according to its present regulations. - And whereas th- of the said Creek Natiori is now camed on wholly or priricipally through the territories of Spain, and obstructions thereto may happen by war or prohibitions of tlie Spanish Governmerit, it is therefore agreed between the said parties that in the event of aaiy sucli obstructions liappening it sliall be lawful for such persons as shall designate to introduce into and transport through tlie territories of the United States to tlie country of the said Creek Nation any quantity of gcods, wares, and merchandise not exceeding in value ir1 any one year $óo,ooo, and that free from any duties or imposi- tions 'whatsoever, but subject to such regulations for guarding against abuse as the Uilited States shall judge necessary, which privilege shall continue as long as such obstruction shall continue. Go WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, August 6, 1790. Gentlemen of the Senate: Considering the circumstances whicli prevented tlie late commissioners from concluding a peace with tlie Creek Nation of Indians, it appeared to me most prudent that al1 subsequent measures for disposing thenl to a treaty should in tlie first inst:ince be informal. 1 inforined you o11 the 4th instaut that the adjustment of the terins of a treaty witli tlieir chiefs, now here. wasfar advanced. Such further progress has since been made that 1 think measures may at present be taken for conducting and concluding that business in form. It there fore becomes necessary that a proper person be appointed and authorized to treat with these chiefs and to conclude a treaty with them. For this purpose 1 nominate to you Henry Knox. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, August 6, r7po. Genilemen of fhe Senate and Nouse of Representatives: 1 have directed my secretary to lay before you a copy of an exemplified copy of a law to ratify on the part of the State of New Jersey certain amendments to the Constitution of the United States, together with a copy of a letter, which accompanied said ratification, from Hon. Elisha Lawrence, esq., vice-president of the State of New Jersey, to the Presi- dent of the United States, G? WASHINGTON.

- UNITEDSTATES, August 7, r7po. Genilemen of the Senate.' 1 lay before you a treaty between the United States and the chiefs of the Creek Nation, now in this city, in behalf of themselves anWewhole Creek Nation, subject to the ratification of the President of thgdTgited States with the advice and consent of the Senate. While 1 flatter myself that this treaty will be productive of present pace and prosperity to our Southern frontier, it is to be expected that it will also in its consequences be the means of firmly attaching the Creeks and the neighboring tribes to the interests of the United States. At the same time it is to be hoped that it will afford solid grounds of - satisfaction to the State of Georgia, as it contains a regular, full, and definitive relinquishment on the part of the Creek Nation of the Oconee land in the utmost extent in which it has been claimed by that State, and thus extinguishes the principal cause of those hostilities from which it has more than once experienced such severe calamities. But although the most valuable of the disputed land is included, yet there is a certain claim of Georgia, arising out of the treaty made by that State at Galphinston in November, 1785, of land to the eastward of a new temporary line from the forks of the Oconee and Oakmulgee in a southwest direction to the St. Marys River, which tract of land the Creeks in this city absolutely refuse to yield. This land is reported tobe generally barren, sunken, and unfit for cultivation, except in some instances on the margin of the rivers, on which by improvement rice might b'e cultivated, its chief value depending on the timber fit for the building of ships, with which it is represented as aboundinp. George Washi7zgton 79 While it is thus circumstanced on the one hand, it is stated bj- the Creeks on the other to be of the highest importance to them as constituting some of their most valuable winter hunting ground. 1 have directed the commissioner to whom the charge of adjusting this treaty has been committed to lay before you such papers and documents and to communicate to you such information relatively to it as you may require. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, August rr, r7po. Genfkmen of Zhe Senaie: Although the treaty with the Creeks may be regarded as the main foundation of the future peace and prosperity of the Southwestern frontier of the United States, yet in order fully to effect so desirable an object the treaties which have been entered into with the other tribes in that quarter must be faithfully performed on our parts. During the last year 1laid before the Senate a particular statement of the case of the Cherokees. By a reference to that paper it will appear that the United States formed a treaty with the Cherokees in November, 1785 ; that the said Cherokees thereby placed themselves under the protection of the United States and had a boundary assigned them; that the white people settled on the frontiers had openly violated the said boundary by intruding on the Indian lands ; that the United States in Congress assembled did, on the 1s-f September, 1788, issue their proclamation forbidding al1 such uxiwarrantable intrusions, and enjoined al1 those who had settled upon the hunting grounds of the Cherokees to depart with their families and effects without loss of time, as they vrould answer their disobedience to the injunctions and prohibitions expressed at their peril. But information has been received that notwithstanding the said treaty and proclamatiox~upward of 500 families have settled on the Cherokee lmds exclusively of those settled between the fork of French Broad and Tíolstein rivers, xnentioned in the said treaty. As the obstructions to a proper conduct on this matter have been removed since it was mentioned to the Senate on the 22d of August, I 789, by the accession of North Carolina to the present Union and the cessions of the land in question, 1 shall conceive myself bound to exert the -powers intrusted to me by the Constitution in order to carry into faithful execution the treaty of Hopewell, uñless it shall be thought proper to attempt to arrange a new boundary with the Cherokees, embracing the settlements, and compensating the Cherokees for the cessions they shall rnake on the occasion. On this point, therefore, 1 state the following questions and request the advice of the Senate thereon : First. 1s it the .iudgment - of the Senate that overtures shall be made to. the Cherokees to arrange a new boundary so as to- embrace the 8o , Messages and Pa9er.s of the 13-eszSZdents settlements made by the white people since the treaty of Hopewell, in November, I 785 ? Second. If so, shall compensation to the amount of dollars annually, or of dollars in gross, be made to the Cherokees for the land they shall relinquish, holding the occupiers of the land account- able to the United States for its value? Third. Shall the United States stipulate solemnly to guarantee the new boundary which may be arraüged? GQ WASHINGTON.

PROCLAMATIONS.

[From the Gazette of the United States (New York), September 15,17go, in the Library of Congress.]

BY Tm PRSSIDENTOF THE UNITEDSTATBS OF ~ERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas a treaty of peace and friendship between the United States Z=- and the Creek Nation was made and concluded on the 7th day of the present month of August; and

- Whereas 1have, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, in - - - due form ratified the said treaty: Now, therefore, to the end that the same may be observed and performed with good faith on the part of tlie United States, 1 have ordered the said treaty to be herewith published; and 1 do hereby enjoin and require al1 officers of the United States, civil and military, and al1 other citizens and inhabitants thereof, faithfully to observe and fulfill the same. Given under my hand and the sea1 of the United States, in the city of New York, the 14th day of August, A. D. 1790, and in the [SEAL.] fifteenth year of the Sovereignty and Independence of the United States. - G? WASHINGTON. By the President: TH: JEFFERSON.

[Frorn Miscellaneous Letters, Department of State, vol. f.] BY THE PRESIDENTOF THE UNITEDSTATES OF AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas it hath at this time become peculiarly uecessary to warn the citizens of the United States against a violation of the treaties made at Hopewell, on the Keowee, on the 28th day of November, 1785, and on the 3d and 10th days of January, 1786, between the United States and the Cherokee,Choctaw, and Chickasaw nations of Indians, and to enforce Georg-e Washington 8 I an act entitled "An act to regulate trade and intercource with the Inciian tribes," copies of which treaties and act are hereunto annexed, 1 have therefore thouglit fit to require, and 1 do by these presents require, al1 officers of the United States, as well civil as military, and al1 other citizens and inhabitants thereof, to govern themselves according to the treaties and act aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary at their peril. Given under my hand and the sea1 of the United States, in the city of - New York, the 26th day of August, A. D. 1790, and in the [SEAL.] fifteenth year of the Sovereignty and Independence of the United States. G9 WASHINGTON. By the President: TE: JEFFERSON. . SECOND ANNUAI, ADDRESS.

UNITEDSTATES, Decembe~ 8, 1790. AeZZow-Citz'zens of the Senate and House of Re@resentatives: In meeting you again 1 feel much satisfaction ir1 being able to repeat my congratulations on the favorable prospects which continue to distinguish our public affairs. The abundant fruits of another year hlve blessed our country with plenty and with the means of a flourisliing comrnerce. The progress of public credit is witne-y a considerable rise of American stock abroad as well as at home, and the revenues allotted for this and other national purposes have been productive beyond the calculations by which they were regulated. This latter circumstance is tlie more pleasing, as it is not only a proof of the fertility of our resources, but as it assures us of a further increase of the national respectability and credit, and, let me add, as it bears an honorable testi- rriony to the patriotism arid iritegrity of tlie mercantile and marine part of our citizetis. The punctuality of the former in discharging their engagemetits lias beeri exemplary. In confortllity to the powers vested in me by acts of the last session, a loar1 of 3,000,000 florins, toward which sorrie provisional measures had previoiisly taken place, has been completed in Holland. As well the celerity .ivith which it has been filled as the nature of the terms (consideririg the more than ordinary demand for borrowing created by the situation of Europe) give a reaconable hope that the further execution of those powers may proceed with advantage and success. The Secretary of the Treasury has my directions to cornrnunicate sucli further particulars as may be requisite for more precise iriformation. Since your last sessions 1 have received comriiunications by which it appears that the district of Kentucky, at present a part of Virginia, has M P-vo~, 14 - 82 Messages and Pajers of fhe Presz'dents - concurred in certain propositions contained in a law of that State, in consequence of which the district is to become a distinct member of the Union, in case the requisite sanction of Congress be added. For this canction application is now made. 1 shall cause the papers on this very important transaction to be laid before you. The liberality and harmony with which it has been conducted will be found to do great honor to both the parties, and the sentiments of warm attachment to the Union and its present Government expressed by our fellow-citizens of Kentucky can not fail to add an affectionate concern for their particular welfare to the great national impressions under which you will decide on the case submitted to you. It has been heretofore known to Congres that frequent incursions have been ma& on our frontier settlements by certain banditti of Indians from the northwest side of the Ohio. These, with some of the tribes dwelling on and near the Wabash, have of late been particularly active in their depredations, and being emboldened by the impunity of their crimes and aided by such parts of the neighboring tribes as could be seduced to join in their hostilities or afford them a retreat for their prisoners and plunder, they have, instead of listening to thmane invitations and overtures made on the part of the United States, renewed their violentes with fresh alacrity and greater effect. The lives of a number of valuable -" ' ens havetfrtts been sacrificed, and some of them under circumstances peculiarly shocking, whilst others have been carried into a deplorable captivity. These aggravated provocations rendered it esential to the safety of the Western settlements that the aggressors should be made sensible that the Government of the Union is not less capable of punishing their crimes than it is disposed to respect their rights and reward their attachments. As this object could not be efiected by defensive measures, it became necessary to put in force the act which empowers the President to cal1 out the militia for the protection of the frontiers, and 1 have accordingly authorized an expedition in which the regular troops in that quarter are combined with such drafts of militia as were deemed sufficient. The event of the measure is yet unknown to me. The Secretary of War is directed to lay before you a statement of the information on which it is founded, as well as an estimate of the expense with which it will be attended. The disturbed situation of Europe, and particularly the critica1 posture of the great maritime powers, whilst it ought to make us the more thankful for the general peace and security enjoyed by the United States, reminds us at the same time of the circumspection with which it becomes us to preserve these blessings. It requires also that we should not over- look the tendency of a war, and even of preparations for a war, among the nations most concerned in active commerce with this country to abridge the rneans, and thereby at least enhance the price, of transport- ing its valuable productions to their proper markets. 1 recommend it to your serious reflections how far and in what mode it may be expedient to guard against embarrassments from these contingencies by such encouragements to our own navigation as will render our commerce and agriculture less dependent on foreign bottoms, which may fail us in the very moments most interesting to both of these great objects. Our fisheries and the traiisportation of our own produce offer us abundant means for giiarding ourselves against this evil. Your attention seems to be not les due to that particular branch of our trade which belongs to the Mediterranean. So many circumstances unite in rendering the present state of it distressful to us that you will not think any deliberations misemployed which may lead to its relief and protection. The laws you have already passed for the establishment of a judiciary system have opened the doors of justice to al1 descriptions of persons. Yoii will consider in your wisdom whether improvements iri that system may yet be made, and particularly whether an uniform process of execution on senteuces issuíng from the Federal courts be not desirable through al1 the Statss, The patronage of our commerce, of our merchants and seamen, has called for tlie appointment of consuls in foreign countries. It seems expedient to regulate by law the zxercise of that jurisdiction and thoce functions which are permitted them, either by express convention or by a friendly indulgence, in the places of their residence. The consular corivention, too, with His Most Christian Majesty has stipulated in certain cases tlie aid of the national authority to his consuls established liere. Some legislative provision is requisite to carry these stipulations into full effect. The establishment of the rnilitia, of a mint, of standards of weights and measures, of the post-office and post-roads are subjects which 1 presume you will resunie of course, and which are abundantly urged by their own importante. Genfleemen of fhe House of Refivesenfafives: The sufficiency of the revenues you have established for the objects to which they are appropriated leaves no doubt that the residuary provisions will be commensurate to the other objects for wliich the public faith stands now pledged. Allow me, moreover, to hope that it will be a favorite policy with you, not merely to secure a payment of tlie interest of the debt fuiided, but as far and as fast as tlie growing resources of the country will permit to exonerate it of tlie principal itself. The appro-- priation you have made of the Wecteru land explairis your dispositions on this subject, and 1am persuaded that the sooner that valuable fund can be rnadc to contribute, alorig witli other meatis, to the actual reduction of the piiblic debt the more salutary will the measure be to every public interest, as well as the more satisfactory to our constituents. 84 Messages and Pa#ers oftk Fresz'dents GentZenzen of flle Senate and Nouse of Re#resenfatives: In pursuing the various and weighty business of the present session 1 indulge the fullest persuasion that your consultations will be equally marked with wisdom and animated by the love of your country. In whatever belongs to my duty you shall have al1 the cooperation which an imdiminished zeal for its welfare can inspire. It will be happy for us both, and our best reward, if, by a successful administratioñ of our respective trusts, we can make the established Government more and more instrumental in promoting the good of our fellow-citizens, and more and more the object of their attachment and confidence. GQ WASHINGTON.

ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

The PRESIDENToF THE UNITEDSTATES OF AMERICA: We receive, sir, with particular satisfaction the cominunications contained in your speech, which confirm to us the progressive- state of the public credit and afford at the same time a new proof of the solidity of the foundation on which it rests; and we cheerfully join in the acknowledgment which-to the probity and patriotism of the mercantile and marine part of our fellow-citizens, whose enlightened attachment to the principies of good government is not less conspicuous in this than it has been in other impoflarit respects. In confidence that every constitutional preliminary has been observed, we assure you of our disposition to concur in giving the requisite sanction to the admission of Kentucky as a distinct member of the Union; in doing which we shall anticipate the happy effects to be expected from the sentiments of attachment toward the Union and its present Govern- ment which have been expressed by the patriotic inhabitants of that district. While we regret that the continuance and increase of the hostilities and depredations which have distressed our Northwestern frontiers should have rendered offensive measures necessary, we feel an entire confidence iu the sufficiency of the motives which have produced them and in the wisdom of the dispositions which have been concerted in pursuance of the powers vested in you, and whatever may have been the event, we shall cheerfully concur in the provisions which the expedition that has been undertaken may require on the part of the Legislature, and in any otlier which the future peace and safety of our frontier settlements may cal1 for. The critica1 posture of the European powers will engage a due portion of our attention, and we shall be ready to adopt any measures which a prudent circumspection may suggest for the preservation of the blessings of peace. The navigation and the fisheries of the United States are objects too interesting not to inspire a disposition to promote them by a11 the ineans which shall appear to us consistent with their natural progress and permanent prosperity. Impressecl with the importance of a free intercourse witli the Mediter- ranean, we shall not think any deliberations inisemployed which may conduce to the adoption of proper measures for removing the impedi- - ments that obstruct it. The irriprovement of the judiciary system and the otlier important objects to whicli you have pointed our attention will not fail to engage the cousideration tliey respectively merit. Iu the course of our deliberations upon every subject we shall rely upon that cooperation which an undiminished zeal arid incessant arixiety f~rt!ie public welfare ou your part so thoroughly insure; and as it is our anxious clcsire so it shall be oiir coristant endeavor to render the cstablishecl Government more arid more iristrumental in promoting the goocl o: our fellow-citizens, ancl niore and iiiore the object of their attachmerit and confidence. D~c~ninEii10, 1790. -

REPLY OF TIIE PRESIDENT. GENTLEILIXN:Tliese assiirarices of favorable attention to the subjects 1 have recornmended and of eritire confidence in my views rnake tlie impression on rne which 1 ouglit to feel. 1 thank you for them both, ancl shall continile to rely much for the success of al1 our measures for tlie piiblic good on the aid they will receive from the wisdom and integ- nty of your couricils. GS> WASHINGTON. Dac~~nrl~13, 1790.

ADDRESS 01' THE IIOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASIIINGTON, PRESIIIENT OF THE UNITED STATES. SIR:The Representatives of the people of the United States have taken iiito consicleratioii your address to the two Houses at the opening of the present session of Congress. We share in the satisfaction inspired by the prospects which continue to be so auspicious to oiir piiblic affairs. The blessings resulting from the srniles of Heaven on our agriculture, the rice of public credit, with the furtlier advantages promised by it, and the fertility of resources which are found so little burdensome to the coinmunity, fully authorize our mutual congratulations on the present occasion. Nor can we learn with- ont a11 aclclitiorial gratificatioii that the energy of the laws for providing adeqiiate reveniles have been so honorably seconded by those classes of citizens whose patriotism and probity were more immediately concerned.

Geokge Washington - *7 the other subjects iinfinished at the last seccion, and shall proceed in them with al1 the dispatch which the magnitude of al1 and the difficulty of some of them will allow. Nothing has given us more satisfaction than to find that the revenues heretofore established have proved adequate to the purposes to which they were allotted. In extending the provision to the residuary objects it will be equally our care to secure sufficiency and puuctuality in the payments dile from the Treasury of the United States. We shall also never lose sight of the policy of diminishing the piiblic debt as fast as the iricrease of the public resources will permit, and are particularly sensible of the many considerations which press a resort to the auxiliary resource furnished by the public lands. In pursuing every branch of the weighty business of the present sessiori it will be our constant study to direct our deliberations to the public welfare. Whatever our success may be, we can at least answer for the fervent love of our country, which ought to animate our endeavors. In your cooperation we are sure of a resource which fortifies our hopes that the fruits of the established Government will justify the confidence which has been placed in it, and recommend it-e and more to the affection aud attachment of our fellow-citizeus.

DECEMBER11, 1790.

7 REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT.

GENTLEMEN:The sentiments expressed in your address are entitled to my particular acknowledgment. Having no object but the good o£ our country, this testimony of approbation and confideuce from its immediate Representatives must be among niy best rewards, as the support of your enlightened patriotism has beeu among my greatest encouragenients. Being persuaded that you will continue to be actuated by the sanle auspicious principie, 1 look forward to the happiest consequences from your deliberations during the present sessiou. GQ WASHINGTON.

SPECIAL MESSAGES.

UNITBD STATES,Decembcv 23, 1790. Gentlemen of the Senate and Nouse ofRe@resentati~~s: It appearitig by the report of the secretary o£ tlie governmetit northwest of the Ohio that there are certairi cases respecting grauts of land within that territory which require the interference of the Legislature of 88 Messapes and Pajevs oftlie PvesUEents the United States, 1 have directed a copy of said report and the papers therein referred to t~ be laid before you, together with a copy of the report of the Secretary of State upon the same subject. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,December 30,1790. Gentlemen of tke Senate und House of Representatives: 1 lay before you a report of the Secretary of State on the subject o£ the citizens of the United States in captivity at Algiers, that you may provide on their behalf what to you shall seem most expedient. GP WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,January 3, r79r. Gentlemen of tke Senafe and Wouse of Reflresentatives: 1lay before you a copy of an exemplified copy of an act passed by the legislature of the State of New Jersey for vesting in the United States 5-- of America the -iurisdiction of a lot of land at Sandy Hook. in the county- of Monmouth, and a copy of a letter which accompanied said act, from the trovernor of the State of New .Jersey- to the President of the United - - States. 7- Go WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATZS,January r7, r79r. Gentlemen of tñe Senate and House of Representatives: 1 lay before you an official statement of the appropríation of $ro,ooo, granted to defray the contingent expenses of Government by an act of the 26th March, 1790. A copy of two resolutions of the legislature of Virginia, and a petition of sundry officers and assignees of officers and soldiers of the Virginia line on continental establishment, on the subject of bounty lands allotted to them on the northwest side of the Ohio; and A copy of an act o£ the legislature of Maryland to empower the wardens of the port of Baltimore to levy and collect the duty therein mentioned. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,January 17, 1791. Genflemen of tñe Senate: A 1lay before you a letter from His Most Christian Majesty, addressed to the President and Members of congress of the United States of America. - GQ WASHINGTON. George Washington 89 To uuv vevy deavfdends and aZLies, Lhe Presideal andMem6evs of the Geneval Con- gress of Lhe United States of Nodh America. VERY DEAR GREAT FRIENDS AND ALWES: We have received the letter by which you inform us of the new mark of confidence that you have shown to Mr. Jefferson, and which puts a period to his appointment of minister plenipotentiary at our Court. The manner in which he conducted during his residence with us has merited our esteem and entire approbation, and it is with pleasure that we now give him this testimony of it. - It is with the most sincere pleasure that we embrace this opportunity of renewing these assurances of regard and friendship which we feel for the United States in general and for each of them in particular. Under their infliience we pray God that He will keep you, very dear friends and allies, under His holy and beneficent protection. Done at Paris this 11th September,- 1793. Your good frierid and ally, LOUIS. MONTMORIN. [SEAL.] The UNITEDSTATES OS NORTH AMERICA.

I lay before you a representation of the chargé d'affaires of France, made by order of his Court, on the acts of Congress of the 20th of July, 1789 and wi-mposing an extra tonnage on foreign vessels, riot excepting those of that cóuntry, together with the report of the Secretary of Strrte thereori, and 1 recommend the same to your consideration, that 1 may be enabled to give to it such answer as may best comport with the justice and the interests of the United States. G? WASHINGTON.

DOCUMENTS. JANUARY18, 179L The Secretary of State having receiverl from the ctiargé d'affaires of France a note on the tonnage payable by Prench vessels in the ports of the United States, has had the same under his consideration, and thereupoil makes the following report to the President of the United States : The chargé d'affaires of France, by a note of the 13th of December, represents, by order of his Court, that they consider so much of the acts of Congress of Jiily 20, 1789 and 17go, as imposes an extraordinary tonnage on foreign vessels without excepting those of France, to be in contraventioxi of the fifth article of the treaty of amity and commerce between the two nations ; that this would have authonzed on their part a proportional modificatiori in the favors granted to the American navigation, but that his Sovereign had thought it more conformable to his principies of friendship ancl attachment to tlie United States to order him to make representations tliereori, anrl to ask iri favor of French vessels a modification of the acts which inipose aii extraordinary toilnage o11 foreigri vessels. The Secretary of State, in giving in this paper to the President of the United Stzttes, tliinks it liis cluty to accoinpaiiy it with the following observatioiis : Tlie third aiid fourth articles of the treaty of amity and commerce between France and tlie United States subject the vessels of each nation to pay in the ports of the other oiily such duties as are paid by the most favored nation, and give them 90 Messap and Payers of tlze Presidents reciprocally al1 the privileges and exemptions in navigation and commerce which are given by either to the most favored nations. Had the contracting parties stopped here, they would have been free to raise or lower their tonnage as they should find it expedient, only taking care to keep the other on the footing of the most favored nation. The question, then, is whether the fifth article cited in the note is anything more than an application of the principle comprised in the third and fourth to a particular object, or whether it is an additional stipulation of something not so comprised. 1. That it is merely an application of a principle comprised in the preceding articles is declared by the express words of the article, to wit: "Dans l'exemption cidessus est nommément compris," etc., "in tiae above exemption is $adicuZar& compvised, the imposition of roo sols per ton established in France on foreign vessels." Here, then, is at once an express declaration that the exemption from the duty of roo sols is comprised in the third and fourth articles; that is to say, it was one of the exemptions enjoyed by the most favored nations, and as such extended to uc by those articles. If the exemption spoken of in this íirst member of the fifth article was mmprised in the third, and fourth articles, as is expressly declared, then the reservation by France out of that exemption (which makes the second member of the same article) was also compvised; that is to say, if tiae wiaoZe was comprised, the $ad was comprised. And if this reservation of France in the second member was comprised in the third and fourth articles, then the counter reservation by the United States (which constitutes the third and last member of the same article) was also comprised, because it is but a corresponding portion of a similar whole on our part, which had been comprised by the same terms with theirs. In short, the whole article relates to a particular duty of roo sols, laid by some antecedent law o£ France on the vesselsof foreign nations, rek@shd as t&henios& favored, and consequently to us. It is not a new and additiow-ulation, then, but a declared application of the stipulations comprised in the preceding articles to a particular case by way of greater caution. The doctrine laid down generally in the third and fourth articles, and exempliñed specially in the fifth, amounts to this: "The vessels of the most favored nations coming from foreign ports are exempted from the duty of IOU sols; therefore you are exempted from it by the third and fourth articles. The vessels of the most favored nations coming coastwise pay that duty; therefore you are to pay itby the third and fourth articles. We shall not think it unfriendly in you to laya like duty on coasters, because it will be no more than we have done ourselves. You are free also to lay that or any other duty on vessels coming from foreign ports, provided they apply to al1 other nations, even the most favored. We are free to do the same under the same restrictiou. Our exempting you from a duty which the most favored nations do not pay does not exempt you from one which they do pay." In this view, it is evident that the fifth article neither enlarges nor abridges the stipulations of the third and fourth. The effect of the treaty would have beea precisely the same had it been omitted altogether; consequently it may be truly said that the reservation by the United States in this article is completely useless. - And it may be added with equal tmth that the equivalent reservation by France is completely useless, as well as her previous ahandonment of the same duty, and, in short, the wbole article. Each party, then, remains free to raise or lower its tonnage, provided the change operates on al1 nations, even the most favored. Without undertaking to affirm, we may obviously conjecture that this article has been inserted on the part of the United States from an overcaution to guard, nom- mémcnf, by name, against a particular aggrievance, which tliey thought they could never be too well secured against; and that has happened which generally hap- pens-doubts -have been produced by the too great number of words used to prevent doubt. 11. The Court of Prance, however, understands this article as intended to introduce something to which the preceding articles had not reached, and not merely as an application of them to a particular case. Their opinion seems to be founded on the general rule in the construction of instruments, to leave no words merely useless A for which any rational meaning can be found. They say that the reservation by the United States of a right to lay a duty equivalent to that of the ~oosols, reserved by France, would have been completely useless if they were left free by the preceding articles to lay a tonnage to any extent whatever; consequently, that the reservation of a part proves a relinqiiishment of the residue. If conie meaning, and such a one, is to be given to the last member of the article, sonie riieaning, and a similar one, must be given to the corresponding member. If the reservation by the United States of a right to lay an equivalent duty implies a relinquishment of their riglit to lay any other, the reservation by France of a right to continue the specified duty to which it is an equivalent must imply a relinquishment of the right on her part to lay or continue any other. Equivalent reservations by both must imply equivalent restrictions on both. The exact reciprocity stipulated in the preceding articles, and which pervades every part of the treaty, insures a couiiter right to each party for every right ceded to the other. Lct it be further consiclered that the duty called fonnage in the Vnited States is iti lieu of the duties for anchorage, for the support of buoys, beacoiis, and light-houses, to pide the mariner into harbor and along the coast, which are provided and supported at the expense of the United States, and for fees to measurers, weighers, gaugers, ctc., who are paid by the United States, for which articles, amomany others (light-house money excepted), duties are paid by us in the ports of Prance nnder their specific names. That Government has hitherto thought these duties consistent with the treaty ,&consequently the same duties under a general instead of specific names, with us, mustbeoqually consistent with it. It is not the name, but the thing, which is essential. If we have renounced the right to lay any port duties, they must be understood to have equally renounced that of either laying new or continuing the old. If we ought to refund the port duties received from their vessels since the date of tlie act of Congress, they should refund the port duties they havc received from our vessels since the date of the treaty, for nothing short of this is thc reciprocity of the treaty. If this construction be adopted, then cach party has forever renounced the right of laying any duties ori the vessels of the other coming from any foreign port, or more than xoosols on those coming coastwise. Could this relinquishment be confined to the two coritracting parties alone, theunited States would be the gainers, for it is well known that a much greater number of American than of French vessels are employed in the comrnerce between the two countries; but the exemption once conceded by the one nation to the other becotnes immediately the property of al1 othcrs who are on the footing of the most favored nations. It is true that those others woiild be obliged to yield the same compensation, that is to say, to receive our vessels diity free. Whether we sliould gain or lose in the exchange of the iiieasure with them is riot easy to say. Another consequence of this constructioii will be tliat the vessels of the most favored nations paying no duties will be on a better footing than those of natives which pay a moderate duty; consequeritly either the duty on these also must be given up or they will be supplanted by foreign vessels in our own ports. Tlie resource, then, of duty 0x1 vessels for the purposes either of revenue or regulation will be forever lost to both. It is hardly conceivable that either party looking forward to al1 these corisequences would see their interest in them. 111. Biit if Frauce persists in claiming this exemption, what is to be done? The claiui, irideecl, is couched iri mild ancl friendly ternis; but tlie idea leaks out that a refusal would authorize them to modify proportionaiiy the favors granted by the 92 Messages and Papers of the PreszSZdents same article to our navigation. Perhaps they may do what we should feel much more severely, they may turn their eyes to the favors granted us by their arrets of December 29,1787, and December 7,1788, which hang on their will alone, unconnected with the treaty. Those arrets, among other advantages, admit our whale oils to the exclusion of that of al1 other foreigners. And this monopoly procures a vent for seven-twelfths of the produce of that fishery, which experience has taught us could find no other market. Near two-thirds of the produce of our cod fisheries, too, have lately found a free vent in the colonies of France. This, indeed, has been an irreg- ularity growing out of the anarchy reigning in those colonies. Yet the demands of the colonists, even of the Government party among them ( if an auxiliary disposition can be excited by some marks of friendship and distinction on our part), may p-rhaps produce a constitutional concession to them to procure their provisions at the cheapest market ; that is to say, at ours. Considering the value of the interests we have at stake aud considering the small- ness of difference between foreign and native tonnage on French vessels alone, it might perl~apsbe thought advisable to make the sacnfice asked, and especially - if it can be so done as to give no title to other the most favored nations to claim it. If the act should put French vessels on the footing of those of natives, and declare it to be in consideration of tlie favors granted us by the arrets of December 29, 1787, and Dccember 7, 1788 (and perhaps this woulci catisfy them), no nation could then demand the same favor without offering an equivalent compensation. It might strengthen, too, the tenure by which those arrets are held, which must be precarious so loiig as they are gratuitous. It is desirable in many instances to exchange mutual advantages by legislative acts rather than by treaty, because the former, though understood to be in consideration of each other, and therefore greatly respected, yet when they become too incon-p venient can be dropped at the will of either party; whereas stipulations by -y- are b%ve~irrevocable but by joint consent, let a change of circumstances render them ever so burdensome. On the whole, if it be the opinion that the first construdion is to be insisted on as ours, in opposition to the second urged by the Court of France, and that no relaxation is to be admitted, an answer shall be given to that Court defending that construction, and explaining in as friendly terms as possible the difficulties opposed to the exemption they claim. 2. If it be the opinion that it is advantageoiis for us to close with France in her interpretation of a reciprocal and perpetua1 exemption from tonnage, a repeal of so much of tlie tonnage law will be the answer. 3. If it be thought better to waive rigorous and nice discussions of right and to make the modification an act of friendship and of compensation for favors received, the passage of such a bill will then be the answer. TH: JEFFERSON.

L. G. Otto Lo thc Secretary of State. PHILADELPHIA,Decembet. 13, 1790. SIR: During the long stay yon made in France you had opportunities of being satisfied of the favorable dispositions of His Majesty to render permatient the ties that united the two nations and to give stability to the treaties of alliance and of commerce which form the basis of this union. These treaties were so well main- taitiecl by the Congress formed under the ancient Confederatioti that they thought it their duty to interpose their authority whenever aiiy laws made by individual States appeared to infringe their stipulations, and particularly in 1785, when the States of New Hampshire and of Mascadiusetts had imposed an extraordinary tonnage on foreign vessels without exempting those of the French nation. The reflections that 1 have the honor to address to you in the subjoined note being founded on the same pririciples, 1 flatter myself that they will merit on the part of the Government of the United States the most serious attentiori. 1 am, with respect, etc., - L. G. OTTO.

[Translation.] L. C. Otto .?o Zhe Secretavy of Stafe. PHILADELPHIA,Dece?n6er 13,1790. NoT~.-'i?he underwritten, charge d'affaires of France, has received the express order of his Court to represent to the United States that the act passed by Congress the 20th JuIy, 1789, and renewed the 20th July of the present year, which imposes an extraordinary toniiage on foreign vessels without excepting French vessels, is directly contrary to tlie spirit and to the object of the treaty of commerce which xinites the two nations, and of which His Majesty has not only scrupulously observed tlie tenor, but of wliich he has extended the advantages by many regulations very favorable to the corrimerce and navigatioi~of the ~nited'states. By tbe fifth article of tliis treaty the citizens of these States are declared exempt frorn tlie tonnage duty imposed in France o11 foreign vessels, and they are not subject to tliat duty but in the coasting business. Congress has reserved the privilege of establishing a dufyequivatent fo this Last, a stipulation founded on the state in wliich r niatters were in Arnerica at the time of tlie signature of tlie treaty. There did iiot exist at that epocli ariy duty ori tonrrage iri tlie Utiited States. It is evident that it was tlie noriexistence of this dnty ancl the motive of a perfect reciprocity stipulatecl in thc preamble of rwthat liad cletermined the King to grant the exemptioti coiitairied in the article fifth; and a proof that Congress had no inteiitiori to contraverie tliis reciprocity is that it onZy resevves a pGviZege of esZa6- Zishin~on the coasZi7g business a duiy equivazent Zo that which is Zevied in France. This reservation woiild have been corripletely useless if by tlie words of the treaty Congress thought themselves at liberty to lay any tonnage they should think proper on Frerich vessels. The undersigned has tlie honor to observe that this contravention of the fifth article of the treaty of conimerce might llave authorized His Majesty to modify proportionately tlie favors grarited by the sarrie article to the Anierican navigation ; but the King, always faitliful to the principlcs of frienclship aii

L. G. Ofto to the Secretary of Stafe. NEw YORK,Januavy 8, 1791. His Excellency M. JRFPF.RSON, Sc-r>-eLaryof Siate. SIR: 1 have the honor lierewiüi to seiicl you a letter from tlie King to Congress, - and one wliicli 31. de Montmorin has written to yourself. You will fina therein the 94 iMessages and Pa9er.s of the R-esidents sincere sentiments with which you have inspired our Government, and the regret of the minister in not having a more near relation of correspondence with you. In these every person who has had the advantage of knowing you in France participates. At the same time, it gives me paiu, sir, to be obliged to announce to you that the complaints of our merchants on the subject of the tonnage duty increase, and that they have excited not ouly the attention of the King but that of several departments of the Kingdom. 1 have received new orders to request of the United States a decision on this matter and to colicit in favor of the aggrieved merchants the restitution of the duties which have already been paid. 1earnestly beg of you, sir, not to lose sight of an object which, as 1 have already had the honor to te11 you verbally, is of the greatest importance for cementing the future commercial connections between the two nations. In more particularly examining this question you will perhaps find that motives of convenience are as powerful as those of justice to engage the United States to give to His Majesty the satisfaction which he requires. At least twice as many ~mericanvesseIs enter the ports of France as do those of France the ports of America. The exemption of the tonnage of duty, then, is evidently less advanta- geous for the French than for the navigators of the United States. Be this as it may, 1 can assue you, sir, that the delay of a decision in this respect by augmenting the just complaints of the French merchants will only augment the difficulties. 1 therefore beg of you to enable me before the sailing of the packet, which will take place toward the last of this month, to give to my Court a satisfactory answer. 1 have the honor to be, etc., L. G. OTTO.

