DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge Woolley, Elesabeth Amber (2019) ‘Suspicious Steeds and Evil Deeds’ : Ambition and Misconduct in the Genpei Jōsuiki. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32202 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. ‘Suspicious Steeds and Evil Deeds’: Ambition and Misconduct in the Genpei Jōsuiki Elesabeth Amber Woolley Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2019 1 Abstract Japan’s Genpei War (1180-1185) has inspired generations of storytellers, artists and playwrights, whose work has brought alive stories featuring the warrior families of Minamoto and Taira. Many of the best-known tales about Genpei War warriors exist because of a collection of War Tale (gunki monogatari) texts known as the Heike Monogatari, which detail the highs and lows of the war, with embellishment and artistic licence. While much scholarly attention has focused on one fourteenth century performance version of this text, other variants have not been so closely studied. One such is Genpei Jōsuiki, the longest variant text of the Heike Monogatari family. Unlike the performance texts, Genpei Jōsuiki is not celebrated for its artistic properties. Instead it comprises what Matsuo Ashie terms a “pseudo-history,” using many sources to reinvent these individuals for later period audiences. This thesis explores how Genpei Jōsuiki presents both stories and its characters. Using close textual analysis and inter-textual comparisons, I explore how Genpei Jōsuiki frames praiseworthy and aberrant behaviour, and how these depictions influence the reputations of the key participants. Genpei Jōsuiki emphasises the role of horses, even blaming one for starting the war. I argue that horses are not just battle equipment in War Tale texts but used in scene construction to foreshadow and influence the fates of individual characters. By identifying key themes from scenes where characters and horses interact in my first chapter, I establish three main case studies for my subsequent chapters. I argue that ideas of centrality and peripherality are also related to legitimacy and hierarchy in these scenes, and that the text’s assessment of what makes aberrant behaviour depends more on the character’s standing than their actions. Through textual 3 analysis, I posit that Genpei Jōsuiki’s morality suggests it is sixteenth century text, reflecting ideas of the late Warring States period. 4 Contents Abstract 3 Acknowledgements 9 Thesis Introduction 10 Literature Review 14 Defining and Contextualising the concept of ‘Misconduct’ 18 A note on Heike Corpus texts used in this study. 20 The Heike Corpus in Context – Genpei Jōsuiki and the Date Debate Introduction 21 The Provenance of Genpei Jōsuiki in historical records 25 The Textual Message of Genpei Jōsuiki – from Shinto to symbolism 30 Genpei Jōsuiki and Oda Nobunaga’s heritage 34 Genpei Jōsuiki and the early Tokugawa Period 36 Tsugunobu’s Horse and Kenreimon’in’s Lover: Themes of a later age 39 Conclusion: Genpei Jōsuiki, the Sengoku Moral Tale 45 Why horses? Japan and the symbolic equine. 46 Methodology: Centre, Periphery and intertextual analysis. 54 Chapter One: Horses and Misconduct as Themes of Representation in Genpei Jōsuiki Introduction 63 Section I: Horses in the Japanese War Tales 65 - Case Study: Mutsu Waki (Circa 1060s) 65 - The Dismount Principle and Political Status in the War Tales 73 - The Value of a Horse in Mediaeval Japan 77 5 Section II: Equine Representation and Genpei Jōsuiki 81 - Case Study: The Dismount Principle in Kurikara Valley 81 - Loyal Unto Death: The Case of Kinebuchi Shōgenta Shigemitsu 85 - Wild Horses: Mitsuhira’s Ambition and Yoritomo’s Conquest 88 - Equine Liminality: Mochizuki’s Mice 94 - The Ritual Horse: Horses and Religious Offerings 98 - Equine Catalysts – The Horse in the Hot Springs 107 Conclusion 110 Chapter Two: For Want of a Horse: The Matter of Konoshita and the Loyalty of Kiō Introduction 112 Section I: For Want of a Horse: A (Hi)Story in Transition 113 - Filling History’s Gaps: Legitimisation through Storytelling 115 - The Horse that Caused the Genpei War 122 Section II: Wicked Deeds and Suspicious Steeds: Personal Ambition and a Warrior’s Horse 128 - The Politics of the Branding Iron: Konoshita, Nanryō and Nakatsuna’s Obsession 128 - A ‘Suspicious Steed Unparalleled Beneath Heaven’: The Fate of Emperor Mu 135 - Three More Horses: Replacement, Recruit and Returned in Disgrace 139 - The Common Good: The Moral Example of the Emperor Wendi 145 Section III: Serving One Master: The Loyalty of Kiō and the Warrior Hierarchy 147 - Resentment and Rank: The ‘Military Equals’ 147 6 - A Retainer’s Duty: The Loyal Service of Watanabe Kiō 153 Conclusion 157 Chapter Three: Takatsuna, the Horse Thief: Legitimacy, Loyalty and Hierarchy Introduction 159 Section I: Takatsuna, the Horse Thief: Murder for the sake of the Realm. 