DOCSLIB.ORG

The Jalayirids Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Jalayirids Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East THE JALAYIRIDS DYNASTIC STATE FORMATION IN THE MONGOL MIDDLE EAST 1 PATRICK WING THE JALAYIRIDS The Royal Asiatic Society was founded in 1823 ‘for the investigation of subjects connected with, and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia’. Informed by these goals, the policy of the Society’s Editorial Board is to make available in appropriate formats the results of original research in the humanities and social sciences having to do with Asia, defined in the broadest geographical and cultural sense and up to the present day. The Monograph Board Professor Francis Robinson CBE, Royal Holloway, University of London (Chair) Professor Tim Barrett, SOAS, University of London Dr Evrim Binbas¸, Royal Holloway, University of London Dr Barbara M. C. Brend Professor Anna Contadini, SOAS, University of London Professor Michael Feener, National University of Singapore Dr Gordon Johnson, University of Cambridge Dr Rosie Llewellyn Jones MBE Professor David Morgan, University of Wisconsin- Madison Professor Rosalind O’Hanlon, University of Oxford Dr Alison Ohta, Director, Royal Asiatic Society For a full list of publications by the Royal Asiatic Society see www.royalasiaticsociety.org THE JALAYIRIDS DYNASTIC STATE FORMATION IN THE MONGOL MIDDLE EAST 2 Patrick Wing For E. L., E. L. and E. G. © Patrick Wing, 2016 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11 /13 JaghbUni Regular by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 0225 5 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 0226 2 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 1093 9 (epub) The right of Patrick Wing to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations for Primary and Secondary Source Texts ix 1 Introduction and Sources for the History of the Jalayirids 1 2 Tribes and the Chinggisid Empire 29 3 The Jalayirs and the Early Ilkhanate 48 4 From Tribal Amirs to Royal In- laws 63 5 Crisis and Transition (1335–56) 74 6 Shaykh Uvays and the Jalayirid Dynasty 101 7 Dynastic Ideology during the Reign of Shaykh Uvays 129 8 Challenges to the Jalayirid Order 147 9 Conclusions and the Legacy of the Jalayirids 185 Maps and Genealogical Chart 202 Bibliography 209 Index 224 Illustrations Figure 2.1 The altān urūgh: Chinggis Qan and his descendants 37 Figure 2.2 Ilkhan rulers 38 Figure 4.1 The Jalayir güregen relationship 66 Figure 4.2 Amīr Chūpān at the centre of the Ilkhanid ruling elite 68 Figure 4.3 Shaykh Ḥasan Jalayir and the Ilkhanid royal house 68 Figure 4.4 The Chubanids 69 Figure 5.1 Factions following Abū Sa‘īd’s death 76 Figure 6.1 The ancestry of Shaykh Uvays 102 Figure 9.1 Mi‘rāj- nāma attributed to Aḥmad Mūsá 188 Figure 9.2 Abduction of Zal by the Simurgh, from a Shāh- nāma manuscript 189 Figure 9.3 Dīvān of Sulṭān Aḥmad, Baghdad, 1403 190 Figure 9.4 Wedding day of Humāy and Humāyūn 192 Map 1 Jalayirid dynasty 202 Map 2 Jalayirid dynasty, c. 1353 204 Map 3 Jalayirid dynasty, c. 1400 206 Genealogy of the Jalayirid dynasty 208 Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to acknowledge the many colleagues, friends and family members who have supported this project over the years. While I have benefited from the generosity of so many individuals, I of course am solely responsible for all errors and shortcomings in the present work. I first met the Jalayirids at the University of Chicago, where I wrote a dissertation in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. I must above all thank my advisor, teacher and mentor John Woods, who contin- ues to guide and inspire me. I am grateful also to Cornell Fleischer for his wisdom and