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Crocodiles, Masks and Madonnas Catholic Mission Museums in German-Speaking Europe

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Crocodiles, Masks and Madonnas Catholic Mission Museums in German-Speaking Europe STUDIA MISSIONALIA SVECANA CXXI Rebecca Loder-Neuhold Crocodiles, Masks and Madonnas Catholic Mission Museums in German-Speaking Europe Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Sal XI, Universitetshuset, Biskopsgatan 3, Uppsala, Friday, 13 December 2019 at 10:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Faculty of Theology). The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor Hermann Mückler (University of Vienna). Abstract Loder-Neuhold, R. 2019. Crocodiles, Masks and Madonnas. Catholic Mission Museums in German-Speaking Europe. Studia Missionalia Svecana 121. 425 pp. Uppsala: Department of Theology. ISBN 978-91-506-2792-3. This dissertation examines mission museums established by Catholic mission congregations in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland from the 1890s onwards. The aim is to provide the first extensive study on these museums in a way that contributes to current blind spots in mission history, and the history of anthropology and museology. In this study I use Angela Jannelli’s concept of small-scale and amateurish museums to create a framework in order to characterise the museums. The dissertation focuses on the missionaries and their global networks, their “collecting” in the mission fields overseas, and the “collected” objects, by looking at primary sources from mission congregations’ archives. In the middle section of the dissertation the findings of an analysis of the compiled list of thirty-one mission museums are presented. This presentation focuses on their characteristics (for example, the museum surroundings, the opening and closing dates, the role of the curators, and type of objects). From this list of thirty- one museums three case studies were selected for in-depth analysis: (1) three “Africa museums” of the Missionary Sisters of St. Peter Claver (SSPC) in Salzburg, Maria Sorg and Zug, (2) an ethnographically oriented mission museum of the Society of the Divine Word (SVD) in the mission house St. Gabriel near Vienna, and (3) a mission museum of the Sacred Heart Missionaries (MSC) in Hiltrup-Münster. This study reveals the reasons for opening mission museums by presenting a list of ten intentions. Then I propose a conclusive definition of a European Catholic mission museum. Finally, short descriptions (“portraits”) in the appendix present and analyse all thirty-one mission museums. In presenting the broad diversity of these museums, the thesis contributes to the understanding of missionary congregations’ development in the late 19th and 20th century and their impact on the material and immaterial exchange between German-speaking Catholic Europe and overseas. Keywords: Mission museums, mission collections, mission exhibitions, mission history, Catholic mission, mission congregations, missionary networks, history of anthropology, anthropological objects, exhibits, history of collecting, Missionary Sisters of St. Peter Claver (SSPC), Society of the Divine Word (SVD), Sacred Heart Missionaries (MSC) Rebecca Loder-Neuhold, Department of Theology, Box 511, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden. © Rebecca Loder-Neuhold 2019 ISSN 1404-9503 ISBN 978-91-506-2792-3 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395570 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395570) Cover Design: David Loder. Material: Archivum Centrale of the Missionary Sisters of St. Peter Claver (photos, letter); Marko Frelih, Slovene Ethnographic Museum, Ljubljana (photos tags); Rebecca Loder-Neuhold (photos exhibitions). As always, for Tobi. And for the first time, for Cäcilia. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 13 1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 16 1.1 Relevance, aim, and research questions .......................................... 22 1.2 Outline of the thesis ........................................................................ 28 1.3 Definitions ....................................................................................... 29 1.3.1 Religious institutes ................................................................. 29 1.3.2 Religious actors...................................................................... 30 1.3.3 Museum, exhibition, collection, and object ........................... 31 1.4 Towards a working definition of mission museums ....................... 34 1.4.1 Previous research on mission collections/exhibitions/museums ......................................................... 35 1.4.2 My working definition ........................................................... 40 2 Theoretical approach ........................................................................... 42 2.1 Wild museums ................................................................................. 42 2.2 “Collecting” .................................................................................... 47 2.3 Objects ............................................................................................ 56 2.4 Networks ......................................................................................... 57 3 Methodological approach .................................................................... 59 3.1 Primary sources ............................................................................... 60 3.2 Historical network research and the question of its application ...... 63 4 Mission museums in German-speaking countries ............................... 67 4.1 List of mission museums ................................................................. 67 4.2 Distribution and the problem of boundaries .................................... 72 4.3 Surroundings of mission museums ................................................. 75 4.4 Gender and congregation distribution ............................................. 79 4.5 Opening and closing dates of mission museums ............................. 80 4.6 Characteristics of mission museums ............................................... 84 4.6.1 General characteristics ........................................................... 85 4.6.2 Addressed topics in the exhibitions ....................................... 88 4.6.3 Museum curators.................................................................... 91 4.6.4 Objects ................................................................................... 93 4.6.5 Provenance of objects ............................................................ 95 4.6.6 Type of objects....................................................................... 96 4.6.7 Geographical origin of objects ............................................. 100 4.7 Introduction to the three case studies ............................................ 102 5 The Africa museums of the Missionary Sisters of St. Peter Claver ... 104 5.1 State of research, primary sources and source criticism ............... 105 5.2 The Sodalitas Sancti Petri Claver (SSPC) .................................... 109 5.2.1 The characteristics of the SSPC ........................................... 114 5.2.2 Class and gender in the early SSPC ..................................... 117 5.3 Mission museums of the SSPC ..................................................... 122 5.3.1 Plurality of both “exhibiting Africa” and “exhibiting mission” ............................................................................................. 122 5.3.2 The intention to “exhibit Africa” ......................................... 123 5.3.3 The beginning and spreading of “exhibiting Africa” ........... 127 5.3.4 Afrikamuseum in Salzburg ................................................... 131 5.3.5 Afrikamuseum/Missionsmuseum in Maria Sorg ................... 137 5.3.6 Afrikamuseum in Zug ........................................................... 143 5.3.7 Objects ................................................................................. 148 5.4 Networks and “collecting” ............................................................ 151 5.4.1 Networks with missionaries in Africa.................................. 154 5.4.2 The acquisition and transfer through missionaries abroad ... 155 5.5 Summary and conclusion of the SSPC case study: Propaganda for Africa with authentic objects ............................................................ 169 6 The mission museum St. Gabriel of the Society of the Divine Word 174 6.1 State of research, primary sources and source criticism ............... 175 6.2 The Societas Verbi Divini (SVD) .................................................. 177 6.3 The mission house St. Gabriel in Mödling .................................... 179 6.4 The scholarly orientation of the SVD ........................................... 182 6.4.1 P. Wilhelm Schmidt SVD (1868–1956) .............................. 184 6.4.2 P. Wilhelm Koppers SVD (1886–1961) .............................. 190 6.4.3 P. Martin Gusinde SVD (1886–1969) ................................. 192 6.4.4 P. Paul Schebesta SVD (1887–1967)................................... 195 6.4.5 P. Georg Höltker SVD (1895–1976) ................................... 196 6.4.6 The Anthropos Patres ........................................................... 197 6.5 The Missions-Ethnographische Museum St. Gabriel .................... 199 6.5.1 Founding and early intentions .............................................. 199 6.5.2 Development and change from “ethnographic” to “missionary” .....................................................................................
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