164 - The Story of Takatsuna, the Horse Thief 164 - Loyalty and Legitimacy 167 - A Criminal Act? Kinosuke’s ‘Evil Happening’ and the loyalty of his horse 171 - Status and the Horse: Hakamadare and Takatsuna 174 Section II: Ikezuki and Surusumi 179 - The Eastern Army’s Horses: Nineteen Beasts and Counting 180 - Ikezuki and Surusumi: Liminality and Hierarchy 184 - Yoritomo’s Indecision and Takatsuna’s Guile 191 - Kagesue: Gullible Fool or Taira Scapegoat? 198 - Zō-Ō Taishi’s Elephant and the Warrior Thief 202 Conclusion 204 Chapter Four: Second Sons as Scapegoats: The Start of the Taira’s ‘Evil Deeds’ Introduction 207 Section I: The First Scapegoat – Sukemori in the Saddle 213 - Denka Noriai and the Start of the Taira Evil Deeds 222 - Wisdom, Rank and the Courtly Warrior, Michisada 226 - Carriage vs Horse: Sukemori’s Individual Responsibility 230 - Genpei Jōsuiki and the Question of Blame 234 - Loyalty to One Lord: The Regent’s Retinue 240 7 Section II: The Second Scapegoat – The Doomed Motomori 246 - Motomori’s ‘Disruptive Deeds’ 249 - Redemption of the Sinner: The Drowning of Motomori 253 - An Ongoing War: The Legacy of Hōgen and Heiji 256 Conclusion 259 Thesis Conclusion 261 Bibliography 266 Appendices: I: Translated Scenes 277 II: Biographies 314 8 Acknowledgements I would like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the following people and organisations, without whom this project would not have been possible. The Wolfson Foundation, whose generous scholarship for Languages allowed me to pursue my studies full-time and present my work at conferences. The Japan Foundation Endowment Committee, for providing financial support for my three months of fieldwork in Japan. The Toshiba Foundation and the European Association of Japanese Studies, for enabling me to attend a Doctoral Workshop in Lisbon and receive helpful feedback on my project from peers and academics. My supervisory committee – Professor C A Gerstle, Professor T Screech and Dr A Lockyer, for advising my work at various stages of the process. Dr Jenny Preston, for teaching me Classical Japanese and for being just an e- mail away whenever the text foxed me. Uemura Takeshi-san, for his unwavering assistance in accessing Genpei locations when in Japan. Dōshisha University in Kyoto, for allowing me access to their resources and Professor Yamada, for enabling me to pursue my research there. Dr Hamish Todd and the British Library for allowing me access to the Amakusabon Heike. SOAS University Library, in particular Kobayashi Fujiko-san My examiners, Professor M Adolphson and Dr C Gerteis for their valuable advice and constructive criticism in the improving of this work. Finally, my family, who now have a disturbingly detailed knowledge of Japanese mediaeval horses and warfare. 9 Introduction The horse in Japan has always been a multi-faceted beast. As Hidaka Shōji states, ‘It might be surprising to realise that horses do not just carry people and luggage, they also carry the burden of literary history on their backs’.1 This quotation, written in the introduction to an article on modern Japanese literature, addresses the dual relationship between the physical animal and its symbolic role. The inspiration for Hidaka’s comment derives principally from research done on twentieth century works, for example, Akutagawa Ryūnosuke’s Uma no Ashi, but the dual role horses play in Japanese literature is no less true for the pre-modern period. While horses have had a complex and ritualistic presence in Japanese tradition since ancient times, the most prominent genre of texts featuring equine representation is that of the ‘War Tales’ (gunki monogatari), stories of military valour, heroism and tragedy. These texts nominally recount historical events, often with a flair for the dramatic