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Research Notes for a Short History of Hsenwi

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Research Notes for a Short History of Hsenwi Kyoto University FB4ΰ4qΏ ῐῑῸ ῏ t ῎ῌῌΐu῍῎v ῦ῏Ὺ῏ῖ῝ ῟ ῏῱ῳ῍ῤῲ῏ ῍῍ ῥ῏῏ ῜ῶ ῍῍ !" * An Oral History Approach to a Sawbwa Family’s Strategy: Research Notes for a Short History of Hsenwi I>?>B6 Akiko* Until April ῍῕ῑ῕, when the Tai ῐBurmese: Shanῑ chiefs relinquished their hereditary rights, these chiefs, called saopha or sawbwa in Burmese, administered the principalities which made up the Shan State of Burma ῐMyanmarῑ. One major Tai principality, North Hsenwi, was created by the British colonial administration in March ῍῔῔῔ through the splitting of Hsenwi state, which had a long and lengendary history. Khun Sang Tun Hung, sawbwa of the newly created North Hsenwi, was a usurper of humble origin who established a firm basis for the power of his family which expanded by plural marriages. The present research project explored various aspects of North Hsenwi under the rule of the Khun Sang Tun Hung family through interviews with local people and people related to the sawbwa family. The following findings are set out in this paper. Sawbwa Sao Hom Hpa ῐ῍῕ῌ῍῎ῒ῏ῑ, who succeeded in ῍῕῎ῑ, was a familiar figure for local people who rendered service to the sawbwa in many ways. The Kachin people were no exception; in fact, some Kachin were his most loyal and close attendents. The Buddhist element introduced by Khun Sang Tun Hung was distinguishably Yuan, which originated in today’s northern Thailand, and in certain monasteries in today’s Hsenwi, the Yuan Buddhist practice of chanting and writing are still adhered to. The last point attests to the hitherto neglected trans-Salween traffic. It suggests that further research into the history of Hsenwi should be undertaken within a broader trans-national perspective. Keywords: oral history, saopha or sawbwa, Shan Stateῐsῑ, ῐNorthῑ Hsenwi, polygyny, Kachin, Yuan Buddhism, lik yon ῑῌΐῌῒ῏ ῏῱ῳῤῲ῏ῌ ῦ῏Ὺ῏ῌ ῢ΅ / ῢ΅῍ῤ*῏+ῌ ῥ῏῏ῌ ,-. ῌ ῠῨ2ῌ `45ῼῌ ῲῩῡ῍῰ ῐῒῧ῭= ῑ ῏῍ῐ῎ ?῾ABC῕῞FB4ΰ4HICJCῙ῕Ῐ ῍῏ MῺ῿῕῞P῵RῧS ῐTaiῑ T V ῖῚ YZ῟HῚ῾ῴ\Ίῌ ?