ceaseless encouragement. Additional thanks are owed to my teachers at Chicago, Fred Donner, John Perry and Holly Shissler, and to Bruce Craig and Marlis Saleh at the University of Chicago’s Regenstein Library, where much of the research for this project was conducted. Furthermore, I would never have started down the road of Mongol and Middle East history without the support and example of Jo- Ann Gross at the College of New Jersey. I am indebted as well to a number of scholars and friends who have supported me in Chicago, Redlands, Ghent and beyond. Thanks to Judith Pfeiffer for her constant support and motivation, and to Evrim Binbas¸ for his encouragement and for helping to bring this work to publication. Thanks also to Denise Aigle, Thomas Allsen, Kristof D’hulster, Peter Golden, Beatrice Manz, John Meloy, David Morgan, Carl Petry, Warren Schultz, Jo Van Steenbergen, İsenbike Togan and Bethany Walker. I am fortunate to enjoy the support of my colleagues in history at the University of Redlands, Bob Eng, Kathy Feeley, John Glover, Kathy Ogren, Matthew Raffety and Jim Sandos, and to have been assisted by two Faculty Research Grants from the University of Redlands, in 2009–10 and 2013–14. I would like to thank the librarians at the University of Redlands’s Armacost Library, with particular appreciation to Sandy Richie, without whom my research could not have continued at Redlands. I must express my gratitude to the Royal Asiatic Society for supporting the project, particularly to Alison Ohta, and the two anonymous readers. vii The Jalayirids I owe a great deal of thanks to Edinburgh University Press, in particular to the editorial talents of Nicola Ramsey and Ellie Bush. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the following institutions for granting permission to reproduce images: The British Library Board: Add. 18113, fol. 45v; Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Purchase, F1932.37; Roland and Sabrina Michaud /akg- images. Finally, thank you to my family for their unwavering support and love. viii Abbreviations for Primary and Secondary Source Texts Ahrī /TSU Abū Bakr al- Quṭbī al- Ahrī, Ta’rīkh- i Shaikh Uwais (A History of Shaikh Uwais): An Important Source for the History of Ādharbaijān in the Fourteenth Century, trans. J. B. Van Loon (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1954). Astarābādī /Bazm ‘Azīz b. Ārdashīr Astarābādī, Bazm u Razm, intro. Köprülüzāde Meḥmed Fu’ād Bey [Mehmed Fuad Köprülü] (Istanbul: Evḳāf Maṭba‘ası, 1928). Babinger /GdO Franz Babinger, Die Geschichtesschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke (Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz, 1927). Brockelmann /GAL Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur (Leiden: Brill, 1949). BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies CAJ Central Asiatic Journal Dawlatshāh /Tazkira Dawlatshāh Samarqandī, Tazkirat al- Shu‘arā’- yi Dawlatshāh Samarqandī, ed. Muḥammad ‘Abbāsī (Tehran: Kitāb- furūshī- yi Bārānī, 1337 [1958]). Faṣīḥ Khvāfī /Mujmal Faṣīḥ al- Dīn Aḥmad Faṣīḥ Khvāfī, Mujmal- i Faṣīḥī, ed. Maḥmūd Farrukh (Mashhad: Kitābfurūshī- yi Bāstān, 1339 [1961]). Ghiyāth /Ta’rīkh ‘Abd Allāh b. Fatḥ Allāh Ghiyāth, al- Ta’rīkh al- Ghiyāthī, ed. Ṭāriq Nāfi‘ al- Ḥamdānī (Baghdad: Maṭba‘at As‘ad, 1975). Ḥāfiẓ Abrū /ZJT Ḥāfiẓ Abrū, Zayl- i Jāmi‘ al- Tavārīkh, ed. Khānbābā Bayānī (Tehran: ‘Ilmī, 1317 [1939]). Ḥāfiẓ Abrū /Zubda Ḥāfiẓ Abrū,Zubdat al- Tavārīkh, ed. Sayyid ix The Jalayirids Kamāl Ḥājj- i Sayyid Javādī (Tehran: Vizārat- i Farhang va Irshād- i Islāmī, 1380 [2001]). HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Ibn ‘Arabshāh /‘Ajā’ib Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad b. ‘Arabshāh, ‘Ajā’ib al- Maqdūr fī