THE JALAYIRIDS DYNASTIC STATE FORMATION IN THE MONGOL MIDDLE EAST 1 PATRICK WING THE JALAYIRIDS The Royal Asiatic Society was founded in 1823 ‘for the investigation of subjects connected with, and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia’. Informed by these goals, the policy of the Society’s Editorial Board is to make available in appropriate formats the results of original research in the humanities and social sciences having to do with Asia, defined in the broadest geographical and cultural sense and up to the present day. The Monograph Board Professor Francis Robinson CBE, Royal Holloway, University of London (Chair) Professor Tim Barrett, SOAS, University of London Dr Evrim Binbas¸, Royal Holloway, University of London Dr Barbara M. C. Brend Professor Anna Contadini, SOAS, University of London Professor Michael Feener, National University of Singapore Dr Gordon Johnson, University of Cambridge Dr Rosie Llewellyn Jones MBE Professor David Morgan, University of Wisconsin- Madison Professor Rosalind O’Hanlon, University of Oxford Dr Alison Ohta, Director, Royal Asiatic Society For a full list of publications by the Royal Asiatic Society see www.royalasiaticsociety.org THE JALAYIRIDS DYNASTIC STATE FORMATION IN THE MONGOL MIDDLE EAST 2 Patrick Wing For E. L., E. L. and E. G. © Patrick Wing, 2016 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11 /13 JaghbUni Regular by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 0225 5 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 0226 2 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 1093 9 (epub) The right of Patrick Wing to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). Contents List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations for Primary and Secondary Source Texts ix 1 Introduction and Sources for the History of the Jalayirids 1 2 Tribes and the Chinggisid Empire 29 3 The Jalayirs and the Early Ilkhanate 48 4 From Tribal Amirs to Royal In- laws 63 5 Crisis and Transition (1335–56) 74 6 Shaykh Uvays and the Jalayirid Dynasty 101 7 Dynastic Ideology during the Reign of Shaykh Uvays 129 8 Challenges to the Jalayirid Order 147 9 Conclusions and the Legacy of the Jalayirids 185 Maps and Genealogical Chart 202 Bibliography 209 Index 224 Illustrations Figure 2.1 The altān urūgh: Chinggis Qan and his descendants 37 Figure 2.2 Ilkhan rulers 38 Figure 4.1 The Jalayir güregen relationship 66 Figure 4.2 Amīr Chūpān at the centre of the Ilkhanid ruling elite 68 Figure 4.3 Shaykh Ḥasan Jalayir and the Ilkhanid royal house 68 Figure 4.4 The Chubanids 69 Figure 5.1 Factions following Abū Sa‘īd’s death 76 Figure 6.1 The ancestry of Shaykh Uvays 102 Figure 9.1 Mi‘rāj- nāma attributed to Aḥmad Mūsá 188 Figure 9.2 Abduction of Zal by the Simurgh, from a Shāh- nāma manuscript 189 Figure 9.3 Dīvān of Sulṭān Aḥmad, Baghdad, 1403 190 Figure 9.4 Wedding day of Humāy and Humāyūn 192 Map 1 Jalayirid dynasty 202 Map 2 Jalayirid dynasty, c. 1353 204 Map 3 Jalayirid dynasty, c. 1400 206 Genealogy of the Jalayirid dynasty 208 Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to acknowledge the many colleagues, friends and family members who have supported this project over the years. While I have benefited from the generosity of so many individuals, I of course am solely responsible for all errors and shortcomings in the present work. I first met the Jalayirids at the University of Chicago, where I wrote a dissertation in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. I must above all thank my advisor, teacher and mentor John Woods, who contin- ues to guide and inspire me. I am grateful also to Cornell Fleischer for his wisdom and ceaseless encouragement. Additional thanks are owed to my teachers at Chicago, Fred Donner, John Perry and Holly Shissler, and to Bruce Craig and Marlis Saleh at the University of Chicago’s Regenstein Library, where much of the research for this project was conducted. Furthermore, I would never have started down the road of Mongol and Middle East history without the support and example of Jo- Ann Gross at the College of New Jersey. I am indebted as well to a number of scholars and friends who have supported me in Chicago, Redlands, Ghent and beyond. Thanks to Judith Pfeiffer for her constant support and motivation, and to Evrim Binbas¸ for his encouragement and for helping to bring this work to publication. Thanks also to Denise Aigle, Thomas Allsen, Kristof D’hulster, Peter Golden, Beatrice Manz, John Meloy, David Morgan, Carl Petry, Warren Schultz, Jo Van Steenbergen, İsenbike Togan and Bethany Walker. I am fortunate to enjoy the support of my colleagues in history at the University of Redlands, Bob Eng, Kathy