῾῍^ῳῬ῍ῢ΅῭῍Ύa῭ῚbcdῚ´fῚΌῙ῔ῗ ῌ jkHῷ῾ =nῷC῎ Faculty of International Culture Studies, Tenri University, Somano- uchi ῍ῌῑῌ, Tenri City, Nara ῒ῏῎῎῔ῑ῍ῌ, Japan e-mail: a-iijimaΐsta.tenri-u.ac.jp 450 NII-Electronic Library Service Kyoto University ±²῍῿ῐPQῐῡῢ῭῜ῳῺῐ1῏/ .ῐ ῥ῍ ῠ῱ῧ῎ ῍ ῒ῍ ῩῨ῍ ῟Ύ ΎῩ ῥῲῤῤ῾´ῡῙ῍ ῍῕ ῡ῿ΏῪῧῥ῍ ῞ ! 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Bang- kok: River Books, ῎ῌῌ῔῔ Ῑ]ῳῌ BL. OIOL. 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Pt. II, Vol. ῍ : ῍῔ῐ῕ῌ῕ΐ ῾ῐ ῷῴῐῩxKb ῶ] ῒNam Tuΐ 4bῩLῷΰ῍ Ny῏῜Ῡ]Ῡ ΅ῧ{X Ῐ῍ ῍῕ ῧZQῧ]ῩR|NῚῧ}Ὸ῞ῌ῍ῌΐ TῒῩ῾ῐ ῷῴῐῩ῍Wb~Ὶ῍ NῩRD ῧXῦῳῷ&LΎῠῠ῍ HῐῺ]ῘR΅ῩῩ8&Xῌ ῱ῩῙΰ ῥ;ῧ9ῪXῢῦῗXῘ῍ -Ῡ[ῒ)Ῡ ῎R῾ῐ ῷῴῐῷb&ῺKῧ῍ Kehsi Mansam, Mong Hsu, Mong Sang, Mon Nawng 3Dῷῴ ]Ῡ῾΅Ίeῧῖ῰] &῞^_ΰῳῌ ῞ῗ῞ ῍῕ ῧZQῩ῵´`ῧ῰ῳBC Ίe`Qῒῧ῍ ῧZῩ1[n aῩbῬῩῺΰdefῳῧXῌ ῩhΐῩ῰Tΰῳῌ ῍῔ῑ῎ ῧ7}ῧj Seng Naw Pa ῘkῡῤῩ ΐ ῢῩ`&9ῳῤ῍ ῐῼῷ ῧ kῡῩ῰ Sang Hai++ΐ ῤῩῬῘ῜Xῌ Sang Hai ῐῼῷ ΰΏ ῢῤ῍ ῍῔ῑ῔ ῍ Ώ ῤῤ΅ῧ῾ῐ ῷῴῐῧpXῢ῍ Seng Naw Pa & DH q`Xῌ Sang Hai ῍ ¡῔῭-῍ s` Khun Yi ῧt}9ῳῘ῍ ῕¢ΰ῜vῩ2 3 ῌ 6 Ῡ῰ῧῳ John Hpa ῎ ῒΏ ῑῌΐ ;῝ΐ Ῑ῭ῌ ῎ῧ῰[῍ z ¤Ὼ῎¥f Ῡ§{ῧ¨Ὺ ῢ΅Ῡΰῳῌ ῔ΐ S. T. A. ῎ ῒ῾ῐ ῷῴῐ{|῍ ῍῕ῐῌ ©῾ῐ ῷῴῐ}ῪῩ῵Ῠΐ Ῑ῭ῌ ªΰX῎ ῩΎz῍ U Wanna ῒc. ῍῔ΐῌῌ῍῕ῑῑΐ ῘῚῙ«῞΅Ῡῌ ῐῩῘ ῍῔῕ῑ ῗ῱ ῍῕ῐ῏ ῧ῏ῳῌ ῕ΐ῾ῐ ῷῴῐ) Ῡ8ῧ῰[῍ DH ῍ῌ῔ῒ ῒc. ῍ΐ῎ῐ A. D.ΐ ῧ῍ DH7῾ῐ ῷῴῐ7ΰX&῞῜Ῠῧ῾ῐ ῷῴῐῩ ῔&C῟ ῔ ῎ῌῌ῏: ῎῔῔῕ῌ ῍ῌΐ NῩIῷ῍ ῥΊῘ῰Ὶῦῧ΅¬῱῍ ῗῌῩῴ&­®¯®ῤ῝ῳ ῔Cochrane ῍῕῍ῑ: ῍῏ΐῌ῍῏῔῕ῌ ῍῍ΐ BCfῩ Ὸ ῶ ±² ῒ῍῔ῑῌ ῑ ῑῐ Ῡ¡ῧ ῏ ´ΐ &ΊῳµῩ¶ΰ ·&p῞ῤ῝ῳ ῔Chao Tzang Yawnghwe ῍῕῔ΐ: ῎῎ῑ; GUBSS. Pt. I, Vol. ῍ : ῎῕ΐ῕ῌ 454 NII-Electronic Library Service Kyoto University ῍΅῏EΌ῏῝῞.ῤῙῨῪ῏῵ῷ῎ῳ῭῱ῶ῏ ῱ῺῺ ῑKhun Sang Tun Hungῒ ῼ῟῝ ΐGUBSS. Pt. II. Vol. ῌ: ῌῒ῏῔ῌῌ῍ῒ Seng Naw Pa ῠ Naw Mong ῡῺ`Ὸ῏ῧῩ῝ῖ῍ Ὼ`Ὸ῏ " ῌ῍ ῌ ῕ ab cdefgῖΎῺῬῺ῱ῺῺ῍ dRῧ ῍ ehῡ ΐ iῠj῝῞ ῑlRῧ ῑῌῒῐῑΐῒ ῠnoῖΰ῟= Ῠῒ῍ ῎ ehῡ῾jVΎῺῬῺ῱ῺῺVῠ ῠ ῝῞<=Ῠῌῑῐῒ ῠjVῠ ῠῖ῍ῑῌῒ ῰u Ὺ῎xῴῲV ῑ῍ῒ ῰uῪ῎Ὼῲῌ ῰uῪ῎xῴῲῠ{|< ῢῩ῝ ῏ ehῡ῰uῪ῎xῴῲῠj ῝῞ῖ ῏ iΊῩ῍ῑ῎ῒ ῠjῠ{ John Hpa ῠ<=Ῠ Sao Lun Kop Kin ῖ ῺΎ<ῗ ΊῩῨῌ ῍ΐYKSTH῔ ῌ῍ῒΐGUBSS. Pt. I, Vol. ῌ : ῍ΐῑῌ῍ΐῒ῔ ῡ῍ #$ῥ ῤ῍ ῦῦΏ*Ῠ ´./Ῠῌ 0*12ῡ῍ 3ῷ 5ῠ6789῜;<=Ῠῖ῍ ῚῚ<ῡ?@*Ῠῠ<AB῜῝ῌ C῜῍ ΅῏EΌ῏G HῠIJῡ3ῷ5ῖ=῟῝ῠK῜῍ ΎῺῬῺ῱ῺῺῡ3ῷ5NOῠPQRῧS T῜῍ 3ῷGUK῜῝ῚV.῿X῜YῘ[\ῖ=]^ῌ 455 NII-Electronic Library Service Kyoto University ῼ ¸Ώ¸º» ῐῑ¼ ῏ ½ ῦ῭`ῧῚΰῥ`῍ ῍῔῔ΐ ῒ῍ ῲῶ ῧῐῺῐῤ῟ῌ ῸΌ Ῠ῝῱Ὼ Ί῍ ῶ%Ί῍ ῿ῴΊῧ ῢ`῍ Mong Si῍῏ῒ ῦ῜ Naw Mong ῞΅ῦ ῔ῌῌῌ Ίῧ ῢ-῟ῌ ῍῔῔ΐ ΐ .