- UNITEDSTATES, January 24, r79r. GenfZemen of ihe Senate and House of Rejresentafives: 1 lay before you a statement relative to the frontiers of the United States, which has been submitted to me by the Secretas. for the Depart- ment of War. 1rely upon your wisdom to make such arrangements as may be essen- tia1 for the preservation of good order and the effectual protection of the frontiers. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, January 24, 1791. GenfZemen of the Senate and House of Represenfafives: In execution of the powers with which Congres were pleased to invest me by their act entitled "An act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of Government of the United States," and on mature consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the several posi- tions within the limits prescribed by the said act, 1 have by a proclamation bearing date this day (a copy of which is herewith transmitted) directed commissioners, appointed in pursuance of the act, to survey and limit a part of the territory of lo miles square on both sides of the river Potomac, so as to comprehend Georgetawn,- in Maryland, and extend to the Eastern Branch. GGeoygeWashington 95 1 have not by this first act given to the said territory the whole extent of which it is susceptible in the direction of the river, because 1 thought it important that Congress should have an opportunity of considering whether by an amendatory law they would authorize the location of the residue at the lower encl of the present, so as to comprehend the Eastern Branch itself and some of the country on its lower side, in the State of Maryland, and the town of Alexandria, in Virginia. If, however, they are of opinion that the Federal territory should be bounded by the water edge of the Eastern Branch, the location of the residue will be to be made at the upper end of what is now directed. I have thought best to await a survey of the territory before it is decided on what particular spot on the uortheastern side of the river the public buildings shall be erected. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, january 26, r79r. Genflmenof the Senafe and Nouse of Re@resenfafives: 1 lay before you the copy of a letter from the President of the National Assembly of France to the President of the United States, and of a decree of that ~ssembl~,which was transmitted with the ibve-mentioned letter.

UNITEDSTATES, January 27, r79r. Genilemen of the Senafe and Nouse ofRe$~esenfatfves: In order that you may be fully informed of the situation of the frontiers and the prospect of hostility in that quarter, 1 lay before you the intelligence of some recent depredatioris, received since my message to you upon this subject of the 24th instant. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, February 9, r79r. Genflemen of fhe Senafe and Ho7~seof Re#~esenfafives: 1 have received from the governor of Vermont authentic documents, expressing the consent of the legislatures of New York and of the Tem- tory of Vermont that the said Territory shall be admitted to be a distinct member of our Union; and a memorial of Nathaniel Chipman and Lewis R. Morris, con~niissionersfrom the said Territory, praying tlie consent of Congress to that admission, by the name and style of the State of Ver~nont,copies of which 1 now lay before Congress, with whom the Constitution has vested the object of these proceedings. GQ WASHINGTON. 96 Me,,ages and Pajers of ¿he Presidents

UNITED STÁTBS,February r4, r79r. GenfZemen of fhe Senafe and Nouse of Represenfafives: Soon after 1 was called to the administration of the Government 1 found it important to come to an understanding with the Court of London on several points interesting to the United Stdtes, and particularly to know whether they were disposed to enter into arrangements by mutual consent which might fix the commerce between the two nations on principles of reciprocal advantage. For this purpose 1 authorized informal conferences with their ministers, and from these 1 do not infer any disposition on their part to enter into any arrangements merely commercial. 1 have thought it proper to give you this information, as it might at some time have influence 0x1 matters under your consideration. G? WASHINGTON.

Conceiving that in the posible event of a refusal of justice on the part of Great Britain we should stand less committed should it be made to a private rather than to a public person, 1 employed Mr. Gouverneur Morris, who was on the spot, auhvithout giving him any definite character, to enter informally into thderences before mentioned. For your more particular information 1 lay before you the instructions 1 gave him and those parts of his communications wherein the British ministers appear either in conversation or by letter. These are two letters from the Duke of Leeds to Mr. Morris, and three letters of Mr. Morris giving an account of two conferences with the Duke of Leeds and one with him and Mr. Pitt. The sum of these is that they declare without scruple they do not mean to fulfill what remains of the treaty of peace to be fulfilled on their part (by which we are to understand the delivery of the posts and payment for property carried off) ti11 performance on our part, and compensation where the delay has rendered the performance now impracticable; that ori the subject of a treaty of commerce they avoided direct answers, so as to satisfy Mr. Morris they did not mean to enter into one unless it could be extended to a treaty of , alliance offensive and defensive, or unless in the event of a rupture with Spain. As to the sending a minister liere, they made excuses at the first conference, seemed disposed to it in the second, and in the last express an intention of so doing. Tlieir views being thus sufficiently nscertained, 1 have directed Mr. Morris to discoutinue his communications with them. G9 WASHINGTON. George Washzitgton 97

UNITED STATES,Feóruary 18, r79r. GenfLema of fhe Senafe: The aspect of affairs in Burope during the last sumnier, and especially between Spaiii and Bngland, gave reason to expect a favorable occasion for pressing to accommodation the unsettled matters between them and us. Mr. Carmichael, our chargé d'affaires at Madrid, having been long absent from his country, great changes having taken place in our circuni- starices and sentiments during that interval, it was thought expedient to serid some person, in a private cliaracter, fully acquainted witli the present state o: things here, to be the bearer of writteri axid corifidential iristnictions to him, and at the saine time to possess him in full and freqiierit conversations of al1 those details of facts and topics of argiimexit tvl-iicli could uot be conveyed in writing, but tvliicli would be necessary to enable him to nieet the reasonings of that Court with advantage. Colonel David Humphreys was tlierefore sent for these purposes. Aii additioilal motive for this confidential missiori arose in the saine qiiarter. Tlie Coiirt of Lisbon had on severa1 occasions made the most amicable advances for cultiirating friendsliip ancl ixitercourse with the United States. The exchange of a diplomatic character liad been inform- xlly, but repeatedly, suggested on their part. It was our interest to lneet this nation in its friendly dispositions and to concur in tlie excbange proposed. But my wisli was at the same time that the cliaracter~- exchanged should be of the lowest and most econornical grade. To this- it was known that certain rules of long standing at that Court would produce obstacles. Colonel Humphreys was chargeci with dispatches to the prime niinister of Portugal and with instructions to erideavor to arrange tliis to our views. It happened, however, that previous to his arrival at L,isboii the Queen 11ad appointed n ininister residenf to the United States. Tliis embarrassnlent seems to have rendered tlie difficulty cornplctely insurxnountable. Tlie niinister of tliat Court in liis conferences with Colonel Humphreys, professing every wish to accommodate, yet expresses liis regrets that circumstances do not permit them to concur in tlie grade of chargé d'affaires, a grade of little privilege or respectability by the rules of tlieir Court and held ir1 so loxv estimatioxi with theni that no proper character would accept it to go abroad. Iti a letter to the Sec- retary of State Iie expresses the sanle sentiments, and announces the appointment oii their part of a ininister rcsident to the United States, and the pleasure witli which tlie Queen will receive one from us at lier Court. Acopy of his letter, and also of Colonel Humphreys's giving tlie details of this transactiori, will be delivered to you. On consideration of al1 circumstances 1have determined to accede to the desire of the Court of Lisbon in the article of grade. 1 am aware that the consequences tvill iiot end here, xnd that this is iiot the only iristance iu wliich a like change may be pressed. But should it be necessary 9 Message~and Paers ofthe Presidents to yield elsewhere also, 1 shall think it a less evil than to disgust a government so friendly and so interesting to us as that of Portugal. 1 do not mean that the change of grade shall render the mission more expensive. 1 have therefore nominated David Humphreys minister resident from the United States to Her Most Faithful Majesty the Queen of Portugal. - GO WASHINGTON.

1 will proceed to take measures for the ransom of our citizens in captivity at Algiers, in conformity with your resolution of advice of the 1st instant, so soon as the moneys necessaryshall be appropriated by the Legislature and shall be in readiness. The recognition of our treaty with the new Emperor of Morocco requires also previous appropriation and provision. The importante of this last to the liberty and property of our citizens induces me to urge it on your earliest attention. - GO WASHINGTON. UNITED STATES,Fe6ruary 23, 1791. GenfZemen of fhe Senafe: - Information having been received from Thomas Auldjo, who was - appointed vice-consul of the United States at Cowes, in Great Britain, - that his commission has not been recognized by that Government because it is a port at which no foreign consul has yet been received, and that it has been intimated to him that his appointment to the port of Poole and parts nearer to that than to the residence of any other consul of the United States would be recognized and his residence at Cowes not noticed, 1 have therefore thought it expedient to nominate Thomas Auldjo to be vice-consul for the United States at the port of Poole, in Great Britain, and such parts within the- allegiance of His Britannic Majesty as shall be nearer thereto than to the residence of any other consul or vice-consul of the United States within the same allegiance. 1 also nominate James Yard, of Pennsylvania, to be consul for the United States in the island of Santa Cruz and such other parts within the allegiance of His Danish Majesty as shall be nearer theret~than to the residence of any other consul or vice-consul of the United States within the same allegiance. GQ WASHINGTON.

The act for the adtnission of the State of Vermont into this Union having fixed on this as the day of its admission, it was thought that this would also be the first day on which any officer of the Union might George Washington 99 legally perform any act of authority relating to that State. 1 therefore required your attendance to receive nominations of the several officers necessary to put the Federal Government into lnotion in that State.* For this purpose 1 nomiuate Nathaniel Chipman to be judge of the district of Vermont; Stephen Jacobs to be attorney for the United States in tl~edistrict of Vermont; Lewis R. Moms to be marshal of the district of Vermont, alid Stephen Keyes to be collector of the port of Allburgh, in the of Vermout. State GQ WASHINGTON

Pursuant to the powers vested in me by the act entitled "An act repealing after the last day of June next the duties lieretofore laid upon distilled spirits imported from abroad and laying others in their stead, atld also upon spirits d;stilled within the United States, and for appropriating the same," 1 have thought fit to divide the United States into the following districts, namely:

The district of New Hampshire, to consist of the State of New Hamp-- shire; the district of Massachusetts, to consist of the State of Massacliu- cetts; the district of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, to consist of tlie State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations; the district of Corinecticut, to consist of the State of Connecticut; the district of Ver- - mont, to consist of the State of Vermont; tlie district of New York, to consist of the State of New York; the district of New Jersey, to consist of the State of New Jersey; the district of Pennsylvania, to consist of the State of Pennsylvania; the district of Delaware, to consist of the State of Delaware; the district of Maryland, to consist o€ the State of Marylarid; the district of Virginia, to consist of the State of Virginia; the district of Nortli Carolina, to consist of the State of North Carolina; the district of Soiith Carolina, to consist of the State of South Carolina; and the district of Georgia, to consist of the State of Georgia. Aiid 1 hereby nominate as supervisors of the said districts, respectively, the following persons, viz: For the district of New Hampshire, Joshua Wentworth; for the district of Massacliiisetts, Nathaniel Gorham; for the district of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, John S. Dexter; for the district of Connecticut, Johil Chester; for the district of Vermont, Noah Smith; for the district of New York, William S. Smith; for the district of New Jersey, Aaron Dunham; for the district of Pennsylvania, George Clymer; for the district of Delaware, Henry Latimer; for the district of Maryland, George Gale; for tlie district of Virginia, Edward Carnngton; for the district of North Carolina, William Polk; for the district of South Caro- liua, Daniel Steveus; for the district of Georgia, John Mathews. GQ WASHINGTON. *For proclamation convening Senate in ertmydinary session see p. 97. 100 Messages and Pqbers ofthe Presz'dents

PROCLAMATIONS.

[From a broadside in the archives of the Department of State.] BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMXRICA. A PROCLAMATION. - Whereas the general assembly of the State of Maryland, by an act passed on the 23d day of December, A. D. 1788, intituled "An act tb cede to Congress a district of 10 miles square in this State for the seat of the Government of the United States," did enact that the Representatives of the said State in the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, appointed to assemble at New York on the first Wednes- day of March then next ensuing, should be, and they were thereby, authorized and required on the behalf of the said State to cede to the Congress o£ the United States any district in the said State not exceeding 10 miles square which the Congress might fix upon and accept for the seat of Government of the United States; And the general assembly of the Comntenwealth of Virginia, by an act passed on the 3d day of December, 1789, and intituled "An act for the cession of 10 miles square, or any lesser quantity, of territory within tm=teo the United States in Congress assembled, for tlie permanent seat of the General Government," did enact that a tract of country not exceeding 10 miles square, or any lesser quantity, to be located within the limits of the said State, and in any part thereof, as Congress might by law direct, should be, and the same was thereby, forever ceded 2nd relinquished to the Congress and Government of the United States, in full and absolute right and exclusive jurisdiction, as well of soil as of persons residing or to reside thereon, pursuant to the tenor and effect of the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution of Government of the United States; And the Congress of the United States, by their act passed the 16th day of July, 1790, and intituled "An act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States," authorized the President of the United States to appoint three commissioners to survey under his direction and by proper metes and bounds to limit a distnct of territory, not exceeding 10 miles square, on the river Potomac, at some place between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Connogo- cheque, which district, so to be located and limited, was accepted by the said act of Congress as the district for the permanent seat of the Gov- ernment of the United States: Now, therefore, in pursuance of the powers to me confided, and after duly examining aiid weighing the advantages and disadvantages of the severa1 situations within the limits aforesaid, 1 do hereby declare and make known that the location of one part of the said distnct of 10 miles square shall be found by running four lines of experiment in the - Gearge Washington 101 following manner, that is to say: Running from the court-house of Alex- andria, in Virginia, due southwest half a mile, and thence a due southeast course ti11 it shall strike Hunting Creek, to fix the beginning of the said four lines of experiment. Then beginning the first of the said four lines of experiment at the point o11 FIunting Creek where the said southeast course shall have striiclr the same, and running the said first line due northwest 10 miles; thence the sgcond line into Marylaiid due northeast 10 miles; thence the third line due southeast 10 miles, and thence tlie fourth line due southwest 10 iniles to the beginning on Hunting Creek. And the said four lines of experiment being so run, 1 do hereby declare and make kriowu that al1 that part withiri the said four lines of experiment which sl-iall be within the State of Maryland and above the Eastern Brancli, ancl al1 that part withiri the same four lines of experi- rnetit which sliall be within the Conimonwealth of Virginia and above a line to be ruri froin the point of latlcl forming the upper cape of the mouth of the Easterri Branch clue sotitliwest, and no niore, is now fixed upon and directed to be surveyed, defined, lirnited, and located for a part of ttlid district accepted by the saicl act of Congress for the permanerit seat of the Government of tlie United States (hereby expressly reserv- ing the directiori of the survey ancl locatiori of the retnaining part of the saicl district to be rilade hereafter cositiguous to such part or parts of tlie present location as is or shall be agreeable to law). - And 1 do accordingly direct the said commissioners, apptshted agreeably to the tenor of the said act, to proceed forthwith to run the said lines of experiment, and the same being run, to stirvey and by proper metes and bounds to define and liinit the part within tlie same which is hereinbefore directed for immecliate location and acceptance, and thereof to make due report to me under their liands and seals. Iu testimony whereof 1 have caused the sea1 of the United States to be affixerl to these presents and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 24th day of January, [SEAL.] A. D. 1791, and of the Independence of tlie United States the fifteetith. G9 WASHINGTON. By the President: TH: JEFFERSON.

[From n hrondside in the archives of the Department of State.] BY THE PXESIDENTOF THE UNITEDSTATES OF AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas it hath been represented to me that James O'Fallon is levying an armed force in that part of tlie State of Virginia which is called Kentucky, disturbs the public peace, and sets at defiance the treaties of the United States with the Indian tribes, the act of Congress intituled 102 Messages and Pajers of ilze Predents "An act to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes," and my proclamations of the 14th and 26th days of August last founded thereon; and it is my earnest desire that those who have incautiously acsociated themselves with the said James O'Fallon may be warned of their danger, 1 have therefore thought fit to publish this proclamation, hereby declaring that al1 persons violating the treaties and act aforesaid shall be prosecuted with the utmost rigor of the law. And 1 do, moreover, require al1 officers of the United States whom it may concern to use their best exertions to bring to justice any persons offending in the premises. In testimony whereof 1 have caused the sea1 of the United States to be affixed to these presents and signed the ame with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 19th day of March, A. D. 1791, and of the Independence of the United States the fifteenth. GP WASHINGTON. By the President: TH:JEFFERSON.

[Prom the Washington Papers (Exmtive Proceedings). vol. 20, p. 1~r.1

A PROCLAMATION. Whereas by a prodrmration bearing date the 24th day of January of this present year, and in pursuance of certain acts of the States of Mary- land and Virginia and of the Congress of the United States, therein mentioned, certain lines of experiment were directed to be run in the neighborhood of Georgetown, in Maryland, for the purpose of determining the location of a part of the territory of 10 miles square for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States, and a certain part was directed to be located within the said lines of experiment on both sides of the Potomac and above the limit of the Eastern Branch prescribed by the said act of Congress; And Congress by an amendatory act passed on the 3d day of the present month of March have given further authonty to the President of the United States " to make any part of the territory below the said limit and above the mouth of Hunting Creek a part of the said district, so as to include a convenient part of the Eastern Branch and of the lands lying on the lower side thereof, and also the town of Alexandria": Now, therefore, for the purpose of amending and completing the location of the whole of the said territory of 10 miles square in conformity with the said amendatory act of Congress, 1 do hereby declare and make known that the whole of the said territory shall be located and included within the four lines following, that is to say: Beginning at Jones's Point, being the upper cape of Hunting Creek, in Virginia, and at- an angle in the outset of 4Fdesees west of the north, George Washington - 103

and rui~ningiil a direct line 10 miles for the first line ; then beginning again at the same Jones's Point and running another direct line at a nght angle witli the first across the Potomac 10 miles for the second line; then from the terminatiori of the said first and second lines running two other direct lines of 10 miles each, the one crossing the Eastern Branch aforesaid and the other the Pototnac, aud xneetixig each other in a point. And 1 clo accordingly direct thé commissioriers tiamed under the authority of tlie said first-nientioned act of Congress to proceed forthwith to have the saicl four lines run, and by proper metes and bounds defined and limited, ancl thereof to make due report under their hands and seals; ancl the territory so to be locatecl, defined, and limited shall be the whole territory ac _epted by the said acts of Congress as the district for the pertnanent seat of the Govemment of the United States. In testimony whereof 1 have caused tlie sea1 of the United States to be affixed to these presents and signed the same with my hand. Done at Georgetown aforesaid, the 30th day of March, [SEAI..] A. D. 1791, and of the Independeuce of the United States the

fifteenth. -- . G'2 WASHINGTON.

THIRD ANNUAL ADDRESS.

UNITED STATES,Ocfo6ev 25, r79r. FeZZow- Citizcns of fhe Senate anrt of the Nouse of Re@resentatives: 1 meet you upon the present occasiou with the feelings which are naturally inspired by a strong impressiori of the prosperous situation of oiir commoti country, and by a persuasion equally strong that the labors of the session which has just commenced will, under the guidance of a spirit no less prudent than patriotic, issue in measures conducive to the stability and increase of riational prosperity. Niimerous as are the providential blessings which demand our grateful acktiowledgmetits, the abundarice with which another year has again rewarded the iridustry of the liusbandman is too iniportant to escape recollection. Your own observations in your respective sitiiations will have satisfied yoii of the progressive state of agricultiire, matiufactures, commerce, and navigatiori. In traciiig their causes yoti will have reniarked with particiilar pleasure the happy effects of that reviva1 of confidence, public as well as private, to xvhich tlie Constitiition arid laws of the Uuitecl States Iiave so eminently contributed; and you will have observed with no less interest new and decisive proofs of the increasing reputation aud credit of the nation. But you nevertheless can not fail to derive satisfaction from the confirmation of these circumstances which will be disclosed in the severa1 official communications that will be made to you in the course of your deliberations. The rapid subscriptions to the Bank of the United States, which completed the sum allowed to be subccribed in a single day, is among the striking and pleasing evidentes which present themselves, not only of confidence in the Government, but of resource in the community. In the interval of your reces due attention has been paid to the execution of the different objects which were specially provided for by the laws and resolutions of the last session. Among the most important of these is the defense and security of the Western frontiers. To accomplish it on the most humane principies was a primary wish. Accordingly, at the same time that treaties have been provisionally concluded and other proper means used to attach the wavering and to confirm in their friendship the well-dicposed tribes of Indians, effectual measures have been adopted to make those of a hostile description sensible that a pacification was desired upon terms of moderation and justice. Those measures having proved unsuccessful, it became necessary to convince the refractory of the power of the United States to punish their depredations. Offensive operations therefore been directed, to be conducted, however, as consistently~siblewith the dictates of , humanity. Some of these have been crowned with full success and others are yet depending. The expeditions which have been completed were carriedon under the authority and at the expense of the United States by the militia of Kentucky, whose enterprise, intrepidity, and good conduct are entitled to peculiar commendation. Overtures of peace are still continued to the deluded tribes, and considerable numbers of individuals belonging to them have lately renounced al1 further opposition, removed from their former situations, and placed themselves under the immediate protection of the United Statec. It is sincerely to be desired that al1 need of coercion in future may cease and that an intimate intercourse may succeed, calculated to advance the happiness of the Indians and to attach them firmly to the United States. In order to this it seems necessary- That they should experience the benefits of an impartial dispensation of justice. That the mode of alienating their lands, the main source of discontent and war, should be so defined and regulated as to obviate imposition and as far as may be practicable controversy concerning the reality and extent of tlie alienations which are made. That commerce with them should be promoted under regulations tending to secure an equitable deportment toward them, and that such rational experiments should be made for imparting to them the blessings of civilization as may from time to time suit their condition. That the Executive of the United States should be enabled to employ the means to which the Indians have been long accustomed for uniting their immediate interests with the preservation of peace. And that efficacious provision should be made for inflicting adequate penalties upn al1 those who, by violating their rights, shall infringe the treaties and eridanger the peace of the Union. A system corresponding with the mild principles of religion and philailthropy toward an unenlightened race of men, whose happiness materially depends 0x1 the conduct of the United States, would be as honorable to the national character as conformable to the dictates of sound policy. The powers specially vested in me by the act laying certain duties on distilled spirits, which respect the subdivisions of the districts into surveys, the appoiiltment of officers, axid the assignmerit of compensations, llave likewise been carried into effect. In a matter iii which both rnate- rials and experience were wanting to guide the calculation it will be readily conceived that there must liave been di=y in such an acljust- merit of the rates of compensation as would conciliate a reasoxiable coxiipetericy with a proper regard to the limits prescribed by tlie law. It is IioppTtkit- tlie circumspectioxi ~vhichhas been used will be found in the result to have secured the last of the two objects; but it is probable that with a view to the first in some instantes a revision of the provision will be found advisable. Tlie impressions with which this law has been received by the com- xnunity have been upon the wliole such as were to be expected among enlightened aild well-disposed citizens from the propriety and necessity of the measure. The novelty, however, of the tax in a considerable part of the Uriited States arld a xnisconception of some of its provisions have given occasion in particular places to some degree of discontent; but it is satisfactory to know that this disposition yields to proper explanations and more just apprehensions of the true nature of the law, aiid 1 exitertaiu a full confidence that it will in al1 give way to motives which arise out. of a just sense of duty and a virtuous regard to the public welfare. If there are any circumstances in the law which consisten~lywith its main design may be so varied as to remove any well-intentioned objections that xxiay happeii to exist, it will consist with a wise moderation to make the proper variations. It is desirable on al1 occasions to unite with a steady and firxii adherence to constitutional and necessary acts of Government the fullest evidence of a disposition as far as may be practicable to consult the wishes of every part of the community and to lay the foundations of the public administration in tlie affections of the people. 106 Messages and PaMs ofthe Presz'dents Pursuant to the authority contained in the severa1 acts on that subject, a district of 10miles square for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States has been fixed and announced by proclamation, which district will comprehend lands on both sides of the river Potomac and the towns of Alexandria and Georgetown. A city has also been laid out agreeably to a plan which will be placed before Congress, and as there is a prospect, favored by the rate of sales which have already taken place, of ample funds for carrying on the necessary public buildings, there is every expectation of their due progress. The completion of the census of the inhabitants, for which provision was made by law, has been duly notified (excepting one inctance in which the return has been informal, and another in which it has been omitted or miscarried), and the returns of the officers who were charged with this duty, which will be laid before you, will give you the pleasing assurance that the present population of the United States borders on 4,000,oco persons. It is proper also to inform you that a further loan of 2,500,000 florins has been completed in Holland, the terms of which are similar to those of-ne last announced, except as to a small reduction of charges. Another, on like terms, for 6,000,000 florins, had been set on foot under circumstances that assured an immediate completion.

- Gentlemen of fhe Senate: Two treaties which have been provisionally concluded with the Chero- kees and Six Nations of Indians will be laid before you for your consideration and ratification.

Gentlemen of fhe Nouse of Re~resenfafives: In entering upon the discharge of your legislative trust you must anticipate with pleasure that many of the difficulties necessarily incident to the first arrangements of a new government for an extensive country have been happily surmounted by the zealous and judicious exertions of your predecessors in cooperation with the other brauch of the Legisla- ture. The importaiit objects which remain to be accomplished will, 1 am persuaded, be conducted upon principles equally comprehensive and equally weql calculated for the advancement of the general weal. The time limited for receiving subscriptions to the loans proposed by the act making provision for the debt of the United States having expired, statements from the proper department will as soon as possible apprise you of the exact result. Enough, however, is known already to afford an assiirance that the views of that act have been substailtially fulfilled. The subscription in the domestic debt of the Uilited States has embraced by far the greatest proportion of that debt, affording at - the same time proof of the general satisfaction of the public creditors George Washington 107 with the systexn which has been proposed to their acceptance and of the spirit of accommodatioti to the conveniente of the Government with which they are actuated. The subscriptions in the debts of the respective States as far as the provisions of the law have permitted may be said to be yet more general. Tíie part of the debt of the United States which remains unsubscribed will naturally engage your further deliberations. It is particularly pleasing to me to be able to announce to you that the revenues which have been established promise to be adequate to their objects, and may be permitted, if no unforeseen exigency occurs, to supersede for the preseiit the uecessity of any new burthens upon our constituerits. An object wliich will claim your early attention is a provisioti for the current service of the ensuing year, together with such ascertained demands upon the Treasury as require to be immediately discharged, and such casualties as niay have ariseii in the execution of the public business, for which no specific appropriation may have yet been made; of al1 which a proper estimate will be laid before you.

Gentlemcn af fhe Scnafe and of fhe Housr of Represenfaiiwcs: 1 sliall coiitent niyself witli a general refereuce to former communications for severa1 objects upon which the urgeucy of other affairs has hitherto postponed any definitive resolution. Their importance will recall them to your atteution, and 1 trust that tlie progress already made in the most arduous arrarigements of the Government will afford you leisiire to resume them with advantage. There are, however, some of them of which 1 can not forbear a more particular inentioil. These are the militia, the post-office and post-roads, the mint, weights and measures, a provisioii for the sale of the vacant lancls of the Unitecl States. The first is certainly an object of prirnary importance whether viewed in refererice to the natio~ialsecurity to tlie satisfaction of the community orto thepreservatiori of order. Tn connectioii with this the establishment of competeilt inagazines and arsenals and tlie fortificatiou of such places as are peculiarly important and vulnerable naturally present themselves to cotisideratioil. The safety of the Unitecl States iinder divine protection oiight to rcst ou tlie basis of systen~aticand solid arrangements, exposed as little as possible to the hazards of fortuitous circumstances. The iniportatice of the post-office and post-roads on a plan sufficiently liberal and compreherisive, as they respect the expedition, safety, and facility of communicatiori, is increased by tlieir iiistrumentality iu diffusing a knowledge of the laws and proceedings of the Government, which. wliile it coritrihutes to the security of the people, serves also to guard them against the effects of misrepresentation atid misconception. The establishment of additional cross posts, especially hsmeof the important 108 Messages and PaHof the Presidents points in the Western and Northern parts of the Union, can not fail to be of material utility. The disorders in the existing currency, and especially the scarcity of smalr change, a scarcity so peculiarly distressing to the poorer clases, strongly recommend the carrying into immediate effect the resolution already entered into concerning the establishment of a mint. Measures have been taken pursuant to that resolution for procuring some of the most necessary artists, together with the requisite apparatus. An uniformity in the weights and measures of the country is among the important objects submitted to you by the Constitution, and if it can be derived from a standard at once invariable and universal, must be no less honorable to the public councils than conducive to the public convenience. A provision for the sale of the vacant lands of the United States is - particularly urged, among other reasons, by the important considerations that they are pledged as a fund for reimbursing the public debt; that if timely and judiciously applied they may save the necessity of burthen- ing our citizens with new taxes for the extinguishment of the principal; and that being freeto discharge the principal but in a limited proportion, no opportunity ought to be lost for availing the public of its right. G9 WASHINGTON.

ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDE7 OF THE UNITED STATES.

The PRESIDENTOF THE UNITEDSTATES. SIR: The Senate of the United States have received with the highest satisfaction the asurances of public prosperity contained in your speech to both Houses. The multiplied blessings of Providence have not escaped our notice or failed to excite our gratitude. The benefits which flow frorn the restoration of public and private confidence are conspicuous and important, and the pleasure with which we contemplate them is heightened by your assurance of those further communications which shall confirm their existence and indicate their source. While we rejoice in the success of those military operations which have been directed against the hostile Indians, we lament with you the necessity that has produced them, and we participate the hope that the present prospect of a general peace on terms of moderation and justice may be wrought into complete and permanent effect, and that the measures of Govemment may equally embrace the security of our frontiers and the general interests of humanity, our solicitude to obtain which will insure our zealous attention to an object so warmly espoused by the principles of benevolence and so highly, interesting to the honor and welfare of the nation. The severa1 subjects which you have particularly recommended and those which remain of former sessions will engage our early consideration. We are encoura~~dto prosecute them with alacrity and steadines by the belief that they will interest no passion but that for the general welfare, by the assurance of concert, and by a view of those arduous and important arrangements which have been already accomplished. We observe, sir, the constancy and activity of your zeal for the public good. The example will animate our efforts to promote the happiness of our country. OCTOBER28, T791.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. GENTLEMEN:This manifestation of your zeal for the honor and the happiriess of our country derives its full value from the share which your deliberations have already had in promoting both. 1 thank you for the favorable sentiments with whicl~you view tlie part 1 have borne in the arduous trust committed to the Government --- of the United States, and desire you to be assured that al1 my zeal will contiiiue to second those furtlier efforts for the public good which are insured by the spirit iri which you are entering oti the preserit session. G9 WASHINGTON. OCTOBER31, 1791.

ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. SIR: In receiving your address at the opening of the present session the House of Representatives have taken an ample share in the feelings inspired by the actual prosperity and flattering prospects of our country, and whilst with becoming gratitude to Heaven we ascribe this happiness to the true source from which it flows, we behold with an animating pleasure the degree in which the Constitution and laws of the United States have been instrumental iii dispensing it. It yields us particular satisfaction te learn the success with which the different important measures of the Government llave proceeded, as well :hose specially provided for at the last session as those of preceding date. Tlie safety of our Western frontier, in which tlie lives and repose of so maxiy of our fellow-citizens are involved, being peculiarly interesting, youl communications on that subject are proportionally grateful to us. The gallantry and good conduct of the militia, whose services were called for, is an honorable confirmation of the efficacy of that precious resource of a free state, and we anxiously wish tliat the cousequerices of their successful enterprises and of tlie other proceedings to which you have referred may leave the United States free to pursuetlhe most benevolent policy toward the unhappy and deluded race of people in out neighborhood. The amount of the population of the United States, determined by the returns of the census, is a source of the most pleasing reflections whether it be vievred in relation to our national safety and respectability or as a prwf of that felicity in the situation of our country which favors so unexampled a rapidity in its growth. Nor ought any to be insensible to the additional motive suggested by this important fact to perpetuate the free Government established, with a wise administration of it, to a portion of the earth which promises such an increase of the number which is to enjoy those blessings within the limits of the United States. We shall proceed with al1 the respect due to your patriotic recommen- dations and with a deep sense of the trust committed to us by our fellow-citizens to take into consideration the various and important matters falling within the present session; and in discussing and deciding each we shall feel every disposition whilst we are pursuing the public welfare, which must be the supreme object with al1 our constituents, to accommodate as far as possible the means of attaining it to the sentiments and wishes of every par-em. OCTOBER27, 1791. , REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. GENTLEMEN:The pleasure 1 derive from an assurance of your attention to the objects 1 have recommendeci to you is doubled by your concurrente -. in the testimony 1 have borne to the prosperous condition of our public affairs. Relying on the sanctions of your enlightened judgment and on your patriotic aid, 1 shall be the more encouraged in al1 my endeavors for the public weal, and particularly in those which may be required on my part for executing the salutary measures 1 anticipate from your present deliberations. G9 WASHINGTON. OCTOBER 28, 1791.

SPECIAL MESSAGBS.

Gentleemen of fhe Senate and of the Nouse of Representatives: 1 lay before you copies of the follovring acts, which have been trans- nritted to me during the recess of Congress, viz: An act passed by the legislature of New Hampshire for ceding to the United States the fort and light-house belonging to the said State. An act of the legislature of Pennsylvania ratifying oii behalf of said - George Wasliington IPI State the first article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States as proposed by Congress; and An act of the legislature of North Carolina granting the use of the jails within that State to the United States. . GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES, Orf0oheY 26, 1791. Gentlemen ofthe Senate: 1 huve directed the Secretary of War to 1ay.before you for your consideration al1 the papers relative to the late negotiations with the Cherokee Tndians, and the treaty concluded with that tribe on the 2d day of July last by the superintendent of the southerii distnct, and 1 request your aclvice whether 1 shall ratify the same. 1 also lay before yo11 the instructions to Colonel Pickering and his conferences with the Six Nations of Indians. These conferences were for the purpose of conciliation, and at a critica1 period, to withdraw tl~ose Indians to a greater distance from the theater of war, in order to prevent their being involved therein. mghtnot have been necessary to have requested your opinion on this business had not the commissioner, with good intentions, but incautiously, made certain ratifications of lands unauthorized by his instruc- tioiis and i~nsupportedby the Constitution. It therefore became necessary to disavoxv the transaction explicitly in 3 letter writteu by my orders to the governor of New York ori the 17th of August last. The speeclies to the Cornplanter and other Seneca chiefs, the iiistruc- tions to Coloriel Proctor, and his report, and other messages and directions are laid before you for your information and as evidences tliat al1 proper lenient measures preceded the exercise of coercion. The letters to the chief of the Creeks are also laid before you, to evince that the requisite steps have been taken to produce a full compliance with the treaty made with that nation o11 the 7th of August, 1790. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Ocfobev 27, 1791. Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives.- I lay before you a copy of a letter and of sundry documents which 1 have received from the governor of Pennsylvania, respecting certain persons who are said to have fled from jilstice out of the State of Penn.. sylvania itito that of Virginia, together witli a report of the Attorney- General of the United States upon the same subject. 1 llave reccived froni the governor of Nortli Carolina a copy of an act of the general assembly of that State, aiittiorizing him to convey to the United States the right and jurisdiction of the said State over I acre of IIS Messages and PaPerJ offhe Presidents - iand in Occacock Island and 10 acres on the Cape Island, within the said State, for the purpose of erecting light-houses thereon, together with the deed of the governor in pursuance thereof and the original conv

UNITED STATES,Ocfober 27, r791. Genfleemen of fhe Senaie and of fhe House of Rey5resentafives: 1 have directed the Secretary of War to lay before you, for your information, the reports of Brigadier-General Scott and Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant Wilkinson, the officers who commanded the two expeditions against the Wabash Indians in the mo-of June and August last, together with the instructions by virtue of which the said expeditions were undertaken. When the operations now depending shall be terminafea the reports relative thereto shall also be iaid before you. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Ocfober31, r791. Genfleemen of the Senate and of tlie Hmse of Re@resenfatives: 1 send you herewith the arrangement which has been made by me, pursuant to the act entitled "An act repealing after the last day of June next the duties heretofore laid upon distilled spirits imported from abroad and laying others in their stead, and also upon spirits distilled within the United States, and for appropriating the same," in respect to the subdivision of the severa1 districts created by the said act'into surveys of inspection, the appointment of officers for the same, and the assignment of compensations. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Novem6er r, r79r. Gentleemen of the Senate and of the House of Rey5resentafives: 1received yesterday from the judge of the district of South Carolina a letter, inclosing the presentments of the grand jury to him, and stating tlie causes which Iiave prevented the return of the census from that district, copies of which are now laid before you. 69 WASHINGTON. UNITED STATES,November ro, r79r. Genflemen of fhe Senafe and of fhe House of .Re~resenfrlC.ivcs: The resolution passed at the last session of Congress, requesting the Presideut of the United States to cause au estimate to be ?aid before Congress at their next session of tlie quantity and situation of the lands not clairned by the Indians nor granted to nor claimed by any of tlie citizerls of the United Statrs within the territory ceded to the United States by the State of North Carolina ancl within the territory of the Uiiitecl States nortliwest of the river Ohio, has been referred to the Secretary of State, a copy of whose report on that subject 1 now lay before you, together with the copy of a letter accornpanying it. GQ WASHINGTON. UNITED S~ATES,November Ir,r79r. Gentlemen of fh~Scnafe and of fhe House of Representatives: 1 llave received from the goveriior of Virginia a resolution of the general asseiiibly of that Commoxiwenlth, ratifying the first article of tlie aiiieridmerits proposed by Congress to tlie Constitutiori of the United States, a copy ofwTch arid of the ietter accompanying it 1 now lay before you. Sunclry papers relating to the purchase by Judge Symmes of the lands 0x1 tlie Great Miami having been coinmunicated to me, 1 have thought it proper to lay the sanie before you for your information ori that subject.