and a dubious grasp of the facts. Among the most well-known of these texts are the many versions of the Heike Monogatari (Tale of the Heike - hereafter referred to collectively as the Heike ‘corpus’), which recount stories of the twelfth century Genpei War (1180-1185). This conflict, which gets its popular name from the two main clans who nominally contested it in popular tradition (the Minamoto, or ‘Gen-ji’, and Taira, or Hei-ke), resulted in the founding of Japan’s first military government in 1185. Japan would continue to have predominately military governments until 1868, making the Genpei War, with the benefit of hindsight, something of a ‘how it all began’ story for warrior authority.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Heike Legacies
    Mikael Adolphson, Anne Commons, eds.. Lovable Losers: The Heike in Action and Memory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2015. 284 pp. $55.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-8248-4675-6. Reviewed by Naama Eisenstein Published on H-Buddhism (January, 2016) Commissioned by Erez Joskovich (Department of Philosophy Ben-Gurion University of the Negev) The close relationship of religion and politics and had the power to give new life to fgures al‐ in medieval Japan is well known and studied. In most forgotten by history. this new publication several scholars examine the Lovable Losers is the result of a four-year calculated combination of religious politics and process, beginning with an international confer‐ faith in Taira no Kiyomori’s (1118-81) rise to pow‐ ence in 2011 focusing on the Heike family and er. Due to its interdisciplinary nature, this book their cultural legacy. The discussions from that may not seem relevant to scholars of Japanese conference echo in the book even for those who, Buddhism at frst, but it is precisely that nature like me, were not lucky enough to participate in it. that exposes just how deeply embedded was Bud‐ The common ground of the chapters is laid out in dhism in premodern Japan. Kiyomori has been a well-written introduction, which surveys the immortalized as a temperamental and selfish chapters and clarifies the intentions and aims of tyrant, but from Lovable Losers he emerges a the writers, unifying twelve different papers into sharp leader, who understood well the religious, one coherent book. The book has two parts: the political, and social workings of his time, as well first focuses on the Heike and their activities dur‐ as how to use and adapt them.
    [Show full text]
  • Tra Storia E Leggenda “Kusanagi No Tsurugi” La Spada Falciatrice D’Erba
    Tra storia e leggenda “Kusanagi no Tsurugi” la Spada Falciatrice d’Erba Si narra che il dio Haya Susanoo - figlio del dio Attorno alle spade giapponesi (alla loro origine, ai Izanagi, creatore, insieme alla dea Izanami, delle fabbri che le forgiarono, ai personaggi che ne furo- isole nipponiche - venne esiliato nella regione di no in possesso o ne subirono gli effetti) sono fiorite Izumo dalle otto centinaia di decine di migliaia nel tempo numerose storie e leggende come quella di dei. Qui egli uccise un drago con otto teste per di Susanoo, sospese tra mito e realtà storicamente salvare una vergine, offerta in sacrificio al mostro. documentate. Tramandati di padre in figlio in epoche Trafitta a morte la bestia, si affrettò a smembrarla con lontane, molti di questi racconti sono inverosimili la propria spada ma, arrivato alla coda, non riuscì a alla luce della pragmatica logica occidentale, ma un troncarla: il filo della spada si intaccava, cozzando tempo erano venerati in Giappone come indiscutibili contro un elemento prodigiosamente inscalfibile. verità rivelate: spade indistruttibili e prodigiosamente Squarciata la coda per tutta la lunghezza, il dio trovò affilate riparavano torti e scacciavano spiriti malvagi all’interno una grande spada, che venne chiamata in nome della giustizia. E portavano nomi propri, Tsumugari (La Ben Affilata). Susanoo la consegnò legati al possessore, al fabbro o, più frequentemente, alla dea solare Amaterasu, che la diede poi al nipote ad un particolare elemento della loro straordinaria Ninigi quando questi discese dal cielo per governare vicenda. il Giappone. La spada fu infine ereditata dagli impe- ratori, il decimo dei quali, Suigin, ordinò che fosse _ custodita nel tempio di Ise.