Feeley, John Glover, Kathy Ogren, Matthew Raffety and Jim Sandos, and to have been assisted by two Faculty Research Grants from the University of Redlands, in 2009–10 and 2013–14. I would like to thank the librarians at the University of Redlands’s Armacost Library, with particular appreciation to Sandy Richie, without whom my research could not have continued at Redlands. I must express my gratitude to the Royal Asiatic Society for supporting the project, particularly to Alison Ohta, and the two anonymous readers. vii The Jalayirids I owe a great deal of thanks to Edinburgh University Press, in particular to the editorial talents of Nicola Ramsey and Ellie Bush. I would like to gratefully acknowledge the following institutions for granting permission to reproduce images: The British Library Board: Add. 18113, fol. 45v; Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: Purchase, F1932.37; Roland and Sabrina Michaud /akg- images. Finally, thank you to my family for their unwavering support and love. viii Abbreviations for Primary and Secondary Source Texts Ahrī /TSU Abū Bakr al- Quṭbī al- Ahrī, Ta’rīkh- i Shaikh Uwais (A History of Shaikh Uwais): An Important Source for the History of Ādharbaijān in the Fourteenth Century, trans. J. B. Van Loon (The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1954). Astarābādī /Bazm ‘Azīz b. Ārdashīr Astarābādī, Bazm u Razm, intro. Köprülüzāde Meḥmed Fu’ād Bey [Mehmed Fuad Köprülü] (Istanbul: Evḳāf Maṭba‘ası, 1928). Babinger /GdO Franz Babinger, Die Geschichtesschreiber der Osmanen und ihre Werke (Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz, 1927). Brockelmann /GAL Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der Arabischen Literatur (Leiden: Brill, 1949). BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies CAJ Central Asiatic Journal Dawlatshāh /Tazkira Dawlatshāh Samarqandī, Tazkirat al- Shu‘arā’- yi Dawlatshāh Samarqandī, ed. Muḥammad ‘Abbāsī (Tehran: Kitāb- furūshī- yi Bārānī, 1337 [1958]). Faṣīḥ Khvāfī /Mujmal Faṣīḥ al- Dīn Aḥmad Faṣīḥ Khvāfī, Mujmal- i Faṣīḥī, ed. Maḥmūd Farrukh (Mashhad: Kitābfurūshī- yi Bāstān, 1339 [1961]). Ghiyāth /Ta’rīkh ‘Abd Allāh b. Fatḥ Allāh Ghiyāth, al- Ta’rīkh al- Ghiyāthī, ed. Ṭāriq Nāfi‘ al- Ḥamdānī (Baghdad: Maṭba‘at As‘ad, 1975). Ḥāfiẓ Abrū /ZJT Ḥāfiẓ Abrū, Zayl- i Jāmi‘ al- Tavārīkh, ed. Khānbābā Bayānī (Tehran: ‘Ilmī, 1317 [1939]). Ḥāfiẓ Abrū /Zubda Ḥāfiẓ Abrū,Zubdat al- Tavārīkh, ed. Sayyid ix The Jalayirids Kamāl Ḥājj- i Sayyid Javādī (Tehran: Vizārat- i Farhang va Irshād- i Islāmī, 1380 [2001]). HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies Ibn ‘Arabshāh /‘Ajā’ib Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad b. ‘Arabshāh, ‘Ajā’ib al- Maqdūr fī Nawā’ib Tīmūr, ed. ‘Alī Muḥammad ‘Umar (Cairo: Maktabat al- Anjilū al- Miṣriyya, 1399 [1979]). Ibn Bībī /Erzi Ibn Bībī, El- Evāmirü’l- ‘Alā’iyye fī’l- Umūri’l- ‘Alā’iyye, ed. Adnan Sadık Erzi (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1956). Ibn Bībī /Houtsma Ibn Bībī, Histoire des Seldjoucides d’Asie Mineure d’après l’Abrégé du Seldjouknāmeh d’Ibn- Bībī, ed. M. Th. Houtsma (Leiden: Brill, 1902). Ibn Ḥajar /Durar Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī b. Ḥajar al- ‘Asqalānī, Durar al- Kāmina fī A‘yān al- Mi’a al- Thāmina, ed. ‘Abd al- Wārith Muḥammad ‘Alī (Beirut: Dār al- Kutub al- ‘Ilmiyya, 1977). Ibn Ḥajar /Inbā’ Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī b. Ḥajar al- ‘Asqalānī, Inbā’ al- Ghumr bi- Abnā’ al- ‘Umr (Hyderabad: Maṭba‘at Majlis Dā’irat al- Ma‘ārif al- ‘Uthmāniyya, 1967). Ibn Taghrī Birdī /Manhal Abū al- Maḥāsin Yūsuf b. Taghrī Birdī, al- Manhal al- Ṣāfī wa al- Mustawfī ba‘d al- Wāfī, ed. Muḥammad Amīn (Cairo: al- Hay’a al- Miṣriyya al- ‘Āmma lil- Kitāb, 1984–). Ibn Taghrī Birdī /Nujūm Abū al- Maḥāsin Yūsuf b. Taghrī Birdī, al- Nujūm al- Zāhira fī Mulūk Miṣr wa- al- Qāhira, ed. William Popper (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960). JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Khvāndamīr /Humā’ī Ghiyās̱ al- Dīn b. Humām al- Dīn Khvāndamīr, Tārīkh- i Habīb al- Siyar fī Akhbār- i Afrād- i Bashar, ed. Jalāl al- Dīn Humā’ī (Tehran: Kitāb- khāna- yi Khayyam, 1954). Khvāndamīr /Thackston Ghiyās̱ al- Dīn b. Humām al- Dīn Khvāndamīr, Habibu’s- siyar, Tome Three, The Reign of the Mongol and the Turk, ed. and trans. Wheeler x Abbreviations Thackston (Cambridge, MA: Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, 1994). Kutubī /TAM Maḥmūd Kutubī, Tārīkh- i Āl- i Muẓaffar, ed. ‘Abd al- Ḥusayn Navā’ī (Tehran: Kitābfurūshī- yi Ibn Sīnā, 1956). Maqrīzī /‘Ashūr Taqī al- Dīn Aḥmad b. ‘Alī al- Maqrīzī, Kitāb al- Sulūk li- Ma‘rifat Duwal al- Mulūk, ed. ‘Abd al- Fattāḥ ‘Ashūr (Cairo, 1972).