UNITED STATES,December r2, r79r. Genflemen of fhe Senafe and oj fhe &use of Representatives.- It is with great concern that 1 communicate to you the information received from Major-General St. Clair of the misfortune which has befalleri the troops under his comnland. Although the national loss is considerable according to the scale of tlie eveiit, yet it may be repaired without great difficulty, excepting as to tlie brave rnen who have fallen on the occasion, and who are a subject of public as well as private regret. A fi~rtliercoxnmunicatioii will shortly be made of al1 such matters as sliall be necessary to etiable tlie Legislature to judge of the future measures whicli it may be proper to pursue. GQ WASHINGTON. UNITED STATES,Decenzber r3, r79r. Genflemen of fhe Senate and of fhe House o/ Representatives; 1 place before you the plan of a city that has been laid out within the district <~flo miles square, which wns fixed upon for the pernianent seat of tlie Governmeut of the United States. G9 WASHINGTON. M P-VOL 1-43 UNITEDSTATES, Decemóer 20, r79r. GenIZemen of the Senate and of tlie House of Representatives.- 1 lay before you the copy of a letter which 1 have received from the governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and of sundry documents whicli accompanied it, relative to a contract for the purchase of a certain tract of land bounding on Lake Erie, together with a copy- of a report - - of the Secretary of ~tateon the same subject. GO WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Decemóer 30, r79r. Gatlemen of the Senate and of tlie House of1Pepresenfafives: 1 lay before you a copy oF the ratification by the Commonwealth of Virginia of the articles of' amendment proposed by Congress to the Constitution of the United States, and a copy of a letter which accompanied said ratification from the governor of Virginia. Go WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Ianuary rr, 1792. Gentlemen of the Senate: 1 lay before yo- fullowing report, which has been made to me by the Secretary of State : DECEMBER22, 1791. The Secretary of State reports to the President of the United States that one of the commissioners of Spain, in the name of both, has lately communicated to him verbrilly, by order of his Court, that His Catholic Majesty, apprised of our solicitude to have come arrangements made respecting our free navigation of the river Missis- sippi and the use of a port thereon, is ready to enter into treaty thereon at Madrid. The Secretary of State is of opinion that this overture should be attended to without delay, and that the proposal of treating at Madrid, though not what might have been desired, should yet be accepted, and a commission plenipotentiary made out for the purpose. That Mr. Carmichael, the present chargé d'affaires of the United States at Madrid, from the local acquaintance which he must have acquired with persons and circumstances, would be an useful and proper member of the commission, but that it would be useful also to join with hini some person more particularly acquainted with the circumstances of the navigation to be treated of. That the fund appropriated by the act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations will insufficiently furnish the ordinary and regular demands on it, and is consequently inadequate to the mission of an additional commissioner express from hence. That therefore it will be advisable on this account, as well as for the sake of dispatch, to constitute some one of the ministers of the United States in Europe, jointly with Mr. Carmichael, commissioners plenipotentiary for the special purpose of negotiating and'concluding with any person or persons duly authorized by His Catholic Majesty a convention or treaty for the free navigation of the river Missis- sippi by the citizens of the United States under such accomniodations with respect to a port and other circumstances as may render the said navigation practicable, Geovge Washington - 11.5

useful, and free fxom dispute, saving to tbe President and Senate their respective rights as to the ratification of the carne, and that the said negotiation be at Madrid, or such other place iu Spain as shall be desired by His Catholic Majesty. TEI: JEFFERSON. In consequence of the comrnunication from the Court of Spain, as stated in the preceding report, 1 nomiiiate William Carmichael, present chargé d'affaires of the Unitecl States at-Madrid, and William Short, present chargé d'affaires of the United States at Paris, to be commissioners plenipoteritiary for negotiating and concluding with any person or persons who shall be duly authorizecl by His Catholic Majesty a convention or treaty concerning the navigation of tlie river Mississippi by tlie citizens of the United States, saving to the Presiderit and Senate their respective rights as to the ratification of the sanie. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,]anz~ary rr, 2792. GenfZev~e~zof fhe Senate alzd of .?he Hozrse if Represeizfatives: 1 lay before you, ir1 corifideilce,&a reports, riiaclc to irle by the Secre- tary for the Departtneut of War, relatively to the preserit state of affairs on the Westerri froiitiers of the Unitecl States. - In these reports tlie causes of the present war with the Indians, the measurcs taken by tlie Zxecutive to terniinate it amicably, ancl the military preparations for the late campaigri are stated and explairled, and also a plan suggested of sucli further measures ori the occasiori as appear just and expedient. 1 arii persuaded, gentlemen, that you will take this important subject into your immediate and serious consideration, and that the resiilt of your deliberations will be the adoption of such wise and efficierit measures as will reflect honor on our national couricils and promote the welfzre of our couutry. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITRD STATES,Janz~ary 28, 1792. Genflemen of fhe Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Represenfafives: 1 lay before yo11 a copy of an exernplified copy of an act of the legislature of Vermont, ratifyitlg on behalf of that State the articles of arnend- rnent proposed by Congress to the Coristitution of the Uriitecl States togetlier witli a copy of a letter whicli accompariied said ratification. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNIT~DSTATES, january 18, 1792. Genfleemen of fhe Sena fe: 1 lay before you the commuuicatious of a deputatiou from the Chero- kee Nation of Indians now in this city , and 1request your advice whether

Geovge Washington - 1x7 Very Dear Grea? Fviends and AZZies: We make it our duty to inform you that we have accepted the constitution which lias been prcsentcd to us in the name of the nation, and according to which France will be henceforth governed. TVe do not doubt that you take aii interest in an event so important to oiir Kingdom and to us, and it is with real pleasure we take this occasion to renew to you assurances of the sincere friendship we bear you. Whereupon we pray God to have you, very dear great friends and allies, iii His jujt and holy keeping.- Written at Paris the 19th of September, 1791. Your good frieud and ally, LOUIS. MONTMORIN. The UNITED STATESoF NORTHAMERICA.

1 lay before you the following report, which has been submitted to me by the Secretary of State: JANUARY 10, 1792. The Secretary of State having received informat-hat the merchants and mer- cliandise of the United States are suhject in Copenhagen and other ports of Denmark to corisiderable extra duties, from which they might probably be relieved by the prescnce of a consul there- +tsto the President of the Uriited States that it would be expedient to name n conSfirto beresident in the port of Copenliagen; that he has not been able te fiud that there is any citizen of the United States residing tliere; that there is a certain Hans Rudolph Saaby, a Danish subject and merchant of that place, of good character, of wealth and distinction, and well qnalified and disposed to act there for the United States, who would probably accept the commission of consul; but that that of vice- consiil, hitherto given by the President to foreigners in ports where there was no proper American citizen, would probably not be accepted because in this, as in some othef ports of Europe, usage has established it as a subordinate grade. Ana tllat he is therefore of the opinioii tliat the said Hans Rudolph Saaby sliould be nomitiated consul of the United States of America for the port of Copenhagen nncl such other places within the allegiance of His Danish Majesty as shall be nearer to the said port tha~ito the residerice of any other consul or vice-consul of the Uriited States withiri the same allegiance. TH: JEFFERSON.

With a view to relieve the merchants and mercliaiidise of the United States from the extra duties to which they are or may be siibjected in tlie ports of Denmark, 1 have thought it for the interest of the United States that a consul be appointed to reside at Copenhagen. 1 therefore noniinate Hans Rudolph Saaby, a Danish subject and merchant of Copenhagen, to be consul for the United States of America at the port of Copenhagen and for such other places within the allegiance of His Datiish Majesty as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of atiy other consul or vice-consul of tlie United States \vitliiri the same allegiance. GO WASHINGTON. Messages and Papers ofthe Presz;Zents UNITEDSTATES, March 7, 1792. Gentlemen of the Senate: 1 submit to your consideration the report of the Secretary of State, which accompanies this, stating the reasons for extending the negotiation proposed at Madrid to the subject of commerce, and explaining, under the form of instructions to the commissioners lately appointed to that Court, the principles on which commercial arrangements with Spain might, if desired on her part, be acceded to on ours ; and 1 have to request your decision whether you will advise and consent to the extension of the powers of the commissioners as proposed, and to the ratification of a treaty which shall conform to those instructions should they enter into such~aone with that Court. GQ WASHINGTON.

MARCH 7, 1792. The Secretary of State having understood from communications with the commic- sioners of His Catholic Majesty, subsequent to that which he reported to the President on the 22d of December last, that though they considered the navigation of the Mississippi as the principal object of negotiation between the two countries, yet it was expected by their Court that the conferences would extend to al1 the matters which were under negotiation on the former occasion with MI. Gardoqui. and particularly to some arrangements of commerce, is of opinion that to renew the conferences on this subject also, since they desk&+wGl be but kiedyand respectful, and can lead to nothing without our own codEñ€,~andthat to refuse it might obstruct the settlement of the questions of navigation and boundary; and therefore reports to the President of the United States the following observations and instruc- fions to the commissioners of the United States appointed to negotiate with the Court of Spain a treaty or convention relative to the navigation of the Mississippi, which observations and instructions he is of opinion should be laid before the Senate of the United States, and their decision be desired whether they will advise and consent that a treaty be entered into by the commissioners of the United Stateswith Spain conformably thereto. After stating to our commissioners the foundation of our rights to navigate the Mississippi and to hold our southern boundary at the thirty-first degree of latitude, and that each of these is to be a sine qua non, it is proposed to add as follows: On the former conferences ou the navigation of the Mississippi, Spain chose to blend with it the subject of commerce, and accordingly specific propositions thereon passed between the negotiators. Her object then was to obtain our renunciation of the navigation aiid to hold out commercial arrangements perhaps as a lure to 11s. Perhaps, however, she might then, and may now, really set a value on commercial arrangements with us, and may receive them as a consideration for accommodating us in the navigation, or may wish for them to have the appearance of receiving a consideration. Commercial arrangements, if acceptable in tbemselves, will not be the les so if coupled with those relating to navigation and boundary. We have only to take care that they be acce~tablein themselves. There are two principles which may be proposed as the basis of a commercial treaty: First, that of exchanging the privileges of native citizens, or, second, those of the niost favored nation. First. With the nations holding important possessions in America we are ready to exchange the rights of native citizens, provided they be extended through the whole pozessions of both parties; but the propositions of Spain made on the former occa- Gemge Washingfon sion (a copy of which accompanies this) were that we should give their merchants, vessels, and productions the privileges of native merchants, vescels, and productions through the whole of our possessions, and they give the same to ours only in Spain and the Canaries. This is inadmissible, because unequal; and as we believe that ' Spain is not ripe for an equal exchange on this basis, we avoid proposing it. Second. Though treaties which merely exchange the rights of the most favored nations are not without al1 inconvenience, yet they have their conveniences also. It is an important one that they leave each party free to make what interna1 regulatioos they please, and to give what preferences they find expedient to native merchants, vessels, and productions ; and as we already have treaties on this basis with France, Holland, Swedeii, and Prussia, the two former of which are perpetua], it will be but small additional embarrassment to extend it to Spain. On the contrary, we are sensible it is right to place that nation on the most favored footing, whether we have a treaty with them or not, and it can do us no harm to secure by treaty a reciprocation of the right. Of the four treaties before mentioned, either the French or the Prucsian might be taken as a model ; but it would be useless to propose the Prucsian, because we have already supposed that Spain would never consent to those articles which give to each party access to al1 the dominions of the other ; and without this equivalent we would not agree to tie our own hands so niaterially in war as would be done by the t~venty-thirdarticle, which renounces the right of fitting out privateers or of captiiring merchant vessels. The French treaty, therefore, is proposed as the model. In this, however, tlie following changes are to be made : - We should be admitted to al1 the domiiiions of Spain to which any ot'ner foreign nation is or may be admitted. Article 5, being an exemption from a particular duty iri France, will of course be oniitted as inappli-&o Spain. Article 8 to be omitted as unnecessary with Morocco, and inefficacious and little honorable with any of the Barbary powers; but it may furnish occasion to sound Spain on the project of a conventiori of the powers at war with the Barbary States to keep up by rotation a constant cruise of a given force on their coasts ti11 they shall be compelled to reiiounce forever and against al1 nations their predatory practices. Perhaps the infidelities of the Algerines to their treaty of peace with Spairi, though tlie latter does not choose to break opeiily, iiiay induce her to subsidize rcs to cruise agairist them with a given force. Articles 9 aiirl lo, concerning fislicries, to be omitted as inapplicable. Article 11. Thc first paragraph of this article respecting the droit d'aubaine to be omitted, that law being supposed peculiar to France. Article 17, givirig asylum in the ports of either to the armed vessels of the other with the prizes taken from the enemies of that other, must be qualified as it is in tlie nineteenth article of the Prussiaii treaty, as the stipiilation in the latter part of the article that '

be prevailed on to reestablish our right of cutting logwood in the Bay of Campeachp on the footing on which it stood before the treaty of 1763, it would be desirable and not endanger to us any contest with the English, who by the revolution treaty are restrained to the southeastern parts of Yucatan. Article 31. The acf of ratification on our part rnay require a twelvemonth from the date of the treaty, as the Senate meets regularly but once a year; and to ret- it to Madrid for exchange may require four months more. The treaty must not exceed - years' duration, except the clauses relating to boundary and the navigation of the Mississippi, which must be perpetua1 and final. Indeed, these two subjects had better be in a separate instrument. There might have been mentioned a third species of arrangement-that of making special agreements on every special subject of commerce, and of settling a tariff of duty to be paid on each side on every particular article; but this would require in our commissiqners a very minute knowledge of our commerce, as it is imposible to foresee every proposition of this kind which might be brought into discussion and to prepare them for it by information and instruction from hence. Our commerce, too, is as yet rather in a course of experiment, and the channels in which it will ultimately flow are not sufficientlyknowu to enable us to provide for it by special agreement; nor have the exigencies of our new Government as yet so far developed themselves as that we can know to what degree we rnay or must have recourse to commerce for the purposes of revenue. No common consideration, therefore, ought to induce us as yet to arrangements of this kind. Perhaps nothing should do it with any nation short of the privileges of natives in al1 their possessions, foreign and domestic. It were to be wished, indeed, that some positively favorable stipulations respecting our grain, flour, and fish could be obtained, even on our giving reciprocal advantages to some of the commodities of Spain, say her wines and brand+<; tu+, - -- First. If we quit the ground of the mostfavored nation as to ca-kin-srticles for our couvenience, Spain rnay insist on doing the same for other articles for her con- veuience, and thus our commissioners will get themselves on the ground of a treaty of detail, for which they will not be prepared. Second. If we grant favor to the wines and brandies of Spain, then Portugal and France will demand the same; and in order to create an equivalent Portugal rnay lay s duty on our fish and grain, and France a prohibition on our whale oils, the removal of which will be proposed as an equivalent. Thus much, however, as to grain and flour rnay be attempted. There has not long since been a considerable duty laid on them in Spain. This was while a treaty on the subject of commerce was pending between us and Spain, as that Court considers the matter. It is not generally thought right to change the state of things pending a treaty coucerning them. On this consideration and on the motive of cultivating our friendship, perhaps the commissioners rnay induce them to restore this commodity to the footing ou which it was on opeuing the conferences with Mr. Gardoqui, on the 26th day of July, 1785. If Spain says, " Do the same by your tonnage on our ve= ls," the answer rnay be that "Our foreign tonnage affects Spain very little and other nations very much; whereas the duty on flour in Spain affects us very much and other nations very little; consequently there would be no equality in reciprocal relinquishment, as there had been none in the reciprocal innovation; and Spain, by insisting on this, would in fact only be aidiug the interests of her rival nations, to whom we should be forced to extend the same indulgence.'' At the time of opening the conferences, too, we had as yet not erected any system, our Government itself being not yet erected. Innovation then was unavoidable on our part, if it be inno- vatioii to establisli a system. We did it ou fair and general ground, on ground favorable to Spain; but they had a system, aud therefore innovatiou was avoidable on their part. - TH: JEFFERSON. 'George Washington 121

ARTICLES PROPOSED BY DON DIEGO GARDOQUI TO BE INSERTED IN TllE TREATY WITH TISE UNITED STATES. First. That al1 commercial regulations affecting each other shall be founded in perfect reciprocity. Spanish merchants shall enjoy al1 the commercial privileges of native merchants in the United States, and American merchants shall enjoy al1 the commercial privileges of native merchants in the Kingdoui of Spain and in the Canaries and other islands belonging to and adjacent thereto. The same privileges sliall extend to thcir respective vessels and merchandise consisting of the manufactures and products of their respective countries. Second. Each p3rty tuay establish consuls in the countries of the other (excepting such provinces iii Spain into which none have heretofore been adinitted, viz, Bilboa and Guipusca), with such powers and privileges as shall be ascertained by a particular convention. Third. That the bona fide manufactures and productions of the United States (tobacco only excepted, which shall continue under its present regulation: may be imported in Americati or Spanish vessels into any parts of His Majesty's European iorninioiis and islands aforesaid in like manner as if they were the prodnctions of Spain, and, on tlie other hand, tliat the bona fide ma~iufacturesand productions of His Majesty's clominions may be imported into the United States in Spanish or Anierican vcssels in like manner as if they were the manufactures and productions of tlie said States. And further, that al1 such duties and imposts as may niutually be thought riecessary to lay on them by either party shall be ascertained and regu== on principies of exact reciprocity by a tariff, to be formed by a convention for that pnrpose, to be negotiated and made within one year after the exchange of the ratification of this treaty ; and in t-cantime that no other duties or imposts shall be exacted from each other's merche andships than such as may be payable by natives iii like cases. Fourth. That inasmuch as the United States, from not having mines of gold and silver, may often want supplies of specie for a circnlating medium, His Catholic Ivlajesty, as a proof of his good will, agrees to order the masts and timber which may froni tinie to time be wanted for his roya1 navy to be purchased and paid for in specie in the Uriited States, provided the said masts and timber shall be of equal quality and wheii broiiglit to Spain shall iiot cost more thari the like may there be had for from other countries. Fiftii. It is agreed that the articles commorily inserted in other treaties of com- tuerce for mutual and reciprocal convenience shall be inserted ir1 this, and that this treaty ancl every article and stipiilation therein shall continue in full force for - years, to be computed froni the day of the date hereof.

Gent~emenof fhe Senafe aizd of fhe ITouse @- Re@resenfatives: 1 now lay before you a general accoutit rendered by the bankersof the Utlited States at Amsterdam of the payments they had made betweeu the 1st of Jiily, 1790 atld 1791, from the fund deposited in their harids for the purposes of the act providing the mearis of intercourse between the United States and foreign iiations, and of the balance remaining in their hancls, together with -a letter from the Secretary of State on the subject. GQ WASHINGTON. 122 Messages and Paws offhe Presidents

Gentleemen of the Senafe and of thc Nouse of Re$resentatives: The severa1 acts which have been passed relatively to the military establishment of the United States and the protection of the frontiers do not hppear to have made provision for more than one brigadier-general. It is incumbent upon me to observe that, with a view merely to the organization of the troops designated by those acts, a greater number of - officers of that grade would, in my opinion, be conducive to the good of the public service. But an increase of the number becomes still more desirable in reference to a different organization which is contemplated, pursuant to the authority vested in me for that purpose, and which, besides other advantages expected from it, is recommended by considerations of economy. 1 therefore request that you will be pleased to take this subject into your early consideration and to adopt such measures thereon as you shall judge proper. G9 WASHINGTON.

At the conferences which Colonel Pickering had with the Five Nations at the Painted Post the last year ideas were theu held out of introducing amongfhem some of the primary principies of civilization, in conse- quenceofwhich, as well as more firmly to attach them to the interests of the United States, they have been invited to the seat of the General Government. As the representation now here is respectable for its cliaracter and influence, it is of some importance that the chiefs should be well satisfied of the entire good faith and liberality of tlie United States. In managing the affairs of the Indiati tribes generally it appears proper to teach them to expect annual presents, conditioned on the evidence of their attachment to the interests of the United States. The sitiiation of the Five Nations and the present crisis of affairs would seem to render the extension of this rneasure to them highly judicious. 1 therefore request the advice of the Senate ~vhetheran article shall be stipulated with the Five Natioiis to the following purport, to wit: The United States, in orcler to proniote the happiness of the Five Nations of Indians, will cause to be expended annually the amount of $1,500 in purchasing for them clothing, domestic animals, aiid implements of husbandry, and for encouraging- - usefui artificersto reside in their villages. G? WASHINGTON.

APRIL 13, 1792. Genflenzen of fhe Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Re#resenfafives: 1 have thought it proper to lay before you a communication of the I ~th instant from the minister pfenipotentiary of Great Britain to the Secre- tary of State, relative to the commerce of the two countries, together with their explanatov correspondence and the Secretas. of State's letter to me on the subject. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES, A$viZ 16, 1792. Genfleenten o/ ¿/le Senafe and o/ fhe House of Re@resenfatives: 1 lay before you a copy of a letter froni the judges of the circuit court of the United States held for the New York distsict, and of their opinion and agreenlent respecting the "Act to provide for the settlement of the claims of widows and orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, and to regulate the claims to invalid pensions." G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,A$d 21, r79.z. Gentlemcn of fhe Sennfe and of fhe House ofXe$resentatives: 1 lay before you the copy of a letter which 1 have received from the judges of the circuit court of the United Sa&s held for the-Pennsylvania distnct relatively to the "Act to provide for Tesettlement of the claims of widows arid orphans barred by the limitations heretofore established, and to regulate the claims to invalid pensions." G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,May 8, 1792. Gentlemen of fhe Senafe: If the President of the United States should conclude a convention or treaty with the Government of Algiers for the ransom of the thirteen Americans in captivity there for a sum not exceeding $40,000, al1 experises inclncied, will the Senate approve the same? Or is there any, and what, greater os lesser sum which they would fix on as the limit beyond which they would ~iotapprove the ransom? If the President of the United States shoulcl conclude a treaty with the Governnlent of Algiers for tlie establishment of peace with them, at an expense not exceeding $25,000, paid at the signature, and a like sum to be paid anniially afterwards during the continuance of the treaty, mould the Senate approve the same? Or are there any greater or lesser sums whicli they would fix on as the limits beyoud which they would not approve of such treaty ? - GQ WASHINGTON. 124 Messages and PaPerJ ofthe Bedeents

VETO MESSAGE.

. UNITED STATES,A@nY 5, r79z. GenfZemen bf the House of Re~rcsentatives: 1 have maturely considered the act passed by the two Houses entitled "An act for an apportionment of Representatives among the severa1 States according to the first enumeration," and 1 return it to your House, wherein it originated, with the following objections: First. The Constitution has prescribed that ~e~resentatiGesshall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, and there is no one proportion or divisor which, applied to the respective numbers of the States, will yield the number and ailotment of Representatives proposed by the bill. Second. The Constitution has also provided that the number of Repre- sentatives shall not exceed I for every 30,000, which restriction is by the context and by fair and obvious construction to be applied to the separate and respective numbers of the States; and the bill has allotted to eight of the States more than I for every 30,000. G9 WASHINGTON. -

pro^ Sparks's Washington, Vol. X. p. 53%] PROCLAMATION.

Whereas certain violent and unwarrantable proceedings have lately taken place tending to obstruct the operation of the laws of the United States for raising a revenue upon spirits distilled within the same, enacted pursuant to express authority delegated in the Constitution of the United States, which proceedings are subversive of good order, contrary to the duty that every citizen owes to his country and to the laws, and of a nature dangerous to the very being of a government; and Whereas such proceedings are the more unwarrantable by reason of the moderation which has been heretofore shown on the part of the Government and of the disposition which has been manifested by the Legislature (who alone have authonty to siispeud the operation of laws) to obviate causes of objection and to render the laws as acceptable as possible; and Whereas it is the particular duty of the Executive " to take care that the'laws be faithfully executed," and not only that duty but the permanent interests and happiness of the people require that every legal and necessary step should be pursued as weff to prwent such violent and George Washington 125 unwarrantable proceedings as to bring to justice tlie infi=ctors of the laws and secure obedience thereto: Now, therefore, 1, George Washington, President of the United States, do by these presents most earnestly admonish and exhort al1 persons whom it may concern to refrain and desist from al1 unlawful combinations and proceedings whatsoever having for object or tending to obstruct the operation of the laws aforesaid, inasmuch as al1 lawful ways arid meaus will be strictly put ir, execution for bringing to justice the infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto. And 1 do moreover charge and require al1 courts, magistrates, and officers whom it may concern, according to the duties of their severa1 offices, to exert the powers in them respectively vested by law for the purposes aforesaid, hereby also enjoining and requiring al persons whomsoever, as they tender the welfare of their country, the just axid due authority of Government, and the preservation of the public peace, to be aiding and assisting therein according to law. In testimony whereof 1have caused the sea1 of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the sanle with my hand. [SEAL.] Done this 15th of September, A. D. 1792,and of the Inde- pendence of the United States the severiteenth. G9 WASHINGTON.

FOURTH ANNUAL ADDRESS.

UNITED STATES,November 6, ~792. FeZlow-Cifizens of fhe Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Re$resenfatives: It is some abatemerit of the satisfactiou with wliich 1 meet you on the preseut occasion that, iu felicitating you on a continuance of tlie national prosperity generally, 1 ani riot able to add to it inforniation tliat the Itidian hostilities which have for some time past distressed our Northwestern frontier have termirlated. You will, 1 am persuaded, learn witli no less concern than 1 commuuicate it that reiterated endeavors toward effecting a pacification have hitherto issued only in new and outrageous proofs of persevering hostility on the part of the tribes ~vitliwhom we are in contest. An earnest desire to procure tranquillity to tlie frontier, to stop the further effusion of blood, to arrest the progress of expense, to forwarcl the preva- lent wish of the nation for peace has led to strenuous efforts through various cliannels to accoxnplisb tliese desirable piirposes; iii rnaking wliicli efforts 1 consulted less my own anticipations of the event, or the ccrnples~hichsome consideratious were calculated to inspire, than I26 Messages and Papers of the,Pre.nJZdents the wish to find the object attainable, or if not attainable, to ascertain unequivocally that such is the case. A detail of the measures which have been pursued and of their consequences, which will be laid before you, while it will co~lfirmto you the want of success thus far, will, 1 trust, evince that means as proper and as efficacious as could have been devised have been employed. The - issue of some of them, indeed, is still depeuding, but a favorable one, though not to be despaired of, is not promised by anything that has yet happened. In the course of the attempts which have been made some valuable citizens have fallen victims to their zeal for the public service. A sanction commonly respected even among savages has been found in this instance insufficient to protect from massacre the emissaries of peace. It will, 1 presume, be duly considered whether the occasion does not cal1 for an exercise of liberality toward the families of the deceased. It must add to your concern to be informed that, besides the continuation of hostile appearances among the tribes north of the Ohio, some threatening symptoms have of late been revived among some of those south of it. A part of the Cherokees, known by the name of Chickamaugas, inhab- iting five villages on the Tennessee River, have long been in the practice of committing depredations on theneighboring settlemeuts. . It was hoped that the treaty of ton, made with the Cherokee Nation in July, 1791,would have prevented a repetition of such depredations; but the event has not answered this hope. The Chickamaugas, aided by some banditti of another tribe in their vicinity, have recently perpetrated wanton and unprovoked hostilities upon the citizens of the United States in that quarter. The information which has been received on this subject will be laid before yon. Hitherto defensive precautions only have been strictly enjoined and observed. It is not understood that any breach of treaty or aggression whatsoever on the part of the United States or their citizens is even alleged as a pretext for the spirit of hostility in this qiiarter. 1 have reasoii to believe that every practicable exertioxi has been made (pursuant to the provision by law for that purpose) to be prepared for the alternative of a prosecution of the war in the event of a failure of pacific overtures. A large proportion of the troops anthorized to be raised have been recruited, though the number is still incomplete, and pains have been taken to discipline and put them in condition for the particular kind of service to be performed. A delay of operations (besides being dictated by the measures which were pursuing toward a pacific termination of the war) has been in itself deemed preferable to immature efforts. A statement from the proper department witli regard to the iiumber of troops raised, and some other points which have been suggested, will afford more precise information as a guide ta tbe legislative consnltations, and among George Washington 127 other things will enable Congress to judge whether come additional stimulus to the recruiting service may not be advisable. In looking forward to the future expense of the operations which may be found inevitable 1 derive consolatioii from the iuformation 1 receive tliat the product of the revenues for the present year is likely to supersede the necessity of additional burthens on thecomrilunity for tlie service of the ensuing year. This, however, will be better ascertaiiied ir1 the course of the sesciori, and it is proper to add that the information alluded to proceeds upon the supposition of no material extension of the spirit of hostility. 1 can not dismiss the subject of Indian affairs without again recommending to your consideration the expediency of more adequate provision for giving energy to the laws throughout our interior froritier arid for restraining the commission of outrages upon the Indians, without which al1 pacific plans rnust prove iiugatory. To enable, by coinpetent rewards, the etnployment of qualified and trusty persons to reside amorig them as agerits would also cotitribute to the preservatioii of peace aiid good neighborhood. If in addition to these expedie~itsan eligible plaii coiild be devised for promoting civilization ainong the friendly tribes and for carrying on trade with them upon a scale equal to their watits and iinder regulations calculatcd to protect them froiii impositioii and extortion, it.; influence in ceinenting- their iriterest with ours could not IxrHxz considerable. The prosperous- state of our revenile lias been intimated. This would be still more the case were it not for the iriipediments wliich in some places continue to embarrass the collectiori of the cluties ori spirits clistilled within the United States. These irnpediments Iiave lessened and are lesseiiiiig in local extent, and, as applied to the community at large, tlie coiitentment with tlie law appears to be progressive. , Rut symptonis of iricreased opposition having lately maiiifested tliem- selves in certain quarters, 1 judged a special iriterpositioii on niy part propcr and advisable, atid under tliis irlipression Iiave issiied a proclamation warning against al1 unlawfiil coinbinations and proceedings having for their object or tending to obstruct tlie operation of the laxv iri qiles- tioii, and annouiicirig that al1 Iawfiil wnys ancl mearis xvould be strictly put in execiitioii for bringing to jiistice tlie infractors thereof and securing obedience thereto. Measures have also been taken for the proseciltiori of offenders, and Corigrecs may be assilred that nothitig within constitutioiial and legal limits which may depend upori ilie stiall be wanting to assert atid inain- taiu tlie just authority of the laws. In fulfilling this trust I shail count entirely upon the full cooperation of the other departinents of thc Gov- - eri~irieiitaiid upori the zealous siipport of al1 good citizeiis. I caii not forbear to bririg again into the view of tlie Legislature tlie subject of a revision of thejudiciary systeni. A representation from I 28 iiksages and P¿q5ers of tlie Presta'ents the judges of the Supreme Court, which will be laid before you, points out some of the inconveniences that are experienced. In the course of the execution of the laws considerations arise out of the structure of that system which in some cases tend to relax their efficacy. As connected with this subject, provis~onsto facilitate the taking of bail upon processes out of the courts of the United States and a supplementary definition of offenses against the Constitution and laws of the Union and of the punishment for such offenses will, it is presumed, be found worthy of particular attention. Observations on the value of peace with other nations are unnecessary. It would be wise, however, by timely provisions to guard against those acts of our owa citizens which might tend lo disturb it, and to put ourselves in a condition to give that satisfaction to foreign nations which we may sometimes have occasion to require from them. 1particularly recommend to your consideration the means of prevfnting those aggressions by our citizens on the territory of other nations, and other infractions of the law of nations, which, furnishing just subject of complaint, might endanger our peace with them; and. in general, the maintenance of a friendly intercourse with foreign powers will be presented to your attention by the expiration of the law for that purpose, which takes place, if not renewed, at the close of the present session. In execution of the authority given by the Legislature measures have been taken for engaging some artists from abroadin the establishment of our mint. Others have been employed at home. Provision has been made of the requisite buildings, and these are now putting into proper condition for the purposes of the establishment. There has also been a small beginning in the coinage of half dimes, the want of small coins in circulation calling the first attention to them. The regulation of foreign coins in correspondency with the principles of our national coinage, as being essential to their due operation and to order in our money concerns, will. 1 doubt not, be resumed and completed. It is represented that some provisions in the law which establishes the post-office operate, in experiment, against the transmission of newspapers to distant parts of the country. Should this, upon due inquiry, be found to be the fact, a full conviction of the importance of facilitating the circulation of political intelligence and information will, 1 doubt not, lead to the application of a remedy. The adoption of a constitution for the State of Kentucky has been notified to me. The Legislature will share with me iu the satisfaction which arises from an event interesting to the happiness of the part of the nation to which it relates and conducive to the general order. It is proper likewise to inform you that since my last communication on tlie subject, and in further execution of the acts severally making provision for the public debt and for ths reduction thereof, three new iom George Washington I23 have been effected, each for 3,000,000 florins-one at Antwerp, at the anriual interest of 4% per cent, with an allowance of 4 per cent in lieu of al1 charges, aud the other two at Amsterdam, at the annual interest o£ 4 per cent, with an allowance o£ 5% per cent in one case and of 5 per cent in the other in lieu of al1 charges. The rates of these loans arid the circt~mstaiicesunder which they have been made are confirmations of tlie high state of our credit abroad. Amorig the objects to wliicli these funds have beeu directed to be applied, the payment of the debts due to certain foreign officers, accord- irig to tlie provision inade during the last session, has been embraced.

GeizfZemeiz of frie Nouse of Represenfafives: 1 eutertain a strong hope that tlie state of the natiotial fitiances is now sufficiently matured to eriable you to enter upon a systematic and effectual arrangerilent for the regular redemptioxi arid discharge of the public debt, according to thc riglit which has been reserved to the Government. No nieasure can be more desirable, whether viewed with aii eye to its intrinsic iniportance or to the general sentiment and wish of the nation. Provisiou is likewise reqiiisite for the reimbursement of the loan which has been made of the Baxik of the Uiiited States, pursuant to the eleventh section of the act by wl~ichit is incorporated. Iri fulfilliug the piiblic stipulations in tliis particular it is expected a valtiable saving will be

Appropriations for t)recnrrent service of the ensuing year and for such extraordinaries as xnay require provision wiii deiuand, and 1 doubt not will engage, your early attention.

