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The 400Th Anniversary of the Lancashire Witch-Trials: Commemoration and Its Meaning in 2012
The 400th Anniversary of the Lancashire Witch-Trials: Commemoration and its Meaning in 2012. Todd Andrew Bridges A thesis submitted for the degree of M.A.D. History 2016. Department of History The University of Essex 27 June 2016 1 Contents Abbreviations p. 3 Acknowledgements p. 4 Introduction: p. 5 Commemorating witch-trials: Lancashire 2012 Chapter One: p. 16 The 1612 Witch trials and the Potts Pamphlet Chapter Two: p. 31 Commemoration of the Lancashire witch-trials before 2012 Chapter Three: p. 56 Planning the events of 2012: key organisations and people Chapter Four: p. 81 Analysing the events of 2012 Conclusion: p. 140 Was 2012 a success? The Lancashire Witches: p. 150 Maps: p. 153 Primary Sources: p. 155 Bibliography: p. 159 2 Abbreviations GC Green Close Studios LCC Lancashire County Council LW 400 Lancashire Witches 400 Programme LW Walk Lancashire Witches Walk to Lancaster PBC Pendle Borough Council PST Pendle Sculpture Trail RPC Roughlee Parish Council 3 Acknowledgement Dr Alison Rowlands was my supervisor while completing my Masters by Dissertation for History and I am honoured to have such a dedicated person supervising me throughout my course of study. I gratefully acknowledge Dr Rowlands for her assistance, advice, and support in all matters of research and interpretation. Dr Rowland’s enthusiasm for her subject is extremely motivating and I am thankful to have such an encouraging person for a supervisor. I should also like to thank Lisa Willis for her kind support and guidance throughout my degree, and I appreciate her providing me with the materials that were needed in order to progress with my research and for realising how important this research project was for me. -
Profile STEPHEN PUGH ADNAMS
PHOTOGRAPHER: ROGER HARRIS 20 profile THE TREASURER STEPHEN PUGH MAY 2007 MAY the issues Probing STEPHEN PETER WILLIAMS BREWING, THE PITFALLS OF HEDGING, AND OF HEDGING, PUGH GREEN R ADNAMS FD T ALKS ABOUT OOF T O S. profile STEPHEN PUGH tephen Pugh has been restructurings, gearing up and Finance Director at A taste of Adnams securitising debt and heavily Adnams for three and a leveraging their pub estate. A traditional brewer of classic English beer, Adnams has been in business half years. He joined the Inevitably, this has been partly for more than 130 years. With a turnover of £45m a year, based in the Scompany as a result of lunch with driven by private equity-type coastal resort of Southwold in Suffolk, the company owns around 80 pubs, a former colleague who told Pugh interest with, for instance, he had seen his next job mostly in East Anglia, as well as a couple of hotels in Southwold. A regional property tycoon Robert Tchenguiz advertised in The Financial Times. brewer, Adnams also has a long-established and thriving wine business, stalking Mitchells & Butlers. And Although he wasn’t looking to and recently opened a handful of cellar and kitchen stores. within the industry itself there is move, at 35 miles away the With more than 300 employees, Adnams has an important presence in hot discussion about whether or company was nearer Pugh’s the local economy. Finance Director Stephen Pugh says: “We are well when some brewers will turn Ipswich home. thought of in the local community and we work hard to ensure that view themselves into real estate “I wasn’t looking to move but I remains the case.” investment trusts (REITS). -
Classic Cocktails Gin Cocktails Vodka Cocktails
