Bangsa Mongol Mendirikan Kerajaan Dinasti Ilkhan Berbasis Islam Pasca Kehancuran Baghdad Tahun 1258-1347 M
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Politik Penguasaan Bangsa Mongol Terhadap Negeri- Negeri Muslim Pada Masa Dinasti Ilkhan (1260-1343)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by E-Jurnal UIN (Universitas Islam Negeri) Alauddin Makassar Politik Penguasaan Bangsa Mongol Budi dan Nita (1260-1343) POLITIK PENGUASAAN BANGSA MONGOL TERHADAP NEGERI- NEGERI MUSLIM PADA MASA DINASTI ILKHAN (1260-1343) Budi Sujati dan Nita Yuli Astuti Pascasarjana UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Email: [email protected] Abstract In the history of Islam, the destruction of the Abbasid dynasty as the center of Islamic civilization in its time that occurred on February 10, 1258 by Mongol attacks caused Islam to lose its identity.The destruction had a tremendous impact whose influence could still be felt up to now, because at that time all the evidence of Islamic relics was destroyed and burnt down without the slightest left.But that does not mean that with the destruction of Islam as a conquered religion is lost as swallowed by the earth. It is precisely with Islam that the Mongol conquerors who finally after assimilated for a long time were drawn to the end of some of the Mongol descendants themselves embraced Islam by establishing the Ilkhaniyah dynasty based in Tabriz Persia (present Iran).This is certainly the author interest in describing a unique event that the rulers themselves who ultimately follow the beliefs held by the community is different from the conquests of a nation against othernations.In this study using historical method (historical study) which is descriptive-analytical approach by using as a medium in analyzing. So that events that have happened can be known by involving various scientific methods by using social science and humanities as an approach..By using social science and humanities will be able to answer events that happened to the Mongols as rulers over the Muslim world make Islam as the official religion of his government to their grandchildren. -
DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-3 ISSN 2313-6197 (Online) ISSN 2308-152X (Print) ЗОЛОТООРДЫНСКОЕ ОБОЗРЕНИЕ 2017
DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-3 ISSN 2313-6197 (Online) ISSN 2308-152X (Print) ЗОЛОТООРДЫНСКОЕ ОБОЗРЕНИЕ 2017. Том 5, № 3 ZOLOTOORDYNSKOE OBOZRENIE= G OLDEN H ORDE R EVIEW 2017. Vol. 5, no. 3 Научный журнал Academic Journal УЧРЕДИТЕЛЬ: FOUNDER: ГБУ «Институт истории State Institution им. Ш. Марджани Академии наук «Sh.Marjani Institute of History Республики Татарстан» of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences» Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ Certificate of registration in the mass media ПИ № ФС77–54682 от 9 июля 2013 г. ПИ № ФС77–54682 given by Roskomnadzor выдано Роскомнадзором on 9 July 2013 Журнал основан в апреле 2013 г. Journal was founded in April 2013 Выходит 4 раза в год Published 4 times a year РЕДАКЦИЯ: EDITORIAL OFFICE: 420014, г. Казань, Кремль, подъезд 5 (юрид.) 420014, Kazan, Kremlin, entrance 5 (juridical) 420111, г. Казань, ул. Батурина, 7 420111, Kazan, Baturin Str., 7 Тел./факс (843) 292 84 82 (приемная), Tel./Fax (843) 292 84 82 (reception), 292 00 19 292 00 19 Подписной индекс в каталоге Subscription index in the «Catalogue «Каталог Российской Прессы» – 31999 of the Russian Press» – 31999 ЖУРНАЛ ИНДЕКСИРУЕТСЯ В: THE JOURNAL IS INDEXED BY: Scopus Scopus Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Российский индекс научного Russian Science Citation цитирования (РИНЦ), РГБ Index Database, RSL AcademicKeys, WorldCat AcademicKeys, WorldCat Научная электронная библиотека Scientific Electronic Open Access открытого доступа КиберЛенинка Library CyberLeninka Google Scholar, СОЦИОНЕТ Google Scholar, SOCIONET Журнал входит в Перечень российских рецензируемых научных журналов, в которых должны быть опубликованы основные научные результаты диссертаций на соискание ученых степеней доктора и кандидата наук (список научных журналов ВАК МОиН РФ) http://goldhorde.ru E-mail: [email protected] © ГБУ «Институт истории им. -
Protagonist of Qubilai Khan's Unsuccessful
BUQA CHĪNGSĀNG: PROTAGONIST OF QUBILAI KHAN’S UNSUCCESSFUL COUP ATTEMPT AGAINST THE HÜLEGÜID DYNASTY MUSTAFA UYAR* It is generally accepted that the dissolution of the Mongol Empire began in 1259, following the death of Möngke the Great Khan (1251–59)1. Fierce conflicts were to arise between the khan candidates for the empty throne of the Great Khanate. Qubilai (1260–94), the brother of Möngke in China, was declared Great Khan on 5 May 1260 in the emergency qurultai assembled in K’ai-p’ing, which is quite far from Qara-Qorum, the principal capital of Mongolia2. This event started the conflicts within the Mongolian Khanate. The first person to object to the election of the Great Khan was his younger brother Ariq Böke (1259–64), another son of Qubilai’s mother Sorqoqtani Beki. Being Möngke’s brother, just as Qubilai was, he saw himself as the