    [Show full text]
  • Afsnet.Org 2014 American Folklore Society Officers
    American Folklore Society Keeping Folklorists Connected Folklore at the Crossroads 2014 Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts 2014 Annual Meeting Committee Executive Board Brent Björkman (Kentucky Folklife Program, Western The annual meeting would be impossible without these Kentucky University) volunteers: they put together sessions, arrange lectures, Maria Carmen Gambliel (Idaho Commission on the special events, and tours, and carefully weigh all proposals Arts, retired) to build a strong program. Maggie Holtzberg (Massachusetts Cultural Council) Margaret Kruesi (American Folklife Center) Local Planning Committee Coordinator David Todd Lawrence (University of St. Thomas) Laura Marcus Green (independent) Solimar Otero (Louisiana State University) Pravina Shukla (Indiana University) Local Planning Committee Diane Tye (Memorial University of Newfoundland) Marsha Bol (Museum of International Folk Art) Carolyn E. Ware (Louisiana State University) Antonio Chavarria (Museum of Indian Arts and Culture) Juwen Zhang (Willamette University) Nicolasa Chavez (Museum of International Folk Art) Felicia Katz-Harris (Museum of International Folk Art) Melanie LaBorwit (New Mexico Department of American Folklore Society Staff Cultural Affairs) Kathleen Manley (University of Northern Colorado, emerita) Executive Director Claude Stephenson (New Mexico State Folklorist, emeritus) Timothy Lloyd Suzanne Seriff (Museum of International Folk Art) [email protected] Steve Green (Western Folklife Center) 614/292-3375 Review Committee Coordinators Associate Director David A. Allred (Snow College) Lorraine Walsh Cashman Aunya P. R. Byrd (Lone Star College System) [email protected] Nancy C. McEntire (Indiana State University) 614/292-2199 Elaine Thatcher (Heritage Arts Services) Administrative and Editorial Associate Review Committee Readers Rob Vanscoyoc Carolyn Sue Allemand (University of Mary Hardin-Baylor) [email protected] Nelda R.
    [Show full text]
  • Inland Sea of Ja An
    Ancient traditions of the Inland Sea of Ja an Kyoto ◆ Hiroshima ◆ Miyajima ◆ Matsue ◆ Himeji ◆ Osaka A voyage aboard the Exclusively Chartered Small Ship Five-Star M.S. L’AUSTRAL April 30 to May 10, 2017 Dear Bryn Mawr Alumnae/i and Friends, Konnichiwa! Experience the timeless splendor of Japan and South Korea by sea and on land, the best way to see the richness of this beautiful region. During this custom-designed nine-night itinerary enjoy two nights on land and seven nights cruising while you explore enthralling ports steeped in the traditions of ancient Buddhist shoguns and Samurai warriors, and admire landscapes dotted with Shinto shrines, imperial castles and meticulous Japanese gardens. Spend two nights in the enchanting city of Kyoto, its serene landscape brimming with fragrant cherry blossom trees. It was the imperial capital of Japan from A.D. 794 until the mid-19th century and has been the cultural capital of this island nation for more than 1000 years. See its historic UNESCO World Heritage-designated monuments, visit the opulent temples of Ry ¯oan-ji and Kinkaku-ji, the imperial Nij ¯o Castle and stroll through the iconic red-orange torii gates and temple grounds of the Fushimi Inari Shrine. On board the exclusively chartered, Five-Star small ship M.S. L’AUSTRAL, featuring only 110 ocean-view Suites and Staterooms, cruise for seven nights from Himeji, Japan, along the coast of the tranquil Inland Sea and South Korea, and visit captivating port calls that showcase fi ve UNESCO World Heritage sites. See the impressive 14th-century Himeji Castle complex, the oldest surviving feudal structure of medieval Japan; walk through the poignant Peace Memorial Park and Museum in Hiroshima following President Obama’s recent historic visit; and tour picturesque Itsukushima Shrine in Miyajima with its awe-inspiring Great Torii Gate.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Legends of the Genpei War: Reflections of Mediaeval Japanese History