CLASSIC COCKTAILS VODKA COCKTAILS SPIRITS PORN STAR MARTINI Absolut vanilla, Passoa, Passion Fruit THE LIVERPOOL, Liverpool vodka, infused blackberries, VODKAS served with a shot of Adnams Prosecco on the side £10.75 lemon wedges, Fevertree lemon tonic £11.60 Absolut flavours £3.70 JJ Whitley £3.70 STRAWBERRY & PASSION FRUIT MARTINI Absolut vodka, RAZBERI FIZZ, Stoli Razberi, lime wedges, cherries, fevertree Absolut blue £3.50 Rhubarb strawberry puree, passion fruit, lime, apple juice £9.75 lemonade - it’s sooo tasty! £10.10 Adnams £4.30 Liverpool £5.00 ESPRESSO MARTINI Espresso, Kahlua, Absolut vanilla BLACK COW VODKA, (made from milk) cinnamon, vanilla, Belvedere £5.00 Stoli Razberi £4.30 vodka, coffee beans £9.50 lime, lime wedges, fevertree soda £12.60 Black Cow £5.50 Wybrorowa £3.60 FRENCH MARTINI Absolut vanilla vodka, Chambord, ADNAMS EAST COAST, Adnams east coast vodka, mint Grey Goose £5.65 pineapple juice £9 leaves, cucumber, Fevertree lemonade £10.60 BAKEWELL TART Amaretto, Chambord, cranberry juice RHUBARB TWIST, JJ Whitley rhubarb vodka, lemon , GIN £8.75 Fevertree lemonade £9.60 Adnams £4.30 Ely Gin Company £4.45 BULL INN KISS Amaretto, Strawberry Liqueur, Prosecco ORANGE SPLASH, Absolut mandarin, fresh orange slices, Bombay £3.45 Edgerton Pink £5.50 £8.75 Fevertree lemonade £9.10 Hendricks £4.30 Edgerton Blue £5.50 GINGERBREAD DAIQUIRI Havana club rum, gingerbread, CITRON CHILLER, Absolut citron, lemon, lime, orange, Pinkster £5.30 The Botanist £5.35 lime £8.50 Fevertree lemon tonic £9.10 Saffron gin £4.90 Mombassa £5.25 -
English and Welsh Whisky Trail
WHISKY TRAIL DESTINATIONS Dunstanburgh Castle 1 ABER FALLS DISTILLERY Llanfairfechan 10 DARTMOOR WHISKY DISTILLERY Newton Abbot ENGLISH AND Aber Falls Distillery sits at the foot of the famous Aber Falls waterfall. Previously a slate Production of Dartmoor Whisky began in 2016, after a group of whisky enthusiasts visited WELSH WHISKY works in the 19th century, a margarine factory during the world wars, and more recently a Islay in Scotland and came back determined to make whisky in Devon. The climate, soil, drinks wholesaler depot, the distillery has been lovingly restored. Dartmoor spring water and sea breeze are all ideal for producing whisky. TRAIL Address: Station Road, Abergwyngregyn, North Wales, LL33 0LB Address: The Town Hall, Bovey Tracey, Devon TQ13 9AA Web: www.aberfallsdistillery.com Web: www.dartmoorwhiskydistillery.co.uk Durham Cathedral Open: 12 noon - 4pm Thursday to Sunday. Open: Open 7 days a week, with tours starting at 11am and 3pm. The Lake District 2 ADNAMS COPPER HOUSE DISTILLERY Southwold 11 DURHAM DISTILLERY Durham 11 10 1616 Best-known as a brewer of beer in the coastal town of Southwold in Suffolk, Adnams Founded in 2014, Durham Distillery initially produced Durham Gin, and will be producing produce award-winning spirits using locally-sourced grains that are found in their beers, in the North-East’s first single malt whisky in late-2018 when the move to a new state-of- the Copper House Distillery, which opened in 2010. the-art distillery in Durham city centre is complete. Address: The Sole Bay Brewery, Southwold, Suffolk, IP18 6JW Addresses: 2F & 2G Riverside Industrial Estate, Langley Park, Durham DH7 9TT. -
Ipswich Town V Wycombe Wanderers Tuesday 26
IPSWICH TOWN V WYCOMBE WANDERERS TUESDAY 26 NOVEMBER 2019, KICK OFF 19:45 INFORMATION FOR AWAY FANS Information in this guide is correct as at 25 November. Welcome to Ipswich! This is a short guide, designed to answer the kind of questions that we often get from visiting fans, and provide the information that we find useful when we’re travelling away ourselves. For any further information, or if you have any feedback on our guide, please contact Elizabeth Edwards, Supporter Liaison Officer, on [email protected] or 07968 876504 or via Twitter on @ITFC_SLO. IPSWICH TOWN FOOTBALL CLUB Address: Ipswich Town Football Club, Portman Road, Ipswich, IP12DA Website: www.itfc.co.uk Club Telephone Number: 01473 400 500 Ticket Office Number: 03330 05 05 03 Supporter Liaison Officer: Elizabeth Edwards, [email protected], 07968 876504, @ITFC_SLO Disability Liaison Officer: Lee Smith, [email protected] 01473 400556 Customer Services: [email protected] Twitter: @IpswichTown IF YOU HAVE AN HOUR OR TWO PRE-MATCH IN IPSWICH The stadium is just a short, 5-10 minute, walk to the town centre, with shops, cafes and restaurants. The waterfront area is around a 15-minute walk from the ground, with a yachting marina and a range of cafes and restaurants. Note that the designated away pub is the Station Hotel (details below). Many pubs and bars in the town centre are strictly home fans only (more info below), whilst others are more relaxed – this does vary from match to match though. A number of pubs around the town will welcome small numbers of away fans, especially those looking for a chat and a quiet pint. -