real owner of the Great Khanate, since he was the ruler of Qara-Qorum, the main capital of the Mongol Khanate. Shortly after Qubilai was declared Khan, Ariq Böke was also declared Great Khan in June of the same year3. Now something unprecedented happened: there were two competing Great Khans present in the Mongol Empire, and both received support from different parts of the family of the empire. The four Mongol khanates, which should theo- retically have owed obedience to the Great Khan, began to act completely in their own interests: the Khan of the Golden Horde, Barka (1257–66) supported Böke. * Assoc. Prof., Ankara University, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography, Department of History, Ankara/TURKEY, [email protected] 1 For further information on the dissolution of the Mongol Empire, see D. -
Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi POWER, POLITICS, AND TRADITION IN THE MONGOL EMPIRE AND THE ĪlkhānaTE OF IRAN OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Īlkhānate of Iran MICHAEL HOPE 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 08/08/16, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6D P, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Michael Hope 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932271 ISBN 978–0–19–876859–3 Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. -
The Coins of the Later Ilkhanids
THE COINS OF THE LATER ILKHANIDS : A TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1 BY SHEILA S. BLAIR Ghazan Khan was undoubtedly the most brilliant of the Ilkhanid rulers of Persia: not only a commander and statesman, he was also a linguist, architect and bibliophile. One of his most lasting contribu- tions was the reorganization of Iran's financial system. Upon his accession to the throne, the economy was in total chaos: his prede- cessor Gaykhatf's stop-gap issue of paper money to fill an empty treasury had been a fiasco 2), and the civil wars among Gaykhatu, Baydu, and Ghazan had done nothing to restore trade or confidence in the economy. Under the direction of his vizier Rashid al-Din, Ghazan delivered an edict ordering the standardization of the coinage in weight, purity, and type 3). Ghazan's standard double-dirham became the basis of Iran's monetary system for the next century. At varying intervals, however, the standard type was changed: a new shape cartouche was introduced, with slight variations in legend. These new types were sometimes issued at a modified weight standard. This paper will analyze the successive standard issues of Ghazan and his two successors, Uljaytu and Abu Said, in order to show when and why these new types were introduced. Following a des- cription of the successive types 4), the changes will be explained through 296 an investigation of the metrology and a correlation of these changes in type with economic and political history. Another article will pursue the problem of mint organization and regionalization within this standard imperial system 5). -
Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish Or Turkic Volume 12/35, P
Turkish Studies International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 12/35, p. 433-446 DOI Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12393 ISSN: 1308-2140, ANKARA-TURKEY This article was checked by iThenticate. MOĞOL KAĞANI OLCAYTU HAN’IN MARDİN MÜZESİNDE BULUNAN BİR SİKKESİNDE ŞİA PROPAGANDASI Alemde var olan her sikke ve her hutbe yaşadığı sürece Olcaytu adına olsun. -Kâşânî- Ramazan UYKUR ÖZET Bu makalede, Mardin Müzesi’nde yaptığımız araştırma da karşılaştığımız iki sikke ele alınmıştır. Biri gümüş, diğeri bakır olmak üzere iki farklı madenden imâl edilmiş sikkelerin yazıtları okunduğunda, bunların Moğol Kağanı Olcaytu Han’a ait oldukları anlaşılmıştır. Bu yazıtların, Olcaytu Han’ın yaşamına dair bilgiler veren dönem kaynaklarındaki anlatımlarla da paralellik arz ettiği görülmüştür. Dönem kaynakları Olcaytu Han’ın Müslüman olma sürecini ayrıntılı ele almışlardır. Bu bağlamda ilk tanıttığımız 704/1304 tarihli gümüş sikke Olcaytu Han’ın Müslüman oluşundan sonra basılmıştır. Ve bu sikkede Raşid halifenin (4 halife) isimleri anılmış, onlara selam edilmiş, böylece Ehl-i Sünnet (Sünnî) bir tavır ortaya konulmuştur. Fakat Olcaytu Han’ın renkli dini hayatı içinde Sünnî anlayışı çok uzun sürmemiş, çok yakın bir zamanda Şiî mezhebini tercih serüveni başlamıştır. İkinci tanıttığımız bakır sikke ise, Olcaytu Han’ın Şiî olduktan sonraki uygulamalarının ipuçlarını taşımaktadır. Olcaytu Han bu sikke üzerine yazdırdığı “Aliyyenveliyullah” ibaresiyle, sikkeyi adeta bir Şiî propaganda malzemesine dönüştürmüştür. Dahası dönem kaynakları, Olcaytu Han’ın sadece paralara Aliyyenveliyullah yazdırmakla yetinmeyip, hâkim olduğu beldelerde dört bir tarafa gönderdiği fermanlarla Ezana “Hayye ale’l-Hayrü’l Amel” ibaresini eklenmesini emrettiğini, sikkelerin üzerinden sahabenin adını çıkartarak, 12 Şiî imamının isimlerini yazdırdığını da nakletmiştir. -
The Mongol City of Ghazaniyya: Destruction, Spatial Reconstruction, and Preservation of the Urban Heritage1