GenfZeemen ofthe Senafe nnd of trie Nouse of Re~resenfatives: 1 content myself with recalling your attention generally to such objects, not particularized iu my presetit, as have been suggested ixi my forrrier comniunicatiotis to you. Variotis temporary laws will expire cliiring the present session. Arnong these, tliat which regulates tradc axid iritercourse witli tlie Indiau tribes will riierit particular i~otice. Tlic results of your conimon deliberatioiis hitherto will, 1 trust, be prodiictive of solid ancl durable advaiitages to our constituents, such as, by conciliating more and more their ultimate suffrage, will tend to strengtheri and confirm their attachmerit to that Constitution of Govern- riient upon which, uxicler Divine Providence, materially depeud their unio~i,their safety, and their happiness. Still ftirther to proniote aiid secure these inestimable ends tliere is uothixig which can have a more powerful tendency than the careful culti- vatioii uf liarwony, cuiiil>ixiedwitli a duc: rcgard to stability, iri tlie public couilci1.i. -G? WASHINGTON. M P-vol. 1-9 ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OP THE UNITED STATES.

The PRESIDENTOP THE UNITEDSTATES : Accept, sir, our grateful acknowledgments for your address at the opening of the present secsion. We participate with yo3 in the satisfaction arising from the continuance of the general prosperity of the nation, but it is not withaut the most sincere concern that we are informed that the reiterated efforts which have been made to establish peace with the hostile Indians have hitherto failed to accomplish that desired object. Hoping that the measures still depending may prove more successful than those which have preceded them, we shall nevertheless concur in every necessary preparation for the alternative, and should the Indians on either side of the Ohio persist in their hostilities, fidelity to the Union. as well as affection for our fellow-citizens on the frontiers, will insure our decided cooperation in every measure which shall be deemed requisite for their protection and safety. At the same time that we avow the obligation of the Government to afford its protection to every part of the Union, we can not refrain from expres-ur regret that even a small portion of our fellow-citizens in any quarter of it should have combined to oppose the operation of the law for the collection of duties on spirits distilled within the United States, a law repeatedly sanctioned by the authority of the nation, and at this juncture materially connected with the safety and protection of those who oppose it. Should the means already adopted failZiEFuring obedience to this law, such furtber measures as may be thought necessary to carry the same into complete operation can not fail to receive the approbation of tlie Legislatureand the support of every patriotic citizen. It yields us particular pleasure to learn that the productiveness of the revenue of the present year will probably supersede the necessity of any additional tax for the service of tlie next. The organization of the government of the State of Kentucky being an event peculiarly interesting to a part of our fellow-citizens and conducive to the general order, affords LIS particular satisfactiou. We are happy to learn that the liigh state of our credit abroad has been evinced by the ternis oii whicli the new loans have been negotiated. In the course of tlie session we shall proceed to take into consideration the severa1 objects which you have been pleased to reconimend to our attention, and keeping in view the importante of union and stability in the public councils, we shall labor to rexider our decisions conducive to the safety axid happiness of our country.

We repeat- with -pleasure our assurances of confidence in your Admin- istration and oiir ardent wish that your unabated zeal for the public good nlay be rewarded by tlie durable prosperity of the xiation, and every ingredient of personal happiness. JOHN LANGDON, Geovge IVashington 131

,J ,J REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. 1derive much pleasure, gentlemen, from your very satisfactory address. The renewed assurances of your confidence in my Adiiiinistration aiid the expression of your wish for my personal happiness claim and receive my particular acknowledginents. Iii niy future endeavor for the public welfare, to which my duty may cal1 me, 1 shall not cease to count upon the firni, enlightened, and patriotic support of the Senate. GQ WASHINGTON. NOVEMBBR9, 1792.

ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PmSIDENT OT? THE UNITED STATES. SIR: The House of Representatives, who always feel a satisfaction in meeting you, are much concerned that the occasion for mutual felicitation afforded by the circumstances favorable to the iiational prosperity shoiild be abatcd by a continuance of tlie hostile spirit of many of the Indiari tribes, and particularly that the reiterated efforts for effecting a general pacification witli them sliould have issued iii new proofs of their persevering enxnity ancl the barbarous sacrifice of citizens who, as the iiessengers of peace, were distinguishiug themselves by their zeal for the public service. In sur deliberationson this importrint department of our affairs we shall be disposed to pursilPymeasure that may be dictated by the sincerest clesire, on one harid, of cultivating peace and nianifest- irig by every practicable regulation our benevolent regard for the welfare of tliose misguided people, and by the duty we feel, on the other, to provide effectually for the safety and protection of our fellow-citizens. l While with regret we learn that symptoms of opposition to the law itiiposing ditties on spirits distilled within the Uiiited States have mani- festecl themselves, we reflect witli consolatiori that they are confined to a s1iia11 portion of our fellow-citizens. It is uot more essential to the preservation of true liberty that a governmerit shoiild be always ready to listeti to the representations of its constituents arid to accommodate %tsirleasiires to the sentiments aud wishes of every part of them, as far as will coiisist witli the good of tlie whole, than it is that tlie just authority of tlie laws sliould be steadfastly maintained. Under this impression every departmeiit oE tlie Governilieut and al1 good citizens must approve the measures you llave taken and the purpose you have formed to execute this part of your trust with firmness and energy; aiid be assured, sir, of every constitutioual aid and cooperatiori wliich may becorne requisite on our part. And we hope that, while the progress of con- tentment under the law in qirestion is as obvious as it is rational, tio particular part of tlie coriitiiuriity riiay be perniitted to witlidraw frorn the general burthe~isof tlie coiititry by a coiiduct as irreconcilable- to natioual justice as it is inconsistent with public decency. 132 Messages a4Papers of the hidents 'rhe productive state of the public revenue and the confirmation of the credit of the United States abroad, evinced by the loans at Antwerp and Amsterdam, are communications the more gratifying as they enforce the obligation to enter on systematic and effectual arrangements for discharging the public debt as fast as the conditions of it will permit, and we take pleasure in the opportunity to assure you of our entire concurrente in the opinion that no measure can be more desirable, whether viewed with an eye to the urgent wish of the community or the intrinsic importante of promoting so happy a change in our situation. The adoption of a constitution for the State of Kentucky is an event on which we join in al1 the satisfaction yon have expressed. It may be considered as particularly interesting since, besides the immediate benefits resulting from it, it is another auspicious demonstration of the facility and success with which au enlightened people is capable of providing, by free and deliberate plans of governnient, for their own safety and happiness. The operation of the law establishing the post-office, as it relates to the transmission of newspapers, wíll merit our particular inquiry and attention, the circulatio~politicalintelligence through these vehicles being justly reckoned among the surest means of preventing the degen- eracy of a free government, as well as of recommending every salutary -- y public measure to the confidence and cooperation of al1 virtuous citizens. - The several other matters which you have communicated and recommended will in their order receive the attention due to them, and our discussions will in al1 cases, we trust, be guided by a proper respect for harmony and stability in the public councils and a desire to conciliate more and more the attachment of our constituents to the Constitution, by measures accominodated to the true ends for which it was established. NOVEMBER10, 1792.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. GENTLEMEN:It gives me pleasure to express tc you the satisfaction which your address affords me. 1 feel, as 1 onght, the approbation you manifest of the measnres 1 have taken and the purpose 1 have formed to maintaiti, pursuant to the trust reposed in lile by the Constitution, the respect which is due to the lüws, and the assurance which you at the same time give me of every constitutional aid and cooperation that may become requisite on your part. This is a new proof of that enlightened solicitude for the establishment aod confirmation of public order which, embracing a zealous regard for the principies of true liberty, has guided the deliberations of the House of Representatives, a perseverance in wliich can alone secure, under the divine blessing, tlie real and pernianent felicity of our co~ntnoi~country. GQ WASHINGTON. NOVEMBER 12, 1792. Geovge Washington

SPECIAL MESSAGES. UNITEDSTATES, Nowember 7, 1792. Genflemen of fhe Sena fe and of flie Nouse of Representa fines: In pursuance of the law, 1 now lay before you a statement of the administration of the funds appropriated to certain foreign purposes, together witlca letter from the Secretary of State explaining the same. 1 also lay before you a copy of a letter and representation fron~the Chief Justice arid associate judges o£ the Supreme Court of the United States, stating the difficulties and inconvenientes which atteiid the discharge of their duties according to the present judiciary systeni. A copy of a letter from the judges attending the circuit court of the United States for the North Carolina district iti June last, containirig their observations on an act, passecl during the last session of Congress, eiititled "Ati act to provide for the settlement of the claims of widows atid orplians barred by the limitations heretofore established, arid to regulate the claims to invalid pensions; " and -- A copy of the constitutioii formed for the State of Kentucky. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATEC, Nouem6er 9, r792. GeiziLenzen of flic Scnnfe nnd of thc Wordse of Represeniafives: 1 now lay before you a letter froni the Secretary o£ State, covering the copy of one froin the governor of Virginia, with the several papers therein referred to, on the siibject of the boundary between that State arid the territory of the United States south of the Ohio. It will reinain with the Legislature to take sucli measures as it shall think best for settling the said boutidary with that State, and at the same time, if it thinks proper, for extending the settlerxient to the State of Kentucky, between which and tlie sanie territory the boundary is as yet unde- terrriiued. GQ WASHINGTON.

TTNITR~ STATP:~,Nn~~crnber 22, 1792. Gc-~rflenzenof tfic .Tf.nnfennd of /hc Hoz~scof Rc~~~cscitfafiz~es: 1 send you herewitli the abstract of a supplenlentary arrangemerit which has been made by rne, pursuaiit to the ncts of the 3d day of March, 1791, atid the 8th day o£ May, 1792, for raising a revenue upon foreigri ancl dotilestic distilled spirits, iu respect to thc subclivisions and officers whicli have appeared to me uecessary and to the allowances for their respective cervices to the siipen~isors,inspectors, arid other officers of inbpection,- togetlier witli the estimates of tlie aiiiouiit of conipeusatioris and charges. G9 WASHINGTON. - - 134 Messages and Pajevs of fhe Presz'denfs UNITED STATES,December 6, 1792. Genflemen of fhe Senafe and of fhe House of Represenfafives: The severa1 measures which have been pursued to induce the hostile Indian tribes north of the Ohio to enter into a conference or treaty with the United States at which al1 causes of difference might be fully understood and justly and amicably arranged have already been submitted to - both Houses of Congress. The papers herewith sent will inform you of the result. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITBD STATES,Decembe~ 7, 1792. Genfleemen BY fhe Seizafe aizd of fhe House ofRejrese?ztafives: 1 lay before you two letters, with their inclosures, from the governor of the Southwestern territory, and an extract of a letter to him from the Department of War. These and a letter of the 9th of October Iast, which has been already communicated to yoii, from the same Department to the governor, will shew in what manner the first section offheact of the last session which provides for calling out the militia for the repelling of Indian invasions has been executed. It remains to be considered by Congress whether ígib-e~resent situatiori of the United States it be advisable or not to pursue any further or other measures than those which have been already adopted. The nature of the subject does of itself cal1 for your immediate attention to it, and 1 nlust add that upon the result of your deliberations the future conduct of the Executive will on this occasion materially depend. GQ WASHINGTON.

Genfleemen of fhe Senafe and of tlre House of 1Pepresenfafives: Since my last communication to yo11 on the subject of therevenue on distilled spirits it has been found necessary, on experience, to revise and amend tlie arrangements relative thereto in regard to certain surveys and the officers thereof in the district of North Carolina, which 1 have done accordingly in the manner following: First. The severa1 counties of the said district originally and heretofore contained withiti the first, second, and third surveys have been allotted into atid are now contained in two surveys, one of which (to be hereafter denominated the first) conlprehends the town of Wilming- ton and the counties of Onslow, New Hanover, Brunswick, Robertson, Sampson, Craven, Jones, Lenox, Glascow, Johnston, and Wayne, and the other of which (to be hereafter denominated the second) comprehends the counties of Kurrituck, Camden, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Chowan, Gates, Hartford, Tyrrel, Bertie, Carteret, Hyde, Beaufort, and Pitt. George Washington 135 ' Secondly. The severa1 counties of the said district originally and lieretofore contained within the fifth survey of the district aforesaid has been allotted into and is contained in two surveys, one of which (to be hereafter denominated the third) comprehends the counties of Mecklenburg, Rowan, Iredell, Montgomery, Guilford, Rockingham, Stokes, and Surrey, and the other of which (to be hereafter denominated the fifth) comprehends the counties of Lincoln, Rutherford, Burke, Buncombe, and Wilkes. Thirdly. The duties of the inspector of the revenue in and for the third survey as constituted above is to be perforned for the present by tlie siipervisor. Fourthly. The compensations of the inspector of the revenue for the first survey as above constituted are to be a salary of $250 per annum arid commissions and other emoluments similar to tho~heretofore allowed to the inspector of the late first survey as it was originally constituted. Fifthly. The compensations of the inspector of tlie revenue for the second survey as above constituted are to be a salary of $100 per annum ancl the comniissions and other emoliiments heretofore allowed to tlie inspector of &&ate tliird survey as it was originally constituted. Sixthly. The compensations of the inspector of the revenue for tlie fiftli survey as above constituted are to be a salary of $120 per aiirium arld the commissions and other ernoluinents similar to those he-tofore allowed to the inspector of the late fifth survey as it was originally constituted. GO WASHINGTON.

Genflemen of ihe Seiznfe aizd of fhe Hoz~seof Represe?zfatives: 1 Iay before you an oficial statenient of the expenditure to the year 1792 from the siini of $~o,om,graxited to defray the contingent expenses of Govcrnment by an act passed ori the 26th of March, 1790. Also an abstract of a supplernentary arrangement niade in the district of North Carolina iu regard to certairi surveys to facilitate the executiou of the law laying a duty on clistilled spirits. GQ WASHINGTON.

1 lny before yoii for your consideration and advice a treaty of peace and friendship niade and concluded on the 27th clay of Septernber, 1792, by Brigadier-General Rufus Putnaiii, in behalf of the United States, lvitli the Wabash ancl Illinois tribes of Indians, axicl also the proceedings attending the saicl treaty, the explanatioti of the foiirth article tliereof, aud a map explariatory of the reservatiou to the Frencli inhabitants and the general clain of the said Indians. 136 Messages ano? Papers ofthe Pvesidents In connection with this subject 1 also lay before the Senate the copy of a paper which has been delivered by a man by the name of John Bap- tiste MayeP, who has accompanied the Wabash Indians at present in this city. Ik will appear bx the certificate of Brigadier-General Putnam that the ~abashIndians disclaimed the validity of the said paper, excepting a certain tract upon the Wabash, as mentioned in the proceedings. - The instructions to Brigadier-General Putnam of the 22d of May, together with a letter to him of the 7th of August, 1792, were laid before the Senate on the 7th of November, 1792. After the Senate shall have considered this treaty, 1request that they would give me their advice whether the same shall be ratified and confirmed; and if to be ratified and confirmed, whether it would not be proper, in order to prevent any misconception hereafter of the fourth article, to guard in the ratification the exclusive preemption of the United States to the lands of the said Indians. G9 WASHINGTON.

Genflemexof the S-d~f theHouse of Representatives: 1 now lay before you-- a report and plat of the temtory of the United States on the Potomac as given in by the commissioners of that territory, together with a letter from the Secretary of State which accompanied them. These papers, being original, are to be again deposited with the records of the Department of State after having answered the purpose of your information. G? WASHINGTON.

GentZemen of fhe House of Representatives: It has beeu agreed on tlie part of the United States that a treaty or conference sliall be held at the ensuing season with the hostile Indians northwest of the Ohio, in order to remove, if possible, al1 causes of difference and to establish a solid peace with them. As the estimates heretofore presented to the House for the current year did not contemplate this object, it will be proper that an express provision be made by law as well for the general expenses of the treaty as to establish the compensation to be allowed the commissioners who shall be appointed for the purpose. 1 shall therefore direct tlie Secretary of War to lay before you an estimate of the expenses which may probably attend this measure. GQ WASHINGTON. George Washington - 137 UNITED STATSS, Febvuary 27, r793. Genflemen of fhe Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Representatives: 1lay before you a copy of an exemplification of an act of the legislature of New York ceding to the United States the jurisdiction of certain lands ori Montauk Poiiit for the purpose mentioned in said act, and the copy of a letter from the governor of New York to the Secretary of State, which accompanied said exemplificaLion. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Feb~uary 28, 1793. Gentl~menof fhe Senafe: 1 was led by a consideration of tlie qi~alificationsof Williarn Patterson, of New Jcrsey, to nominate hirn an associate jiistice of the Siipreme Coiirt of the United States. It has since occurred that he was a inember of the Senate when the law creating tliat office was passed, and that the time for which lie was elected is iiot yet expired. 1 think it iny duty, therefore, to declare that 1 deem the nomination to have been null by

the Coustitution. -L- GQ WASHINGTON.

PROCLAMATIONS.

[Prom FreneauVsNationalGazette of Deceniber 15. 1792.1

BY THE PRESIDENTOF TEIE UNITED STATES. Whereas 1 have received aiithentic information that certain lawless ancl wicked persons of the western frontier in the State of Georgia did lately invade, burn, and destroy a town belongitig to the Cherokee Nation, although in amity with the United States, aricl put to death severa1 Indiaus of that nation; and Wliereas such oiitrageoiis conduct riot only violates the rights of humanity, but also endangers the public peace, arid it highly beconies thc honor alid good faith of the Uuited States to pursiie al1 legal Ineans for the piitiishiiiei~tof those atrocioiis offenders: 1 llave therefore thought fit to issue this rxiy proclaniation, hereby exliorting al1 the citizens of tlie United States arid requiring al1 the officers thereof, according to their respective stations, to use their utxilost erideavors to apprelieiid and bring those offeiiclcrs to justice. Aiid 1 do Inoreover offer a reward of $500 for each a~idevery of the above-naiiied persons who shall be so apprehended and brought to justice and shall be proved to have assiimed or exercised atiy coiiiniaricl or authority atiiong tiie perpetrators of the crimes aforesaid at the time of committing the same. 138 Messages and Pa9er.s of ¿he Presz'dents In testimony whereof 1 have caused the sea1 of the United States to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 12th day of December, [SEAL.] A. D. 1792, and of the Independence of the United States the seventeenth. GQ WASHINGTON. By the President: TH: JEFFERSON.

[From Annals of Congress. Second Congrecs, 666.1 MARCH1, 1793. The Presidenf of flte Unifcd States to the President of fhe Senafe: Certain matters touching the piiblic good requiring that the Senate shall be convened on Monday, the 4th instarit, 1 have desired their attendance, as 1 do yours, by these presents, at the Senate Chamber, in Philadelphia, on that day, then and there to receive and deliberate on such communications as shall be made to you on my part. Go WASHINGTON.

SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS.

IN TEIE CITY OF PHILWZSZIA, PA. FELLOW-CITIZENS:1 am again called upon by the voice of my country to execute the functions of its Chief Magistrate. When the occasion proper for it shall arnve, 1 shall endeavor to expres the high sense 1 entertain of this distinguished honor, and of the confidente which has been reposed in me by the people of united America. Previous to the execution of any oficial act of the President the Con- stitution requires an oath of office. Thisoath 1 am now about to take, and in your presence: That if it shall be found during my administration of the Government 1 have in any iilstance violated willingly or knowingly the injunctiotis thereof, 1 may (besides incurring constitutional punish- merit) be subject to the upbraidings of al1 who are now witnesses of the present solemn ceremony. MARCH4, 1793.

FIFTH ANNUAL ADDRESS.

PHILADELPEIIA,Decem6e-r 3, 1793. Felow-Cifiz~nsof fhe Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Reflresentatives: Since the cotnmencement of the term for whicli 1 have been again called into office no fit occasioil has arisen for expressing to my fellow- Titizens at large the deep and respectful sense which 1 feel of the renewed testimony of public approbation. While on the one hand it awakened my gratitude for al1 those instantes of affectionate partiality with which I have been honored by my country, on the other it could not prcvent an earnest wish for that retirement frorn which no private consideration should ever have torn me. But influenced by tlie belief that my coriduct woiild be estimated according to its real motives, and that the people, and tiie autliorities derived from them, \voulcl support exertions having- riothing personal for their object, 1 have obeyed the suffragéwhich com- nianded rne to resume the Executive power; and 1 humbly implore that Beirig on whose will the fate of riations depends to crown with success our rriiitiial eiideavors for the general happiness. As soon as the war ir1 Europe had einbraced those powers with whom tl-ie Urlited States llave the niost extensive relations there was reason to appreher~dtliat our intercourse with tliem rnight be interrupted and our disposition for peace drawn into questiori by the siispicioiis too often critertained by belligerent riations. It seerried, therefore, to be my diity to aclnioriish oiir citizens of the conseqiiences of a contraband trade and of hostile acts to any of the parties, aud to obtairi by a cleclaration of the existiilg legal state of things aii easier adnl* of oiir riglit to the inimiiiiities beloilgiiig to oiir situatiori. Under these impressions tlie proclaniatiori which will be lnicl before you was issued. Iri th-ture of affairs, botli uew aun clelicntc, 1 resolved to adopt general rulmhich slioulcl conforin to the treaties and assert tlie privileges of the United States. Tliese were reduced into a system, which will he communicated to you. Althougl-i I have not thouglit rnyself at liberty to forbicl the sale of the prizes pcrrnitted by oiir treaty of conimerce with France to be brought into our ports, 1 have not refused to caiise them to be restored when they were taken withiri the protection of our territory, or by vessels commissioned or equipped iii a warlike foriri \vitl~iiitlie limits of the Uilited States. It rests witli the wisdom of Congress to correct, improve, or enforce tliis plan of procedure; aiid it will probably be found expedieiit to extend tlie legal code and the jurisdiction of the coiirts of the Uriited States to riiaxiy cases which, though deperident oii principies already recognizecl, dematid soine further provisioris. Wliere iridividuals shall, withiti the TJriitecl States, array tlieriiselves ir1 liostility against any of the powers at war, or eriter upoii riiilitary expecli- tioris or enterprises within the jurisdictiori of tlie United States, or usiirp aiicl exercise judicial authority within the Uiiited States, or where tlie pcrialties on violatious of tlie law of natioi~smay have beeii indistirictly niarked, or are inadequate-these offenses can iiot receive too early aiicl close an attention, and require prompt and decisive remedies. Wl-iatsoever those remedies niay be, tiiey will be \ve11 adrninistered by tlie jiidiciary, who possess a long-established course of irivestigation, effectual process, and officers in the habit of executing it. 140 Messages and Pajers of tlie Presz'dents In Iike manner, as several of the courts have doubted, under particular circumstances, their power to liberate the vessels of a nation at peace, and even of a citizen of the United States, although seized under a falce color of being hostile property, and have denied their power to liberate certain captures within the protection of our territory, it would seem proper to regulate their jurisdiction in these points. But if the Executive is to be the resort in either of the two last-mentioned cases, it is hoped that he will be authorized by law to have facts ascertained by the courts when for his own information he shall request it. 1 can not recommend to your notice measures for the fulfillment of our duties to the rest of the world without again pressing upon you the necesity of placing ourselves in a condition of complete defense and of exacting from them the fulfillment of their duties toward us. The United States ought not to indulge a persuasion that, contrary to the order of human events, they will forever keep at a distance those painful appeals to arms with which the history of every other nation abounds. There is a rank due to the United States among nations which will be withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the reputation of weakness. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to repel it ; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it mus: be known that we are at al1 times ready for war. The documents which will be presented to you will shew the amount amH&tkof armsarrcF militar~stores now iu our magazine~and arsenal~; aud yet an addition even to these supplies can not with prudence be neglected, as it would leave nothing to the uncertainty of procuring of warlike apparatus in the moment of public danger. Nor can such arrangements, with such objects, be exposed to the cen- sure or jealousy of the warmest friends of republican government. They are incapable of abuse in the hands o£ the militia, who ought to possesi a pride in being the depository of the force of the Republic, and may be trained to a degree of energy equal to every military exigency of the ~nitedStates. But it is au inquiry which can not be too solemnly pursued, whether the act " more effectually to provide for the natio~ial defense by establishing an ui~iformmilitia throughout the United States" has organized them so as to produce their full effect ; whether your own experience in the several States has not detected some imperfections in the scheme, and whether a material feature in au improvement of it ought not to be to afford an opportunity for the study of those branches of the inilitary art which can scarcely ever be attained by practice alone. The connection of the United States with Europe has become extremely interesting. The occurrences which relate to it and have passed under the knowledge of the Executive will be exhibited to.Congress in a subsequent communication. When we contemplate the war on our frontiers, it may be truly affirmed that every reasonable effort has been. made to adjust the causes of dissension with the Indians north of the Ohio. The instrnctions given to the commissioners evince a moderation and equity proceeding from a sincere love of peace, anda liberality having no restriction but the essential interests arid dignity of tlie United States. The attempt, however, of an amicable negotiation having been frustrated, tbe troops have marched to act offensively. Although the proposed treaty did not arrest the progress of military preparatiori, it is doubtful how far the advance of the season, before good faGh justified active movernents, may retard them during the remainder of tlie year. Froin the papers and intelligence which relate to this iinportaiit subject you will determine whether tlie cleficiency iii the tluiliber of troops granted by law shall be compensated by succors of niilitia, or additional encouragenients shall be proposed to recruits. Aii anxiety has beeri also demonstraterl by the Executive for peace with the Creeks and the Cherokees. The former llave been relieved with corii atid witll clothing, and offensive nieasures agairist theni proliibited during the reces of Congress. To satisfy the complaints of the latter, prosecutions have been iristitiited for the violences comniitted upon them. But tlie papers which will be delivered to you disclose the critica1 footing oii which we stand in regard to both those tribes, and it is with wress to proiiouiice what shall be done. After they shall have- provided for the present emergency, it will merit their t~iostserious labors tdertranquillity with the savages permanent by creating ties of interest. Next to a rigorous execution of justice on the violators of peace, the establishment of comnierce witli the Indian iiations iti behalf of the Uiiited States is most likely to conciliate their attaclitnent. But it oiiglit to be co~ductedwithout fraud, without extortion, with constant aiid plentiful supplies, witli a ready market for the corriinodities of the Iridians and a statecl price for what they give in payment aiid receive in exchange. Individuals will riot pursue such a traffic uriless they be allured by the hope of profit; but it will be enoilgli for the Uxiited States to be reimbursed only. Should this rec- orntileridatiori accord with the opinioii of Corigress, they will recollect tliat it can not be accomplished by any means yet in the hands of the -.fixecutive.

The commissioners charged with the settlenient of accounts between the Utiited States and individual States concluded their important functions withiti the tiine limited by law, and the balances struck in their report, which will be laid before Congress, have beeii placed on the books of the Treasury. 011 tlie 1st day of Jiuie last an installiilent of I ,mo,om fiorins became payable oii tlie loans of tlie Uiiited States iti Holland. Tliis was adjusted by a prolongation of tlie period of reimbusement in nature of a new 14.2 Messages and Paws of the &estStdents loan at an interest of 5 per cent for the term of ten years, and the expenses of this operation were a commission of 3 per cent. The first installment of the loan of $2,000,000 from the Bank of the United States has been paid, as was directed by law. For the second ít is necessary that provision should be made. No pecuniary consideration is more urgent than the regular redemptioo and discharge of the public debt. On none can delay be more injurious or an economy of time more valuable. The productiveness of the public reveniles hitherto has continued to equal the anticipations which were formed of it, but it is not expected to prove commensurate with al1 the objects which have been suggested. Some auxiliary provisions will therefore, it is presumed, be requisite, and it is hoped that these may be made consistently with a due regard to the conveniente of our citizens, who can not but be sensible of the true wisdom of encountering a small present addition to their contributions to obviate a future accumulation of burthens. But here 1 can not forbear to recommend a repeal of the tax on the transportation of public prints. There is no resource so firm for the Government of the United States as the affections of the people, guided by an enlightened policy ; and to this primary good nothing can conduce more than a faithful representation of public proceedings, diffused without restraint throughout the United States. Anestimate of the appropriations necessary for the current semce of taesuing year and a statement of a purchase of *arms and mi1itzk-y stores made during the recess will be presented to Congress.

Gentlemen of the Senate and of the Nouse ofRe#vesentatives: The severa1 subjects to which 1 have now referred open a wide range to your deliberations and involve some of the choicest interests of our common country. Permit me to bring to your remembrance the magnitude of your task. Without an unprejudiced coolnes tlie welfare of the Government may be hazarded ; without harmony as far as consists with freedom of sentiment its dignity may be lost. But as the legislative proceedings of the United States will never, 1 trust, be reproached for the want of temper or of candor, so shall ~iotthe public happiness languish from tlie want of my strenuous and warmest cooperation. GQ WASHINGTON.

ADDRESS OF THE SENATE TO GSORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

The PRESIPGNTOF THE UNITEDSTATBS: Accept, sir, the thanks of the Senate for your speech delivered to both Houses of Congress at the opening of the session. Your reelection to the Chief Magistracy of thUnited States gives us sincere pleasure. We consider it as an event every way propitious to the happiness of our country, and your compliance with the cal1 as a fresh instance of the patriotism which has so repeatedly led you to sacrifice private inclination to the public good. In the unanimity which a second time marks this important national act we trace with particular satisfaction, besides the distiiiguished tribute paid to the virtues and abilities which it recog- nizes, another proof of that just discernment and constancy of sentiments and views which have hitherto characterized the citizens of the United States. As the European powers with whom the United States have the most extensive relations were involved in war, in which we had taken no part, it seemed necessary that the disposition of the nation for peace should be promulgated to the world, as well for the purpose of admonishing our citizens of the consequences of a contraband trade and of acts hostile to any of the belligerent parties as to obtain by a declaration of the existing legal state of things an casier admissiori of our right to the imrnunities of oiir situation. We therefore contemplate with pleasure the proclamation by you issued, aiid give it our hearty approbatiori. We deetn it a measure well timed axid wise, manifestitig a watchful solicitude for the welfare of the nation and calciilated to promote it. - The several importaiit inatters presented to our consideration will, in the course of the session, engage -al1 the attentiori to which they are respectively entitled, and as the publickappiness will be the sole gilide of our deliberations, we are perfectly- assured of receiving your strenuous and niost zealous cooperation. TOHN ADAMS. Vice-Presiderzf qf the United Siates and President of the Senate. DECEMBEK9, 1793.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT.

G~NTLRMEN:Tlle pleaslire expressed by tlie Senate on my reelection to tlie statiori whicli 1 fill corniriailds iliy sincere aiicl wariiiest ackiiowl- eclgmetits. If this be aii event xvhicli promises the srnallest aclclitioii to tlie happiiiess of our couutry, as it is iiiy duty so shnll it be iiiy stiicly to realize tlie expectation. The decided approbation wliicli the proclamation riow receives frorli yoiir House, by coiiipleting the proofs that this measure is coilsiderecl as rnariifestirig a vigilaiit attentioii to tlie welfare of tlie Uuited States, briiigs witli it a peculiar grntificatioii to rily iriixicl. The otlier iniportatit siil>jects\vhicli llave beeii coiririluiiicatecl to yoii will, 1 ain corifiderlt, receive a due discussion, aad tlie result will, 1 trust, pr0T-e fi>rtiiii:itr to tlie Uiiitecl States. - G'J \VASHINGTON. I)ECEILIIIEK10, 1793. ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON,PRESIDENT OP THE UNITED STATES. SIR: The Representatives of the people of the United States, in meet- ' ing you for the first time since you have been again called by an unanimous suffrage to your present station, find an occasion which they embrace with no less sincerity than promptitude for expressing to you their congratulations on so distinguished a testimony of public approbation, and their entire confidence in the purity and patriotism of the motives which have produced this obediente to the voice of your country. It is to virtues which have commanded long and universal reverence and services from which have flowed great and lasting benefits that the tribute of praise may be paid without the reproach of flattery, and it is from the same sources that the fairest anticipations may be derivtd in favor of the public happiness. The United States having taken no part in the war which had embraced in Europe the powers with whom they have the most extensive relations, the maintenance of peace was justly to be regarded as one of the most important duties of the Magistrate charged with the faithful execution of the laws. We accordingly witness with approbation and pleasure the vigilante with which you have guarded against an interruption of that blessing by your proclamatiou admonishing our citizens of the consequences of illicitostile acts toward the belligerent parties, and promoting by a declaration of the existing legal state of things an easier admission of our right to the immunities belonging to our situation. The connection of the United States with Europe has evidently become extremely interesting. The communications which remain to be exhibited to us will no doubt assist in giving us a fuller view of the subject and in guiding our deliberations to such results as may comport with the rights and true interests of our country. We learn with deep regret that the measures, dictated by love of peace, for obtaining an amicable termination of the afflicting war on our frontiers have been frustrated, and that a resort to offensive measures should have again become necessary. As the latter, however, must be rendered more satisfactory in proportion to the colicitude for peace manifested by the forrner, it is to be hoped they will be pursued under the better auspices on that account, and be finally crowned w'th more happy success. In relation to the particular tribes of Indians against whom offensive measures have been prohibited, as well as on al1 the other important subjects which you have presented to our view, we shall bestow the attention which they claim. We can not, however, refrain at this time from particularly expressing our concurrente in your anxiety for the regular discharge of the public debts as fast as circumstances and events rmill perrnit and itl the policy of renloving any irnpedimerits that may be iound in the way of a faithful representation- of public proceedings Geovge Washington 145 throughout the United States, being persuaded with you that on no subject more than the former can delay be more injurious or an economy of time more valuable, and that with respect to the latter no resource is so firm for the Government of the United States as the affections of the people, guided by an enlightened policy. Throughout our deliberations we shall endeavor to chensh every senti- meut which may contribute to render them conducive to the dignity as well as to the welfare of the United States ; and we join with yoii in imploring that Being on whose will the fate of nations depends to crown with success our mutual endeavors. DECEMBEK6, 1793.

REPLY OF THE PIU3SIDENT. GENTLEMEN:1 shall not affect to conceal the cordial satisfaction which 1 derive from the address of the Hoiise of Representatives.- Whatsoever those services may be which you have sanctioned by your favor, it is a sufficient reward that they have been accepted as they were meant. For the fulfillment of your anticipations of the future 1 can give no other assurance than that the motives which you approve shall continue unchanged. It is truly gratifying to me to learn that the- proclamation has been coilsidered as a seasonable guard against the interai+pth of the pilblic peace. Nor can 1 doubt that the subjects which 1 have recominended to your attention as depending on legislative provisions will receive a discussion suitecl to their importailce. With every reason, theri, it may be expected that your deliberations, under the divine blessing, will be matured to the honor and happiiiess of the United States. ~o WASHINGTON. DECEMBER7, 1793.

SPECIAL MESSAGES.