    Local Legends of the Genpei War: Reflections of Mediaeval Japanese History By B a r b a r a L. A r n n Historians have characterized the twelfth century in Japan as a period of significant change, marked by political and military disturb­ ances, shrinkage of the landholdings and economic base of the ruling aristocracy, the emergence of new styles and genres in art and literature, and, symbolic of all the other changes and conflicts of the period, the Genpei War of 1180-1185, a civil war between adherents of two warrior families. The winning side, the Minamoto, established itself as the de facto political authority in the country and consolidated landholdings and civil power at the expense of the upper aristocracy, while the losing side, the Taira, were effectively destroyed as an independent political force. The Genpei War provided the subject matter for much of mediae­ val history and literature, which offer innumerable accounts of the lives of the nobles, priests, warriors and ladies who figured in the conflict. Mediaeval written sources are consistent in ignoring the commoners who were contemporary with these same warriors and nobles, but the commoners themselves could hardly be untouched by such momentous events, and they had their own versions to recount. An extensive body of local legends about the Genpei War arose in rural areas throughout Japan. These legends have persisted, or continued to be invented, into the present century, and they provide interesting evidence for the exist­ ence of a large audience with interests different from those expressed in written historical and fictional works treating the same period and the same characters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Literature of Kita Morio DISSERTATION Presented In
    Insignificance Given Meaning: The Literature of Kita Morio DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Masako Inamoto Graduate Program in East Asian Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Professor Richard Edgar Torrance Professor Naomi Fukumori Professor Shelley Fenno Quinn Copyright by Masako Inamoto 2010 Abstract Kita Morio (1927-), also known as his literary persona Dokutoru Manbô, is one of the most popular and prolific postwar writers in Japan. He is also one of the few Japanese writers who have simultaneously and successfully produced humorous, comical fiction and essays as well as serious literary works. He has worked in a variety of genres. For example, The House of Nire (Nireke no hitobito), his most prominent work, is a long family saga informed by history and Dr. Manbô at Sea (Dokutoru Manbô kôkaiki) is a humorous travelogue. He has also produced in other genres such as children‟s stories and science fiction. This study provides an introduction to Kita Morio‟s fiction and essays, in particular, his versatile writing styles. Also, through the examination of Kita‟s representative works in each genre, the study examines some overarching traits in his writing. For this reason, I have approached his large body of works by according a chapter to each genre. Chapter one provides a biographical overview of Kita Morio‟s life up to the present. The chapter also gives a brief biographical sketch of Kita‟s father, Saitô Mokichi (1882-1953), who is one of the most prominent tanka poets in modern times.
    [Show full text]
  • Through the Case of Izumo Taishakyo Mission of Hawaii
    The Japanese and Okinawan American Communities and Shintoism in Hawaii: Through the Case of Izumo Taishakyo Mission of Hawaii A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʽI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN AMERICAN STUDIES MAY 2012 By Sawako Kinjo Thesis Committee: Dennis M. Ogawa, Chairperson Katsunori Yamazato Akemi Kikumura Yano Keywords: Japanese American Community, Shintoism in Hawaii, Izumo Taishayo Mission of Hawaii To My Parents, Sonoe and Yoshihiro Kinjo, and My Family in Okinawa and in Hawaii Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my committee chair, Professor Dennis M. Ogawa, whose guidance, patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge have provided a good basis for the present thesis. I also attribute the completion of my master’s thesis to his encouragement and understanding and without his thoughtful support, this thesis would not have been accomplished or written. I also wish to express my warm and cordial thanks to my committee members, Professor Katsunori Yamazato, an affiliate faculty from the University of the Ryukyus, and Dr. Akemi Kikumura Yano, an affiliate faculty and President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Japanese American National Museum, for their encouragement, helpful reference, and insightful comments and questions. My sincere thanks also goes to the interviewees, Richard T. Miyao, Robert Nakasone, Vince A. Morikawa, Daniel Chinen, Joseph Peters, and Jikai Yamazato, for kindly offering me opportunities to interview with them. It is a pleasure to thank those who made this thesis possible.