The Magic of Britain
DISCOVER BRITAIN WITH BRITAIN’S BEST GUIDES GUIDEthe WINTER 2016 THE MAGIC OF BRITAIN The spellbinding history of druids, wizards and witches INSIDE SEVEN TALL TALES – LEGENDS, LIES AND LORE OUR GUIDES’ GUIDE TO NORTHERN IRELAND AND HAMPSHIRE GOING UNDERGROUND WITH THE ROYAL MAIL’S SECRET RAILWAY From Bollywood A CHILD’S EYE VIEW A HULL OF A TIME to St John’s Wood Landscapes from children’s literature Getting naked in the City of Culture THE EVENT #1 ATTRACTIONS | DESTINATIONS | HOTELS Over 2 days, explore the very best hotels, JOIN US AT attractions and destinations from the length and THE ESSENTIAL breadth of the British Isles. Offering a great opportunity to meet existing and source new EXHIBITION DEDICATED suppliers and service providers, your visit will leave TO YOUR INDUSTRY you packed up and ready to go for your next trip! Book your FREE trade ticket quoting Priority Code BTTS105 at WWW.TOURISMSHOW.CO.UK 2 Contents 4 What to see this winter Go underground with Mail Rail; a 600 year wait to visit London’s Charterhouse; burial barrows make a comeback 6 The Guides’ Guide From giants to monsters, our guides reveal their top ten places to visit in Northern Ireland 8 The Magic of Britain Mark King, Chair to the The spellbinding history of druids, witches and wizards British Guild of Tourist Guides and the spells they cast on us to this day A WARM WELCOME 14 Legends, Lies and Lore Fact and fiction from British history TO ‘THE GUIDE’... During these long, dark nights, it’s fitting to 16 A Child’s Eye view of Britain feature two themes that many guides talk about The landscapes and locations that inspired in their tours: children’s literature and witchcraft. -
Witches Road Trail
DIRECTIONS from Pendle Lancaster Follow the Tourism Signs • The starting point for the Pendle Witch Trail is at Pendle The Year The Trail Heritage Centre, in Barrowford near Nelson. • Follow the A682 out of Barrowford to Blacko. Jubilee Tower Turn left at the sign to Roughlee. r oo M e • At the crossroads carry straight on to Newchurch. grass M it High oo h r W • Turn right past Witches Galore, go up the hill. T rou Emmets gh of • Keep straight on through Barley Village past the Pendle The Pendle Witches lived at Bow 1612 land Inn, the road bends sharp left to Downham. Sykes a turbulent time in England’s Dunsop Bridge • Go past the Assheton Arms and follow the road to the left, history. It was an era of and keep left. • Turn left to Clitheroe following the A671. ill Moor religious persecution and H l M a r superstition. Newton • Follow signs for the Castle & Museum and take time to Waddington explore this historic market town. Whalley Abbey is just 4 Chatburn miles from Clitheroe and makes a worthwhile diversion. Then take the B6478 to Waddington and the Trough of Newchurch Downham Bowland. Roughlee James I was King and he lived Barrowford • Follow signs to Newton, past the Parker Arms (B6478). in fear of rebellion. He had • In Newton Village turn left to Dunsop Bridge. Clitheroe survived the Gunpowder Plot of Pendle • Go through Dunsop Bridge then turn right to the Trough H il Colne l of Bowland and Lancaster. 1605 where the Catholic plotters Nelson • Follow signs to Lancaster. -
2015 BJCP Beer Style Guidelines