UNITEDSTATES, Becembe~ 5, 1793. Genflemen of the Senafe aitd of the Nouse of Xepresenáatives: As the preseut situation of tlie severa1 natio~isof Europe, and especially of those witli which the United States have itiiportant relations, can not but render tlie state of things betweeii them aud us matter of interesting inquiry to the Legislature, aild may iildeed give rise to deliberations to which tliey alone are competent, I have thought it my duty to coniiiiunicate to thetn certain correspondences which have taken place. Tbe representative and execiltive bodies of France have manifested generallya friendly attachment to this couutry; have given advantages to M P-VOZ 1-10 our commerce and navigation, and have made overtures for placing these advantages on permanent ground. A decree, however, of the National Assembly subjecting vessels laden with provisions to be carried into their ports and making enemy goods lawful prize in the vessel of a friend, contrary to our treaty, though revoked at one time as to the United States, has been since extended to their vecsels also, as has been recently stated to us. Represeiitations on this subject will be immediately given in charge to our minister there, and the result shall be conimunicated to tlie Legislature. It is with extreme concern 1 have to inform you that the proceedings of the person whom they have unfortunately appointed their minister plenipotentiary here have breathed nothiiig of the friendly spirit of the nation which sent him. Their tendency, on the contrary, has been to involve us in war abroad and discord and anarchy at home. So far as his acts or those of his agents have threateiied our immediate comniit- ment in the war, or flagrant insult to the authority of the laws, tlieir effect has been counteracted by the ordinary cognizailce of the laws and by an exertion of the powers confided to me. Where their danger was not iniminent they have been borne with from sentimeilts of regard to his ilation, from a sense of their friendship toward us, from a conviction that they would not suffer us to remain long exposed to the actioti of a person who has so little respected our rnutual dispositions, aiid, 1 will add, from a reliance on the fimmess of my fellow-citizens in their principles of peace and order. In the nleantime 1 have respected and pursued the stipulations of oiir treaties according to what 1 judged their true seuse, and have withheld 110 act of frieildship which their affairs have called for from us, atld which justice to others left us free to perform. 1 have gone farther. Rather than employ force for tlie restitution of certain vessels which 1 deemed the United States bound to restore, 1 thouglit it more advisable to satisfy the parties by avowiilg it to be my opinioii that if restitution were not made it would be iricuinbent on the United States to make compensation. The papers now communicated will more particularly apprise you of these transactions. The vexations and spoliation understood to have beeii committed on our vessels and coininerce by the cruisers arid officers o£ some of the belligerent powers appear to require attention. The proofs of these, however, not having been brought fonvard, the descriptions of citizens supposed to have suffered were notified that, on furnishing them to the Executive, due measures would be taken to obtain redress of the past and more effectual provisions against the future. Should such documents be fiirnished, proper representations will be made thereon, with a just reliance on a redress proportioned to the exigency of the case. Tk British Governnient having undertaken, by orders to the com- manders of their armed vessels, to restrain generally our commerce in corn and other provisions to their own ports and t=e of their friends, George Washington 147 the instructions now communicated were immediately forwarded to our minister at that Court. In the meantime some discussions on the subject took place between him and them. These are also laid before you, and 1 may expect to learn the result of his special instructions in time to rilake it knowri to the Legislature during their present secsion. Very early after the arrival of a Bntish minister here mutual esplana- tions on the inexecution of the treaty of peace were entered into with that minister. These are now laid before you for your information. On the subjects of mutual irlterest between this country arid Spain negotiations and conferences are now depending. The public good recluiring- that the present state of these shoiíld be rnade knowri to tlie Legislature iz co7zjdence o&, they shall be the siibject of a separate and subsequent communication. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Decembey r6, 1793. GentZenzen of tke Sezafe and of the House ofRe~resezz!aiines.- Tlie situatiou of affairs in Erirope ir1 the course of the year 1790 hav- irlg rendered it posible that a moment might arrive favorable for the arrangement of our unsettled matters with Spairi, it was thought proper toprepare our representative at that Court to avail lis of it. Acoí-en- tia1 person was tllerefore dispatchecl to be the bearer of irrstriictions to hirn, and to supply, by verbal comniuriications, any additional iriformation of which he might find himself in need. The Government of France was at the saine tiriie applied to for its aid arid irifluence in this uego- tiation. Events, however, took a turn which did not present the occasion lioped for. About the close of the ensuing year 1 was informed throiígli the rep- reseritatives of Spain here that tlieir Governmeilt woiild be willing to reriew at Madrid the former conferences on these subjects. Though tlie trari5fer o£ scerle u7as riot what would Iiave beeri desired, yet 1 did riot tliirik it iniportaiit enough to reject the proposition, aud tlierefore, with tlic advice and consent of the Senate, 1 appoitited coinriiissioriers plenipotentiary for riegotiating and coricliiding a treaty with that couritry o11 the several subjects of boundary, riavigation, and comnierce, and gave theiti tlre instructions now commiinicated. Before these negotiations, liowever, could be got into train the new troubles which had arisen in Europe had produced new combiliations among the powers there, the effects of which are but too visible iri the proceedings now laid before yoii. In the meantime some other points of discussion had ariseti with that coiintry, to wit, the restitution of property escaping irito the tzrritories of each other, the rnutual exchange of fugitives from justice, aud, above all. the mutual interfereaees with the Indians lying between us. 1 had - 148 Messages and Papers oftfie Presfdents the best reason to believe that the hostilities threatened and exercised by the Southern Indians on our border were excited by the agents of that Government. Representations were thereon directed to be made by our commissioners to the Spanish Government, and a proposal to cultivate with good faith the peace of each other with those people. In the meantime corresponding suspicions were entertained, or pretended to Be entertained, on their part of like hostile excitements by our agents to disturb their peace with the same nations. These were brought forward by the representatives of Spain here in a style which could not fail to produce attention. A claini of patronage and protection of those Indians was asserted; a mediation between them and us by that sovereign assumed; their houndaries witli us inade a subject of his interference, and at length, at the very moment when these sarages were committing daily inroads upon our frontier, we were informed by tliem that " the continuation of the peace, good harniony, and perfect friendship of the two nations was very problematical for the future, unless the United States should take more convenient measures and of greater energy than those adopted for a long time past." - If their previous correspondence had worn the appearance of a desire to urge on a disagreement, this last declaration left no room to evade it, since it could not be conceived we would submit to tlie scalping knife ancl tomahawk of the savage witliout anyzsktance. 1 thought it time, therefore, to know if these were the viewsnffheir sovereign, and dispatched a special messenger with instructions to our commissioners, which are among the papers now coniniunicated. Their last letter gives us ' reason to expect very shortly to know the result. 1 must add that the Spanish representatives here, perceiving that their last communication had made considerable impressiori, endeavored to abate this by some subsequent professious, which, being also among the communications to the Legislature, they will be able to form their own conclusions. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Decemóer r6, r793. GcnfZenzen of fhe Senafe and of the Nouse of Representatives: 1 lay before you a report of the Secretas. of State on the measures which have been taken o11 behalf of the United States for the purpose of obtaining a recognition of our treaty with Morocco and for the ransom of our citizens axid establishment of peace with Algiers. Wliile it is proper our citizens should know that subjects wliich so much concern their iriterest and tlieir feelings have duly engaged the attention of their 1,egislature and Executive, it would still be improper that some particulars of tliis cornniunication should be made knowii. The confidential conversation stated iu one of tlie last letters sent herewith is one of these. Both justice and policy require that the-source of that information should remain secret. So a knowledge of the sums meant to have been given for peace and ransom might have a disadvan- tageouc influence on future proceedings for the same objects. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Deceember 23,1793. Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Reflrese7ríatives: Siiice the conimiinications which were made to you on the affairs of the United Ctates with Spain and on the truce between Portugal arid Algiers some other papers have beeri received, which, making a part of the same subjects, are now cornrnunicated for your itiformatioii. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITZDSTATRS, Decentber 30, 1793. Gentleemen of íhe Senafe and of fhe fToz~seof Reflvese~ríaíiz~es: 1 lay before yoii, for your consideration, a letter frorii the Secretary of State, informirig rne of certain impediriients whicli llave arisen to the coiriage of tlie precious metals at tlie Mint, as also a letter from the sarne officer relative to certaiti advances of riioiiey whicli llave been made on public account. Should you tliink proper to sanctioii what has - beeu done, or b~ofopinion that aiiything more shall be done iii the - sarne way, you \vJLjdge whether there are riot circumstances wliich would render secrecy expedient. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNIT~DSTATES, January 7, r79g Gertflemen of the Senafe and of the House of Representafives: 13xperieilce I-ins shewn that it would be usefiil to have an officer par- ticiilarly chnrgecl, uiider the directioii of tlie Department of War, with tlie cluties o£ recciviiig, safe-keepirig, and distribiiting the piiblic siipplies iii al1 cases ir1 xvliicli tlie laws ailcl the course of service do riot devolve theili upon other officers, ancl also \vitli that of superintendirig iii al1 cases tlie'issues iii cletail of supplies, with power for that piirpose to bririg to accniint al1 persons iritrusted to niake such issues iii relati011 tliereto. Ari establishisient of this natiire, by .securing a regular and ~>unct~ial accountability for the issues of piiblic siipplies, would be a great giiard against abuse, would tend to insurc their due application aiicl to give public satisfaciion on that point. 1 therefore recommend to the consideration of Congress the expediency of an establislirsierit of this nature, under such regulations as sliall appear to them advisable. - GQ WASHINGTON. UNITED STATES,Ianuary 20, 1794. GentZemen of the Senate una? of the Howe of Re#resenfatives: Having already laid before you a letter of the 16th of August, 1793, from the Secretary of State to our minister at Paris, stating the conduct and urging the recall of the minister plenipotentiary of the Republic of France, 1now communicate to you that his conduct has been unequivocally dicapproved, and that the strongest assurances have been given that his recall should be expedited without delay. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATBS, January 21, r79g. GenfZemen of the Senate and of fhe House of Re#resentatives.- It is with satisfaction 1 announce to you that the alterations which have been made by law in the original plan for raising a duty on spirits distilled within the United States, and on stills, cooperating with better information, have had a considerable influence in obviating the difficulties which have embarrassed that branch of the public revenue. But thedsstacles which llave been experienced, though lessened, are not yet entirely surmounted, and it would seem that some further legislative provisions may usefully be superadded, which leads me to recall the attention of Congress to the subject. Among the matters which may demand regulation is the effect, in point of organization, produced by the separation of Kentucky from the State of Virginia, and the situation with regard to the law of the territories northwest and southwest of the Ohio. The laws respecting light-house establishments ~equire,as a condition of their permanent maintenauce at the expense of the United States, a complete cession of soil and jurisdiction. The cessions of different States having been qualified with a reservation of the right of serving legal process withiu the ceded jurisdiction are understood to be inconclusive as annexing a qualification not consonant with the terms of the law. 1 present this circumstance to the view of Congress, that they may judge whether any alteration ought to be made. As it appears to be conformable with the intention of the " ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio," although it is not expressly directed that the laws of that territory should be laid before Congress, 1 now transmit to you a copy of such as have been passed fronl July to December, 1792, inclusive, being the last which have been received by the Secretary of State. GQ WASHINGTON.

TJNITED STATES,January 30, r79g. GenfLenzen of ¿he Senafe and of fhe House of Ke#veseittafives: Communications have been made to Congress during the present - session with the intention of affording a fuíl view of the posture of affairs on the Southwestern frontiers. By the infornlatioil which has lately been laid before Congress it appeared that the difficulties with the Creeks had been amicably and happily terminated; but it will be perceived with regret by the papers herewith transmitted that the tranquillity has, unfortunately, been of short.duration, owing to the murder of several frieudly Indians by sonie lawless white men. The couditiotl of things in that quarter requires the seríous and immediate consideration of Congress, and the adoptiou of such wise and vigorous laws as will be competent to the preservation of the uational character arid of the peace made under the authority of the United States xvith the severa1 Indian tribes. Experience demonstrates that tlie existing legal provisions are entirely inadequate to those great objects. G9 WASHINGTON.

Genflemen of fhe Senate and of fhe House of Re#resenfafives: 1transmit to you an act and three ordinances passed by the government of the territory of the United States south of the river Ohio on the 13th and 2 1st of March and the 7th of May, 1793, and also certain letters from the ininister plenipotentiary of the French Republic to the Secretary of State, inclosing dispatches froni the general and extraordinary commission

of Guadaloupe. - GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES, Fe6ruary 19, r794 Ge?zf¿emenof fhe Senafe and of fhc House of Re~resenfafives: 1 lay before you the copy of a letter which 1 have receivecl from the Cliief Jiistice ancl associate justices of the Supreme Court of tlie United States, and, at their desire, the representation nientioned iti the said letter, pointing out certain defects iri the judiciary system. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,February 24, 1794. Gent/emcn of fhe Senate and of fhc House of Repvesenfatives: The extracts which I now lay before you, frorn a letter of our minister at London, are supplementary to some of my past commi~nications, arid will appear to be of a confidential nature. 1 also trarisniit to you copies of a letter from the Secretary of State to tlie riiinister plenipotentiary of I-lis Britannic Majesty, and of the answer thereto, upon the siibject of the treaty betweeti the United States atid Great Britain, together with the copy of a letter from Messrs. Carmiciiael ati(1 Sliort, relative to our affairs witli Spaiu, which letter is corinected with a former coilfidential message, GQ WASHINGTON.- 1.52 Messages and Papérs ofthe Presz'dents UNITED STATES,Feóruary 26, 1794. GenfZemen of the Senafe: 1 have caused the correspondence which is the subject of your resolution of the 24th day of January last to be laid before me. After an examination of it 1 directed copies and translations to be made, except in those particulars which, in my judgment, for public considerations, ought not to be communicated. These copies and translations are now transmitted to the Senate; but the nature of them manifests the propriety of their being received as confidential. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,March 3, 1794. Genflemen of fhe Senafe and of fhe Nmcse of Re$resenfafives: 1 transmit to you an extract from a letter of Mr. Short, relative to oiir affairs witli Spain, and copies of two letters frorn our minister at Lisbon, with their inclosures, containing intelligence from Algiers. The whole of these communications are made in confidence, except the passage in Mr. Short's 1efFerwhich respects the Spanish convoy. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,March 5, r7pp. GenfZemen of fhe Senate and of fhe Nouse of Re$resenfaffves: The Secretary of State having reported to me upon the severa1 complaints which have been lodged in his office against the vexations and spoliations on our commerce since the commencement of the Euro- peau war, 1 transmit to you a copy- of his statement, together with the documents upon which it is founded. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,March 18,1794. Genflewzen of fhe Senafe and of fhe House of Rcpvesenfafives: The minister plenipotentiary of the French Republic having requested an advance of money, 1 transmit to Congress certain documents relative to that subject. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,March 28, 1794. Gentlemen ~ffhe Senafe and of fhe House of Re$resenfa~ives: In the execution of the resolution of Congress bearing date the 26th of March, 1794, and imposing an embargo, 1 have requested the governors of the severa1 States to cal1 forth the force of their militia, if it should be necescary, for the detention of vessels. This power is conceived to be incidental to an embargo. It also deserves the attention of Congress how far the clearances from one district to another, under the law as it now stands, may give rise to evdsions of the embargo. As one security the collectors have been instructed to refuse to receive the surrender of coasting licenses for the purpose of taking out registers, and to require bond from registered vessels bound from one district to another, for the delivery of the cargo within the Unitecl States. It is not u~iderstoodthat the resolution applies to fishing vessels, although their occupatiotis lie generally in parts beyond the United States. But withoiit further restrictions there is an opportunity of their privileges being used as nieans of eluding the embargo. A11 :irri~ecl vessels possessirig public commissions from any foreign power (letters of marque excepted) are considered as not liable to the embargo. These circumstances are transmitted to Congress for their corisideration. GQ WASHINGTON.

1 lay hefore you three letters from our minister in London, advices concerning the Algerine mission from our minister at Lisbon and others, and a letter from thr minister plenipotentwof the French Republic- to the Secretary of State, with his answer. GP WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,A9n.Z 15, 1794. Gentlemen of flle Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Re$vesentafives: 1 lay before you a letter from the minister plenipotentiary of His Britantlic Majesty to the Secretary of State; a letter from the secretas. of tlie territory south of the river Ohio, inclosirig an ordinarice and proc- lariiatioii of the goverrior thereof; the tratislatioii of so rnuch of a peti- tiori of tlie inhabitants of Post Vincennes, aclclrtssed to the President, as relates to Congress, and certain clispatches lately receivecl frou our commissioners at Madrid. These dispatclies froni Madrid being a part of the business which has been hitherto deemed coiifideiitial, tliey are forwarded under that view. Go WASHINGTON.

The communications which 1 have made to you during your present session from the dispatches of otir minister iu London contain a serious aspect of our affairs with Great Britain. But as peace ought to be pursued with unrernitted zeal before the last resource, which has so- often 154 Messages and Papers of tize Preszients been the scourge of nations, and can not fail to check the advanced prosperity of the United States, is contemplated, I have thought proper to nominate, and do hereby nominate, John Jay as envoy extraordinary of the United States to His Britannic Majesty. My confidence in our minister plenipotentiary in London continues undiminished. But a mission like this, while it corresponds with the solemnity of the occasion, will announce to the world a solicitude for a friendly adjustment of our complaints and a reluctance to hostility. Going immediately from the United States, such an envoy will carry with him a fiill knowledge of the existing temper and sensibility of our country, and will thus be taught to vindicate our rights with firmness and to cultivate peace with sincerity.

- GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,May rz, 175y. Gentlemen of fhe Senate and of tlze House of Re#vesentatines: As the letter which 1 forwarded to Congress on the 15th day of P-pril last, from the minister plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty to the Secretary of State, in answer- to a memorial of our minister in London, related to a very interesting subject, 1 thought it proper not to delay its communication. But since that time the memorial itself has been -- y =- received in a letter from our minister, and a reply has been made to that answer by the Secretary of State. Copies of them are therefore now - transmitted. 1 also send the copy of a letter from the governor of Rhode Island, inclosing an act of the legislature of that State empowering the United States to hold lands within the same for the purpose of erecting fortifications, and certain papers concerning patents for the donation lands to the ancient settlers of Vincennes upon the Wabash. G'? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,May 20, r79g. Genflenrei~nf the S-xafennd of fhe Nouse of Re~vesenfatives; In the comn~unicationswhich I have made to Congress diirixig the present session relative to foreign nations 1 have omitted no opportunity of testifying my anxiety to preserve the United States in peace. It is peculiarly, therefore, my duty at this time to lay before you the present state of certain hostile threats'against the territories of Spain in our neighborhood. The documents which accompany this message develop the measures which 1 have taken to suppress them, and the intelligence which has been lately received. It will be seen from thence that the subject has not been neglected; that every power vested in the Executive on such occasions has been exerted, and that there was reason to believe that the enterprise projected against the Spanish dominions was relinquished. But it appears to have been revived upon principies which set public order at defiance and place the peace of the United States in the discre- tion of unauthorized individuals. The means already deposited in the differerit departments of Government are shewn by experience not to be adequate to these high exigencies, although such of them as are lodged in the han-ds of the Execiitive shall continue to be used with promptness, energy, arid decision proportioned to the case. But 1 arn impelled by the position of our public affairs to recommeud that provision be made for a stroriger and more vigorous opposition than can be given to such hostile movements under the laws as they now stand. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, May zr, 1794. Gentlewzen of the Senate and of the Nouse of Representatiues: 1 lay before you in confidence siindry papers, by which you will perceive the state of affairs between us and the Six Nations, arid the proba- hfecaiise to which it is owing, and also certaiu inforination whereby it would appear that some encroachment was about to be rnade on our territory by ari officer arid party of Britisl-i troops. Proceediug upon a s~ippositioriof tlie authenticity of this information, altJhoirgh of a private nature, 1 have caiised the represerltation to be made to the British minister a copy of which accompanies this rnessage. It can not be necessary to comment upon the very serious nature of such an encroachinent, nor to urge that this new state of things suggests tlie propriety of placing the United States iti a posture of effectual preparation for an event which, notwithstariding the endeavors making to avert it, Inay by circumstances beyond our control be forced upon us. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,May 26, 1794. Grnfleine?~of fhe .Senafe aizd of the HO~LSCof lieprese7zfatives: Tlie corririiissioiiers of EIis Catliolic Majesty having coniinunicated to thc Secretary of State the fomi of a certificate without which the vessels of the IJnited States can not be admitted into the ports- of Spain,- 1 think it proper to lay it before Congress. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, May 27, 1794. Genflenzen of the Senate: The Executive Provisory Council of the Frencli Republic having requested me to recall Gouverneur Morris, our minister plenipotentiary in France, 1 have thought proper, in pursuance of that request, to recall - - 156 Messages and PaPers oftlie Pvesidents him. 1 therefore nominate James Monroe, of Virginia, as rninistef plenipotentiary of the United States to the said Republic. 1 also nominate William Short, now minister resident for the United States with Their High Mightinesses the States-General of the United Netherlands, to be minister resident for the United States to His Catholic Majesty, in the room of William Carmichael, who is recalled. G? WASHINGTON. .

UNITED STATES,june 2, 1794. GentZemen of tlte Senate and of the Hduse of Re#vesentatives: 1 send you certain comrniinications, recently received from Georgia, which materially- change the prospect of affairs in that quarter, and seem to render a war with the Creek Nations more probable than it has been at any antecedent period. While the attention of Congress will be directed to the consideration of measures suited to the exigency, it can not escape their observation that this intelligence brings a fresh proof of the insufficiency of the existing provisions of the laws toward the effectual cultivation and preservation of peacwvith our Indian neighbors. G? WASHINGTON.

PROCLAMATIONS.

[From a broadside in the archives of the Department of State.]

BY THE PRESIDENTOF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

A PROCLAMATION. Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prus- sia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands of tl-ie one part and France on the other, and the duty arid interest of the United States reqnire that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers: 1 have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of tlie United States to observe the conduct aforesaid toward those powers respectively, and to exhort and warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid al1 acts and proceedings whatsoever which may in any manner tend to contravene sucli disposition. And 1 do hereby also make known that whosoever of the citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to punishment or forfeiture under the law of nations by committing, aiding, or abetting hostilities against any of the said powers, or by carrying to any of thenl tliose articles which are deemed contraband by the rnodern usage of nations, will not receive the protection of the United States against such punishment George Waslzington 157 os forfeitiire; and further, that I have given instructions to-those officers to whoii~it belongs to cause prosecutions to be instituted against al1 persons wlio shall, withiil the cognizance of the courts of the United States, violate the law of nations with respect to the powers at war, os any of theni. In testimoriy whereof I have causecl tlie sea1 of the United States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same xvith rny hand.- [SEAL.] Dorie at the city of Pliiladelphia, the 22d day of April, 1793, and of thc Iiiclepeiideuce of tlie Uriited States of America the seventeetith. G? WASHINGTON. By tlie President: TH: JEFFERSON.

A PROCLAMATION.

Wliereas 1 hayereceivecl iiiformatiori that certain persons, in violation of tlie laws, liave presuined, urider color of a foreig~ia~itliority, to ei~list citizeris of tlie Uriitecl States an(1 others within the State of Kentircky, aiicl 1i:ive tliere asseinhled an arinecl force for the purpose of invading aticl ~~iutlderirigtlie territories of a riatioii at peace witli tlie said ~gited States; aiid Whereas sucli uriwarrantable measures, being contrary to the laws of nations aiid to tlie duties incunibent ori every citizen of the United States, tend to distiirb the tranquillity of tlie sanie, aiid to involve them iu tlle calainities of war; alid Whereas it is the d~ztyof the Executive to take care that such criminal proceedings should be suppressed, tlie offenders brought to justice, ancl a11 good citizens cautioned against rrieasures likely to prove so pernicious to tlieir country and theriiselves, sliould they be seduced into sirililai- iilfractioiis of the laws: 1 llave therefore thought proper to issue this proclamatiou, hereby soleinnly warning every person, riot authorized by tlie luws, agaiiist enlisting any citizeii os citizens of the Uiiited States, os levying troops, os assernblirig ariy persons withiii the Uiiited States for the purposes aforesnid, or proceediiig in ariy iiiaiiiier to tlie executioii tl-iereof, as tliey will ailswer for tlle snme at their peril; and 1 do also admonish arid require al1 citizerls to refraiti frorii eillistirig, enrolling, or assembling tlictiiselves for siich uiilawful piirposes arid frorii beirig iii aiiywise cori- cerned, aiding, os abetting therein, as they tender their own welfare, iiiasiiiucli :ls al1 lawful iileans will be strictly put iii execution for securing obedience to the laws and for punisliing such daugerous and daring violatious tliereof. - 158 Messages and Pajers of¿be PresZdents And 1 do moreover charge and require al1 courts, magistrates, and other officers whom it may concern, according to their respective duties, to exert the powers in them severally vested to prevent añd suppress al1 such unlawful assemblages aud proceedings, and to bring to condign punishment those who may have been guilty thereof, as they regard the due authority of Government and the peace and welfare of the United States. - In testimony whereof 1 have caused the sea1 of the United States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. [SEAL.] Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 24th day of March, r 794, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighteenth. Go WASHINGTON. By the President: EDM: RANDOLPH. [From Annals of Congress, Fourth Congress, second session, 2796.1- BY THE PRESIDENSOS THE UNITED STATESOF AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas comlsmationc;- to defeac the execution of the laws laying duties upon spirits distilled within the United States and upon stills have from the time of the commencement of those laws existed in some of the western parts of Pennsylvania; and Whereas the said combinations, proceeding in a manner subversive equally of the just authority of government and of the rights of individuals, have hitherto effected their dangerous and criminal purpose by the influence of certain irregular meetings whose proceedings have tended to encourage and uphold the spirit of opposition by misrepreseutations of the laws calculated to render them odious; by endeavors to deter those who might be so disposed from accepting offices under them through fear of public resentment and of injury to person and property, and to compel those who had accepted such offices by actual violeuce to surrender or forbear the execution of them; by circulating vindictive men- aces against al1 those who should otherwise, directly or indirectly, aid in the execution of the said laws, or who, yielding to the dictates of con- science and to a sense of obligation, should themselves comply therewith; by actually injuring and destroying the property of persons who were understood to llave so cornplied; by inflicting cruel and humiliating pun- ishments upon private citizens for no other cause than that of appearing to be the friends of the laws; by intercepting the public officers on the highways, abusing, assaulting, and otherwise ill treating them; by going to their houses in the night, gaining admittance by force, taking away their papers, and committing other outrages, employing for these unwarrantable purposes tlie agency of armed banditti disguised in such manner as for the most part to escape discovery; and Whereas the endeavors of the Legislature to obviate objections to tlie said laws by lowering tlie duties and by other alteratiotis conducive to the convenience of those whom they inimediately affect (though they have given satisfaction in other quarters), and the endeavors of the execiitive officers to conciliate a compliance- with the laws by explana- tioris, by forbearance, and even by particular accommodations founded o11 the s~iggestionof local considerations, have beeti disappointed of their effect by the machinations of persons whose industry to excite resistarice has iricreased with every appearance of a disposition arnong the people to relax iii tlieir oppositioil and to acquiesce iri the laws, insoniucli that niariy persons ir1 the saicl westerti parts of Perlnsylvania have at lerigth been liardy enough to perpetrate acts whicli 1 arn advised amount to treasori, being overt acts of levying war against the United States, the saicl persons havitig on the 16th and 17th Jiily last past proceedecl in arnis (on the second day amounting to several hur~dreds)to the liouse of Joliri Neville, irispector- of the revenue for tlie fourtli survey of the district of Pennsylvania; haviweatedly attacked the said house with the persons thereiri, woiinding some of them; having seized David Leriox, rnarshal of the district of Pennsylvariia, who previous tliereto liad beeu firecl upoii wliile iri the execution of his duty by a party of arrtied tlieri, detaiiling hitn for some time prisoner, till for the preservatiou of his life and tlie obtaining of his liberty he found it necessary to etiter iiito stipula- tiotis to forbear tlie executiou of certaiii official duties to~ichirigprocesses issuiug out of a court of the United States; and having firially obliged the said inspector of the said revenue atid the said niarshal from consicler- ntioiis of personal safety to fly from that part of the country, ir1 order, by a circuitous route, to proceed to the seat of Gorernment, avowing as the riiotives of these outrageous proceedings an interitioii to prevent by force of ariils tlie executioti of the said laws, to oblige tlie said inspector of the reveiiue to retiounce his said office, to withstand by open violence tlie lawfitl aiitliority of tlie Governtrietlt of tlie Uiiited States, arid to conlpel thereby ati alteration ir1 the measures of the Legislature aiid a repeal of tlie laws aforesaid; aud Whereas by a law of the United States entitled "Ati act to provide for calling forth the ruilitia to execute the laws of tlie Union, siippress insur- rectioris, and repel invasions," it is eiiactecl " that whenever tlie laws of the Utiited States shall be opposed or tlie execiitioti thereof obstructed iii atly State by conibinations too powerfitl to be siippressed by the orcli- nary course of jiidicial proceedings or by ttie powers vested ir1 the marslials by that act, the same being notified by an associate justice or the district jiiclge, it shall be lawfiil for the Presiderit of the United States to cal1 fortli the rnilitia of siich State to suppress sucli combinafions ancl to cause the laws to be duly executed. And if the militia of a State where such 160 Mes-ages and Papers of ¿he Pre.w*deents

combinations may happen shall refuse or be insufficiept to suppress the same, it shall be lawful for the President, if the Legislature of the United States shall not be in session, to cal1 forth and employ such numbers of the militia of any other State or States most convenient thereto as may be necessary; and the use of the militia so to be called forth may be continued, if necessary, until the expiration of thirty days after the coni- mencement of the ensiiing session: Pmvz'ded always, That whenever it may be necessary in the judgment of the President to use the military force hereby directed to be called forth, the President shall forthwith, and previous thereto, by proclamation, command such insurgents to disperse and retire peaceably to their respective abodes within a limited time;" and Whereas James Wilson, an associate justice, on the 4th instant, by writing under liis liand, did from evidence which had been laid before him notify to me that "i~ithe counties of Washington and Allegany, in Pennsylvania, laws of the United States are opposed and the executioti thereof obstructed by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the marshal of that district ; ' ' and Whereas it is in nly judgment necessary under the circiimstances of - the case to take rneasures for calling forth the militia in order to suppress t3e combinations aforesaid, and to cause the laws to be duly executed; anc? 1 have accordingly deter-00 do, fedmg the deepest regret = for tlie occasion, but withal the most solenin conviction that the essential interests of the Union demand it, that the very existence of Government and the fundamental principies of social order are materially involved in the issue, a1111 that the patriotism and firmness of al1 good citizens are seriously called upon, as occasions may require, to aid in the effectual suppression of so fztal a spirit: Wherefore, and in pursuance of the proviso above recited, 1, George Washington, President of tlie United States, do hereby conimand al1 persons being insurgents as aforesaid, and al1 others whom it may concern, on or before the 1st day of September next to disperse and retire peaceably to tlieir respective abodes. And 1 do moreover warn al1 persons whomsoever against aiding, abettiug, or comforting the perpetrators of the aforesaid treasonable acts, and do require al1 officers and other citizens, according to their respective duties and the laws of tlie land, to exert their utmost eiideavors to prevent and suppress such dangerous proceedings. In testiniony whereof 1 have caused the sea1 of the United States of Ainerica to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. [SEAL.] Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 7th day of August, 1794, and of the Independence of the United States of America the nineteenth. 09 WASHINGTON. By the President: BDM;RANDOLPE [Frorn Annals of Congress, Third Congress, rqr?,.]

BY THE PRESIDENTOF THE UNITEDSTATES OF ABIEKICA.

A PROCLAMATION.

Whereas from a hope that the coinbinations against the Constitution and laws of the United States in certain of the western courities of Penn- sylvania would yield to time and reflection 1 thought it sufficient in the first instauce rather to take measures for callitig forth the militia tlian iminediately to enibody them, but tlie nionient is iiow coriie when the overtures of forgiveness, with uo other conditiori thaii a subniissiori to law, have been only partially acceptecl; wlieri every forni of coticiliation not iticoiisistent witli tlie being of Goveriirrient has beeii adopted witliout effect; wlieu the well-disposed iti those counties are uuable by their influeiice and exainple to reclaini the wicked froin their fury, ancl are coiiipelled to associate iii their own defense; when the proffered lenity has been perversely rnisiriterpreted into an apprehension that the citizens will niarch with reluctance; wheii tlie opportunity of examiuitig tlie serious consequences of a treasonable oppositi~asbeeu employed iii propagating principles of anarchy, ctideavoring tlirougli eniissaries to alieriate tlle friends of orcler froiii its support, aucl iriviting its ene~riies to perpbte similar acts of irisurrectioti; xvlien it is nianifest that vio- lente would coritinue to be exercised upon every atternpt to etiforce tlie laws; wheti, therefore, Governmerit is set at defiarice, tlie contest being whetlier a stiiall portion of tlie Unitecl States shall dictate to tlie wliole Uiiioti, aiicl, at tlie expeiise o£ tliose wlio desire peace. iridulg-e a desperate atiibitiori: Now, therefore, 1, George Wasliington, President of the 'CJnitecl States, iil obedieiice to that high and irresistible clitty consigiiecl to rne by tlie

Coiistit~itioii" to take care that the laxvs hc faithfiilly executed," cleplor- irig t1i:it tlie Ainericau ilaiiie shoiild be sullied by the oiitrages of citii.eris oii tlieir owii Goveriii~ieiit,comtiiiseratitig siicli as remaiii ol~stinatefr-0111 delusioii, biit resolvecl, iii perfect reliatice oii tliat gracious Provicletice wliicli so sigually displays its gooclriess towards tliis couiitry, to reduce tlie refractory to a clrie siibordiuatioii to tlie law, clo hereby cleclarc arid iiiake knowri tlint, with a satisfactioii which caii 1)e equaled oiily by tlie iiierits of tlie inilitia sunitnoned iiito service frorri the States of New Jersey, Periilsylvania, Maryland, ancl Virginia, 1 llave received intelligence of their patriotic alacrity iii obeying the cal1 of the present, though pninful, yet coiiiinanding uecessity ; tliat a force which, accordiiig to every reasonable expectation, is adequate to the exigency is already ir1 riiotiori to thc scene of disaffectioti; tliat tliose wlio Iiave cotifided or sliall coiifide iii tllc protectiotl of Goveriiinent sliall iiieet full succor uncler tlie standard ancl frotii tlie ariiis of tlie Uiiited States; tliat tliuse who, having offended against the iaws, have siuce entitled themselves &l 1'-VOL 1-11 162 Messages and Pamofthe Pvesidents to indemnity will be treated with the most liberal good faith if th~y shall not have forfeited their claim by any subsequent conduct, alid that instructions are given accordingly. And 1 do moreover exhort al1 individuals, officers, and bodies of men to contemplate with abhorrence the measures leading directly or indirectly to those &es which produce this resort to military coercion; to check in their respective spheres the efforts of misguided or designing men to slubstitute their misrepresentatiou in the place of truth and their discontents in the place of stable government, and to call to mind that,

as the -people - of the United States have been permitted, under the Divine favor, in perfect freedom, after solemn deliberation, and in an enlightened age, to elect their own government, so will their gratitude for this inestimable blessing be best distinguished by firm exertions to maintain the Constitution and the laws. And, lastly, 1 again warn al1 persons whomsoever and wheresoever not to abet, aid, or comfort the iusurgents aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary at their peril; and 1 do also require al1 officers and other citizens, according to their severa1 duties, as far as may be in their power, to bring under the cognizance of the laws al1 offenders in the premises. In testimony whereof 1 have caused the sea1 of the United States of America to be affixed to these presents, aud signed the same with my hand. - [SEAL.] Done at the city of Philadelphia, tz25th day of Septem- ber, 1794, and of the Independence of the United States of America the nineteenth. GQ WASHINGTON. By the President: EDM:RANDOLPH.

SIXTH ANNUAL ADDRESS.