Nawā’ib Tīmūr, ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad ‘Umar (Cairo: Maktabat al- Anjilū al- Miṣriyya, 1399 [1979]). Ibn Bībī /Erzi Ibn Bībī, El- Evāmirü’l- ‘Alā’iyye fī’l- Umūri’l- ‘Alā’iyye, ed. Adnan Sadık Erzi (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1956). Ibn Bībī /Houtsma Ibn Bībī, Histoire des Seldjoucides d’Asie Mineure d’après l’Abrégé du Seldjouknāmeh d’Ibn- Bībī, ed. M. Th. Houtsma (Leiden: Brill, 1902). Ibn Ḥajar /Durar Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī b. Ḥajar al- ‘Asqalānī, Durar al- Kāmina fī A‘yān al- Mi’a al- Thāmina, ed. ‘Abd al- Wārith Muḥammad ‘Alī (Beirut: Dār al- Kutub al- ‘Ilmiyya, 1977). Ibn Ḥajar /Inbā’ Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī b. Ḥajar al- ‘Asqalānī, Inbā’ al- Ghumr bi- Abnā’ al- ‘Umr (Hyderabad: Maṭba‘at Majlis Dā’irat al- Ma‘ārif al- ‘Uthmāniyya, 1967). Ibn Taghrī Birdī /Manhal Abū al- Maḥāsin Yūsuf b. Taghrī Birdī, al- Manhal al- Ṣāfī wa al- Mustawfī ba‘d al- Wāfī, ed. Muḥammad Amīn (Cairo: al- Hay’a al- Miṣriyya al- ‘Āmma lil- Kitāb, 1984–). Ibn Taghrī Birdī /Nujūm Abū al- Maḥāsin Yūsuf b. Taghrī Birdī, al- Nujūm al- Zāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa- al- Qāhira, ed. William Popper (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960). JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Khvāndamīr /Humā’ī Ghiyās̱ al- Dīn b. Humām al- Dīn Khvāndamīr, Tārīkh- i Habīb al- Siyar fī Akhbār- i Afrād- i Bashar, ed. Jalāl al- Dīn Humā’ī (Tehran: Kitāb- khāna- yi Khayyam, 1954). Khvāndamīr /Thackston Ghiyās̱ al- Dīn b. Humām al- Dīn Khvāndamīr, Habibu’s- siyar, Tome Three, The Reign of the Mongol and the Turk, ed. and trans. Wheeler x Abbreviations Thackston (Cambridge, MA: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, 1994). Kutubī /TAM Maḥmūd Kutubī, Tārīkh- i Āl- i Muẓaffar, ed. ‘Abd al- Ḥusayn Navā’ī (Tehran: Kitābfurūshī- yi Ibn Sīnā, 1956). Maqrīzī /‘Ashūr Taqī al- Dīn Aḥmad b. ‘Alī al- Maqrīzī, Kitāb al- Sulūk li- Ma‘rifat Duwal al- Mulūk, ed. ‘Abd al- Fattāḥ ‘Ashūr (Cairo, 1972).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Politik Penguasaan Bangsa Mongol Terhadap Negeri- Negeri Muslim Pada Masa Dinasti Ilkhan (1260-1343)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by E-Jurnal UIN (Universitas Islam Negeri) Alauddin Makassar Politik Penguasaan Bangsa Mongol Budi dan Nita (1260-1343) POLITIK PENGUASAAN BANGSA MONGOL TERHADAP NEGERI- NEGERI MUSLIM PADA MASA DINASTI ILKHAN (1260-1343) Budi Sujati dan Nita Yuli Astuti Pascasarjana UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Email: [email protected] Abstract In the history of Islam, the destruction of the Abbasid dynasty as the center of Islamic civilization in its time that occurred on February 10, 1258 by Mongol attacks caused Islam to lose its identity.The destruction had a tremendous impact whose influence could still be felt up to now, because at that time all the evidence of Islamic relics was destroyed and burnt down without the slightest left.But that does not mean that with the destruction of Islam as a conquered religion is lost as swallowed by the earth. It is precisely with Islam that the Mongol conquerors who finally after assimilated for a long time were drawn to the end of some of the Mongol descendants themselves embraced Islam by establishing the Ilkhaniyah dynasty based in Tabriz Persia (present Iran).This is certainly the author interest in describing a unique event that the rulers themselves who ultimately follow the beliefs held by the community is different from the conquests of a nation against othernations.In this study using historical method (historical study) which is descriptive-analytical approach by using as a medium in analyzing. So that events that have happened can be known by involving various scientific methods by using social science and humanities as an approach..By using social science and humanities will be able to answer events that happened to the Mongols as rulers over the Muslim world make Islam as the official religion of his government to their grandchildren.