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Şirvanşahlar Devleti T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLAM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI ANA BİLİM DALI İSLAM TARİHİ BİLİM DALI XIV-XVI. Yüzyıllarda ŞİRVANŞAHLAR DEVLETİ (Derbendîler Hânedânı) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Elnur ISMAYILOV BURSA 2016 T. C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLAM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI ANA BİLİM DALI İSLAM TARİHİ BİLİM DALI XIV-XVI. Yüzyıllarda ŞİRVANŞAHLAR DEVLETİ (Derbendîler Hânedânı) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Elnur ISMAYILOV Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. İlhami ORUÇOĞLU BURSA 2016 ÖZET Yazar Adı ve soyadı : Elnur İSMAYILOV Üniversite : Uludağ Üniversitesi Enstitü : Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Ana Bilim Dalı : İslam Tarihi ve Sanatları Bilim Dalı : İslam Tarihi Tezin Niteliği : Yüksek Lisans Tezi Sayfa Sayısı : XII + 134 Mezuniyet Tarihi : . .2016 Tez Danışmanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. İlhami ORUÇOĞLU VI. yüzyılın başlarında Azerbaycan’ın kuzey toprakları Sâsânîler tarafından işgal edilmiştir. Sâsânîler, Azerbaycan’ın bir parçası olan Şirvan toprağında, “Şirvanşah” unvanlı hâkimlerin yönettiği yeni bir devlet kurdular. Şirvan, Halife Ömer bin Hattab’in, zamanında fethedilmiştir. Bundan sonra Şirvanşahlar devleti, Halifeye bağlı bağımsız bir devlet olmuştur. Azerbaycan valisi Yezid bin Mezyed’le birlikte Arap Rabia kabilesinin Şeybaniler kolundan Mezyediler sülalesi hâkim konuma geldi. XI. yüzyıldan sonra Mezyedi Şirvan şahları, Arap kimliklerinden vazgeçip “Kisra” adını alarak Sâsânî soyundan geldikleri iddiasıyla ortaya çıkmışlardır. Bu nedenle XI. yüzyıldan itibaren Şirvanşahlar hanedanı Kesranîler olarak anılmaya başlamıştır. XIV. yüzyıldan sonra ise Şirvanşahlar devletini “Derbendi” adıyla aynı sülalenin başka bir kolu idare etmeğe başladı. 1500’de Şah I. İsmail’in Şirvanşahlar devletini yenmesiyle Savefilere bağımlı hale geldi. 1539’da Şirvanşahlar devleti sona erdi. Anahtar kelimeler: Azerbaycan, Şirvanşahlar, Derbendîler, Arran, Kafkasya vi ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Elnur İSMAYILOV University : Uludağ Üniversity Institution : Institute of Social Sciences Field : History of Islam and Islamic Arts Branch : History of Islam Degree : Master Page Number : XII + 134 Degree Date : . 2016 Supervisor : Yrd. Doç. Dr. İlhami ORUÇOĞLU Shirvanshahs in XIV-XVI. Centuries (House of Derbent) At the beggining of VI. century, northern territory of Azerbaijan was occupied by Sasanian Empire. Sasanians formed a new goverment presided over by a governer titled as “Shirvanshah” in Shirvan region of Azerbaijan. After having been conquered by Muslims in the time of Caliph Omar b. al-Hattab, Shirvansahs state became an independent state connected to the Caliph. In the time of governor Yazid bin Mazyad, Mazyad family, which is from Shaybani branch of Arab Rabia tribe, came to the dominant position. In XI. century, Shirvanshahs of Mazyad family, to forgo their Arab identity, emerged allegedly descended from the Sasanians, by taking the name “kasranids”. In XIV. century, Shirvanshah state started to rule by another branch of the same famiy called “Darbandids”. In 1500, after Shah Ismail defeated Shirvanshahs, became dependent to Safavid State. Shirvanshah dynasty came to an end in 1539. Key words: Azerbaijan, Shirvanshahs, Darbandids, Arran, Caucasus vii ÖNSÖZ Doğu ile batı arasındaki, geçit konumu itibari ile eski ve yenidünya coğrafyasında, Kafkasya’nın, aynı zamanda Azerbaycan topraklarının tarihten günümüze kadar özel bir önemi olmuştur. İlk dönemlerden itibaren Kafkasya ve Azerbaycan toprakları, gerek yer altı ve yerüstü kaynakları gerekse jeopolitik konum açısından sürekli dönemin hâkim devletlerinin ilgi odağı olmuş idi. Azerbaycan’ın kuzey toprakları, aynı zamanda Şirvan bölgesi ilk çağda Sâsânî, Bizans ve Hazar orduları arasında sürekli el değiştirilerek işgale ve saldırılara maruz kalmıştır. Arap İslam ordularının tarih sahnesine çıkmasıyla, 643’den itibaren Arap, Bizans ve Hazar güçlerinin, kendi aralarında yaptıkları mücadele ve savaşlar, Azerbaycan ve onun bir parçası olan Şirvan topraklarında gerçekleşmiştir. İlk dönemlerde sözü konusu topraklar, Sâsânî ve Bizans devletlerinin hâkimiyeti altında güney ve kuzey bölgesi olmak üzere ikiye bölünerek idare edilmiştir. 