UNITED STATES,November 19, r79q. FelZozei-CzYizens of ihe Senate and of the Nouse of Representatives: When we call to niind the gracious indulgence of Heaven by which the American people became a nation; when we survey the general prosperity of our country, and look forward to the riches, power, and happiness to which it seems destined, with the deepest regret do 1 announce -toyou that during your recess some of the citizens of the United States have been found capable of a11 insurrection. It is due, liowever, to the character of our Government and to its stability, which can not be shaken by the enemies of order, freely to iinfold the course of this event. During the session of the year 1790 it was expedient to exercise tlie legislmve power granted by the Coristitution of the United States " to lay and collect excises." In a.majority of the States scarcely an objection was heard to this mode of taxation. In some, indeed, alarms were at first conceived, until they were banished by reason and patriotism. , 111 tlie four western counties of Pennsylvania a prejudice, fostered and imbittered by the artifice of me11 who labored for an ascendency over the will of others by the guidance of their passions, produced symptoms of riot aiid violence. It is well known that Congress did not hesitate €o examine the com~laintswhich were presented, and to relieve them as far as jiistice dictated or general conveniente would permit. But the impression ~vhiclithis moderation made on the discontented did not correspond with what it deserved. The arts of delusion were 110 longer confined to the efforts of designing individuals. The very forbearance to press prosecutions was nlisinterpreted into a fear of urging the execution of the laws, and associations of men began to denounce threats against the officers employed. From a belief that by a more formal concert their operation xriight be defeated, certain self-created societies assiimed the tone of condemnation. Hence, while the greater part of Pennsylvania itself were conforming themselves to the acts of excise, a few counties were resolved to fnistrate them. It was 11ow perceived that every expectation from tlie tenderness which had been hitlierto pursiled \vas unavail- ing, and that further delay coulcl only create an opinion of impotency or irresolution ir1 the e6uernment. Legal process was therefore delivered to the marshal against the rioters and delinquent distillers. No sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty than the vengeance of armed men was aimed at his persori and the person and property of the inspector of the revenue. They fired iipon the marslial, arrested him, and detained him for some time as a prisoner. He was obliged, by the jeopardy of his life, to renounce the service of other process on the west side of the Alleglieny Mountain, and a depiitation was afterwards sent to him to demand a surrender of that which he had served. A numerous body repeatedly attacked the house of the inspector, seizecl his papers of office, and finally destroyed by fire his buildings and whatsoever they contained. Both of these officers, from a just regard to tlieir safety, fled to the seat of Goverument, it being avowed that the ~riotivesto sucli oiitrages were to conipel the resignatioii of tlie inspector, to withstand by force of arms tlie authoríty of the United States, and thereby to extort a repeal of the laws of excise and an alteration in the conduct of Government. Upoii the testimony of these facts an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States notified to me that "in the counties of Wasli- ingtori alid Allegheny, in Pennsylvania, laws of the United States were opposed, nnd the execution thereof obstn~cted,by coinbinatioris too pox\-- erful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by tlie powers vested ir1 the lnarshal of that district." On this call, morneutous iu the extreme, I souglit aud weighed what might kst 164 Messages and Papers ofthe PresÉdenfs subdue the crisis. On the one hand the judiciary was pronounced to be stripped of its capacity to enforce the laws; crimes which reached the very existence of social order were perpetrated without control ; the friends of Government were insulted, abused, and overawed into silence or au apparent-acquiescence; and to yield to the treasonable fury of so small a portion of the United States would be to violate the fundamental principie of our Constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail. On the other, to array citizen against citizen, to publish the dishonor of such excesses, to encounter the expense and other embarrassments of co distant an expedition, were steps too delicate, too closely interwoven with many affecting considerations, to be lightly adopted. 1 postponed, therefore, the summoning the militia immediately into the field, but 1 required them to be held in readiness, that if my anxious endeavors to reclaim the deluded and to convince the malignant of their danger should be fruitless, military force might be prepared to act before the season should be too far advanced. My proclamation of the 7th of August last was accordingly issued, and accompanied by the appoiutment of commissioners, who were charged to repair to the scene of insurrection. They were authorized to confer with any bodies of men or individuals. They were instructed to be candid and explicit in stating the sensations which had been excited

+the Executive, and his earnest wisli to avoid a resort to7JIJerciorr>L - to vsent, however, that, without submission, coercion must be the resort ; but to invite them, at the same time, to return to the demeanor of faithful citizens, by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of Executive power. Pardon, too, was tendered to them by the Govern- ment of the United States and that of Pennsylvania, upon no otlier condition than a satisfactory assurance of obedience to the laws. Althougli the report of the commissioners marks their firmness and abilities, and must unite al1 virtuous inen, by shewing that the mearis of conciliation have been exhausted, al1 of those who had committed or abetted the tumults did riot subscribe the niild form which was proposed as the atonement, and tlie iudications of a peaceable tetnper were neither sufficiently general nor conclusive to recornmeud or warraiit the furtlier suspensioil of tlie march of the inilitia. Thus the painful alternative could not be discarded. 1 ordered the militia to march, after once more admonishing tlie insurgents in my proclamation of the 25th of September last. It was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision the lowest degree of force competent to the quelling of the insurrection. From a respect, iildeed, to economy and the ease of my fellow-citizens belonging to the militia, it would have gratified me to accomplish such an estimate. My vei-y reluctante to ascribe too much iiilportance to the opposition, had its extent been accurately seeii, would llave been a decided inducenienr to the s1;riiallest efficieritminibers. In this uncertainty, therefore, 1 put inta motion 15,000 men, as being an army which, according to al1 hiiman calciilation, would be prompt and adequate in every view, and tnight, perhaps, by rendering resistance desperate, prevent the effusion of bloocl. Quotas had been assigiled to the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Marylancl, and Virginia, the governor of Pennsylvania having declared on this occasiou an opinion which justified a requisition to the other States. As commander in chief of the militia when called into the actual service of the United States, 1 have visited the places of general rendezvous to obtain more exact iiiformation aud to direct a plan for iilterior rilove- ments. Had there been room for a persuasion that the laws were secure from obstruction; that the civil rnagistrate was able to bring to jiistice siicli of the most culpable as have not embraced the proffered terms of a~iinesty,and niay be cleemed fit objects of example; that the frierids to peace ancl good goverxiiiient were riot iri need of tliat aid and couiiteriatice ~vliiclithey ought always to receive, and, 1 trust, ever will receive, against the vicioiis aiid turbuleilt, 1 should have caught with avidity the opportuuity of restoring the inilitia to their families atid homes. Rut siicceedirig iritelligetlce has tended to rrianifest tlie riecessity of wliat has - beeii cloiie, it being now confessecl by tliose who were iiot iilclineoverririiei~t,leaving the chief command with the governor of Virginia. Still, howevei-, as it is probable that iu a cominotioii like the preseiit, whatsoever may he thc pretense, the piirposes of iiiischief and revenge may riot be laid aside, the statioriing of a small force for a certaiti period iri tlic four westerri coiriities of Pennsylvania will be indispensable, whether we coritemplate the sitiiatioii of those wlio are connected witli tlie execiitioii of tlie Iaws or of otliers xvlio uiay Iiave exposecl theiiiselves by an lioilornble attacliriietit to theni. Thirty clays frotri tlie coriitiieticeriient of this sessioti beirig tlie legal limitatioth of the employriieiit of tlie rnilitia, Coiigrcss can riot be too early occupiecl with this subject. Atrio~igtlie clisciissions which niay arise froin tliis aspect of oiir affairs, nrirl frotii tlie dociinierits whi'cli will be subniitte

Geovge Washington 169 become inevitable, we have derived the highest satisfaction from the enlightened patriotism and animating zeal with which the citizens of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia have rallied around the standard of Government in opposition to anarchy and insurrection. Oiir warnl antl cordial ackriowledgments are due to you, sir, for the wisdom and decision with which yo11 arrayed the militia to execute the public will, and to them for the disinterestedness and alacrity with which they obeyed your summons. The example is precious to the theory of our Government, and confers the brightest honor upon the patriots who have given it. We shall readily concur in such further provisions for the security of iiitertial peace and a dile obedieuce to the laws as tlie occasion rnanifestly requires. The effectiial organization of the militia and a prildent attentiou to tiic fortifications of our ports and liarbors are subjects of great national iiiiportance, arlcl, together with tlie other measurcs you have been pleased to recommeild, will receive our deliberate considcration. The success of the troops tinder the commancl of General Wayne can ~iotfail to produce essential advantages. The pleasure with which we ncknowledge tlie merits of that gallant general and arniy is enharicecl hy t11c hope that their victories will lüy the fouiidatiotl of a just and durable peace with tlie Indiati tribes. - At a periocl so moinentous in the affairs of nations the temperarnusf, aniim policy that you have piirsiied in respect to foreigri powers has been erninently calculated to promote the great ancl essential interest of our country, arld has created the fairest title to the public gratitude and thauks. JOHN ADAMS, Vice-Presidetzfof the Unifed Stafes and Pyeside~~f(fthe Senafe.

GXNTI,E~IEN:i%iiiong the occasiolis whicli have been afforded for exlwessitig tiiy sense of the 7enloiis and stenclfast cooperntioti of tlie Seiinte iii the inairiteti:itice o£ Goverrinient, iiolie lias yet occiirred niore forcibly demanclirig niy iinqualified ackiiowledgmerits than tlie present. Next to the consciotisness of upright inteiitions, it is the highest pleas- ilrc to be approvecl by the euligliteiled represeiitatives of a free natiori. With tlie satisfaction, tlierefore, which arises frorr~a11 unalterable attacli- ~rieritto public order do 1 learii that tlie Senate discountetiance those proceedings which would arrogate the direction of our affairs without aiiy degree of aiithority derived frorn the people. It has been more than once the lot of our Government to be thrown iuto new and delicate shations, and o£ these the insurrection has not . 170 - Messages and Pajers of tke Presidenfs been the least important. Having been compelled at length to lay aside my repugnance to resort to arms, 1 derive much happiness from being confirmed by your judgment in the necessity of decisive measures, and from the support of my fellow-citizens of the militia, who were the patriotic instruments of that necessity. With such demonstrations of affection for our Constitution; with an -adequate organization of the militia; with the establishment of necessary fortifications; with a continuance of those judicious and spirited exertions which have brought victory to our Western army; with a due attention to public credit, and an unsullied honor toward al1 nations, we may meet, under every assurance of success, our enemies froin within and from without. GQ WASBINGTON. NOVEMBER22, 1794.

ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. SIR:The House of Representatives, calling to mind the blessings 2-- enjoyed by the people of the United States, and especially the happiness of living under constitutions and laws which rest on their authority alone, could not learn with other emotions than those you have expressed that any part of our fellow-citizens should haveskwn themselves capable of an insurrection. And we learn with the gwconcern that any misrepresentations whatever of the Government aud its proceedings, either by individuals or combinations of men, should have been made and so far credited as to foment the flagrant outrage which has been committed on the laws. We feel with you the deepest regret at so painful an occur- rence in the annals of our country. As men regardful of the tender interests of humanity, we look with grief at scenes which might have stained our land with civil blood; as lovers of public order, we lament that it has suffered so flagrant a violation ; as zealous friends of republican government, we deplore every occasion which in the hands of its enemies may be turned into a calumny against it. This aspect of the crisis, however, is happily not the only one which it presents. There is another, whicli yields al1 the consolatious which you have drawn from it. It has demonstrated to the candid world, as well as to the American people themselves, that the great body of them everywhere are equally attached to the luminous and vital principie of our Constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majonty shall prevail ; that they understand the indissoluble union between true liberty and regular government; that they feel their duties no less than they are watchful over their rights; that they will be as ready at al1 t'.mes to crush licentiousness as they have been to defeat usurpation. In a word, that they are capable of carrying into execution that noble plan of self-government which they have chosen as the guaranty of th& own happines and the asylum for that of all, from every clime, who may wisli to unite their destiny with ours. These are the just inferences flowing from the promptitude with which the summons to the standard of the laws has been obeyed, and from the sentiments which have been witnessed in every description of citizens iu every quarter of the Union. The spectacle, therefore, when viewed iii its true-light, may well be affirmed to display iti equal luster the vir- tiies of the American character and the value of republican governnient. Al1 must particularly acknowledge and applaud the patriotism of that portion of citizens who Iiave freely sacrificed everything less dear tlian the love of their country to the meritorious task of defending its happiness. In the part which you have yourself borne through this delicate and distressing period we trace tlie additional proofs it has afforded of your solicitude for the public good. Your laudable and successful endeavors to render lenity it~executing the laws conducive to their real energy, and to convert tuxnult into order without the effusioti of blood, form a particular title to the confidence and praise of your constituents. In al1 that may be found necessary on our part to complete this benevolent purpose, and to secure the ministers and friends of the laws against the remains of danger, our due cooperation will be afforded. , The other subjects which yoii have recominended or communicated, and of whicli severa1 are peculiarly ititeresting, will al1 receive the atten- - tiori which they dematid. We are cleeply inipressed with the iniportance - of ari effectual o@ation of tlic militia. We rejoice at the intelligence of the advance and success of the army urider the command of General Wayne, whether we regard it as a proof of the perseverance, prowess, and superiority of our troops, or as a happy presage to our military operations against the hostile Indians, ancl as a probable prelude to the establishment of a lasting peace upon terms of candor, equity, and good neigh- borhd. We receive it with the greater pleasure as it iucreases the probability of sooner restoring a part of the public resources to the desirable object of reducitig the public debt. We shall on this, as on al1 occasions, be disposed to adopt any meas- . ures which inny aclvance the safety and prosperity of oiir coiiritry. In riothing can xve rilora cordially uriite with you than in. imploriug the Siipreme Riilcr of Natioris to iiiiiltiply Iiis blessiugs on tliese United States; to guarcl our free and liappy Constitiitiori against every machina- tion and danger, aud to make it the best s¿urce of piiblic happiness, by verifying its character of being tlie best safeguard of liuman rights. NOVEMBER28, 1794.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. GENTLEMEN:1 ariticipated with confidence tlie concurrence of the House of Representatives in the regret produced by the insurrection. Every effort ought to be used to discowtenance what has contributed to foment it, and thus discourage a repetition of like attempts; for notwithstanding the consolations which may be drawn from the issue of this event, it is far better that the artful approaches to such a situation of things should be checked by the vigilant and duly admonished patriotism of our fellow-citizens than that the evil should increase until it becomes necessary to crush it by the strength of their arm. 1 ain happy-that the part which 1 have myself borne on this occasior receives the approbation of your House. For the discharge of a constitutional duty it is a sufficient reward to me to be assured that you will unite in consummating what remains to be done. 1 feel also great satisfaction in learning that the other subjects which 1 have communicated or recommended will meet with due attention ; that you are deeply impressed with the irnportance of an effectual organization of the militia, and that the advance and success of the army under the command of General Wayne is regarded by you, no les than myself, as a proof of the perseverance, prowess, and superiority of our troops. GQ WASHINGTON. =BER 29, 1794-

SPECIAL I\IESSAGES.

UNITED STATES,November ar, r79g. GentZenzeiz of the Seizafe and of the House of Represewtatives: 1 lay before Congress copies of a letter from the governor of the State of New York and of the exemplification of an act of the legislature thereof ratifying the amendment of the Constitution of the United

States proposed-by- - the Senate and House of Representatives at their last session, respecting the judicial power. Go WASHINGTON.

In the negotiation between the United States and His Catholic Majesty 1 have received satisfactory proofs of attention and ability exerted in behalf of the United States to bring it to a happy and speedy issue. But it is probable that by complying with aii iiitimation made to the Secretary of State by the commissioners of His Catholic Majesty much further delay in concluding it may be prevented. Notwithstanding, therefore, 1 retain full confidence in our minister resident at Madrid, who is charged with powers as commissioner plenipotentiary, 1 nominate Thomas Pinckney to be envoy extraordinary of the United States to -

174 - Messages and Pajers of the Presidents 1 feel a confidence that Congress will devise such constitutional and efficient measures as shall be equal to the great objects of preserving our treaties with the Indian tnbes and of affording an adequate protection to our frontiers. Go WASHINGTON

A spirit o£ discontent, from several causes, arose in the early part of the present year among the Six Nations of Indians, and particularly on the ground of a projected settlement by Pennsylvania, at Presque Isle, upon Lake Erie. The papers upon this point have already been laid before Congress. It was deemed proper on my part to endeavor to tranquillize the Indians by pacific measures. Accordingly a time and place was appointed at which a free conference should be had upon al1 the causes of discontent, and an agent was appointed with the instructions of which No. x, herewith transmitted, is a copy. . A numerous asse-f Indians was held in Canandaigua, in the State of New York the proceedings whereof accompany this message, marked No. 2.

The two treaties, the one with the Six Nations and the other with the - Oneida, Tuscorora, and Stockbridge Indians dwelling in the country of the Oneidas, which have resulted from the mission of the agent, are herewith laid before the Senate for their consideration and advice. The original engagement of the United States to the Oileidas is also sent herewith. GQ WASHINGTON.

GenfZemen of tAe Senafe and of the Nouse of Refiresen fafives: 1 lay before Congress copies of acts passed by the legislatures of the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, and New York, ratifying the amendment proposed by the Senate and House of Representatives at their last session to the Constitution of the United States respecting the judicial power thereof. The minister of the French Republic having communicated to the Secretary of State certain proceedings of the committee of public safety respecting weights and measures, 1 lay these also before Congress. The letter from the governor of the Western territory, copies of which are now transmitted, refers to a defect in the judicial system of that territory deserving the attention of Congress. The necessary absence of the judge of the district of Pennsylvania upon busioess connected with the late insurrection is stated by him in George Washington 175 a letter of which 1 forward copies to have produced certain interruptions in the judicial proceedings of that district which can not be removed without the interposition of Congress. G? WASHINGTON.

Gentlemen of. fhe Senafe and of the Nouse of Re$resentatives: - 1 lay before Congress, for their consideration, a letter from the Secre- tary of State upon the subject of a loan which is extremely interesting and urgent. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Fehary 17, r795. Genflemen of the Senate and of fhe Nouse of Re$resenfafives.- 1 transmit to Congress copies of a letter from the governor of the State of New Hampshire and of an act of the legislature thereof " ratifying the article proposed in amendment to tlie Constitution of the United States respecting the judicial power." 1 also lay before Congress copies of a letter from the governor of the State of North Carolina atld of ari act of the legislature thereof ceding to the United States certain lands irpon the conditions therein mentioned. GQ WASHINGTON.

Gentlemen of fhe Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Re$resentafives: 1have received copies of two acts of the legislature of Georgia, one passed on the 28th day of December and the other on the 7th day of January last, for appropriating and selling the Indian lands within the territorial liniits clainied by that State. These copies, though not officially certified, have beeti transmitted to me iti siich a manner as to leave no room to cloubt tlieir authenticity. These acts embrace an object of sucli magnitude, and in their consequences inay so deeply affect the peace and welfare of the United States, that 1 llave thought it necessary now to lay them before Congress. Ir1 conyídence, 1 also forwarcl copies of several documents and papers received from the governor of the Southwestern territory. By these it seems that hostilities with the Cherokees llave ceased, and that there is a pleasing prospect of a pernlanent peace with that nation ; but from al1 the cornmirnications of the governor it appears that the Creeks, iii stnall parties, continue their depredations, and it is uncertain to what they may fitlally lead. The several papers now communicated deserve the immediate attention of Cougress, wlio will cotisicler liow far tlie siibjects of therii rriay require their cooperatioii. GQ WASHINGTON.- 176 Messages and Papevs of tlte Presidmfs UNITED STATES,February 25, 1795. Gentlemcn of the Senafe and of fhe House ofRe$resentafives: 1 communicate to Congress copies of a letter from the governor o€ the State of Georgia aild of an act of the legislature thereof " to ratify the resolution of Congress explanatory of the judicial power of the United States. " - 00 WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Fe6ruary 28, 1795. GentZeemen of the Senate and of the House of Re@resentatives: In my first communication to Congress during their present session 1

gave them reason to expect that " certain circumstances of our intercourse with foreign nations " would be transmitted to them. There was at that time every assurance for believing that some of the most important of our foreign affairs would have been concluded and others considerably matured before tliey should rice. But notwithstanding 1 have waited until this moment, it has so happened that, either from causes unknown to me or from events which co&Ffiot be controlled, 1 am yet unable to execute my original intention. That 1 may, however, fulfill the expectation given as far as the actual situation of things will in my judgment - permit, 1 now, in co7tjidence, lay before Congress tlie following general - -- statement: Our minister near the French Republic has urged compensatiou for the injuries which our commerce has sustained from captures by French cruisers, from tlie nonfulfillment of the contracts of the agents of that Republicwith our citizens, and from the embargo at Bordeaux. He has also pressed an allowance for the money voted by Congress for relieving the inhabitants of St. Domingo. It affords me the highest pleasure to inform Congress that perfect harmony reigns between tlie two Republics, and that those claims are in a train of being discussed with candor and of being amicably adjusted. So much of our relation to Great Britain may depend upon the result of our late negotiations in London that until that result shall arrive 1 can not iindertake to make atly conlmunication iipon this subject. After the negotiation with Spain had been long depending unusual # and unexpected embarrassments were raised to interrupt its progress. But the commissioner of His Catholic Majesty near the United States having declared to the Secretary of State that if a particular accommodation should be made in the conducting of the business no further delay would ensue, 1 thought proper, under al1 circumstances, to send to His Catholic Majesty an envoy extraordinary specially charged to bring to a cot~clusion the discussions which have Leen forriierly aiinounced to Congress. The friendship of I3er Most Faithful Majesty has been often ma~iifested iu checking the pnssage of the Algerine corsairs irito the Atlantic Oceau. She has also furnished occasional convoys to the vessels of the United States, even wheii bound to other ports than her owri. We may therefore promise oiirselves that, as iii the ordinary course of thiugs few causes cal1 exist for dissatisfactiotl betweeii the United States and Portu- gal, so tlie te~nperwith which accidental difficulties will be rnet o11 each sicle will speedily remove them. Between the ~Xecutiveof the Uuited States and the Goverzimeut of the Uuited Netherlands but little iutercourse has takeu place during the last year. It nlay be acceptable to Congress to learti that our credit iu Hollarid is represeuted as standing upon the most respectable footirig. Upoti the deatli of tlle late Emperor of Morocco an agerit was dis- patclieject,thaii which rione deserve:; a more affectioriate zeal, has coilstautly coriimanded itiy best exertious. 1 ani happy, therefore, in beiug able to say tliat froin tlie last authentic accounts tlie Dey was disposed to treat for a peace and ransom, and that both woutd iu al1 probability have been accoinplished had we uot been disappoiiited i~ithe nieaus. Nothing whicli depeuds upori tlie Executive shall be left undone for carryiug into immediate effect tlie supplenientary act of Cougress. GV WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, March 2, r795.

GenfZema of tlze Senate and of fhc Nouse of Reflresenfatives: S It appears from the information wliich 1 Iiave lately received tliat it uiay be probably uecessary to the more successful cotiduct of oiir affairs ori tlie coast of Barbary that oue consul should reside in Morocco, anotller in Algiers, ailcl a third in Tunis or Tripoli. As no appoiutrnent for these offices will be accepted tvithout sotne emolument annexed, 1 siibmit to the consideration of Congress whether it iiiay not 11e advisable to authorize a stiperid to be allowed to two consuls for that coast in additiou to tlie one already existing. 09 WASHINGTON. M P-VOL 1-12 - 178 Messages and PawoftAe Presidents

Gentlemen of fhe Senate and of fhe Nouse of Re$resentafives: 1 transmit to you copies of a letter from the governor of the State of Delaware and of an act inclosed ' ' declaring the assent of that State to an amendment therein mentioned to the Constitution of the United States." Go WASHINGTON. - UNITED STATES,jane 8, r795.* Genflemen of fhe Senafe: In pursuance of my nomination of John Jay as envoy extraordinary to His Britannic Majesty on the 16th day of April, 1794, and of the advice and consent of the Senate thereto on the rgth, a negotiation was opened in London. 01~the 7th of March, 1795, the treaty resulting therefrom was delivered to the Se~retaryo£ State. 1 now transmit to the Seoate that treaty and other documentsconnected with it. They will, therefore, in their wisdom decide whether they will advise and consent that the said treaty be made between the United States and His Britannic Majesty. 39WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,june 25, 1795. Gentlemen of the Senafe: It represented by our minister plenipotentiary near the French Republic that such of our commercial relations with France as may require the support of the United States in defail can not be well executed without a consul-general. Of this 1 am satisfied when 1 consider the extent of the mercantile claims now depending before the French Government, the necessity of bringing into the hands of one agent the various applications to the several committees of administration residing at Paris, the attention which must be paid to the conduct of consuls. and vice-consuls, and the nature of the services which are the peculiar objects of a minister's care, and leave no leisure for his inter- vention in business to which consular functions are competent. 1 therefore nominate Fulwar Skipwith to be consul-general of the United States in France. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,]une 25, 2795. Genflemen of fhe Seaate: Just at the close of the last secsion of Congress 1 received from one of the Senators and one of the Representatives of the State of Georgia an application for a treaty to be held with the tribes or nations of Indians claiming the nght of soil to certain lands lying beyond the present temporary boiindary line of that State, and which were described in an act of the legislature of Georgia pacsed on the 28th of December last.

*sor proEipmation convening Senate in extraordinary session see p. 587. which has already been laid before the Senate. This application and the subsequent correspondence with the governor of Georgia are herewith transmitted. Thk subject being very important, 1 thought proper to postpone a decision upon that application. The views 1 have since taken of the niatter, with the information received of a more pacific disposition on the part- of the Creeks, have induced me now to accede to the request, but with this explicit declaration, that neither my assent nor the treaty which may be made shall be considered as affecting any question which may arise upon the supplementary act passed by the legislature of the State of Georgia on the 7th of January last, upon which inqiiiries have beeii instituted itl pursuance of a resolution of the Senate aild House of Representatives, and that any cessiou or relinquishment of the Indian claims shall be made in the general terms of the treaty of New York, which are contemplated as the form proper to be generally used on such occasions, and o11 the condition that one-half of the expense of the supplies of provisionc for the Indians assembled at the treaty be borne by the State of Georgia. Having concluded to hold the treaty requested by that State, 1 was willing to embrace -portunity it would present of inquiring into the causes of the dissatisfaction of the Creeks which has been inanifested since the treaty of New York by their nuinerouc and distressing depredations on our Southwestern frontiers. Their depredations ori the Cum- berland have been so frequent and so peculiarly destructive as to lead - me to think they must originate in some claim to the lands upon that river. But whatever may have been the cause, it is important to trace it to its source; for, independent of the destruction of lives and property, it occasious a very serious annual expense to the United States. The commissioriers for holding the proposed treaty will, therefore, be instructed to inquire into the causes of the hostilities to which 1 have referred, and to enter into such reasonable stipulations as will remove them and give permanent peace to those parts of the United States. 1now nominate Benjamin Hawkins, cf North Carolina ; George Clymer, of Pennsylvariia, and Audrew Pickens, of Soutli Carolina, to be cornrnis- sioners to Iiold a treaty witli the Creek Natioii of Indians, for the purposes hereinbefore expressed. G9 WASHINGTON.

BY THE PKESIDENTOF TIIE UNITED STATESOF AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. When we review the calati~itieswhich afflict so many other nations, the present co~iditionof the United States affords inuch niatter of consolation atld satisfaction. Our exemption hitherto from foreign war, an 180 Messages and Pajers of tñe W-esziíents increasing prospect of the continuance of that exemption, the great degree of interna1 tranquillity we have enjoyed, the recent confirmation of that tranquillity by tlie suppression of an insurrection which so wan- tonly threatened it, the happy course of our public affairs in general, the unexampled prosperity of al1 clases of our citizens, are circumstauces which peculiarly mark our situation with indications of the Divine beneficence toward us. In such a state of things it is in an especial manner our duty as a people, with devout reverence and affectionate gratitude, to acknowledge our many and great obligations to Almighty Gori and to implore Him to continue and confirm the blessings we experience. Deeply penetrated with this sentiment, 1, George Washington, Presi- dent of the United States, cto recommend to al1 religious societies and denominations, aud to al1 persons whomsoever, within the United States to set apart and observe Thursday, the 19th day of February next, as a day of public thanksgiving and prayer, and on that day to meet together and render their sincere and hearty thanks to the Great Ruler of Nations for the manifold and signal mercies which distinguish our lot as a nation, particularly for the possession of constitutionsiC- of government which imite and by their union establish liberty witli order; for the preservation of our peace, foreign and domestic; for the seasonable control which -zsiven to a spirit of disorder in the suppression of the late insurrection, and generally, for the prosperous course of our affairs, public and private; and at the same time humbly and fervently to beseech the kind Author of these blessings graciously to prolong them to us; to imprint on our hearts a deep and solemn seuse of our obligations to Him for them; to teach us rightly to estimate their immense value; to preserve us fronl the arrogante of prosperity, and from hazard- ing the advaritages we enjoy by delusive pursuits; to dispose us to inerit the continuance of His favors by uot abusing them; by our gratitude for them, and by a correspondent conduct as citizens and men; to render this country more and more a safe and propitious asylum for the unfortunate of ~thercountries; to extend among us true and iiseful knowledge; to diffuse and establish habits of sobriety, order, morality, and piety, and finally, to impart al1 the blessings we possess, or ask for ourselves, to the whole family of mankind. In testimony whereof 1 have caused the sea1 of the United States of America to be affiked to these presents, and signed the same with my liand. [SEAL.] Done at the city of Philadelphia, the 1st day of January, 1795, and of the Independence of the United States of America the nineteenth. GQ WASHINGTON. By the President: EDM:RANDOLPH. George Washington - 181

[Prorn Sparks'c XVashington, Vol. XII, p. 134.1

PROCLAMATION.

Whereas the commissioners appointed by the President of the United States to confer with the citizens in the westerxi counties of Pennsylvania during the late insurrection which prevaile- therein, by their act and agreement bearing date the 2d day of September last, in pursuance of tlie powers in them vestecl, did promise and engage that, if assurances of subniission to the laws of the United States should be bona fide given by the citizeiis resident in the fourth siirvey of Pennsylvania, in the rnanner :~ndwitliiri the time in the said act aiid agreenient specified, a general pardo11 should be granted on the 10th day of Jitly then next ensiiing of al1 treasons and other indictable offenses against the United States conimitted withiii the said survey before the 22d day of August last, excliiding tlierefrom, nevertheless, every person who shoulcl refuse or neglect to s~ibscribesuch assuralice axid engageinent in manner aforesaid, or who should after such subscription violate the same, or willfully obstruct or attempt to obstruct tl-cutioxi of the acts for raising a reveiiue oii distilled spirits and stills, or be aiding or abetting therein; aiid - Whereas 1 havc siiice thought proper to extend the said pardoti to -aR persons guilty of tlie said treasons, niisprisions of treasons, or otlier- wise concerned iti the late insurrection withiri the survey aforesaid who Iiave not since been indicted or convicted thereof, or of auy other offense against tlie United States: Tlierefore be it knowti that 1, George Washington, President of the said Uilited States, have gra~ited,and by these presents do grarit, a full, free, atld ctitire pardon to al1 persons (excepting as is liereinafter exceptecl) of al1 treasons, rnisprisions of treasori, and other iiidictable offeiises agairist tlie Unitecl States comniitted withiri the fourth survey of Pennsylvania before the said 22d day of August last past, cxcepting and exclucling tlierefrom, rievertheless, every persoii who rcfused or iieglected to give aiid siibscribe the said assurances iri the rnanner aforesaid (or liaving subscribed hath violated the same) arid ilow staildeth iridícted or convicted of ariy tre:ison, niislxision of treasori, or other offerise against tlie said United States, liereby remitting and releasirig iirito al1 persons, except as before excepted, al1 penalties iucurred, or supposed to be inciirred, for or on account of tlie premises. In testirnony wliereof 1 have liereunto set Iny Iiarid and causerl the sea1 of the United States to be affixed, this 10th day of Jiily, [SEAL.] A. D. 1795, and the twentieth year of the Indepenclerice of the said Unitecl States. GQ WASHINGTON. Messages and Papers ofthe Presz'dents

SEVENTH ANNUAL ADDRESS.

UNITED STATES,December 8, r795. FeZZow- Cttizens of the Senate and of the Nouse of Representatives: 1 trust 1do not deceive myself when 1 indulge the persuasion that - 1have never met you at any period when more than at the present the situation of our public affairs has afforded just cause for mutual congratulation, and for inviting you to join with me in profound gratitude to the Author of al1 Good for the numerous and extraordinary blessings we enjoy. The termination of the long, expensive, and distressing war in which we have been engaged with certain Indians northwest of the Ohio is placed in the option of the United States by a treaty which the commander of our army has concluded provisionally with the hostile tribes in that region. In the adjustment of the terms the satisfaction of the Indians was deemed an object worthy no less of the policy than of the libera= the United States as the necessary basis of durable tranquillity. Tne object, it is believed, has been fully attained. The articles agreed upon will immediately be laidixforethe_v Senatefortheir consideration. The Creek and Cherokee- Indians, who alone of the Southern tribes had annoyed our frontiers, have lately confirmed their preexisting treaties with us, and were giving evidence of a sincere disposition to carry them into effect by the surrender of the prisoners and property they had taken. But we have to lament that the fair prospect in this quarter has been once more clouded by wanton murders, which some citizens of Georgia are represented to have recently perpetrated on hunting parties of the Creeks, which have again subjected that frontier to disquietude and danger, which will be productive of further expense, and may occasion more effusion of blood. Measures are pursuing to prevent or mitigate the usual consequences of such outrages, and with the hope of their succeeding at least to avert general hostility. A letter from the Emperor of Morocco announces to me his recognition of our treaty made with his father, the late Emperor, and consequently the continuance of peace with that power. With peculiar satisfaction 1 add that information has been received from an ageut deputed on our part to Algiers importing that the terms of the treaty with the Dey and Regency of that country had been adjusted in such a manner as to authorize the expectation of a speedy pace and the restoration of our unfortunate fellow-citizens from a grievons captivity. The latest advices from-our envoy at the Court of Madrid give, moreover, the pleasing information that he had received assurances of a speedy and satisfactory conclusion of his negotiation. While the event depend- George Washington - 183 jng iipon unadjusted particulars can not be regarded as axertained, it is agreeable to cherish the expectation of an issue which, secunng amicably very essetitial interests of the United States, will at the same time lay the foundation of lasting harmony with a power whose friendship we have iiniformly and sincerely desired to cultivate. Though not before officially disclosed to the House of Representatives, yoii, geritlemen, are al1 apprised that a treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation has been negotiated with Great Britain, aria that the Senate have advised aiid consented to its ratification upon a condition which excepts part of one article. Agreeably thereto, and to the best judgment 1was able to lorrn of the public interest after full and mature delibera- tiori, 1 have addecl my sanction. The result on the part of His Britaniiic Majesty is unkuown. When received, the subject will without delay be placed before Congress. This interesting sumrnary of oiir affairs with regarcl to the foreign powers between whom and the Uiiitecl States controversies have subsisted, and with regard also to those of our Indian neighbors with whom we have been in a state of enmity or inisunderstanding, opeiis a wide field for consoling and gratifying reflections2by prudence and inod- eration oii every side tlie extinguishmeiit of al1 the causes of externa1 discord which have heretofore menaced our tranquillity, on terms com- patiblewith our national rights and honor, shall be the happy result, how firman&how precious a fouxidatiou will have been laid for accelerating, maturing, and establishing the prosperity of our country. Contemplating the interna1 situation as well as the externa1 relations of tlie Uiiited States, we discover eqilal cause for coriteritnient arid satisfaction. While many of the ilations of Europe, with their American dependencies, have been involved iii a contest unusually bloody, exhaust- ing, and calamitoirs, in which the evils of foreign war have been aggravated by domestic conwlsion and insurrection; ir1 which many of the arts most useful to society have been exposed to discouragemerit and decay; iii which scarcity of subsistente has imbittered other sufferings; while even the anticipations of a return of the blessings of peace and repose are alloyed by the cense of heavy and accumulating burtlieiis, whicli press upoii al1 the departments of industry and threaten to clog the futiire spriiigs of government, our favored couiitry, liappy in a striking contrast, has enjoyed general tranqiiillity-a tranquillity the more satisfactory because maintained at the expense of no duty.. Faithful to ourselves, we have violated no obligation to others. Oiir agricirlture, cornmerce, and manufactures prosper beyond former example, the moles- tations of oiir trade (to prevent a contini~anceof whicli, however, very pointed remonstrances have been made) being overbalanced by the aggre- gate benefits which it derives from a neutral positioii. Our population advances with a celerity which, exceeding the most sanguine calculations, proportionally augments our strength and resources, and guarantees our I84 Messages and Ptq5er.s of the Pvesidents future security. Every part of the Union displays indications of rapid and various improvement; and with burthens so light as scarcely to be perceived, with resources fully adequate to our present exigencies, with governn~entsfounded on the genuine principles of rational liberty, and with mild and wholesome laws, is it too much to say that our country ,' exhibits a spectacle of national happiness never surpassed, if ever before equaled ? Placed in a situation every way so auspicious, motives of commanding force impel us, with sincere acknowledgment to Heaven and pure love to our country, to unite our efforts to preserve, prolong, and improve our immense advantages. To cooperate with you in this desirable work is a fervent and favorite wish of my heart. It is a valuable ingredient in the general estimate of our welfare that the part of our country which was lately the scene of disorder and insurrection now enjoys the blessings of quiet and order. The misled have abandoned their errors, and pay the respect to our Constitution and laws which is due from good citizens to the public authorities of the society. These circumstances have induced me to pardon generally the offenders here referred to, and to extend forgiveness to those who had been adjudged to capital punishment. For though 1 shall always think it a sacred duty to exercise with firmness and energy the constitutional powers with which 1 am vested, yet it appears to me no less-exwkknt witl&hepublic good than it is with my personal feelings to mingmnThe operations of Gov- ernment every degree of moderation and tenderness which the national justice, dignity, and safety may permit.