Atri Hatef Naiemi The Mongol City of Ghazaniyya: Destruction, Spatial Reconstruction, and Preservation of the Urban Heritage1 Hülegü Khan (r. 1256-1265), a grandson of Chinggis Khan, founded the Ilkhanate in Iran in 1256 as the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. Mongol campaigns in Iran in the thirteenth century caused extensive destruction in different aspects of the Iranians’ social life and built environment. However, the political stability after the arrival of Hülegü intensified the process of urban development. Along with the reconstruction of the cities that had been extensively destroyed during the Mongol attack, the Ilkhans founded a number of new settlements. Their architectural and urban projects were mostly conducted in the northwest of present-day Iran, with some exceptions, for instance the city of Khabushan in Khurasan which was largely rebuilt by Hülegü and the notables of his court.2 In western Iran, Hülegü firstly focused his attention on the reconstruction of Baghdad, but following the designation of Azerbaijan as the headquarters of the Mongols, his urban development activities extended to this region. Maragha was chosen as the first capital of the Mongols and the most 1 This article has been adapted from a lecture presented in November 2019 at the Aga Khan Program in MIT. The research for this project has been facilitated by fellowship held with the Aga Khan program of MIT. I would like to thank Professors Nasser Rabbat and James Wescoat for their hospitality during the four months I spent at MIT in 2019. 2 In addition to Hülegü, Ghazan Khan also erected magnificent buildings in Khabushan. -
The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a Study of Their Relations, 1220-1335
University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2012 The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a study of their relations, 1220-1335. Lauren Prezbindowski University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Prezbindowski, Lauren, "The Ilkhanid Mongols, the Christian Armenians, and the Islamic Mamluks : a study of their relations, 1220-1335." (2012). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1152. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1152 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ILKHANID MONGOLS, THE CHRISTIAN ARMENIANS, AND THE ISLAMIC MAMLUKS: A STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONS, 1220-1335 By Lauren Prezbindowski B.A., Hanover College, 2008 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History University of Louisville December 2012 THE ILKHANID MONGOLS, THE CHRISTIAN ARMENIANS, AND THE ISLAMIC MAMLUKS: A STUDY OF THEIR RELATIONS, 1220-1335 By Lauren Prezbindowski B.A., Hanover College, 2008 A Thesis Approved on November 15,2012 By the following Thesis Committee: Dr. John McLeod, Thesis Director Dr. -
Maria Paleologina and the Il-Khanate of Persia. a Byzantine Princess in an Empire Between Islam and Christendom
MARIA PALEOLOGINA AND THE IL-KHANATE OF PERSIA. A BYZANTINE PRINCESS IN AN EMPIRE BETWEEN ISLAM AND CHRISTENDOM MARÍA ISABEL CABRERA RAMOS UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA SpaIN Date of receipt: 26th of January, 2016 Final date of acceptance: 12th of July, 2016 ABSTRACT In the 13th century Persia, dominated by the Mongols, a Byzantine princess, Maria Paleologina, stood out greatly in the court of Abaqa Khan, her husband. The Il-Khanate of Persia was then an empire precariously balanced between Islam, dominant in its territories and Christianity that was prevailing in its court and in the diplomatic relations. The role of Maria, a fervent Christian, was decisive in her husband’s policy and in that of any of his successors. Her figure deserves a detailed study and that is what we propose in this paper. KEYWORDS Maria Paleologina, Il-khanate of Persia, Abaqa, Michel VIII, Mongols. CapitaLIA VERBA Maria Paleologa, Ilkhanatus Persiae, Abaqa, Michael VIII, Mongoles. IMAGO TEMPORIS. MEDIUM AEVUM, XI (2017): 217-231 / ISSN 1888-3931 / DOI 10.21001/itma.2017.11.08 217 218 MARÍA ISABEL CABRERA RAMOS 1. Introduction The great expansion of Genghis Khan’s hordes to the west swept away the Islamic states and encouraged for a while the hopes of the Christian states of the East. The latter tried to ally themselves with the powerful Mongols and in this attempt they played the religion card.1 Although most of the Mongols who entered Persia, Iraq and Syria were shamanists, Nestorian Christianity exerted a strong influence among elites, especially in the court. That was why during some crucial decades for the history of the East, the Il-Khanate of Persia fluctuated between the consolidation of Christian influence and the approach to Islam, that despite the devastation brought by the Mongols in Persia,2 Iraq and Syria remained the dominant factor within the Il-khanate. -
The Mongols in Iran