    [Show full text]
  • ©Copyright 2012 Sachi Schmidt-Hori
    1 ©Copyright 2012 Sachi Schmidt-Hori 2 Hyperfemininities, Hypermasculinities, and Hypersexualities in Classical Japanese Literature Sachi Schmidt-Hori A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2012 Reading Committee: Paul S. Atkins, Chair Davinder L. Bhowmik Tani E. Barlow Kyoko Tokuno Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Asian Languages and Literature 3 University of Washington Abstract Hyperfemininities, Hypermasculinities, and Hypersexualities in Classical Japanese Literature Sachi Schmidt-Hori Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Paul S. Atkins Asian Languages and Literature This study is an attempt to elucidate the complex interrelationship between gender, sexuality, desire, and power by examining how premodern Japanese texts represent the gender-based ideals of women and men at the peak and margins of the social hierarchy. To do so, it will survey a wide range of premodern texts and contrast the literary depictions of two female groups (imperial priestesses and courtesans), two male groups (elite warriors and outlaws), and two groups of Buddhist priests (elite and “corrupt” monks). In my view, each of the pairs signifies hyperfemininities, hypermasculinities, and hypersexualities of elite and outcast classes, respectively. The ultimate goal of 4 this study is to contribute to the current body of research in classical Japanese literature by offering new readings of some of the well-known texts featuring the above-mentioned six groups. My interpretations of the previously studied texts will be based on an argument that, in a cultural/literary context wherein defiance merges with sexual attractiveness and/or sexual freedom, one’s outcast status transforms into a source of significant power.
    [Show full text]
  • Territoriality by Folk Boundaries and Social-Geographical Conditions in Shinto-Buddhist, Catholic, and Hidden Christian Rural Communities on Hirado Island, Western Japan
    Geographical Review of Japan Series B 92(2): 51–71 (2019) Original Article The Association of Japanese Geographers Territoriality by Folk Boundaries http://www.ajg.or.jp and Social-Geographical Conditions in Shinto-Buddhist, Catholic, and Hidden Christian Rural Communities on Hirado Island, Western Japan IMAZATO Satoshi Faculty of Humanities, Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819–0395, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Received December 10, 2018; Accepted November 24, 2019 Abstract This article explores how the sense of territoriality and various background conditions of Japanese rural communities affect the emergence of folk boundaries, which are viewed here as the contours of residents’ cognitive territory represented by religion-based symbolic markers. Specifically, I look at how the particular social-geograph- ical conditions of different communities create diverse conceptions of such boundaries, including the presence or absence of the boundaries, within the same region. Here, I focus on three Japanese villages encompassing seven local religious communities of Shinto-Buddhists, Catholics, and former Hidden Christians on Hirado Island in Kyushu. These villages are viewed respectively as examples of contrastive coexistence, degeneration, and expansion in territoriality. Among the seven religious communities, only those believing in Shinto-Buddhism, as well as Hid- den Christianity, have maintained their folk boundaries. These communities satisfy the conditions of an agglomer- ated settlement form, a size generally larger than ten households, a location isolated from other communities within the village, and strong social integration. In contrast, Catholics have not constructed such boundaries based on their historical process of settlement. However, they have influenced the forms of Shinto-Buddhists’ territoriality, although not those of Hidden Christians.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebook Download Japan the Culture
    JAPAN THE CULTURE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Bobbie Kalman | 32 pages | 30 Oct 2008 | Crabtree Publishing Co,Canada | 9780778796664 | English | New York, Canada Japan the Culture PDF Book Aesthetics The dual influences of East and West have helped construct a modern Japanese culture that offers familiar elements to the Westerner but that also contains a powerful and distinctive traditional cultural aesthetic. For most Japanese people, non-verbal communication is an important part of social interactions. Honshu is the largest of the four, followed in size by Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Non-Verbal Communication For most Japanese people, non-verbal communication is an important part of social interactions. Kimono come in a variety of colors, styles, and sizes. Oshibori Photo by Charles Haynes via Flickr Japanese restaurants often give customers a moist towel, known as oshibori , to clean their hands before eating. Main article: Japanese literature. May 22, at am - Reply. Meanwhile, a longer and deeper bow is more respectful and can signify a formal apology or sincere thanks. It consists of a great string of islands in a northeast-southwest arc that stretches for approximately 1, miles 2, km through the western North Pacific Ocean. Archived from the original PDF on 26 October Offer title:. These volcanic mountains provide Japan with numerous hot springs and spectacular scenery, but also put it at risk for devastating earthquakes and tsunami tidal waves. Drinking age laws are not as strictly enforced in Japan as they are in the U. For interpersonal relationships, the Japanese also avoid competition and confrontation and exercise self-control when working with others.