GENTLEMEN:Among the objects which will claim your attention in the course of the session, a review of our military establishment is not the least important. It is called for by the events which have changed, and may be expected still further to change, the relative situation of our frontiers. In this review you will doubtless allow due weight to the considerations that the questions between us and certain foreign powers are not yet finally adjusted, that the'war in Europe is not yet terminated, and that our Western posts, when recovered, will demand provision.for garrisoning and securing them. A statement of our present military force will be laid before you by the Department of War. With the review of our Army establishment is naturally connected that of the militia. It will merit inquiry what imperfections in the existing plan further experience may have unfolded. The subject is of so much moment in my estimation as to excite a constant solicitude that the consideration of it may be reilewed until the greatest attainable perfection shall be accomplished. Time is wearing away some advantages for forwarding the object, while none better deserves the persevering attention of the public councils. =hile we indulge the satisfaction which the actual condition of our George Washington 185 - Western borders so well authorizes, it is necessary that we should not Iose sight of an important truth which continually receives new confirmations, namely, that the provisions heretofore made with 3 view to the protection of the Indians from the violences of the lawless part of our frontier inhabitants are insufficient. It is demonstrated that these violences can riow be perpetrated with impunity, and it can need no argument to prove that unless the murdering of Indians can be restrained by bringing the murderers to coudign punishment, al1 the exertions of the Gov2rnment to prevent destructive retaliatious by the Indians will prove fruitless and al1 oiir present agreeable prospects illusory. The frequent destruction of inilocent women and childrerl, who are chiefly the victims of retalia- tioii, must coritiiiiie to shock humanity, and an eriormous expense to clrain the Treasury of the Uuion. To enforce upon the Indians the observarice of jiistice it is indisperisable tliat there sllall be competent riieaiis of rendering justice to tlieni. If tliese mearis caii be devised by the wisdoni of Congress, and especially if therc can be added an adequate provision for siipplying the necessities of tlie Indians o11 reasonable terms (a measure the mention of which 1 tlle iilore readily repeat, as iu al1 the conferetlces with them they urge it with solicitiide), 1 should riot hesitate to entertairi7 a strong hope of rendering our tranquillity permailent. 1 add with pleasure that the probability everi of their civilizatiori is riot diminished by the experiments which have beedusfar niade iinder the auspices of Goverument. The accoinplislinierit of this work, if practicable, will reflect utldecaying luster ori oiir national character ancl adininister the most grateful consolations that virtuoiis minds can know.

Gcntlemen of tlze Elouse of Representatives: Tlie state of our revenue, with tlie sums wliich llave been borrowed aiitl reimbiirsed pursuant to different acts of Congress, mil1 be submitted froni tlie proper Departrnent, together witli ari estimate of the appropria- tiotis iiecessary to be made for tlie service of the ensuing year. \Vliether measirres niay not be nclvisable to reeriforce the provisi011 for tlie rcdemptioxi of the public debt will naturally erigage your examinatiori. Corigress have clernonstrated tlieir sense to be, and it were superfluous tu 1-epeat i~iirle,that whatsoever will tend to accelerate tlie lioiiorable extiriction of our piiblic clebt accords as much with the true interest of oiir couutry as with the general seuse of our constituents.

GcnfZemen of tlze Senate and of fhe Nouse of Re$resentatives: The statements which will be laid before you relative to tlie Mint will shew the situation of that institution and the necessity of some further legislative provisions for carrying the business of it more completely into effect, and for checking abuses which appear to be arising in particular quarters. 186 Afessages and Papers ofthe Presidents The progress in providing materials for the frigates and in building them, the state of the fortifications of our harbors, the measures which have been pursued for obtaining proper sites for arsenals and for replen- ishing our magazines with military stores, and the steps which have been taken toward the execution of the law for opening a trade with the Indians will likewise be presented for the information of Congress. Temperate discussion of the important subjects which may arise in the course of the session and mutual forbearance where there is a difference of opinion are too obvious aiid nececcary for the peace, happiness, and welfare of our country to need any recommendation of mine. GQ WASHINGTON.

ADDRESS OP THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. SIR: It is with peculiar satisfaction that we are informed by your speech to the two Houses of Congress that the long and expensive mar in which we have been engaged with the Indians northwest of the Ohio is in a situatiou to be finally terminated; and though we view with concern the danger of an interruption of the peace so recently confirmed with the Creeks, we indulge the hope that the measures that you have - adopted to prevent the same, if followed by those kgkhtbeprovisionc-- that justice and humanity equally demand, will succeed in laying the. foundation of a lasting peace with the Indian tribes on the Southern as well as on the Western frontiers. The confirmation of our treaty with Morocco, and the adjustment of a treaty of peace with Algiers, in consequence of which our captive fellow-citizens shall be delivered from claves., are events that will prove no less interesting to the public humanity than they will be important in extending and securing the navigation and commerce of our country. As a just and equitable conclusion of our depending negotiations with Spain will essentially advance the interest of both nations, and thereby cherish and confirm the good understanding and friendship which we have at al1 times desired to maintain, it will afford us real pleasure to receive an early confirmation of our expectations on this subject. The interesting prospect of our affairs with regard to the foreign powers between whom and the United States controversies have subsisted is not more satisfactory than the review of our interna1 situation. If from the former we derive an expectation of the extinguishment of al1 the causes of externa1 discord that have heretofore endangered our tranquillity, and on terms consistent with our national honor and safety, in the latter we discover those numerous and widespread tokens of prospeíity which in so peculiar a manner distinguish our happy country. Circumstances thus every way auspicious demand our gratitude and sincere acknowkdgments to Almighty God, and require that we should George WmhZngton 187 tinite our efforts in imitation of your enlightened, firm, and persevering example to establish and preserve the peace, freedom, and prosperity of our country. The objects which you have recommended to the notice of the Legisla- ture will in the course of the session receive our careful attention, and with a true zeal for the public welfare we shall cheerfully cooperate in every measure that shall appear to us best calculated to promote the same. JOHN ADAMS, Vire-President of fhe Unifed States and President of the Senafe. DECEMBER1 1, 1795.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT.

GRNTLEMEN: With real pleasure 1 receive your addres, recognizing the prosperoiis situation of our public affairs, and giving assurances of your careful attention to the objects demanding legislative consideratiou, and that with a true zeal for the public welfare you will cheerfully cooperate in every measure which shall appear to you best calculated to promote the same. - But 1 derive peculiar satisfaction from your concurrence with me in the expressions of gratitude to Almighty God, which a review of the auspicious circumstarices that di&kt@sh our happy country have excited, and 1 trust the sincerity of our acKowledgments will be evinced by a union of efforts to establish and preserve its peace, freedom, and prosperity. GQ WASHINGTON. DECEMBER12, 1795.

ADDRESS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO -GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

The PRESIDENTOF THE UNITED STATES. SIR: AS the Representatives of the people of the United States, we can not but participate in the strongest sensibility to every bkssing which they enjoy, aud cheerfully join with you in profaiind gratitude to the Aiithor of al1 Good for the numerous and extraordinary blessings which He has conferred on our favored country. A final and formal termination of the distressing war which has rav- aged our Northwestern frontier will be an event which must afford a satisfaction proportionate to the anxiety with which it has long been sought, and in the adjustment of the terms we perceive the true policy of making them satisfactory to the Indians as well as to the United States as the best basis of a durable tranquillity. The dkposition of such of the Southern tribes as had also heretofore annoyed our frontier is another prospect in our situation so important to the interest and happiness of the United States that it is much to be lamented that any clouds should 188 Messages and Pa$ers of the Presidents be thrown over it, more especially by excesses on the part of our own citizens. While our population is advancing with a celerity which exceeds the most sanguine calculations; while every part of the United States displays- indications of rapid and various improvement; while we are in the enjoy ment of protection and security by mild and wholesome laws, administered by governments founded on tke genuine principles of rational liberty, a secure foundation will be laid for accelerating, maturing, and establishing the prosperity of our country if, by treaty and amicable negotiation, al1 those causes of externa1 discord which heretofore menaced our tranquillity shall be extinguished on terms compatible with our national rights and honor and with our Constitution and great commercial interests. Among the various circumstances in our interna1 situation none can be viewed with more satisfaction and exultation than that the late scene of disorder and insurrection has been completely restored to the enjoyment of order and repose. Siich a triumph of reason and of law is worthy of the free Government under which it happened, and was justly to be hoped from the etllightened and patriotic spirit which pervades and actuates the people of the United States. In conteinplating that spectacle of national happiness which our couiltry exhibits, and of which you, sir, have been pleased to inake an inter-x-x siimmary, pesmit us to acknowledge and declare the very great share which your zealous and faithful services have contributed to it, and to express the affectionate attachment which we feel for your character. The several interesting subjects which you recommend to our consideration will receive every degree of attention which is due to them; and whilst we feel the obligation of temperante and mutual indulgence in al1 our discussion~,we trust and pray that the result to the happiness and welfare of our country may correspond with the pvre affection we bear to %t.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDl3NT. GENTLEMEN:Coming as you do from al1 parts of the United States, 1 receive great satisfaction from the concurrente of your testimony in the justnes of the interesting summary of our national happiness which, as the result of my inquiries, 1 presented to your view. The sentiments we have mutually expressed of profound gratitude to the source of those numerous blessingc, the Author of al1 Good, are pledges of our obligations to unite our sincere and zealous cndzavors, as the instruments of Diyine Providence, to preserve and perpetuate thun. Accept, gentlenien, my thanks for your declaration that to my agency you ascribe the enjoyaent of-agreat shareof these benefits. So far as my George Washzkgton 189

cervices contnbute to the happiness of my country, the acknowledgment thereof by my fellow-citizens and their affectionate attachment will ever prove an abundant reward. G-QWASHINGTON.

SPECIAL MESSAGES.

UNITED STATES,December 9, 1795. Gentlemen of the Senafe: 1 lay before you, for your consicleratiori, a treaty of peace which has beeri negotiated by General Wayne, ori behalf of the United States, with al1 the late hostile tribes of Indians northwest of the river Ohio, together with tlle iristructioils which were givexl to General Wayne arid the proceedings at the place of treaty.

UNITED STATES,DecemC>er 21, 1795. G'enfZeemen of fhe Senafe: -- Herewith 1transmit, for yoiir informxon and consideration, the origi- . nal letter from the Erriperor of Morocco, recognizing the treaty of peace and friendship betweeii the United States aiid hisfather, the late Emperor, accornpailied with a translation thereof, arid various doci~~rieiitsrelating to the negotiation by wkiicli the recognition was effected. G'? WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Jaiz?rary 4, ~796. GentZewze7t of fhe Se?zate and of the Hozse oy Representatives: A letter frorii tlie inirlister pleriipotentiary of tlie Frencli Republic, received on tlie z2d of tlie last montli, covered an address, dated the ~1stof October, 1794, from the committee of piiblic safety to the Iiepre- sentatives of the United States iii Congress, and also iuforrned me that he was instructecl by the comrnittee to preseiit to the United States tlie colors of France. 1 thereiipori proposecl to receive thern last Friday, the first day of the new year, a day of general joy and congratulation. 0x1 that day the rninister of tlie French Republic delivered the colors, with án address, to which 1 returned an answer. By the latter Congress will see that 1 have iriforined the r~iiiiisterthat the colors will be deposited with the archives of the Unitecl States. But it seemed to - me proper previously to exhibit to tlie two Houses of Congress these 190 Messages and Papers of the PreszCtents evidences of the continued fnendship of the French Republic, together with the sentiments expressed by me on the occasion ií behalf of the United States. They are herewith communicated. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,January 8, r796. Gentleinen of the Senafe and of the Nouse of Represen fatives: 1 transmit to you a memorial of the commissioners appointed by virtue of an act entitled "An act for establishing the temporary and permanent seat of the Government of the United States." on the subject of the public buildings under their direction. Since locating a district for the permanent seat of the Governmeat of the United States, as heretofore announced to both Houses of Congress, 1 have accepted the grants of money and of land stated in the memorial of the commissioners. 1 have directed the buildings therein mentioned to be commenced on plans which 1 deemed consistent with the liberality of the grants and proper for the purposes intended. I have not been inattentive to this important business intrusted by the Legislature to my care. 1 have viewed the resources placed in my hands, and observed the inanner in which they have been applied. The progress is pre&fully detailed in the memorial from the commissioners, -- and one of them attends to give further iriformation if required. In a - case new and arduous, like the present, difficulties might naturally be expected. Some have occurred, but they are in a great degree surmounted, and 1 have no doubt, if the remaining resources are properly cherished, so as to prevent the loss of property by hasty and uumerous sales, that al1 the buildings required for the accommodation of the Gov- ernment of the United States may be completed in season without aid from the Federal Treasury. The subject is therefore recommended to the consideration of Congress, and the result will determine the measures which 1 shall cause to be pursued with respect to the property remaining unsold. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,January 29, 1796. Gentlemen of the Senate and of the Nouse of Re@resenfatives: 1 send herewith for the information of Congress: First. An act of the legislature of the State of Rhode Island, ratifying an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to prevent suits in certain cases against a State. Second. An act of the State of North Carolina making the like ratification. Third. An act of the State of North Carolina, assenting to the pnrchase by the United States of a sufficient Gantity of land ori Shell Castle Island for the purpose of erecting a beacon thereon, and ceding the jurisdiction thereof to the United States. Fourth. A copy from the journal of proceedings of the governor in liis executive department of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio from July I to December 31, 1794. Fifth. A copy from the records of the executive proceedings of the same governor from January I to June 30, 1795; and Sixth and seventh. A copy of the journal of the proceedings of the governor in his executive department of the territory of the Uuited States south of the river Ohio from September 1, 1794, to September I, 1795. Eighth. The acts of the first nnd second sessions of the general assembly of the same territory. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNI'I'sD STATES,january 29, 1796. Gentlemen of fik Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Representatives: In pursuance of the authority vested in the President of the United States by an act of Congress passed tlie 3d of March last, to reduce the weiglits of the copper coin of the United States whenever he should tfiiiik it for the benefit of the TJnited States, provided that the reduction sliould not exceecl 2 petinyweiglits in each ce~it,-zXi&in the like proportion in a half cent, 1 have caused the same to be reduced since the 27th of last December, to wit, r pennyweiglit and 16 grains itl each cent, and in the like proportion in a half cent; and 1 have given notice thereof by proclamatioti. By the letter of the judges of the circuit court of the United States, held at Boston ixi June last, and the ix~closedapplication of the under- keeper of the jail at that place, of whicli copies are herewith transmitted, Congress will perceive the necessity of inaking a suitable provision for the maintenance of -prisoners comrnitted to the jails of the severa1 States under the authority of the United States. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, February 2, 2796. Gentlemen of fhe Senafe and of the Nouse of Representatives: 1 transmit herewith the copy of a letter, dated the 19th of December last, from Governor Blount to the Secretary of War, statiiig the avowed aud daririg desigus of certain persons to take possessiou of the lands belonging to the Clierokees, and which tlie United States have by treaty solemnly guaranteed to that nation. The injustice of such intrusions and tlie niischievous consequexices wliicli iriust necessarily result therefrom ckmand that effectual provision be made to prevent them. - O9 WASHINGTON. - 192 Messages and Payers ofthe A-eszSZdents UNITED STATES,February rs, r796. Gentleemen of fhe Senate: Herewith 1 transmit, for your consideration and advice, a treaty of peace and amity, concluded on the 5th day of last September by Joseph Donaldson, jr., on the part of the United States, with the Dey of Mgiers, for himself, his Divan, and his subjects. The instructions and other necessary papers relative to this negotiation are also sent herewith, for the information of the Senate. G9 WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,February 26, 1796. GezfZemen of fhe Sena fe: 1 send herewith the treaty concluded on the 27th of October last between the United States and Spain by their respective plenipotentiaries. The communications to the Senate referred to in my message of the 16th of December, 1793, contain the instructions to the commissioners of the United States, Messrs. Carmichael and Short, and various details relative to the negotiations with Spain. Herewith 1 transmit copies of tlie docuinents authorizing Mr. Pinckney, the envoy extraordinary from the Unitecl States to tlie Court of Spain, to conclude the negotiatioil agreeably to the original inAmtions above mentioned, and to adjust the clairns of the United States for the spoliations committed by the armed vessels of His Catholic Majesty on the commerce of our citizens. The numerous papers exhibiting the progress of the riegotiation under the conduct of Mr. Pinckney, being iti the French atid Spanish lan- guages, will be communicated to the Senate as soon as tlie translations which appear necessary shall be completed. QQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,March 1, 1796. GenfZenzen of fhe Senafe and of fhe Nouse of Re$resenfafives: The treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation concluded between the United States of America and His Britatinic Majesty having been duly ratified, and the ratifications having been exchatiged at London on the 28th day of October, 1795, 1 have directed the same to be promulgated,- atid herewith trarismit a copy thereof for the information of Congress. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,March 8, r796. Genflemen of the Senate and of Che Nouse of Represenfafives: 1 send herewith, for the information of Congress, the treaty concluded between the United States and the Dey and Regency of Algiers. GQ-WASHING'I'ON, UNITED STATES,Maych 15, 1796. GmfZemen of fhe Senate aad of fhe House of Represen fafives: By the ninth section of the act entitled "An act to provide a naval armament" it is enacted " that if a peace shall take place between the United States and the Regency of Algiers, that no further proceedings be had under this act." The peace which is here contemplated havinz taken place, it is incumbent upon the Executive to suspend al1 orders respecting the building of the frigates, procuring rnatenals for them, or preparing materials already obtained, which rnay be done without intrenching upon contracts or agreements made and entered into before this event. But inasmucli as the loss which the public would incur might be considerable from dissipation of morkmen, from certain works or operations being suddenly dropped or left unfinished, and from the derangement in the whole system consequent upon an immediate suspension of al1 proceedings under it, 1 have therefore thought advisable, before taking such a step, to submit the subject to the Senate and House of Representa- tives, that such measures may be adopted in the premises as may best cotnport with the public interest. G'? WASHINGTON.

wmenof fhe Senafe aad of fhe Nouse of Representatives: 1 send herewith, for your information, the translation of a letter from the minister plenipotentiary of the French Republic to the Secretary of State, announcing the peace made by the Republic with the Kings of Prussia and Spain, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, and that the republicaii constitution decreed by the National Convention liad been accepted by the people of France and was ir1 operation. 1 also send you a copy of the answer given by my direction to this conimunication from the French minister. My sentiments therein expressed 1 ani persuaded will harmonize with yours and with those of al1 my fellow-citizens. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,March 29, 1796. GentZemen of fhe Nouse of Representafives: 1 send herewith a copy of the treaty of friendship, limits, and navi- gatioii, concluded on the 27th of October last, betweeri the United States and His Catholic Majesty. This treaty has been ratified by me agreeably to tlie Coristitiition, ancl the ratification has been dispatclied for Spain, where it will doubtless be immediately ratified by His Catholic Majesty. - M P-VOL 1-1.3 194 - Messages and Pa$m-s ofthPresfdenfs This early communication of the treaty with Spain has become necessary because it is stipulated in the third article that commissioners for running the boundary liue between the territory of the United States and the Spanish colonies of East and West Florida shall meet at the Natchez before the expiration of six months from the ratification; and as that period will undoubtedly amve before the next meeting of Congress, the

- House will see the necessity of making provision in their present session for the object here mentioned. It will also be necessary to provide for the expense to be incurred in executing the twenty-first article of the treaty, to enable our fellow-citizens to obtain with as little delay as possible compensation for the losses they have sustained by the capture of their vessels and cargoes by the subjects of His Catholic Majesty during the late war between France and Spain. Estimates of the moneys necessary to be provided for the purposes of this and severa1 other treaties with foreign nations and the Indian tribes will be laid before you by the proper Department. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, March 30, 1796. To the Nouse of Re#resentatiz~es of fhe Unifed States: With the utmost attention 1have comidered your resolution of the 24th instant, requesting me to lay before your House a copy of the instructions to the minister of the United States who negotiated the treaty with the King of Great Britain, together with the correspondence and other documents relative to that treaty, excepting such of tho said papers as'any existing negotiation may render improper to be disclosed. In deliberating upon this subject it was impossible for me to lose sight of the principle which some have avowed in its discussion, or to avoid extending my views to the consequenceS which must flow from the admission of that principle. 1 trust that no part of my conduct has ever indicated a dispositiou to withhold any information which the Constitution has enjoined upon the President as a duty to give, or which could be required of him by either House of Congress as a right; and with truth 1 affirm that it has been, as it will continiie to be while 1 have the honor to preside in the Gov- ernment, my constant endeavor to harmonize tvith the other branches thereof so far as the trust delegated to me by the people of the United States and my sense of the obligation it imposes to "preserve, protect,

and defend the Constitution " will permit. The nature of foreign negotiations requires caution, and their success must often depend on secrecy; and even when brought to a conclusion a full disclosure of .a11 the measures, dematids, or eventual concessions which may have been proposed or contemplated would be extremely impolitic; for this inight have a pernicious influence on futm negotia- George Washington 195 tions, or produce immediate inconvenieuces, perhaps danger and mischief, iri relation to other powers. The necessity of such caution and secrecy was one cogent reason for vestiiig the power of making treaties in the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate, the principie on which that body was formed confining it to a small iiumber of members. To admit, then, a right in the House of Representatives to demand and to have as a niatter o€ course al1 the papers respecting a negotiation xvith a foreign power would be to establish a dangerous precedent. It does not occtu that the inspection of the papers asked for can be relative to any purpose under the cognizance of the House of Repre- selitatives, except that of an impeachnient, which the resolution has not expressed. 1 repeat that 1 have iio disposition to withhold any information which the cluty of my station will pertnit or the public good shall require to be dixlosed; arid, in fact, al1 the papers affecting the negotiation with Great Britain were laid before the Senate when the treaty itself was communicated for their consideration and advice. Tlie course which the debate has taken on the resolution of the House leads to sorne observations on tlie mode of making treaties under the Constitutioii of the United States. IIaving beeti a iiieniber of tlie Getieral Convention, and knowirig the pririciples on wliicll tlie Cotistitiition was formed, 1 have ever entertained hut one opiriion on this subject; aricl from the first establishment of the Coverument to tliis rnoment my co~iducthas exeniplified that opinion- Y tliat the poxvermaking treaties is excl:sively vested iri the President, by and with the advice and conserit of the Senate, provided two-thirds o€ tlie Senators present coiicur; atld that every treaty so made and protnul- gated thericefomard became the law of tlie laiicl. It is tliiis that the treaty-making power has been uiiderstood by foreig~iriations, aiid in al1 the treaties rnacle witli them me have declared ancl they have believecl that, xvlieti ratified by the President, with the advice arid consent of the Senate, they became obligatory. Iti this construction of the Constitutiorl every House of Representatives has heretofore acqiiiesced, and utitil the preseiit tiiiie not a tor suspicioii has appeared, to rny kuowledge, tliat tliis construction was not tlie truc otie. Nay, they have riiore thaii acqiii- escecl; for ti11 riow, without cotitroverting the obligation of such treaties, tliey llave made al1 tlie requisite provisions for carrying theni into effect. Tliere is also reasoii to believe tliat tliis constructiou agrees with tlie opitiions entertained by the State coriventions when they \vere cleliber- atiiig on the Constitutioti, especi:illy by those xvho objected to it becaiise there was not recluired in com?nc~rciaZfreaties tlie coiiserit of two-thirds of tlie whole ni~rnbero€ the iriembers of tlie Seriate iristead of two-thirds of the Senators present, and because in treaties respecting territorial aiid certairi otlier riglits and clairiis the coticiirreiice of three-fourtlis of tlie whole niimber of the menibers of both Houses, respectively, was not made necessary. - 196 ~essa~esand I"npers of the Presz'denfs It is a fact declared by the General Convention and universally understood that the Constitution of the United States was the result of a spirit of amity and mutual concession; and it is well known that under this influence the smaller States were admitted to an equal representation in the Senate with the larger States, and that this .branch of the Govern- ment was invested with great powers, for on the equal participation of those pewers the sovereignty and political safety of the smaller States were deemed essentially to depend. If other proofs than these and the plain letter of the Constitution itself be necessary to ascertain the point under consideration, they may be found iu the journals of the General Convention, which 1 have deposited in the office of the Department of State. In those journals it will appear that a proposition was made " that no treaty should be binding on the United States which was not ratified by a law," and that the proposition was explicitl y rejected. As, therefore, it is perfectly clear to my understanding that the assent of the House of Representatives is not necessary to the validity of a treaty; as the treaty with Great Britain exhibits in itself al1 the objects --requiring legislative provision, and on these the papers called for can throw no light, auc! as it is essential to the due administration of the Government that the boundaries fixed by the Constitution between the different departments should be preserved, a justxegad to the Consti- tution and to the duty of my.office, under al1 the circumstances of this case, forbids a compliance with your request. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, March 3r, 1796. Genflemen of the Senafe: The treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation between the United States and Great Britain requiring that commissioners should be appointed to fix certain boundaries between the territories of the contracting parties, and to ascertain the losses and damages represented to have been sitstained by their respective citizens and subjects, as set forth in the fifth, sixth, and seventh articles of the treaty, in order to carry those articles into execution 1 nominate as commissioners on the part of the United States: For the purpose mentioned in the fifth article, Henry Knox, of Massa- chusetts; For the purpose mentioned in the sixth article, Thomas Fitzsimons, of Pennsylvania, and James Innes, of Virginia; and For the purposes ineiitioned iil the seventh article, Christopher Gore, of Massachusetts, and William Pinckney, of Maryland. GQ WASHINGTON. - Genflemen of the Senafe and of fhe House of Repvesenfafives: By an act of Congress passed on the 26th of May , I 790, it was declared that the inhabitants of the territory of the United States south of the river Ohio should enjoy al1 the privileges, benefits, and advantages set forth in the ordinance of Congress for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio. and that the government of the said territory south of tlie Ohio should be similar to that which was then exercised in the territory northwest o€ the Ohio, except so far as was othenvise provided. in the conditions expressed in ati act of Con- gress passed the 2d of April, 1790, entitled "An act to accept a cession of the clairlis of the State of North Carolina to a certain district of western territory. " Among the privileges, benefits, and advantages thus secured to the inhabitants of the territory south of the river Ohio appear to be the right of forming a permanent constitiition and State government, and of admission as a State, by its Delegates, into the Congress o€ the United States, on an eqiial footing with the original States in al1 respects whatever, when it shoulcl have thereiri 60,m free inhabitants; provicled the constitution and government so to be formed should be republican, and in conforniity to the principies coutained in tlie articles of the said ordinance. As proofs of the severalrequisites to entitle the territory south of the river Ohio to be admitted as a State into the Union, Governor Blount has transmittecl a return of the enumeration of its inhabitants and a printecl copy of the constitiition aiid form of government ori which they llave agreed, which, with his letters accornpanying the same, are herewith laid before Congress. G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,Ap?'i¿ 28, 1796. GenfZemen of fhe Senate and of fhe House of Rey5vesentafizvs: IIerewith I lay before yoii a letter from the Attorney-General of the United States, relative to compensation to the attorneys of the United States iu the severa1 districts, which is recommeuded to your consider- ~tion. GP WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,May 2, 1796. Genflenzen of f2c Senafe: Sorne time last year Jeremiah Wadsworth was authorized to hold a treaty with the Cohnawaga Indians, styling themselves the Seven Nations of Canacla, to enable the State of New York to extinguish, by purchase, 1 claim which the said Inclians had set up to a parcel of land lying within that State. The negotiatiou having issued witheut effecting its object, 198 Messages and Pa9er.s of ffie I3-esz'denfs and the State of NewYork having'requested a renewal of the negotiation, and the Indians having come forward with an application on the same subjet, 1 now nominate Jeremiah Wadsworth to be a commissioner to hold. a treaty with the Cohnawaga Indians, styling themselves the Seven Nations of Canada, for the purpbse of enabling the State of New York to -extinguish the aforesaid claim. - G? WASHINGTON.

UNITED STATES,May 5, 1796. Gentlemen of the Senafe: 1 lay before you, for your consideration and advice, an explanatory article proposed to be added to the treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation between the United States and Great Britain, together with a copy of the full power to the Secretary of State to x~egotiatethe same. G'? WASHINGTON. - UNITEDSTATES, May 25, 1796. Gentlemen of tlie Senate and of the Nouse of Reflresentahkes:

The measures now in operation for taking possession of the posts- of Detroit and Michilimackinac render it proper that provision should be made for extending to these places and any otliers alike circumstanced the civil authority of the Northwestern Territory. 'I'o do this will require an expense to defray which the ordinary salaries of the governor and secretary of that Territory appear to be incompetent. The forming of a new coutity, or new counties, and the appointment of the various officers, which the jiist exercise of government must require, will oblige the governor and secretary to visit those places, and to spend considerable time in making the arrangetnents necessary for introducing and establishing the Government of the United States. Congress will consider what provision will in this case be proper. GQ WASHINGTON.

TJNITED STATES,May 28, r796. GenfZemen of the Sena fe and of the Nouse of Reflresenfafiues: The extraorditiary expenses to be incurred in the present year in sup- porting our foreign ititercourse 1 find will require a provision beyond the ordinary appropriation and the additional $20,000 already granted. 1 have directed an estimate to be made, which is sent herewitli, and will exhibit the deficiency for wliich an appropriation apprars to be necessary. G? WASHINGTON. Geovge Washington

EIGHTH ANNUAL ADDRESS.

UNITED STATES,December 7, 1796. Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the Nouse of Re$resenfatives:

- In recurring to the interna1 situation of our country since 1 had last the pleasure to address you, 1 find ample reason for a renewed expression of that gratitude to the Ruler of the Universe which a continued series of prosperity has so often and so justly called forth. The acts of the last session which required special arrangements have been as far as circumstances would admit carried into operation. Measures calculated to insure a contiriiiance of the friendship of the Indians and to preserve peace along the extent of our interior frontier have been digested and adopted. In the framing o£ these care has been taken to guard on the one hand our advanced settlements from the predatory incursions of those unruly individuals who can not be restrained by their tribes, and on the other haud to protect the rights secured to the Indians by treaty-to draw them nearer to the civilized state and inspire them with correct conceptions of the power as well as justice of the Governmeut. The meeting of the deputies from the Creek Nation at Colerain, in the State of Georgia, which had for a principal object the purchase of a parcel of their land by that State, broke upxoutits being accomplished, the nation having previous to their departure instructed them against makiug any sale. The occasion, however, has been improved to confirm by a new treaty with the Creeks their preexisting engagements with the United States, and to obtain their consent to the establishment of trading houses and military posts within their boundary, by means of which their fnendship and the general peace may be more effectually secured. The period during the late session at which the appropriation was passed for carrying into effect the treaty of atnity, cominerce, and navigation betweeri tlie TJnited States and His Britatlnic Majesty necessarily pro- crastinated the reception of the posts stipulated to be delivered beyond the date assigned for that event. Ac soon, however, as the Governor-General of Canada could be addressed with propriety on the subject, arrangements were cordially andpromptly concluded for their evacuation, and tlie United States took possession of the principal of theni, compreherlding Oswego, Niagara, Detroit, Michilimackinac, and Fort Mianii, where such repairs and additions have been ordered to be niade as appeared indispensable. The conimissioners appointed on the part of the United States and of Great Britain to determine which is the river St. Croix mentioned in the treaty of peace of 1783, agreecl ir1 the choice of Egbert Berisori, esq., of New York, for the third commissioner. The whole met at St. Andrews, in Passamaquoddy Bay, in the beginning of October, and directd surveys 200 Messages and Pa9er.r of the Presidents to be made of the rivers in dispute; but deeming it impracticable to have these surveys completed before the next year, they adjourned to meet at Bostan in August, 1797, for the final decision of the question. Other commissioners appointed on the part of the United States, agrzeably to the seventh article of the treaty with Great Britain, relative to captures and condemnation of vessels and other property, met the commissioners of His Britannic Majesty ig London in August last, when John Trumbull, esq., was chosen by lot for the fifth commissioner. In October following the board were to proceed to business. As yet there has been no communication of commissioners on the part of Great Britain to unite with those who have been appointed on the part of the United States for carrying into effect the sixth article of the treaty. The treaty with Spain required that the commissioners for running the boundary line between the territory of the United States and His Catholic Majesty's provinces of East and West Florida should meet at the Natchez before the expiration of six months after the exchange of the ratifications, which was effected at Aranjuez on the 25th day of April; and the troops of His Catholic Majesty occupying any posts within the limits of the United States were within th- period to be withdrawn. The commissioner of the United States therefore commenced his journey for the Natchez in September, and troops were ordered to occupy the posts from whickthe Spanish garrisons should be withdrawn. Information has --= been recently received of the appointment of a commissioner on the part of His Catholic Majesty for running the boundary line, bnt none of any appointment for the adjustment of the claims of our citizens whose vessels were captured by the armed vessels of Spain. In pursuance bf the act of Congress passed in the last session for the protection and relief of American seamen, agents were appointed, one to reside in Great Bntain and the other in the West Indies. The effects of the agency in the West Indies are not yet fully ascertained, but those which have been communicated afford grounds to believe the ineasure will be beneficial. The agent destined to reside in Great Britain declining to accept the appointment, the business has consequently devolved on the minister of the United States in London, and will command his attention until a new agent shall be appointed. After many delays and disappointments arising out of the European war, the final arrangements for fulfilling the engagements made to the Dey and Regency of Algiers will iu al1 present appearance be crowned with success, but under great, though inevitable, disadvantages in the pecuniary transactions occasioned by that war, which will render further provision necessary. The actual liberation of al1 our citizens who were prisoners in Algiers, while it gratifies every feeling heart, is itself an earnest of a satisfactory termination of the whole negotiation. Measures are in operation for effecting treaties with the Regencies of Tunis and Tripoli. To an active externa1 commerce the protection of a naval force is indispensable. This is manifest with regard to wars in which a State is itself a party. But besides this, it is in our own experience that the most sincere neutrality is not a sufficient guard against the depredations of nations at war. To secure respect to a neutral flag requires a naval force organized and ready to vindicate it from insult or aggression. This may even prevent the necessit~of going to war by discouraging belligerent powers from committing such violations of the rights of the neutral party as may, first or last, leave no other option. From the best jnfor- mation 1 have been able to obtain it would seem as if our trade to the Mediterranean without a protecting force will always be insecure and our citizens exposed to the calamities froni which numbers of them have but just beeri relieved. These considerations invite the United States to look to the means, and to set about the gradual creation of a navy. The increasing progress of their navigation promises them at no distant period the requisite supply of seamen, and their means in other respects favor the undertaking. It is an encouragement, likewise, that their particular situation will give ehtand influence to a moderatc naval force in their hands. \Vil1 it not, theu, be advisable to begiti without delay to provide and lay up the materials for the bcilding and equipping of ships of war, and to proceed in the work by degrees, ir1 proportion as our resources shall reuder it practicable without inconvenience, so that a future Gar of Europe may not fiud our commerce in the same unprotected sta~vhichit was found by the present ? Congress have repeatedly, and not without siiccess, directed their attention to the ericouragernent of manufactures. The object is of too tnuch consequerice not to insure a coritinuance of their efforts in every way which shall appear eligible. As a general rule, manufactures on public account are inexpedierit; hut where the state of things in a country leaves little hope that certain brariches of manufacture will for a great length of time obtaiii, wheri these are of a nature essential to the furnisliing arid equippirig of the public force in time of war, are not establishments for procuring them on public account to the extent of the ordinary demand for the public service recornmended by strong considerations of national policy as an exception to tlie general rule? Ouglit our country to remain in such cases dependent o11 foreign supply, precarious because liable to be interrupted? If the necessary article slioiild iri this mode cost more in time of peace, will not the security atld indeperidence thence arising form an ample cornperisation? Establishments of tliis sort, commensurate only witli tlie calls of the public service in time of peace, will in time of war easily be extended in proportion to the exigencies of the Government, atid niay everi perhaps be riiade to yielcl a siirplus for the supply of our citizens at large, so as to nlitigate the privations from the interruption of their trade. If adopted, the plan ought to exclude al1 those braschea - - 202 Messages and Papers ofthe PreszSZ&nts vrhich are already, or likely soon to be, established in the country, in order that there may be no danger of interference with pursuits of individual industry. It will not be doubted that with reference either to individual or national welfare agriculture is of primary importante. In proportion as nations advance in population and other circumstances of maturity this truth becomes more apparent, and renders the cultivation of the soil more and more an object of public patronage. Institutions for promoting it grow up, supported by the public purse; and to what object can it be dedicated with greater propriety ? Among the means which have been employed to this end none have been attended with greater success than the establishment of boards (composed of proper characters) charged with collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums and small pecuniary aids to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and improvement. This species of establishment contributes doubly to the increase of improvement by stimulating to enterprise and experiment, and by draw- ing to a common center the results everywhere of individual ski11 and observation, and spreading them thence over the whole nation. Expe- rience accordingly has shewn that they cverycheap instruments of immense national benefits.