643’te Arap İslam orduları, Derbend şehrini ve kalesini fethetmekle, Azerbaycan’ın kuzey topraklarını içine alan Şirvan bölgesinde genel hâkimiyeti ellerine aldılar. Hz. Ömer döneminden Emevîlere (705) kadar Şirvan bölgesindeki hâkimiyet Azerbaycan’ın güney bölgesine kıyasla yarı bağımsız olarak idare olundu. Bu çalışmada ağırlıklı olarak Arap asıllı Mezyedilerin, IX. yüzyılda, Azerbaycan’ın Şirvan adlı bölgesinde kurdukları, bağımsız Şirvanşahlar devletinin, son dönemi, XIV-XVI. yüzyıllarda var olmuş Derbendiler hanedanının siyasi tarihi ele alınmıştır. Bu hanedanın hükmüdarlarının idare ettikleri devletin bağımsızlığını nasıl muhafaza ettiği ve dönemin kudretli devletleri olan Altın Orda, Timurlu, Kara Koyunlu, Akkoyunlu ve Safevi hükümdarlarının saldırıları karşısında verdikleri var olma mücadelesi tespit edilmeye çalışıldı. Azerbaycan tarihinin Hulafâ-yi Râşidîn, Emevîler ve Abbâsîler dönemleri ile ilgili birkaç yüksek lisans ve doktora tez çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Fakat orta çağda Azerbaycan topraklarında kurulmuş devletler, aynı zamanda VI ve XVI. yüzyıllar viii arasında varlığını sürdürmüş Şirvanşahlar devleti ile ilgili bilgiler az ve yapılan araştırmalar yetersizdir. Çalışmada ilk önce Şirvan bölgesinin coğrafi konumu, özellikleri ve Şirvanşahlar devletinin Kafkasya coğrafyasında bir Müslüman Türk devleti olarak ehemmiyeti ve rolü vurgulanmıştır. Araştırma, giriş bölümü hariç iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmında araştırma metodu ve konunun kaynakları geniş bir şekilde izah edilmiştir. Birinci Bölüm’de Şirvan bölgesinin isim ve yerinin tespiti, coğrafi ve iklim özellikleri, komşuları ve önemli şehirleri ile ilgili bilgiler ele alınmıştır. İkinci Bölüm’de ise 1382’de iktidara gelmiş 1539’da Safeviler tarafından varlığına son verilmiş Şirvanşahlar devletinin Derbendiler hanedanının siyasi tarihleri hakkında geniş bilgiler verilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ise araştırma hakkında genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak, varılan kanaat ve netice sunulmuştur. Konularla alakalı resim ve haritalar ise tezin son bölümüne konulmuştur. Bu çalışmamda bana yol gösteren, bilgi ve üslup açısından yardım eden hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr İlhami Oruçoğlu’na teşekkürü kendime bir borç biliyorum. Bursa 2016 ix İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ ONAY SAYFASI .................................................................................................... ii ÖZGÜNLÜK RAPORU ................................................................................................ iii ORIGINALITY REPORT ............................................................................................ iv YEMİN METNİ .............................................................................................................. v ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... vii ÖNSÖZ .......................................................................................................................... viii İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................... x KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................... xii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ŞİRVAN BÖLGESİNİN COĞRAFÎ DURUMU A. Şirvan Bölgesi ..................................................................................................... 14 B. Coğrafi Bölge Adı Olarak Şirvan ........................................................................ 17 C. Şirvanşahlar İsminin Kökeni ............................................................................... 19 D. Şirvan’ın Coğrafi Konumu .................................................................................. 22 E. Şehirleri ve Komşuları ......................................................................................... 24 1. Şehirleri .......................................................................................................... 24 a) Şamahı ........................................................................................................ 25 b) Bakû ........................................................................................................... 28 c) Derbend (Bâbu’l Ebvâb) ............................................................................ 32 d) Şâbiran/Şabran ........................................................................................... 39 e) Şirvan .......................................................................................................... 41 f) Yezidiyye .................................................................................................... 42 g) Kabala ........................................................................................................ 42 2. Komşuları ....................................................................................................... 45 a) Hazarlar ...................................................................................................... 45 b) Berde .......................................................................................................... 50 c) Beylegan ...................................................................................................
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