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Archival Sources Ars¸ivi, Bas¸bakanlık Osmanlı (BOA) FO 195/237; 1841 FO 248/114 India Offi ce G/29/27. In Arabic Afghani, Ahmad al-. Sarab fi Iran: Kalima Sari‘a hawla al-Khumayni wa-Din al-Shi‘a, n.p., 1982. ‘Alawi, Hasan al-. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla al-Qawmiyya fi al-‘Iraq 1914–1990, n.p., 1990. Alusi, Shukri al-. al-Misk al-Adhfar, Baghdad: al-Maktaba al-‘Arabiyya, 1930. Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-. Al-Tibyan fi Sharh al-Burhan, 1249/1833. Amin, Muhsin al-. A‘yan al-Shi‘a, Sidon, vol. 40, 1957. Bahr al-‘Ulum, Muhammad Sadiq. “Muqaddima,” in Muhammad Mahdi b. Murtada Tabataba’i, Rijal al-Sayyid Bahr al-‘Ulum al-Ma‘ruf bil-Fawa’id al-Rijaliyya, Najaf: n.p, 1967. Din, Muhammad Hirz al-. Ma ‘arif al-Rijal fi Tarajim al-‘Ulama’ wal-Udaba’, Najaf, vol. 1, 1964–1965. Dujayli, Ja‘far (ed.). Mawsu‘at al-Najaf al-Ashraf, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa’, 1993. Fahs, Hani. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla fi Lubnan: Malamih fi al-Ru’ya wal-Dhakira, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus, 1996. Hamdani al-. Takmilat Ta’rikh al-Tabari, Beirut: al-Matba‘at al-Kathulikiyya, 1961. Hawwa, Sa‘id. Al-Islam, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub, 1969. ———. Al-Khumayniyya: Shudhudh fi al-‘Aqa’id Shudhudh fi al-Mawaqif, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1987. ———. Hadhihi Tajribati wa-Hadhihi Shahadati, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1988. Husri, Sati‘ al-. Mudhakkirati fi al-‘Iraq, 1921–1941, Beirut: Manshurat dar al- Tali‘a, 1967. Ibn Abi Ya‘la. Tabaqat al-Hanabila, Cairo: Matba‘at al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya, 1952.
    [Show full text]
  • The Saint Lazarus Chronicle Under the Protection of the Royal House of France
    The Saint Lazarus Chronicle Under the protection of the Royal House of France Spring 2016 Commandeur Thierry de Villejust, Grand Prior “Vers l'avant!” Knights, Dames and Confrères Grand Prior, Commandeur Thierry de Villejust; H.R.H. Prince Charles-Philippe Marie Louis of Orléans, Duke of An- jou and , Grand Master Emeritus; and Commandeur Bruce Sebree at the Chapter General in Rome As our wonderfully moving sojourn at the Order’s Chapter General in Rome now settles into inspiring memories, we must take stock of our tasks and talents as the next three years will be particularly important for the Order. Internationally, we march to- wards achieving canonical status as an Association of the Faithful, which several of our Grand Priories have already attained na- tionally. We must continue to work hard to grow our order. We must also do more to spread our message of hope, by helping those who are lost or in need. Yes, our work is fun and we are energized by our mission of mercy! So let’s give thanks for our growth in spirit, in numbers, and in our contributions to making a better world. Let’s also rejoice that our Grand Mas- ter H. E. Jan Count Dobrzenský z Dobrzenicz was admitted to the Pontifical Equestrian Order of St Gregory the Great in the rank of Knight Commander on 10 December 2016 (See Page 2 story: “St. Lazarus Grand Master, Knighted by the Pope). This was bestowed upon him for doing what he loves: pursuing justice and mercy to the call of Atavis et Armis! Commander Thierry de Villejust, Grand Prior St.
