AMIT 1(54) 2021 VISUAL FACILITIES of MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE in AZERBAIJAN Introduction
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AMIT 1(54) 2021 VISUAL FACILITIES OF MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE IN AZERBAIJAN Introduction УДК 74:72.033(479.24) DOI: 10.24412/1998-4839-2021-1-114-122 Visual information is one of the oldest form of communication. It took its beginning in facial expressions, gestures, in the signs of people left on surrounding objects, script. And it is still F. Badalova alieved, not only alieved, but also developing. In human communication, much more other Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Baku, Azerbaijan factors play a role, most of which are related to the subconscious and non-verbal aspects of communication [1]. Abstract th th The processes occurring in Azerbaijan and other countries affected the development of Beginning from the 11 -12 centuries, the formation of the architectural environment Azerbaijan economy, urban planning and architecture. The impact of architectural structures on the and information carriers reflected several styles belonging to Baku, “Shamakhi”, “Ganja”, development of the urban environment contributed to public education and awareness both in “Nakhchivan” and “Aran” cities. The monuments of Aran architecture had the defending Azerbaijan and throughout the world. The range of publications of information materials (books, character, that’s why there were existed for our centuries. These monuments were formed newspapers, magazines, booklets, daily posters, etc.) had been extended. Visual facilities, against the background of the social condition of the regions and “led to the emergence of placement of signs, figures, brief notes on squares along the streets, at the stations, on the buildings for religious rites [2]. The buildings were surrounded by simple and asymmetric facades of various buildings. Analysis result, it was found that ancient historical settlements can compositions. The information of these compositions were related to the architecture of be improved the field of view in the urban model, based on the results of historical and “Shirvan-Absheron” (Fig. 1). theoretical studies. It should be noted that the development of cities, the constant growth of the role of information in the communication of the population, requires the use of architectural, artistic and aesthetic elements. Therefore, as the need of society for visual information increase and the city is enriched and the main attention should be paid to visual signs on roads, parks, buildings, facades and streets.1 Keywords: ornamental of accidents, visual communication elements, architecture, visual culture, signs ВИЗУАЛЬНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА Ф.Т. Бадалова Азербайджанский Архитектурно-Строительный Университет, Баку, Азербайджан Аннотация Процессы, происходящие в Азербайджане и других странах, повлияли на развитие Fig. 1. Palace of the Shirvanshah экономики, градостроительства и архитектуры. Влияние архитектурных сооружений на развитие городской среды способствовало просвещению и информированию населения как в Азербайджане, так и во всем мире. Был расширен круг публикаций “Shirvan-Absheron” architecture, which had its significance in the architecture of Azerbaijan, информационных материалов (книги, газеты, журналы, буклеты, ежедневные плакаты contributed to the prosperity and development of local architecture with the strengthening of the и т.д.). Для этого использовались и визуальные средства – размещение вывесок, state of Shirvanshahs (during the Kasranids dynasty). рисунков, кратких заметок на площадях вдоль улиц, на вокзалах, на фасадах различных зданий. В результате анализа было установлено, что древние исторические поселения Before initiating the theoretical review, let’s first cast our eyes on ornaments over the могут улучшить поле зрения в городской среде, основанной на результатах историко- architectural history and hold a narrative of ornamentation throughout the history of architecture. теоретических исследований. Следует отметить, что развитие городов, постоянный рост Figure 1 together draw the timeline of the evolution of ornaments chronologically. роли информации в общении населения, требует использования архитектурных, художественно-эстетических элементов. Поэтому по мере того, как потребность общества Ornamentation is an essential part of Islamic architecture. Ornamentation can be categorized в визуальной информации возрастает, и город обогащается, основное внимание следует into three types: geometric, art of nature elements, which was called “nabatat” and calligraphic уделять визуальным указателям на дорогах, парках, зданиях, фасадах и улицах.2 patterns. The last one is the most commonly used in religious buildings [3]. The ornamentations of monuments helped to developing the science, which was called “semiotics”. Semiotics consisted of symbols, index and signs, which could give us information about culture and had Ключевые слова: орнамент, происшествия визуальной коммуникации, архитектура, 3 визуальная культура, знаки charactered the religions of countries . 