῍ ῸΌ /Ῠ ῍ῑῌῌῌ Ίῦ΅0῍ . 3 ῑMong Yaiῒ ῤ5῰῝ΰῦ῭`῍ ´ῐῴ8ῐῧ9:;< =῱ῦ῍Ὺ ΐGUBSS. Pt. II, Vol. ῍: ῍῔ῑῌ῍῔ῒ; Sao Saimong Mangrai ῍῕ῒῑ: ῍῎ῑῌ῍῎ῒ῔ῌ ῍῔῔῔ ῍ .῍ 3ῷBῼ/ῗ´ῐῴ8ῐῧῳῦEΰῘ῍ /G῵ῦ῟ῸΌ ῗῺῧHΰ῟ῡJK ΐSao Saimong Mangrai ῍῕ῒῑ: ῍ῑῒff῔ῌ ῥῦ῭EῡL῞῱ ´Mῧ´ῐῴ8ῐῨῳΰῨῩῖ`ῧ ῕῝Qῧ!ῧ῎R`S ῢ῟ῖῥT῭UῦVK῍ ῸΌ ῧ ῕WῸ ῑpalaceῒS ΎYῧῥZῦ5ῙῥῖEῌ ῟ῖ῟%\]ῧ]&Ῠ^3Ίΰ ῶ%Ίῦ῱_Ίῗ`΅;΅ab῰Ὺ῞ῧΊ῏ῢ ῳT῍ `&eῧ+fῥῤΰΰΎῦ %῵ ῼ^ῐ,-Ῥ῱_.ῌῥῤῗ/΅῱ῡT0῍ 3ῷBῼ/1TjBῐ ῑH.
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    313 Qing China’s View of the Eastern Shan States and Northern Thailand in the Mid-eighteenth century Kumiko Kato Qing China’s view of the eastern Shan States and Northern Thailand in the mid-eighteenth century was discussed. As for the border areas of Southernmost Yunnan and the Shan States of Burma, Qing China at that time was conscious of the boundary that separated the Chinese interior (neidi) from the exterior. Moengs in Sipsongpanna were inside the boundary and belonged to the ‘interior’. Cheng Tung, Cheng Khaeng, and Moeng Yawng were outside the boundary. The boundary line might be vague, but it was clearly recognised at the passes, which should be protected when disputes occurred outside the boundary. Qing China prohibited the chief of Sipsongpanna to go out to the ‘exterior’ because he had been appointed as Cheli Xuanweishi, which was an ‘interior’ tusi or native official. The Tai states in Southernmost Yunnan, the eastern Shan States of Burma, and Northern Thailand had native relationships with other Tai states and Burma. Such relationships might be unimaginable, or unacceptable, for China in the mid-eighteenth century. Keywords: Qing China, Shan States, Northern Thailand, mid-eighteenth century, Sipsongpanna 1. Introduction There had been many Tai1 pre-modern states until the middle of the twentieth century in the southern and southwestern parts of the present-day Yunnan Province of China as well as the northern part of Mainland Southeast Asia. The Tai states located at the border areas of Southernmost Yunnan and the Shan States of Burma were, for example, Cheng Hung (Chiang Rung2), Cheng Tung3, Moeng Yawng, Cheng Khaeng, and so on (Fig.
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