BEER JUDGE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM 2015 STYLE GUIDELINES Beer Style Guidelines Copyright © 2015, BJCP, Inc. The BJCP grants the right to make copies for use in BJCP-sanctioned competitions or for educational/judge training purposes. All other rights reserved. Updates available at www.bjcp.org. Edited by Gordon Strong with Kristen England Past Guideline Analysis: Don Blake, Agatha Feltus, Tom Fitzpatrick, Mark Linsner, Jamil Zainasheff New Style Contributions: Drew Beechum, Craig Belanger, Dibbs Harting, Antony Hayes, Ben Jankowski, Andew Korty, Larry Nadeau, William Shawn Scott, Ron Smith, Lachlan Strong, Peter Symons, Michael Tonsmeire, Mike Winnie, Tony Wheeler Review and Commentary: Ray Daniels, Roger Deschner, Rick Garvin, Jan Grmela, Bob Hall, Stan Hieronymus, Marek Mahut, Ron Pattinson, Steve Piatz, Evan Rail, Nathan Smith,Petra and Michal Vřes Final Review: Brian Eichhorn, Agatha Feltus, Dennis Mitchell, Michael Wilcox TABLE OF CONTENTS 5B. Kölsch ...................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION TO THE 2015 GUIDELINES............................. IV 5C. German Helles Exportbier ...................................... 9 Styles and Categories .................................................... iv 5D. German Pils ............................................................ 9 Naming of Styles and Categories ................................. iv Using the Style Guidelines ............................................ v 6. AMBER MALTY EUROPEAN LAGER .................................... 10 Format of a -
The Brewing Industry
Strategy for the Historic Industrial Environment The Brewing Industry A report by the Brewery History Society for English Heritage February 2010 Front cover: Detail of stained glass window in the Millennium Brewhouse, Shepherd Neame Brewery, Faversham, Kent. Design, showing elements of the brewing process, by Keith and Judy Hill of Staplehurst. Strategy for the Historic Industrial Environment The Brewing Industry A report by the Brewery History Society for English Heritage February 2010 Text by Lynn Pearson Brewery History Society, 102 Ayelands, New Ash Green, Longfield, Kent DA3 8JW www.breweryhistory.com Foreword The Brewery History Society (BHS) was founded in 1972 to promote research into all aspects of the brewing industry, to encourage the interchange of information about breweries and brewing, and to collect photographic and other archive information about brewery history. The Society publishes a Newsletter and a quarterly journal Brewery History, which first appeared in 1972. It has also published a national directory and a series of county-wide surveys of historic breweries; the Society’s archive is held by Birmingham Central Library. Further details of BHS activities may be found at <http://www.breweryhistory.com>. The ongoing threat to the historic fabric of the English brewing industry was discussed at the conference From Grain to Glass, organised jointly by English Heritage (EH), the BHS and the Association for Industrial Archaeology (AIA), which took place at Swindon on 13 June 2003; the joint BHS and Victorian Society study day From Hop to Hostelry: the brewing and licensed trades 1837 -1914 (Young’s Ram Brewery, Wandsworth, 25 February 2006); and during the AIA Ironbridge Working Weekend (Coalbrookdale, 29 April 2006). -
Criminals, Lunatics and Witches: Finding the Less Than Pleasant in Family History Craig L
Criminals, Lunatics and Witches: Finding the Less Than Pleasant in Family History Craig L. Foster AG® Criminals The largest portion of the known criminal population were the common sneak thieves which included burglars, pickpockets and other types of thieves. Those involved in more violent crimes such as assault, battery, violent theft, highway robbery, manslaughter, murder, rape and other sexual offenses were fewer in number. Henry Mayhew, et al., The London Underworld in the Victorian Period (Minealoa, New York: Dover Publications, 2005), 109. In 1857, at least 8,600 prostitutes were known to London authorities. Incredibly, that was just a small portion of the estimated prostitutes in London. While London had the most prostitutes, there were ladies of ill-repute in every industrial centre and most market towns. Henry Mayhew, et al., The London Underworld in the Victorian Period (Minealoa, New York: Dover Publications, 2005), 6. Lists/records of “disorderly women” are found at: The National Archives at Kew Bristol Archives Dorset History Centre Gloucestershire Archives Plymouth & West Devon Records As well as many other repositories