1 Stylistic features of “Shirvan-Absheron” architecture were formed on the basis of the For citation: Badalova F. Visual Facilities of Medieval Architecture in Azerbaijan. Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, 2021, no. 1(54), pp. 114–122. Available at: composition created by carved ornaments on stones. Ornaments engraved on the local stones https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2021/1kvart21/PDF/07_badalova.pdf DOI: 10.24412/1998-4839-2021-1-114-122 with exquisite drawings increased the artistic value of the monument. Such boards were placed 2 Для цитирования: Бадалова Ф.Т. Визуальные средства средневековой архитектуры in the more appealing part of the monument. Азербайджана // Architecture and Modern Information Technologies. – 2021. – №1(54). – С. 114–122. – URL: https://marhi.ru/AMIT/2021/1kvart21/PDF/07_badalova.pdf DOI: 10.24412/1998-4839-2021-1-114-122 3 https://gtmarket.ru/concepts/ (accsess date: 03.02.2021). 114 AMIT 1(54) 2021 Introduction Visual information is one of the oldest form of communication. It took its beginning in facial expressions, gestures, in the signs of people left on surrounding objects, script. And it is still alieved, not only alieved, but also developing. In human communication, much more other factors play a role, most of which are related to the subconscious and non-verbal aspects of communication [1]. Beginning from the 11th-12th centuries, the formation of the architectural environment Azerbaijan and information carriers reflected several styles belonging to Baku, “Shamakhi”, “Ganja”, “Nakhchivan” and “Aran” cities. The monuments of Aran architecture had the defending character, that’s why there were existed for our centuries. These monuments were formed against the background of the social condition of the regions and “led to the emergence of buildings for religious rites [2]. The buildings were surrounded by simple and asymmetric compositions. The information of these compositions were related to the architecture of “Shirvan-Absheron” (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Palace of the Shirvanshah “Shirvan-Absheron” architecture, which had its significance in the architecture of Azerbaijan, contributed to the prosperity and development of local architecture with the strengthening of the state of Shirvanshahs (during the Kasranids dynasty). Before initiating the theoretical review, let’s first cast our eyes on ornaments over the architectural history and hold a narrative of ornamentation throughout the history of architecture. Figure 1 together draw the timeline of the evolution of ornaments chronologically. Ornamentation is an essential part of Islamic architecture. Ornamentation can be categorized into three types: geometric, art of nature elements, which was called “nabatat” and calligraphic patterns. The last one is the most commonly used in religious buildings [3]. The ornamentations of monuments helped to developing the science, which was called “semiotics”. Semiotics consisted of symbols, index and signs, which could give us information about culture and had charactered the religions of countries3. Stylistic features of “Shirvan-Absheron” architecture were formed on the basis of the composition created by carved ornaments on stones. Ornaments engraved on the local stones with exquisite drawings increased the artistic value of the monument. Such boards were placed in the more appealing part of the monument. 3 https://gtmarket.ru/concepts/ (accsess date: 03.02.2021). 115 AMIT 1(54) 2021 The names of the bricklayer, architects, names of architectural decoration masters that lived collect data on surviving patterns with the aid of extensive photography. The patterns “nabatat” and created in those periods remained until present time by mentioning on the stone boards were classified based on geometry figures. Other methods included referring to published and decorative items. For example, Ibrahim Ibn Osman (Ganja Gate,1063) (Fig. 2), Muhammed documents and conducting informal interviews with local elderly persons who was connected to ibn Abu-Bakr (Siniqqala Mosque in Baku, 1078), Bakir Muhammad (Red Tomb Tower in the mosque in any capacity. In accordance with the ornamental details of the mosque, this work Moraga, 1148), Ajami ibn Abubakr Nakhchivani (Yusif Ibn Kuseyr Mauseloum in Nakhchivan, was divided into two sections, namely, geometry and “nabatat”. 1162, Momine Khatun Mausoleum, 1186 etc.), Najaf Ashur Ibrahim (Stone mihrab of Ibrahim mosque in Icherisheher, 1171), Masud ibn Davud (Maiden Tower in Baku, 12th century), Motives for visual communication Mahmud ibn Sad (Castle in Nardaran village near