chapter 10 THE MONGOLS IN IRAN george e. lane Iran was dramatically brought into the Mongol sphere of infl uence toward the end of the second decade of the thirteenth century. As well as the initial traumatic mili- tary incursions, Iran also experienced the start of prolonged martial rule, followed later by the domination and rule of the Mongol Ilkhans. However, what began as a brutal and vindictive invasion and occupation developed into a benign and cultur- ally and economically fl ourishing period of unity and strength. The Mongol period in Iranian history provokes controversy and debate to this day. From the horrors of the initial bloody irruptions, when the fi rst Mongol-led armies rampaged across northern Iran, to the glory days of the Ilkhanate-Yuan axis, when the Mongol- dominated Persian and Chinese courts dazzled the world, the Mongol infl uence on Iran of this turbulent period was profound. The Mongols not only affected Iran and southwestern Asia but they also had a devastating effect on eastern Asia, Europe, and even North Africa. In many parts of the world, the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas in particular, the Mongols’ name has since become synonymous with murder, massacre, and marauding may- hem. They became known as Tatars or Tartars in Europe and Western Asia for two reasons. Firstly, until Genghis Khan destroyed their dominance, the Tatars were the largest and most powerful of the Turco-Mongol tribes. And secondly, in Latin Tartarus meant hell and these tribes were believed to have issued from the depths of Hades. Their advent has been portrayed as a bloody “bolt from the blue” that left a trail of destruction, death, and horrifi ed grief in its wake. -
T.C. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI İLHANLILARIN ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİ VE OSMANLI TOPLUM VE DEVLET YAPISINA ETKİLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Meryem Tekin Ankara 2019 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI İLHANLILARIN ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİ VE OSMANLI TOPLUM VE DEVLET YAPISINA ETKİLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Meryem Tekin Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Abdullah Gündoğdu Ankara – 2019 T.C ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI Meryem Tekin İLHANLILARIN ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİ VE OSMANLI TOPLUM VE DEVLET YAPISINA ETKİLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Abdullah Gündoğdu Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmza .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... Tez Sınavı Tarihi: .................... TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ’NE Bu belge ile, bu tezdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu beyan ederim. Bu kural ve ilkelerin gereği olarak, çalışmada bana ait olmayan tüm veri, düşünce ve sonuçları andığımı ve kaynağını gösterdiğimi ayrıca beyan ederim.(…./…./2019) Tezi Hazırlayan Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı Meryem Tekin İmzası ………………. İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ v KISALTMALAR viii Kaynaklar ve Araştırmalar……………………………………………………….1 GİRİŞ……………………………………………………………………………...20 Cengiz Han Ve İmparatorluğu……………………………..………………..…..22 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM İLHANLI DEVLETİ’NİN ANADOLU -
The Jalayirids Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East
THE JALAYIRIDS DYNASTIC STATE FORMATION IN THE MONGOL MIDDLE EAST 1 PATRICK WING THE JALAYIRIDS The Royal Asiatic Society was founded in 1823 ‘for the investigation of subjects connected with, and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to Asia’. Informed by these goals, the policy of the Society’s Editorial Board is to make available in appropriate formats the results of original research in the humanities and social sciences having to do with Asia, defined in the broadest geographical and cultural sense and up to the present day. The Monograph Board Professor Francis Robinson CBE, Royal Holloway, University of London (Chair) Professor Tim Barrett, SOAS, University of London Dr Evrim Binbas¸, Royal Holloway, University of London Dr Barbara M. C. Brend Professor Anna Contadini, SOAS, University of London Professor Michael Feener, National University of Singapore Dr Gordon Johnson, University of Cambridge Dr Rosie Llewellyn Jones MBE Professor David Morgan, University of Wisconsin- Madison Professor Rosalind O’Hanlon, University of Oxford Dr Alison Ohta, Director, Royal Asiatic Society For a full list of publications by the Royal Asiatic Society see www.royalasiaticsociety.org THE JALAYIRIDS DYNASTIC STATE FORMATION IN THE MONGOL MIDDLE EAST 2 Patrick Wing For E. L., E. L. and E. G. © Patrick Wing, 2016 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road 12 (2f) Jackson’s Entry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ www.euppublishing.com Typeset in 11 /13 JaghbUni Regular by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 0225 5 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 0226 2 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 1093 9 (epub) The right of Patrick Wing to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No.