    [Show full text]
  • Cholland Masters Thesis Final Draft
    Copyright By Christopher Paul Holland 2010 The Thesis committee for Christopher Paul Holland Certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Rethinking Qawwali: Perspectives of Sufism, Music, and Devotion in North India APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE: Supervisor: __________________________________ Syed Akbar Hyder ___________________________________ Gail Minault Rethinking Qawwali: Perspectives of Sufism, Music, and Devotion in North India by Christopher Paul Holland B.A. Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts The University of Texas at Austin May 2010 Rethinking Qawwali: Perspectives of Sufism, Music, and Devotion in North India by Christopher Paul Holland, M.A. The University of Texas at Austin, 2010 SUPERVISOR: Syed Akbar Hyder Scholarship has tended to focus exclusively on connections of Qawwali, a north Indian devotional practice and musical genre, to religious practice. A focus on the religious degree of the occasion inadequately represents the participant’s active experience and has hindered the discussion of Qawwali in modern practice. Through the examples of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan’s music and an insightful BBC radio article on gender inequality this thesis explores the fluid musical exchanges of information with other styles of Qawwali performances, and the unchanging nature of an oral tradition that maintains sociopolitical hierarchies and gender relations in Sufi shrine culture. Perceptions of history within shrine culture blend together with social and theological developments, long-standing interactions with society outside of the shrine environment, and an exclusion of the female body in rituals.
    [Show full text]
  • Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis
    prelims.046 17/12/2004 4:58 PM Page i MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Fazlallah Astarabadi and The Hurufis “Shahzad Bashir is to be commended for producing a remarkably accessible work on a complex subject; his explanations are models of lucidity and brevity.” PROFESSOR DEVIN DEWEESE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page ii SELECTION OF TITLES IN THE MAKERS OF THE MUSLIM WORLD SERIES Series editor: Patricia Crone, Institute for Advanced Study,Princeton ‘Abd al-Malik, Chase F.Robinson Abd al-Rahman III, Maribel Fierro Abu Nuwas, Philip Kennedy Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Christopher Melchert Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi, Usha Sanyal Al-Ma’mun, Michael Cooperson Al-Mutanabbi, Margaret Larkin Amir Khusraw, Sunil Sharma El Hajj Beshir Agha, Jane Hathaway Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis, Shazad Bashir Ibn ‘Arabi,William C. Chittick Ibn Fudi,Ahmad Dallal Ikhwan al-Safa, Godefroid de Callatay Shaykh Mufid,Tamima Bayhom-Daou For current information and details of other books in the series, please visit www.oneworld-publications.com/ subjects/makers-of-muslim-world.htm prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page iii MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Fazlallah Astarabadi and The Hurufis SHAHZAD BASHIR prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page iv FAZLALLAH ASTARABADI AND THE HURUFIS Oneworld Publications (Sales and editorial) 185 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7AR England www.oneworld-publications.com © Shahzad Bashir 2005 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 1–85168–385–2 Typeset by Jayvee,
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption and Mismanagement Index April 2020
    Corruption and Mismanagement Index April 2020 1 Table of Contents Ahmadinejad's Administration ...................................................................................................................... 3 Rouhani’s Administration .............................................................................................................................. 4 The Judiciary .................................................................................................................................................. 5 The IRGC: A Corrupt Conglomerate .............................................................................................................. 6 Setad Ejraiye Farmane Hazrate Emam (SETAD) ............................................................................................ 6 2 Corruption and Mismanagement Index While many Iranians are languishing under a mismanaged and floundering economy, the Iranian regime has attempted to shift the blame for its citizens’ distress to sanctions implemented by the United States. The reality, however, is that the Iranian economy has long been plagued by the regime’s endemic corruption, economic mismanagement, and reckless foreign policy. Iran ranks 146 out of 180 countries listed on Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index for 2019. Ahmadinejad's Administration Corruption and mismanagement in Iran significantly worsened during the presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, despite the fact that he came to power on a populist, anti-corruption platform. In Ahmadinejad’s
    [Show full text]
  • Iran: the Meeting Point of Corruption and Human Rights Violations
