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بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Cultural Considerations As Facilitating بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Cultural Considerations as Facilitating means in Appreciating English Poetry with Focus on Figures of Speech A case study of , three Sudanese Universities. Ishragah Ahmed Abdul-Rahman Date: 31/ July/ 2016 1 بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم Cultural Considerations as a Facilitating means in Appreciating English Poetry with Focus on Figures of Speech A case study of , three Sudanese Universities. Ishragah Ahmed Abdul-Rahman M.A (ELT) Faculty of Education – Hantoub, University of Gezira (2011) B.A. in English Language, Faculty of Education – Hantoub, University of Gezira (2006) A Thesis Submitted to the University of Gezira in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Philosophic Doctorate in English Language Teaching ( English Literature ) Department of English Language, Faculty of Education – Hasahesa June 2016 2 Cultural Considerations as a Facilitating means in Appreciating English Poetry with Focus on Figures of Speech (A case study at EFL University Students' of Faculty of Arts –Omdurman Islamic University, University of Al fashir and Faculty of Education - University of Gezira ) Ishragah Ahmed Abdul-Rahman Supervision Committee Name Position Signature Dr. Lubab El Tayeb Main Supervisor ………...… Dr. Ahmed Gasmelsid Co- Supervisor …………… Date: July / 2016 3 Cultural Considerations as a Facilitating means in Appreciating English Poetry with Focus on Figures of Speech (A case study at EFL University Students' of Faculty of Arts –Omdurman Islamic University, University of Al fashir and Faculty of Education - University of Gezira ) Gezira State, Sudan (2016) Ishragah Ahmed Abdul-Rahman Examination Committee Name Position Signature Dr. Lubab El Tayeb Elmokashfi Chairperson ………… Prof. Abdel Mageid El Tayeb External Examiner ………… Dr. Abdel Gadir Mohammed Internal Examiner ………… Date: July / 2016 4 Declaration I declare that this thesis is the result of my own work, and has been done under the overall guidance of my supervisors Dr. Lubab El Tayeb El Mikashfi, and Dr. Ahmed Gasmelsid, at University of Gezira. And this thesis has not been submitted previously by and other researcher to any other university or institute. Whenever I have used outside sources, I have given due credit to them in the text and also document their works in the final references. 5 Dedication To a special woman …. Whose heart is of purest gold !! My Mom… 6 Acknowledgement First , all praise is for Allah who bless me to do this work. I am grateful to the main supervisor Dr. Lubab , she is really my spiritual mother , and no words could express my thanks and feelings towards her. I also thank my co-supervisor Dr. Ahmed Gasmelsid for his advice. The gratitude extends to the authorities at University of Al fashir – Faculty of Arts, Omdurman Islamic University – Faculty of Arts. Special thanks to Dr. Imad Ahmed Ali for his help in gathering the data of University of Gezira – Faculty of Education , and to my best friend Raja Elnour for her supports and help. 7 Cultural Considerations as a Facilitating means in Appreciating English poetry with Focus on Figures of Speech A case study of , three Sudanese Universities. Ishragah Ahmed Abdul-Rahman Abstract Poetry like other literary genres exists to be enjoyed and appreciated. The difficult task facing any instructor is to develop this sense of appreciation and enjoyment in students. The cultural considerations are very essential factors that help in appreciating English poetry. EFL Learners at University encounter many obstacles to understand and appreciate English poetry. Thus, knowledge of cultural aspects helps the students to overcome such problems. The study aimed to investigate cultural considerations as a facilitating means in appreciating English poetry. The study followed the descriptive analytical method. A diagnostic test and a corpus were chosen as tools of data collection. The test was distributed among (80) of EFL learners at faculties of Arts, Omdurman Islamic University and Al Fashir University. While the corpus was (40) students of English language at Faculty of Education- Hantoub, University of Gezira. The data were analyzed manually using percentage and mean . The obtained results reveal that cultural considerations can facilitate understanding and appreciating English poetry(61.25%). Since University students prove that they have a high ability to understand and appreciate English poetry in case they were exposed to the 8 cultural aspects included in the poems(75%). The study recommends that lecturers of poetry courses at university should encourage their students to study different aspects of culture and get aware of its importance in clarifying the images of poems and then increase their abilities to know how to work out the cultural meanings of words in the poem and that lead to poetry appreciation. It also advises teachers of poetry courses to use helpful techniques to increase learners appreciation of English poetry. 