Fraude Financière, Dette Souveraine Et Impérialisme D'affaires Une Micro

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Fraude Financière, Dette Souveraine Et Impérialisme D'affaires Une Micro Fraude financière, dette souveraine et impérialisme d’affaires Une micro-histoire de l’échec de Poyais 1820-1824 THÈSE présentée à l’Institut de Hautes Etudes Internationales et du Développement pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur en histoire internationale par Damian CLAVEL Thèse N° 1288 Genève 2018 Fraude financière, dette souveraine et impérialisme d’affaires Une micro-histoire de l’échec de Poyais 1820-1824 © 2018 Damian CLAVEL INSTITUT DE HAUTES ETUDES INTERNATIONALES ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Fraude financière, dette souveraine et impérialisme d’affaires Une micro-histoire de l’échec de Poyais 1820-1824 THÈSE présentée à l’Institut de Hautes Etudes Internationales et du Développement pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur en histoire internationale par Damian CLAVEL Thèse N° 1288 Genève 2018 Damian CLAVEL Sur le préavis de M. Marc FLANDREAU, professeur à l’Institut et co-directeur de thèse, de Mme Pilar NOGUES-MARCO, professeur associé et co- directeur de thèse, de Mme Susanna Bettina HECHT, professeur à l’Institut et membre interne du jury, et de Mr Richard WHITE, Professor, Department of History, Stanford University, Stanford, USA et expert extérieur, le directeur de l'Institut de hautes études internationales et du développement autorise l'impression de la présente thèse sans exprimer par là d'opinion sur son contenu. Le dépôt officiel du manuscrit, en 7 exemplaires, doit avoir lieu au plus tard le 18 janvier 2019. Genève, le 18 décembre 2018 Philippe Burrin Directeur Thèse N° 1288 RESUME / ABSTRACT Titre de la thèse / Title of thesis : Fraude financière, dette souveraine et impérialisme d’affaires : une micro-histoire de l’échec de Poyais 1820-1824 Résumé en français: Le cas du pays « fictif » de Poyais, établi en Amérique Centrale par Gregor MacGregor entre 1820 et 1824, est souvent décrit comme la fraude financière « la plus audacieuse de l’Histoire ». Cette interprétation dépeint MacGregor, cacique de Poyais, comme un individu ayant émis un emprunt souverain au nom d’un état prétendu inexistant en vue d’un enrichissement personnel. Cette opération aurait alors été rendue possible par un engouement londonien généralisé pour les titres boursiers originaires d’Amérique du sud. A la lumière de documents d’archives parfois inédits, cette thèse propose une réécriture de l’histoire du Poyais. Le projet d’émettre une dette souveraine sur le marché des capitaux londoniens apparaît ainsi moins comme une fraude financière qu’une tentative échouée de financer l’établissement d’une colonie privée en Amérique centrale. En proposant une micro- histoire du cas de Poyais, cette thèse s’attelle surtout à réintégrer cet épisode particulier dans son environnement propre, défini essentiellement par une montée de projets commerciaux et financiers privés anglais visant à tirer profits des ressources naturelles des territoires américains politiquement mal définis d’un empire espagnol périclitant. L’échec du projet de MacGregor, destiné à financer une entreprise de développement commercial en Moskitie, émerge alors comme la résultante de divergences d’’intérêts d’acteurs autant métropolitains que périphériques. Comprendre l’échec du Poyais permet ainsi de mieux identifier les spécificités des fondations de relations de crédits entre de nouvelles entités politiques – en cours de définition – et la City de Londres, centre financier international en devenir. English Summary: The case of the “fictitious” country of Poyais, established in Central America by Gregor MacGregor between 1820 and 1824, has often been described as the “most audacious fraud in history.” MacGregor, Cacique of Poyais, is depicted as an individual who sold, solely for personal enrichment, sovereign bonds of a “land that never was” during the booming London-based South American sovereign debt bubble of the 1820s. However, an analysis of recently resurfaced archival sources allows for a complete rewriting of the Poyaisian story. Issuing a sovereign debt on the London capital market thus appears less as a financial fraud than a failed attempt at financing the establishing of a private colony in Central America. Offering a micro-history of Poyais, this dissertation focuses mainly on reintegrating this particular episode within its own environment, essentially defined by a rise of private English commercial and financial projects aimed at taking advantage of the natural resources of politically ill-defined American territories of a collapsing Spanish empire. The “failure” of MacGregor’s project, seeking to finance an enterprise based on the commercial development of the Miskitu Shore, results from diverging particular and specific interests of both metropolitan and peripheral actors. Understanding MacGregor’s “failed” attempt at financing and establishing Poyais therefore sheds light on essential dynamics of the foundations of credit relationships between newly formed political entities and the City of London, an international financial center in the making. Table des matières xi Table des matières Table des matières ..................................................................................................................... xi Table des illustrations ............................................................................................................. xiii Liste des tableaux ..................................................................................................................... xv Remerciements ........................................................................................................................ xvii Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre 1. Le mythe de Poyais .......................................................................................... 17 1.1 Madoff : la figure de l’escroc ......................................................................................... 17 1.2 MacGregor : le « roi des escrocs » ............................................................................... 26 1.3 Barthes : le mythe de Poyais ........................................................................................ 33 1.4 Ginzburg : outils d’une reconstruction ........................................................................... 44 1.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 54 Chapitre 2. La concession, ou la disruption d’un terrain d’entente ................................ 55 2.1 Waikna : éléments historiographiques .......................................................................... 56 2.2 George Frederic : l’entente de la Moskitie .................................................................... 65 2.3 Bennett : une oligarchie bélizienne ............................................................................... 78 2.4 Arthur : l’antiesclavagiste libéral ................................................................................... 91 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 105 Chapitre 3. À London (Allons donc) : un projet malléable ............................................. 107 3.1 Zea : éléments historiographiques .............................................................................. 108 3.2 Amelia : un premier État manqué ............................................................................... 112 3.3 Rothschild : le refus .................................................................................................... 122 3.4 Higson : la connexion jamaïcaine ............................................................................... 130 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 141 Chapitre 4. L’emprunt d’un État ....................................................................................... 143 4.1 Diston Powles : éléments historiographiques ............................................................. 144 4.2 Ogilvie : une fiction légale ........................................................................................... 153 4.3 Lowe : l’imprésario du souverain ................................................................................ 163 4.4 Douglas et Hastie : une malheureuse colonisation ..................................................... 175 4.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 184 xii Fraude financière, dette souveraine et impérialisme d’affaires Chapitre 5. La chute de Poyais ......................................................................................... 187 5.1 Richardson : Poyais coûte que coûte ......................................................................... 188 5.2 Albion : l’abandon du cacique ..................................................................................... 196 5.3 Hendricks : la mort de Poyais ..................................................................................... 205 5.4 Low : le procès de la dernière chance ........................................................................ 214 5.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 221 Epilogue : Wilmot-Horton, ou le gouvernement
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