    IRAN: THE MEETING POINT OF CORRUPTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS SUBMISSION TO THE WORKING GROUP ON BUSINESS & HUMAN RIGHTS: CONNECTING THE BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS AND ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENDAS February 2020 1 ▼ Justice for Iran (JFI) is a not-for-profit, non-governmental organ- isation established in 2010 in London, UK. JFI’s mission is to address and eradicate the practice of impunity that empowers officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran to perpetrate widespread human rights viola- tions inside and outside of Iran, and to hold them accountable for their actions. To achieve its mission, JFI researches, documents, reports, and litigates individual cases. It further raises public awareness and participates in human rights advocacy through the UN and the EU. JFI has a specialised business and human rights programme that aims to increase corporate accountability and respect for human rights among businesses and financial actors engaging in export of goods or services, investments and development projects in and from Iran. Website: justiceforiran.org Twitter: @Justice4Iran /@Justice4IranEn Address: 25-27 Bickerton Road, N19 5JT London, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)2072819940 VIOLATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IRAN: THE MEETING POINT OF CORRUPTION Email: [email protected] 2 ▼ CONTENTS ABOUT THIS SUBMISSION 3 1. PROBLEMATIC OWNERSHIPS AND CORRUPT PRACTICES 4 2. BUSINESSES CONTROLLED BY THE SUPREME LEADER OF IRAN 5 3. UNDUE INFLUENCE AND CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC ENTITIES 6 4. CORRUPT BANKING SYSTEM 7 OF SYRIA DESTRUCTION AND RECONSTRUCTION 5. FRONT (PRIVATE!) COMPANIES AND LONG CHAINS 7 6. LACK OF INDEPENDENT WATCHDOGS AND TRIBUNALS 8 7. LACK OF TRANSPARENCY AND PROTECTION FOR JOURNALISTS 9 AND WHISTLEBLOWERS IRAN: THE MEETING POINT OF CORRUPTION AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IRAN: THE MEETING POINT OF CORRUPTION a.
    [Show full text]
  • Mystical Thoughts of Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti and Chishtiyya Sufi Order
    T.C SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ MEVLÂNA ARAŞTIRMALARI ENSTİTÜSÜ MEVLÂNA VE MEVLEVİLİK ARAŞTIRMALARI ANABİLİM DALI MEVLÂNA VE MEVLEVİLİK ARAŞTIRMALARI BİLİM DALI MYSTICAL THOUGHTS OF KHWAJA MUINUDDIN CHISHTI AND CHISHTIYYA SUFI ORDER (MUİNİDDİN ÇİŞTİ- TASAVVUFİ GÖRÜŞLERİ VE ÇİŞTİYYE TARİKATI) Mahir NİRATHİNMEL PUTHİYAPURAYİL KOORANTAKATH YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Danışman Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Hakan KUYUMCU Konya – 2018 II III IV PREFACE The Persian term ‘Khwaja’ carries the meaning of ‘master’. In Indian sub continent, the general usage of the word ‘khwaja’ stands for Khwaja Muinuddin Hasan al Chishti. Similarly we can see the word ‘Moulana’ (in Arabic language the word moula also carries the meaning of ‘master’) represents jalauddin Rumi. The magic of being collective noun, a particular noun in their life is not accidental. Vice versa, it was the result of admiration of the people. When we know the importance of the message that they conveyed to the humanity, we can certainly say that they deserve to be called so. As far as concerning Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti he had heavy responsibilities in Indian subcontinent as the people had degenerated in religious, social, political and cultural facets. By spreading the everlasting messages of love, consideration, charity and broadmindedness he redirected the flow of the history of Indian subcontinent. The records show that by the attraction to his charming personality, about 90 million people had embraced Islam. Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti was the contribution of Chishtiyya Sufi order, a well known and far rooted mystical way in the world established by Abu Ishaq al Shami in Herat, Afghanistan in 930 CE. From the beginning of its formation, it is standing for the spreading of the universal message of Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • Irreverent Persia
    Irreverent Persia IRANIAN IRANIAN SERIES SERIES Poetry expressing criticism of social, political and cultural life is a vital integral part of IRREVERENT PERSIA Persian literary history. Its principal genres – invective, satire and burlesque – have been INVECTIVE, SATIRICAL AND BURLESQUE POETRY very popular with authors in every age. Despite the rich uninterrupted tradition, such texts FROM THE ORIGINS TO THE TIMURID PERIOD have been little studied and rarely translated. Their irreverent tones range from subtle (10TH TO 15TH CENTURIES) irony to crude direct insults, at times involving the use of outrageous and obscene terms. This anthology includes both major and minor poets from the origins of Persian poetry RICCARDO ZIPOLI (10th century) up to the age of Jâmi (15th century), traditionally considered the last great classical Persian poet. In addition to their historical and linguistic interest, many of these poems deserve to be read for their technical and aesthetic accomplishments, setting them among the masterpieces of Persian literature. Riccardo Zipoli is professor of Persian Language and Literature at Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, where he also teaches Conceiving and Producing Photography. The western cliché about Persian poetry is that it deals with roses, nightingales, wine, hyperbolic love-longing, an awareness of the transience of our existence, and a delicate appreciation of life’s fleeting pleasures. And so a great deal of it does. But there is another side to Persian verse, one that is satirical, sardonic, often obscene, one that delights in ad hominem invective and no-holds barred diatribes. Perhaps surprisingly enough for the uninitiated reader it is frequently the same poets who write both kinds of verse.