1 have heretofore proposed- - to the consideration of Congress the expe- -rtiencp-ofestaHisb+nga national university and also a military academy. The desirableness of both these institutions has so constantly increased with every new view 1 have taken of the subject that 1 can not omit the . opportunity of once for al1 recalling your attention to them. The assembly to which 1 address myself is too enlightened not to be fully sensible how much a flourishing state of the arts and sciences contributes to national prosperity and reputation. True it is that our country, much to its honor, contains many seminaries of learning highly respectable and useful; but the funds upon which they rest are too narrow to command the ablest professors in the different departments of liberal knowledge for the institution contemplated, though they would be excellent auxiliaries. Amongst the motives to such an 'institution, the assimilation of the principles, opinions, and manners of our countrymen by the common education of a portion of our youth from every quarter well deserves attention. The more homogeneous our citizens can be made in these particulars the greater will be our prospect of permanent union; and a primary object of such a national institution should be the education of our yoiith in the science of governmenf. In a republic what species of knowledge can be equally important and what duty more pressing on its legislature than to patronize a plan for communicating it to those who I are to be the future guardians of the liberties of the country? The institution of a military academy is also recommended by cogent reacons. However pacific tk general policy of a nation may be, it Gewge Washington 203 ought never to be without an adequate stock of military knowledge for emergencies. The first would impair the energy of its character, and both would hazard its safety or expose it to greater evils when war could not be avoided ; besides that, war might often not depend iipon its own choice. In proportion as the observance of pacific maxims might exempt a nation frorn the necessity of practicing the rules of the military art ought to be its care in preservirig- and transmitting, by proper establishments, the knowledge of that art. Whatever argument may be drawn froni particiilar examples superficially viewed, a thorough examination of the subject will evirice that the art of war is at once coniprehensive and cornplicated, that it demands niuch previous study, and that the possessiou of it in its most improved and perfect state is always of great moment to the security of a nation. This, thercfore, ought to be a serious care of every government, and for this purpose an academy where a regular course of instriiction is given is an obvious expedient which different natioiis have successfully employed. The compensations to the officers of the United States in various instatices, and in noue niore tharl in respect to the most important stations, appear to cal1 ferlegislative revision. The consequences of a defective provision are of serioils import to the Government. If private wealth is to supply tlie clefect of public retribiition, it will greatly coiitract the spliere withiti which the selectiori of character for office is to be made, arid will proportionally ditninisli the probability of a choice of men able as well as upright. Besides that, it woiild be repugnant to the vitar pririciples of our Government virtiially to exclude frqm public trusts taletits and virtue unless accompanied by wealth. While in oiir externa1 relations some serious iricoriveiiiences and embar- rassmerits have been overcome and othcrs Icssened, it is with much pain and cleep regret 1 rnentioii that circiimstances of a very unwelcome nature have lately occilrred. Our tracle has siiffered aiicl is suffering exterisive injuries iti tlie West Iridies froiri tlie cruisers aticl agents of the Frericli Republic, arid conirnunicatioiis have been reccivecl from its miiiister here which iridicate the danger of a further disturbatice of our comrnerce by its authority, aiid whicli are iii other respects far from agreeable. It has been niy coristant, sincere, and earnest wish, in conformity with tliat of oiir iiation, to inaintain cordial harrnony and a perfectly friendly uriclerstaudiiig with tliat Republic. This wisli remaiiis iitiabated, and 1 sliall persevere in the erideavor to fulfill it to tlie uttiiost exteiit of what shall be corisistent witli a jiist and indisperisable regard to tlie rights arid honor of oiir coiiritry; nor \vil1 1 easily cease to cherish tlie espectation that a spirit of justice, candor, and friendship on the part of the Republic cvill eventitally insiire success. 111 pursiiing thic course, however, 1 can not forget what is dite to tLe character of our Government and riation, or to a full and entire 204 Messages and Pajers of the Pvesidents confidente in the good cense, patriotism, self-respect, and fortitude of my countrymen. 1 reserve for a special message a more particular communication on this interesting subject.

1 have directed an estimate of the appropriations necessary for the service of the ensuing year to be submitted from the proper Departmeni, with a view of the public receipts and expenditures to the latest period to which an account can be prepared. It is with satisfaction 1 am able to inform you that the revenues of the United States continue in a state of progressive improvement.

A reenforcement of the existing- provisions for diccharging our public debt was mentioned in my address at the opening of the last session. Some preliminary steps were taken toward it, the maturing of which will no doubt engage your zealous attention during the present. 1 will only add that it will afford me a heartfelt satisfaction to concur in such further measures as will ascertain to our country the prospect of a speedy extinguishment of the debt. Posterity may have cause-ret if from any motive intervals of tranquillity are left unimproved for accelerating this valuable end. GentZenzen of t~kt~andof the House of Re-vesenfatives: My solicitude to see the militia of the United States placed on an efficient establishment has been so often and so ardently expressed that 1 shall but bareb recall the subject to your view on the present occasion, at the same time that 1 shall submit to your inquiry whether our harbors , are yet sufficiently secured. The situation in which 1 now stand for the last time, in the midst of the representatives of the people of the United States, naturally recalls the period when the administration of the present form of government commenced, and 1can not omit the occasion to congratulate yoii and n2y country on the success of the experiment. nor to repeat my fervent supplications to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe arid Sovereign Arbiter of Nations that His providential care may still be extended to the United States, that the virtue and happiness of the people may be preserved, and that the Government which they have instituted for the protection of their liberties may be perpetual. G? WASHINGTON.

ADDRESS OF' THE SENATE TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. We thank you, sir, for your faithful and detailed exposure of the existing situation of our country, and we sincerely join in sentiments of gratitude to an overruling Providence for the distinguished sbare of

compensations of the public officers, especially of those in the more important stations. It is not only a violation of the spirit of a public contract, but is an evil so extensive iu its operation and so destructive in its consequences that we trust it will receive the most pointed legislative attention. We sincerely lament that, whilst the conduct of the United States has been uniformly impressed with the character of equity, moderation, and love of peace in the maintenance of al1 their foreign relationships, opr trade should be so harassed by the cruisers and agents of the Republic of France throughout the extensive departments of the West Indies. Whilst we are confident that no cause of complaint exists that could authorize an interruption of our tranquillity or disengage that Republic from the bonds of amity, cemented by the faith of treaties, we can not but express our deepest regrets that official communications have been made to you indicating a more serious disturbance of our commerce. Although we cherish the expectation that a sense of justice and a consideration of our mutual interests will moderate their councils, we are not unmindful of the situation in which events may place us, nor unpre- pared to adopt that system of conduct which, compatible with the dignity of a respectable nation, necessity may compel us to pursue. e We cordially acquiesce in the reflection that the United States, under the operation of the Federal Government, have experienced a most rapid aggrandizement and prospp- well political as commercial. Whilst contemplating the Musesthat produce this auspicious result, we must acknowledge the excellence of the constítutional system and the wisdom of the legislative provisiops; but we should be deficient in gratitude and justice did we not attribute a great portion of these advantages to the virtue, firmness, and talents of your Administration, which have been conspicuously displayed in the most trying time and on the most critica1 occasions. It is therefore with the sincerest regret that we now receive an official notification of your intentions to retire from the public employments of your country. When wereviexv thevarious scenes of your public life, so longand so successfully devoted to the most arduous services, civil and military, as well during tlie struggles of the American Revolution as the convulsive periods of a recent date, we can ilot look forward to your retirement without our warmest affections and most anxious regards accompanying you, and without mingling with our fellow-citizens at large in the sincerest wishes for your personal happiness that sensibility and attachment can express. The most effectual consolation that can offer for the loss we are about to sustain anses from the animating reflection that tlie influence of your example di11 extend to your successors, and the United States thus continue to enjoy an able, upright, and energetic administration. JOHN ADAMS, Vice-PresZdent of fhe United States and President of fhe Senate. DECEMBBR10, 1796. George Washingfon - 207

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. GENTLEMEN: It affords me great satisfaction to find in your address a concurrence in sentiment with me on the various topics which I presented for your information and deliberation, and that the latter will receive from you an attention proportioned to their respective importance. For the notice you take of my public cervices, civil and military, and your kind wishes for my personal happiness, I beg you to accept nly cordial thanks. Those services, and greater had I possessed ability to render them, were due to the unauimous calls of my country, and its approbation is rily abundant reward. When contemplating the period of my retirement, 1 saw virtuous and enlighteued meil among whom I relied on the discernment and patriotism of my fellow-eitizens to make the proper choice of a successor-men who would require no influential example to insure to the United States " an able, upright, and energetic administration." To such men 1 shall cheerfully yield the palm of genius and talents to serve onr cotnmon country ; but at the same time I hope 1 may be iiidulged in expressing the consoling reflection (whicli consciousness suggests), and to bear it with nie to my grave, that none can serve7- it witli purer intentions than 1 have done or with a inore disinterested zeal. GQ WASHINGTON. T~EBEBER12, 1796.

ADI'kZSS OF TI-IE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. SIR:The House of Representatives have attended to your communication respecting the state of our couritry with al1 the sensibility that the contemplation of the subject and a sense of duty can inspire. We are grab fied by the information that measures calculated to itisure a coiitinuance of the friendship of the Indians arid to riiaintain the tranquillity of the Westerri froritier Iiave been aclopted, aiid we inclulge the liope that l;hese, by imp~essingthe Iridian tribes with more correct conceptions of the justice as well as power of the United States, will be atteilded witli 2,itccess. While we uotice witli satisfactiori the steps that you have takeri in pursuauce of t'lie late treaties with severa1 foreign nations, the liberation of our citizens who were prisoners at Algiers is a subject of peculiar felicitation. We sl-iall cheerfully cooperate in aiiy further measures that shall appear on consideratiou to be requisite. We have ever concurred with you in the most sincere and uniform disposition to preserve oiir neutral relations inviolate, and it is of coiirse witli atixiety a.nd deep regret we hear that any iqterruption of our harmony with the: French Republic has occurred, for we feel with you and Messages and Papers of the Pvesidents with our constituents the cordial ancl unabatrú wish to maintain a perfectly friendly understanding with that nation. Your endeavorsto fulfill that wish, and by al1 honorable means to preserve peace, and to restore that harmony and affection which have heretofore so happily subsisted between the French Republic and the United States, can not fail, therefore, to interest our attention. And while we participate in the full reliance you have expressed cn the patriotism, self-respect, and fortitude of our countrymen, we cherish the pleasing hope that a mutual spirit of justice and moderation will insure the success of your perseverante. The various subjects of your communication will respectively meet with the attention that is due to their importance. When we advert to the interna1 situation of the United States, we deem it equally natural and becoming to compare the present period with that immediately antecedent to the operation of the Government, and to contrast it with the calamities in which the state of war still involves severa1 of the European nations, as the reflections deduced from both tend to justify as well as to excite a warmer admiration of our free Con- stitution, and to exalt our minds to a more fervent and grateful sense of piety toward Almighty God for the beneficence of His providence, by which its administration has been hitherto so remarkably distinguished. And while we entertain a grateful conviction that your wise, firm, and patriotic Administration has been sign-eive t&he success of the present form of government, we can not fojr6éarto express the deep sensations of regret with which we contemplate your intended retirement from office. As no other suitable occasion may occur, we can not suffer the present to pass without attempting to disclose some of the emotions which it can not fail to awaken. The gratitude and admiration of your countrymen are still drawn to the recollection of those resplendent virtues and talents which were so eminently instrumental to the achievement of the Revolution, and of which that glorious event will ever be the memorial. Your obediente to the voice of duty and your country when you quitted reluctantly a second time the retreat you had chosen and first accepted the Presidency afforded a new proof of the devotedness of your zeal in its service and an earnest of the patriotism aud success which have characterized your Adininistra- tion. As the grateful confidence of the citizens in the virtues of their Chief Magistrate has essentially contributed to that success, we persuade ourselves that the millions whom we represent participate with us in the anxious solicitude of the present occasion. Yet we can not be unmindful that your moderation and magnanimity, twice displayed by retinng from your exalted stations, afford examples no less rare and instructive to mankind than valuable to a republic. Although we are sensible that this event of itself completes the luster af a character already conspicuously unnvaled by the zoincidence of virtiie, talents, success, and public estimation, yet we conceive we oure it to you, sir, ancl still iilore emphatically to ourselves and to our nation (of the language of whox hearts we presume to think ourselves at this moment the faithftil interpreters), to expresc the se+it;rnents with which it is contemplated. . The spectacle of a free and enlightened nation offering, by its Repre- sentatives, the tribute of unfeigned approbation to its first citizen,- however novel and interesting it may be, derives al1 its luster (a luster which accirlent or enthusiasm could not bestow, and which adulation xvould tar- nish) from the transcendent merit of which it is the voluntary testimony. May you long enjoy that liberty which is so dear to you, and to which your name will ever be so dear. May your own virtues ancl a nation's prayers obtaí~ithe happiest suiishine for tlie cleclitie of your days and the choicest of future blessings. For our country's sake, for the sake of republican liberty, it is our earnest wish that your example may be the guide of your successors, and thus, after being the ornament and safeguard of thr present age, becorne the patrimony of our descendants.

REPLY OF THE PRESIDENT. GENTLEMEN-: To a citizen urhose views were unambítious, who pre- ferred the shade & hnquillity of private life to tlie splendor and solicitude o£ elevated stations, and whom the voice of duty and his country could alone have drawn from his chosen retreat, no reward for his public services can be so grateful as public approbation, accompanied by a consciousness that to renderthose services useful to that country has been his single aim; and when this approbation is expressed by the Representa- tives of a free aiid enlightened nation, the reward will admit of noaddition. Receive, gentlemen, my sincere arid affectionate thanks for this signal testi- rilony tliat my servicec have beeu acceptable and useful to my country. The strong coufidence of my fellow-citizens, while it animated al1 my actions, insured their zealous cooperation, which rendered those services successful. The virtue and wisdoxll of my successors, joined with the patriotism and iiitelligence of the citizens who compose the other branches of Governmeut, 1 firnlly trust will lead them to the adoption of measures which, by the beneficencr of Provideuce, will give stability to our system of government, add to its success, and secure to ourselves and to posterity that liberty which is to al1 of us so dear. While 1 acknowledge with pleasure the sincere and uniform disposition of tlie House of Representatives to preserve our neutral relations inviolate, and with them deeply regret any degree of interruption of our good uriderstanding with the Freiicli Republic, 1 beg yoti, gentlemen, to rest assured that niy endeavors will be earnest and unceasing by al1 honorable means to preserve peace and to restore that harmony and affection M P-VOL 1-14 210 Messages and Papers offhePresz'dents which have heretofore so happily subsisted between our two nations; a&d with you 1 cherish the pleasing hope that a mutual spirit of justice and moderation will crowu those endeavors with success. 1 shall cheerfully concur in the beneficia1 measures which your deliberations shall mature on the various subjects demanding your attentiou; and while directing your labors to advance the real interests of our country, you receive its blessings. With perfect sincerity my individual wishes will be offered for your present and future felicity. . ~6 WASHINGTON. DECEMBER16. 1796.

- SPECIAL MEXSAGES.

1 Iay before you for your consideration a treaty which has been negotiated and concluded on the 29th day of June last by Beujamin Hawkins, Andrew Pickens, and George Clymer, commissioners on behalf of the United States, with the Creek Indians, to~etherwith the instructions which were given to the said commissioners ad-tkqroceedings at the place of treaty. 1 submit also the proceedings and result of a treaty, held at the city of New York, on behalf of the State of New York, with certain nations or tribes of Indians denominating themselves the Seven Nations of Canada. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, Ianuary 9, r797. Gmflemm of fhe Sena fe and of fhe Nouse of Represenfafives: Herewith I lay before you in confidence reports from the Departments of State and the Treasury, by which you will see the present situation o£ our affairs with the Dey and Regency of Algiers. GQ WASHINGTON.

UNITEDSTATES, January 19, 1797. ~enf~emenof fhe Sena fe and of fhe Nouse qf 1Pepresen fatives: At the opening of the present session of Congress 1 mentioned that some circumstances of an unwelcome nature had lately occurred in relation to France; that our trade had suffered, and Gas suffering, extensive injuries in the West Indies from the cruisers and agents of the French Republic,and that communications had been received from its minister here which indicated danger of a further disturbance of our commerce by its authority, and that were in other respects far from agreeable, but that 1 reserved for a special message a more particular communication ou this intercsting subject. This comrnuuication 1 now make. The complairits of the French minister embraced most of the transactions of our Government in relation to France frorn an early period of the preseut war, which, therefore, it was necessary carefully to review. A collection has been formed of letters and papers relating to those transactions, which 1 now lay before you, with a letter to Mr. Pinckney, our minister at Paris, containing an examination o£ the notes of the French minister and such information as 1 thought might be useful to Mr. Pinckney iri any further representations he might find necessary to be made to the French Government. The immediate object of his mission was to niake to that Government such explanations of the principies and condiict of our own as, by manifestiríg our good faith, might remove al1 jealousy atid discontent and maintain that harmony and good understanding with the French Republic which it has been my constant solicitude to preserve. A government which required only a knowledge of the fmth to justify its measures could not but be auxious to have fully and frankly displayed. GQ WASHINGTON. - UNITEDSTATES, March 2, r797. Genfhenof fhe Senate: Application having been made to me to permit a treaty to be lield with the Seneca Nation of Indians to effect the purchase of a parcel of their land under a preemption right derived fronl the State of Massachusetts and situated within the State of New York, and it appearing to me reasonable that such opportunity should be afforded, provided the negotiation shall be conducted at the expense of the applicant, and at the desire and with the consent of the Indians, always considering these as prerequisites, 1 ~iownominate Isaac Smith to be a commissioner to hold a treaty with the Seneca Nation for the aforesaid purpose. Go WASHINGTON.

VETO MESSAGE.

UNITED STATES,Febmaly 28, 1797. Genflemen of fhe Nouse of Re@resentatives: Having nlaturely considefed the bill to alter and amend an act entitled "An act to ascertain and fix the military establishment of the United States," which was presented to me on the 22d day of this month, 1 now 212 Messages and Pajers offhe Fresideents return it to the House of Representatives, iu which it originated, with my objectipns : First. If the bill pesinto a law, the two companies of light dragoons will be from that moment legal& out of service, though they will afterwards continue actual& in service; and for their services during this inted, namely, from the time of legal to the time of acfual discharge, it will not be lawful to pay them, unless some future provisiou be made by law. Though they may be discharged at the pleasure of Congress, in justice they ought to receive their pay, not only to the time of passing the law, but at least to the time of their actual discharge. Secondly. It will be inconvenient and injurious to the public to dismiss the light dragoons as soon as notice of the law can be conveyed to them, one of the companies having been lately destined to a necessary and important service. Thirdly. The companies of light dragoons consist of 126 noncommis- sioned officers and privates, who are bound to serve as dismounted dragoons when ordered so to do. They have received in bounties about $2,000, Oue of them is completely equipped, and above half of the non- commissioned officers and privates have yet to serve more than one-third of the time o€ their enlistment; and besides, there will in the course of the year be a considerable deficiency in the complenlent of infantry intended tdxsxntinued. Under these circumstances, to discliarge the drqmmr- - -- do-eem to comport with economy. Fourthly. It is generally agreed that some cavalry, either militia or regular, will be necessary; and according to the best information 1 have been able to obtain, it is my opinion that the latter will be less expensive and more useful than the former in preserving peace between the frontier settlers and the Indians, and therefore a part o€ the military establish, ment should consist of cavalry. GQ WASHINGTON.

PROCLAMATION.

[From Seoate Journal, vol. 2, p 597.1 MARCH 1, 1797. To tke Vice-President and Senafors of tke Unifed Sfafes,respecfively. SIR: It appearing to me proper that the Seuate of the United States should be convened on Saturday, the 4th of March iustant, you are desired to attend in the Chamber of the Senate on that day, at 10o'clock in the forenoon, to receive any coiililiunications which the President'of the United States rnay then lay before you touching their interests. - G? WASHINGTON George Washington

FAREWELL ADDRESS.

UNITED STATES,Se@fember r7, r796. Fviends and FeZlozu- Citizens: The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the~xecutive Government of the United States being riot far distant, and the time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression o£ the public voice, that 1 should now apprise you of the resolution 1 have formed to decline beiiig considered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be made. 1 beg yoii'at the carne time to do me the jiistice to be assured that this resolution has not heen takefi withoiit a strict regard to al1 the considerations appertainiiig to the relation which biiids a dutiful citizen to his country; and that in withdrawing the tender of service, which silence in my situatioii might imply, 1 arn intluenced by no diminution of zeal for your fiiture interest, no deficiency of grateful respect for your past - kindness, but am supported by a full corivictioti that the step is compatible with botli. The ncceptance of and continiiancetherto in the office to which 7 ~- yoiir suffrages have twice called me have been a iiniforni sacrifice o£ inclination to the opinion of duty and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. 1 constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier in iny power, consisteritly with motives which 1 was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which 1 had been reluctantly clrawn. The strength of my inclination to do this previous to the last electiotl had everi led to the preparation of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflectioxi oti the then perplexed and critica1 posture of our affairs with foreign rlations and the iinaiiimous advice of persons erititlecl to iny confidence impelled me to abandon tlie iclea. 1 rejoice that the state «f your concerns, externa1 as well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclinatioti incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety, arid arn persiiaded, ~vhateverpartiality may be retained for my services, that in the present circumstauces of our country you will not disapprove 111y determiriation to retire. The impressions witli which 1 first undertook the ardiioiis trust were explaiilecl oii the proper occasiori. 111 the discharge of this trust 1 \vil1 only say tliat 1 have, with good intentions, contribiited toward the organizatioti atid adxninistration of the Government the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable Not unconscious in the outset of the iriferiority of my qualificatious, experience in rriy owii eyes, perhaps still niore ixi tlie eyes of others, has strengthened the motives - to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of years 214 Messages and Paflevs ofthe Presidents admonishes me more and more that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circiimstances have given peculiar value to my services they were temporary, 1 have the consolation to believe that, while choice and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid it. In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the career of my political life my feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which Iowe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me, and for the opportunities 1 have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it always be remembered to your praise and as an instructive example in our annals that under circumstances in which the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead; amidst appearances sometimes dubious; vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging; in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism. the constancy of your support was the essential prop of the efforts and a guaranty of the plans by which they were effected. Pro- foundly penetrated with this idea, 1 shall carry it with me to my grave as a strong incitement to unceasing vows that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; that the free Constitution which is the work of your hands rnay be sacredly maintained; that its administration in every department may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be made complete by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the affection, and adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger to it. Here, perhaps, 1 ought to stop. But a solicitiide for yoilr welfare which can not end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger natural to that solicitude, urge me on an occasion like the present to offer to yoiir solemn contemplation and to recommend to your frequent review some sentiments which are the result of much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me al1 important to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with the more freedom as yoii can only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive to bias his counsel. Nor can 1 forget as an encouragement to it your indul- gent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occasioti. Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm the attachment. - George Washington 21.5 The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so, for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that from different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth, as this , is the point in your political fortress agaitist which the batteries of interna1 and externa1 enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment that yoii should properly estimate the immense value of your national iinion to your collective and individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium o£ your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned, and indignantly frowning upon the first dawn- ing of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts. For this you have every inducement of sympatliy and interest. Citizens by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to con- centrate your affections. The name of American, which belongs to you in yoiir national capacity, must always exalt the just +e of patriotisrn more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you llave the same religion, manners, hahits, and political principies. You have iu a common cause fought and triumphed together. The independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility. are greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your interest. Here every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the iinion of the whole. The Norlli, in an unrestrained intercourse with the Soufh,protected by the equal laws of a common government, finds in the productions of the latter great additional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The Soufh,in the same intercourse, benefiting by the same agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular navigation invigorated; and while it contributes in different ways to nourish and incrcase tlie general iilass of the riational iiavigation, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength to which itxlf is unequally adapted. The Easf, ika like intercourse with the PVest, already finds, and in the 216 Messages and Paws of tAe Presidents progressive improvement of interior communications by land and water will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad or manufactures at home. The West derives from the East s~~~liesrequisite to its growth and comfort, and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its own productions to the weight, - influence, and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the Uniofi, directed by an indissoluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the West can hold this escential advantage, whether derived from its own separate strength or from an apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union, al1 the parts combined can not fail to find in the united mas of means and efforts greater strength, greater resource, proportionably greater security from externa1 danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations, and what is of inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from those broils and wars between themselves which so frequently afflict neighboring countries not tied together by the same governments, which their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce, but which opp&te foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues zould stimulate and imbitter. Hence, , likewise, they will avoid the necessit~of those overgrown military establishment~which, under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile.to republican liberty. In this sense it is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the other. These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the union as a primary object of patriotic desire. 1s there a doubt whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a proper organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy icsue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With snch powerful and obvious motives to union affecting al1 parts of our conntry, while experience shall riot have demonstrated its impractica- bility, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands. In contemplating the causes which may disturb our union it occurs as matter of serious conceru that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geograplrical discriminations-Noythe~n and Southemz, Atlantic and Westem-whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interetts and views. George Washington 217 One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You can not shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heartburn- ings which spring frbni these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our Western country have lately had a ' useful lesson on this head.. They have seen in the negotiation by the Executive and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy iu the General Government and in the Atlantic States unfriendly to their interests in ~egardto the Mississippi. They have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties-that with Great Britain and that with Spairi-which secure to theni everything they could desire in recpect to our foreign relations toward confirming their prosperity. Will it not he their wisdom to rely fo? the preservation of these advantages on the union by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever them frorn their brethren aud connect them with aliens? To the efficacy and permanency of your union a governrnent for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, between the parts + can be an adequate siibstitiite. They must inevitably experiem infractions and interruptions which al1 alliancea in al1 times have exp* enced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay by the adoption of a Constitution of Government better calculated than your former for an intimate uuion and for the efficacious management of your common concerns. This Government, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full inves- tigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its principies, in the distnbution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confideuce and your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its law5, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the right of tlie people to niake and to alter their constitutions of government. Xiit the constitution which at any time exists ti11 changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government presiipposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government. Al1 obstructions to the execution of the laws, al1 combinations and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constitiited authorities, are destnictive of this fundamental principle and of fatal tendency. Thpy serve to organize faction; to give it an 218 -1Messages and Paws oythe Presziients - artificial and extraordinary force; to put in the place of the delegated wiíi of the nation the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community, and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of factiou rather than the organ - of consistent and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels and m~difiedby mutual iuterests. However combinations or associations of the above description may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things to become potent engines by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion. Toward the preservation of your Government and the permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite not only that you steadily dis- countenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be to effect in the forms of the Constitution alterations which will impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what can not be directly over- thrown. In al1 the changes to which you may be invited remember that time and habit are at least as necessary -fix the true character of governments as of other human institutions; that experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion exposes to perpetua1 change, from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember especially that for the efficient management of your common interests in a country so extensive as ours a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty is indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else thati a name where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain al1 in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property. 1 have already intimated to you the clanger of parties in the State, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party generally. This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes ir1 al1 governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed; but iu those of the popular form it is seen in its greatest rankness and is truly their worst enemy. - The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spint of revenge natural to party dissension, which in different ages and countries has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads at leilgth to a more formal and permanent despotism. The. disorders and miseries which result gradually incline the minds of men to ceeksecurity and repose in the absolute power of ari individual, and sooner or later the chiel o€ some prevailing faction, more able or more fortuuate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevatiori on the mins of public liberty. Without looking forward to an extremity o€ this kind (which nevertheless ought ilot to be entirely out of sight), the common and continua1 mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and d~~tyof a wise people to dixourage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the public conncils and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the community with ill-.founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity o€ one part against another ; foments occasionally riot and insurrectiori. It opens the door to foreign influence ancl corruption, which find a facilitated access to the govern- tnent itsel-f tliroiigh the channels of party passion. Thus the policy and the \vil1 of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another. There is an opinion that parties ir1 free countries are useful chscks upon the adtninistratiou of tlie government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. 'I'his within certain limits is probably true; and in governments of a monarchEast patriotism may look with indulgence, if not With favor, upon the spirit of party. But itl those of the popular character, iti governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency it iscertain there will always be enough of that spirit forevery salutary purpose; and there being constant dangerof excess, the effort ought to be by force of public opinion to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a utiiform vigilance to prevent its biirsting iiito a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume. It is importatit, likewise, tliat the habits of thinking iii a free country shoulcl inspire caution ir1 tllose intrusted witli its administration to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding iil tlzc exercise of tlie powers of orie department 'to encroach iipon another. The spirit of encroachment tencls to consolidate the powers of al1 the rlepartrnents ir1 one, and thus to create, whatever the form of goverririietit, a real clespotism. A jiist estimate of that love o€ power and prorieiiess to abuse it xvhich predominates in the liuman heart is siifficieiit to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The riecessity o€ reciprocal cliecks iri thc exercise o€ political power, by dividing and dis- tributing it into different depositories, and constituting each the guardian of tlie piil~licweal against irivasioiis by the others, Iias been eviticed by experin~eritsaricient anci modern, some of them in our country and under our own eyes. To preserve ibem must be as necessary 220 Messages and ~afirsof t/te Presz'cients as to institute them. If in the opinion of the people the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitu- tion designates. But let there be no change by usurpation; for ihough this in one instance may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance iii permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield. OE al1 the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tribute of patriotism who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness-these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace al1 their connections with private and public felicity. I,et it simply be asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of inves- tigation in courts of justice? And let us with caution indulge the supposi€ii%Zhat morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influeuce of refined education ou minds of peculiar structure, reason and experieuce both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious princi+- It is substantially true that virtue or morality is a necessaryi;pring of popular government. The rule indeed extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric? Promote, then, as an ohject of primary importante, institutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as possible, avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only by shutlning occasions of expense, but by vigoroiis exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars have occasioned, not uugenerously throwing upon posterity the burthen which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives; but it is necessary that public opinion should cooperate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty it is essential that you should practically bear in mind that toward the payment of debts there must be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant ; that the intrinsic enibarrassment inseparable frcm the selection of the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of ;he conduct of the Government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence itl the measures for obtaining revenue which the public exigencies may at any time dictate. Observe good faith and justice toward al1 nations. Cultivate peace and harmony with all. Religion and morality enjoin this conduct. And can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant period a great nation to give to mankind the riiagtianimous and too iiovel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and berlevolence. Who can doubt that in the course of time and things the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentime~itwhich ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it rendered impossible by its vices ? In the execution of such a plan nothing is more essential than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations and passionate attachments for others should be excluded, and that in place of them just and amicable feelings toward al1 should be cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another an habitual hatred or an habitual fond- ness is in some degree a slave: It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is suIficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another disposes each niore readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. nation pronipted by ill will and resentment sometimes impels to war the government coutrary to the best calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts through passion what reason would reject. At other times it makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, instigated by pride, ambition, aud other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace ofteu, sornetimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has been the victim. So, likewise, a passionate attachmerit of one nation for another pro- duces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an iniaginary conimon interest ir1 cases where no real commori interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the for~nerinto a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to con- cessiotis to the favorite nation of privileges denied tu others, which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and bsxciting jealousy, ill will, and a disposition to retaliate in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country without odium, sometimes even with popularity, gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good the baseor foolish compliances of ambition, corrnp- tion, or infatuation. As avenues to fordgu influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestíc factions, to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils! Such an attachment of a small or weak toward a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreib influence ( I conjure you to believe me, fellowritizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be consfanfly awake, since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But tfráfjealousy, to be useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger onl~- on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite are liable to become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people to surrender their interests. The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relatious to have with them as little polz'tical connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from externa1 annoyance; when we may take snch an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrnpulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giviug us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as oiir interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. Why ferego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Why quit our - George Washz'mgtm 223 own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, iuterest, humor, or caprice? It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world, so far, 1 mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to

existing- engagements. 1 hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs that honesty is always the best policy. 1 repeat, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But in niy opinion it is unnecersary and would be unwise to extend them. Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. Harmony, liberal intercourse with al1 nations are recommended by policy, humaniiy, and iuterest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand, neither seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences ; consulting the natural course of things ; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the streams of commerce, bnt - forcing nothing ; establishing with powers so disposed, in order to give tracle a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to euable the Goverument to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstances aud mutual opinion will permit, but temporary and liable to be from time to time abaüdoned or varied as experience and circumstances shall dictate ; constantiyireeping in view that it is folly in oue nation to look for disinterested favors from another ; that it must pay with a portion of its independence for whatever it may accept i icler that character; that by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect or calculate upon real favors from nation to nation. It is an illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. 1x1 offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend 1dare not hope they will make thestrong and lasting impression 1 could wish-that they will control the usual current of the passions or prevent our nation from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But if 1 may even flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial beuefit, some occasional good-that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn agaiust the miscliiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard against the impostnres of pretended patriotism-this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have been dictated. How far iii the discharge of iiiy official duties 1 have been gnided by the principies which have been deliiieated the public records and other evidentes of my conduct must witness to you and to the world. 20 2 24 Messages and Pa9er.s ofthe Pres~&mt.s myself, the assurance of my own consciente is that 1 have at least believed myself to be guided by them. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe my proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice and by that of your representatives in both Houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights 1 could obtain, 1 was well satisfied that our country, under al1 the circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, 1 determined as far as should depend upon me to maintain it with moderation, perseverante, and firmness. The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. 1 will only observe that, according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything more, from the obligatihich justice and humanity impose on every nation, iu cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity toward other nations. The inducements of interest for observing that conduct will best be -=- referred to your own reflections and experience. With me a predomi- nant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress without interruption to that degree of strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes. Though in reviewing the incidents of my Administration I am unconscious of intentional error, 1 am nevertheless too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that 1 may have committed many errors. What- ever they may be, 1 fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate . the evils to which they may tend. 1 shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgente, and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its seMce with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest. Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated by that . fervent love toward it which is so natural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for severa1 generations, 1 anticipate with pleasing expectation that retreat in which 1 promise myself to realize without alloy the sweet enjoyment of partaking in the midst of my fellow-citizens the benign influence of good laws under a free government-the ever-favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers. 69 WASHINGTON.