    [Show full text]
  • Powerful Warriors and Influential Clergy Interaction and Conflict Between the Kamakura Bakufu and Religious Institutions
    UNIVERSITY OF HAWAllllBRARI Powerful Warriors and Influential Clergy Interaction and Conflict between the Kamakura Bakufu and Religious Institutions A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY MAY 2003 By Roy Ron Dissertation Committee: H. Paul Varley, Chairperson George J. Tanabe, Jr. Edward Davis Sharon A. Minichiello Robert Huey ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a doctoral dissertation is quite an endeavor. What makes this endeavor possible is advice and support we get from teachers, friends, and family. The five members of my doctoral committee deserve many thanks for their patience and support. Special thanks go to Professor George Tanabe for stimulating discussions on Kamakura Buddhism, and at times, on human nature. But as every doctoral candidate knows, it is the doctoral advisor who is most influential. In that respect, I was truly fortunate to have Professor Paul Varley as my advisor. His sharp scholarly criticism was wonderfully balanced by his kindness and continuous support. I can only wish others have such an advisor. Professors Fred Notehelfer and Will Bodiford at UCLA, and Jeffrey Mass at Stanford, greatly influenced my development as a scholar. Professor Mass, who first introduced me to the complex world of medieval documents and Kamakura institutions, continued to encourage me until shortly before his untimely death. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to them. In Japan, I would like to extend my appreciation and gratitude to Professors Imai Masaharu and Hayashi Yuzuru for their time, patience, and most valuable guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Illustration and the Visual Imagination in Modern Japanese Literature By
    Eyes of the Heart: Illustration and the Visual Imagination in Modern Japanese Literature By Pedro Thiago Ramos Bassoe A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Japanese Literature in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Daniel O’Neill, Chair Professor Alan Tansman Professor Beate Fricke Summer 2018 © 2018 Pedro Thiago Ramos Bassoe All Rights Reserved Abstract Eyes of the Heart: Illustration and the Visual Imagination in Modern Japanese Literature by Pedro Thiago Ramos Bassoe Doctor of Philosophy in Japanese Literature University of California, Berkeley Professor Daniel O’Neill, Chair My dissertation investigates the role of images in shaping literary production in Japan from the 1880’s to the 1930’s as writers negotiated shifting relationships of text and image in the literary and visual arts. Throughout the Edo period (1603-1868), works of fiction were liberally illustrated with woodblock printed images, which, especially towards the mid-19th century, had become an essential component of most popular literature in Japan. With the opening of Japan’s borders in the Meiji period (1868-1912), writers who had grown up reading illustrated fiction were exposed to foreign works of literature that largely eschewed the use of illustration as a medium for storytelling, in turn leading them to reevaluate the role of image in their own literary tradition. As authors endeavored to produce a purely text-based form of fiction, modeled in part on the European novel, they began to reject the inclusion of images in their own work.
    [Show full text]