    [Show full text]
  • Continuity and Change in the Mongol Army of the Ilkhanate
    CHAPTER 2 Continuity and Change in the Mongol Army of the Ilkhanate Reuven Amitai One of the important trends of late medieval societies in much of the Islamic world is that the military elite became increasingly identified with the political ruling class. This tendency possibly reached its height in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and Syria. One cannot go quite so far when describing the nature of Mongol rule in Iran and the surrounding countries, but it would be fair to state that the army was the most important institution in the Ilkhanid state (and Mongol states as a whole). It is thus not surprising that the study of mili- tary aspects of the Ilkhanate (and the Mongol armies that preceded it) have received some serious attention in modern scholarship. Mention can be made of the important studies on the Mongol armies in the Middle East (some of them parts of larger works) by Bertold Spuler,1 David Morgan,2 C. E. Bosworth,3 John M. Smith, Jr.4 and Arsenio Martinez.5 To this can be added very useful studies on the Mongol army as a whole by H. Desmond Martin,6 S. R. Turnbull,7 Robert Reid,8 Witold Świętosławski,9 Timothy May,10 and others, which help us understand the background of much of the Mongol military activity in the countries today known as the Middle East. My own contributions to the study of the Mongol military machine have generally been in connection with the ongoing Ilkhanid war with the Mamluks, and I have tried to put this war in 1 Spuler, Die Mongolen in Iran, 330–48.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi POWER, POLITICS, AND TRADITION IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND THE ĪlkhānaTE OF IRAN OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran MICHAEL HOPE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6D P, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Michael Hope 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932271 ISBN 978–0–19–876859–3 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coins of the Later Ilkhanids
    THE COINS OF THE LATER ILKHANIDS : A TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1 BY SHEILA S. BLAIR Ghazan Khan was undoubtedly the most brilliant of the Ilkhanid rulers of Persia: not only a commander and statesman, he was also a linguist, architect and bibliophile. One of his most lasting contribu- tions was the reorganization of Iran's financial system. Upon his accession to the throne, the economy was in total chaos: his prede- cessor Gaykhatf's stop-gap issue of paper money to fill an empty treasury had been a fiasco 2), and the civil wars among Gaykhatu, Baydu, and Ghazan had done nothing to restore trade or confidence in the economy. Under the direction of his vizier Rashid al-Din, Ghazan delivered an edict ordering the standardization of the coinage in weight, purity, and type 3). Ghazan's standard double-dirham became the basis of Iran's monetary system for the next century. At varying intervals, however, the standard type was changed: a new shape cartouche was introduced, with slight variations in legend. These new types were sometimes issued at a modified weight standard. This paper will analyze the successive standard issues of Ghazan and his two successors, Uljaytu and Abu Said, in order to show when and why these new types were introduced. Following a des- cription of the successive types 4), the changes will be explained through 296 an investigation of the metrology and a correlation of these changes in type with economic and political history. Another article will pursue the problem of mint organization and regionalization within this standard imperial system 5).
    [Show full text]