Children also served time in prison. For example, in Dublin, Ireland alone, between 1859 and 1891, 12,671 children between ages seven and sixteen were imprisoned. Prison registers are found at the National Archives of Ireland. Aoife O’Conner, “Child Prisoners,” Irish Lives Remembered 36 (Spring 2017), [n.p.] Online Sources for Searching for Criminals: Ancestry Birmingham, England, Calendars of Prisoners, 1854-1904 Cornwall, England, Bodmin Gaol, 1821-1899 Dorset, England, Calendar of Prisoners, 1854-1904 England & Wales, Criminal Registers, 1791-1892 London, England, King’s Bench and Fleet Prison Discharge Books and Prisoner Lists, 1734-1862 Surrey, England, Calendar of Prisoners, 1880-1891, 1906-1913 United Kingdom, Licenses of Parole for Female Convicts, 1853-1871, 1883-1887 FamilySearch Ireland Prison Registers, 1790-1924 findmypast Britain, Newgate Prison Calendar, vols. -
Lessislow ALCOHOL & GLUTEN FREE BEERS
Less More!LOWis ALCOHOL & GLUTEN FREE BEERS THE ORIGINAL SMALL BEER Back in the 1700's when drinking water could be fatal, small beer was a staple of British daily life. Enjoyed in work places and schools across the country, it was traditionally brewed between 0.5%-2.8% ABV. In a world where consumers are looking for a low alcohol product, Small Beer is a perfect alternative maximising the flavour with no loss of quality, drawing on the past for recipe inspiration. ORIGINAL SMALL BEER Low Alcohol & Low LAGER SMA001 24x35cl | 2.1% | £40.31 There can be no dispute over the demand for low or non-alcoholic drinks ORIGINAL SMALL BEER Gluten Free Beers DARK LAGER these days. Whether it’s a short-term abstinence, or a lifestyle choice, every bar Alcohol SMA002 in the trade needs to tackle the subject. 24x35cl | 1.0% | £42.36 It seems beer and ciders are leading the way in terms of choice and experimentation — the craft beer revolution has certainly produced brewers with expert skills who are embracing this issue with the same curiosity and creativity as standard alcoholic lines. The results are getting better and better and for the consumer it means not only an end to the potential stigma of not drinking socially, but wider choice and taste ranges. •Did In the UKyou an alcohol-free know... drink must be 0.05% ABV or below. The future certainly looks bright for this category with annual growth of these • Any beer produced outside of the UK products making it worth every brewer’s while to explore what’s possible, but inside Europe can be classed as alcohol free if under 0.5% ABV. -
The Pendle Witches
THE PENDLE WITCHES On August 20th 1612 ten people convicted of witchcraft at the Summer Assize held in Lancaster Castle went to the gallows on the moors above the town. Among their number were two men and a woman in her eighties. Their crimes included laming, causing madness and what was termed “simple” witchcraft. In addition to this, some sixteen unexplained deaths, many stretching back decades, were laid at their door. Lancashire, in the early years of the seventeenth century, was remote, its roads poor, its people ill-educated. Throughout the county there were places where the outside world hardly intruded, and one such area was Pendle Forest. It was here, among stark hillsides, infertile valleys and scattered hamlets, that the story of the Pendle Witches had its beginnings. AN ILL-FATED MEETING On March 18th 1612 a young woman by the name of Alison Device was out begging on the road to Colne. She stopped a peddler from Halifax, John Law, and asked him for a pin. He refused her request and walked away. According to Alison’s own testimony her ‘familiar spirit’ in the shape of a dog, appeared to her and asked if she would like him to harm Law. Alison was new to the art of witchcraft; indeed she seems to have resisted being brought into what was in effect the family business. But now she agreed that Law must be punished and she told the dog to lame the peddler. No doubt to her great surprise, the curse took immediate effect and Law fell to the ground, paralysed down one side (presumably by a stroke) and unable to speak.