9 اﻻعتبارات الثقافية وسيلة تسهل تذوق الشعر اﻹنجليزي مع التركيز على الصور البﻻغية دراسة الحالة لطﻻب ثﻻثة جامعات سودانية إشراقه أحمد عبد الرحمن محمد نور ملخص البحث الشعر مثل غيره من ضروب اﻻدب, وجد ليستمتع به, يعجب به و يقدر حق قدره. من اصعب المهام التي تواجه اﻻساتذة المختصين هو تهيئة الطﻻب لﻻستمتاع و التذوق باﻷدب. تعد اﻻعتبارات الثقافية من العناصر الجوهرية التي تساهم في تبسيط و تسهيل تذوق الشعر اﻹنجليزي. كما يواجه طﻻب اللغة اﻹنجليزية في الجامعات عقبات تعيق استيعابهم و بالتالي تذوقهم للشعر اﻹنجليزي. ان معرفة اﻻوجه و اﻻبعاد الثقافية تساعد الطﻻب في التغلب على مثل هذه العوائق. تهدف الدراسة الى معرفة دور اﻻعتبارات الثقافية في تسهيل تذوق الشعر اﻹنجليزي. اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي . استعانت باﻻختبار التشخيصي و اختبار مسبق بوصفهما ادوات لجمع البيانات. بعد التأكد من ثباتهما و صدقهما وزع اﻻختبار لعدد )80( طالب بقسم اللغة اﻹنجليزية في كلية اﻵداب – جامعتي ام درمان اﻹسﻻمية و جامعة الفاشر, بينما جمع اﻻختبار المسبق لعدد )40( طالب بقسم اللغة اﻹنجليزية في كلية التربية – جامعة الجزيرة. تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام عمليات احصائية . برهنت الدراسة ان اﻻعتبارات الثقافية هي حقا وسيلة لتسهيل تذوق الشعر اﻹنجليزي)%61.25(. كما اظهرت ان الطﻻب لديهم قدره عالية ﻻستيعاب و تذوق الشعر اذا تعرفوا على اﻻوجه الثقافية للقصيدة )%75(. ثم اوصت الدراسة اﻻساتذة المختصين بتدريس الشعر اﻻنجليزي بتشجيع طﻻبهم لدراسة اوجه الثقافة المختلفة و ادراك اهميتها في توضيح الصور البﻻغية للقصيدة و من ثم معرفة كيفية استنباط المعاني الثقافية للكلمات و بالتالي تذوق الشعر. كما اوصت اﻻساتذة باستخدام طرق و تقنيات تزيد من استمتاع الطﻻب و تذوقهم للشعر اﻹنجليزي. 10 Table of Content No. Content Page Declaration iii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v Abstract (English and Arabic) vi Table of content viii List of Tables xi Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 1 1.3 Objectives of the study 2 1.4 Questions of the study 2 1.5 Hypotheses of the study 2 1.6 Significance of the study 3 1.7 Methodology of the study 3 1.8 Limits of the study 3 Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.0 Introduction 4 2.1 Historical Background 4 11 2.2 Definitions of Culture 4 2.3 Concept of Culture 6 2.4 Characteristics of Culture 6 2.5 Elements of Culture 8 2.6 Culture and Related Terms 10 2.6.1 Culture and Nation 10 2.6.2 Culture and Race 11 2.6.3 Culture and Ethnicity 11 2.6.4 Culture and Identity 11 2.7 Aspects of Culture 12 2.7.1 National Culture 12 2.7.2 Regional and Non – regional Cultures 12 2.7.3 Company Culture 12 2.7.4 Religious Culture 12 2.8 Cultural Change 13 2.9 Culture and Language 13 2.10 Culture and Symbols 14 2.11 Connotation VS Culture 15 2.12 Arabic and English Cultures 16 2.12.1 Arabic Culture 16 2.12.2 English Culture 17 12 2.13 Examples of Major Cultural Differences 17 2.14 Cultural Gaps and Problems of 18 Misinterpretation 2.15 Concept of Poetry 19 2.15.1 Definitions of Poetry 19 2.15.2 History of Poetry 20 2.15.2.1 The Earliest English poetry 20 2.15.2.2 The Renaissance (1485 – 1660 AD( 21 2.15.2.3 The Restoration and Enlightenment ( 23 (1660 – 1798 AD 2.15.2.4 The Flowering of Romanticism (1798 – ( 23 1832 AD 2.15.2.5 The Victorian Age (1832 – 1901 AD) 24 2.15.2.6 Emerging Modernism (1901 – 1950 AD) 25 2.15.2.7 Contemporary Poetry (1950 – Present) 25 2.15.3 Genres of Poetry 26 2.15.4 Elements of poetry 38 2.15.5 Form of English Poetry 41 2.16 Theories and schools of poetry 42 2.17 Inspiration of the Poem 45 2.18 Tools for reading poetry 46 2.19 Steps of Analyzing Poems 47 13 2.20 Figurative Language and Diction of 48 Poetry 2.21 Techniques for Facilitating 60 Understanding and Appreciating English poetry to EFL University Students 2.22 Poems for Analysis 63 2.23 Previous Studies 69 Chapter Three: Methodology of the study 3.0 Introduction 72 3.1 The Sample 72 3.2 Tools of Collecting Data 72 3.2.1 Content of the Test 72 3.2.1.2 Validity of the Test 73 3.2.2 Content of the Corpus 73 3.2.2.2 Validity of the Corpus 74 3.3 Tools of Data Analysis 74 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 4.0 Introduction 75 4.1 Results of the students' Test 75 4.2 Results of the Corpus 78 4.3 Discussion of the Results in Relation to 79 14 the Hypotheses of the Study Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations 5.0 Introduction 80 5.1 Conclusion 80 5.1.1 Findings 80 5.2 Recommendations 80 References 83 Appendix 90 15 List of Tables No. Title page 4.1.1 Students' Understanding of the Poem 75 Students' Appreciation of the Lines of the 75 4.1.2 Poem Students' Abilities to Recognize and 76 4.1.3 Discuss Figures of Speech Students' Recognition of the Cultural 76 4.1.4 element in the Poem Students' Abilities to Extract and Discuss 77 4.1.5 Figures of Speech Students' Understanding and 77 4.1.6 Appreciation of the Lines of the Poem Cultural Back ground role in Facilitating 78 4.1.7 Appreciation of English Poetry Cultural Background Effect on 78 4.2.1 Appreciating English Poetry Students' Abilities to Appreciate English 78 4.2.2 Poetry 16 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Poetry as one genre of literature has something special to others.
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