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La Condición De Extranjero En El Tránsito De La Colonia a La República En La Nueva Granada, 1750-1830

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La Condición De Extranjero En El Tránsito De La Colonia a La República En La Nueva Granada, 1750-1830 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio UASB-DIGITAL Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar Sede Ecuador Área de Historia Doctorado en Historia La condición de extranjero en el tránsito de la Colonia a la República en la Nueva Granada, 1750-1830 Por: Rodrigo de J. García Estrada 2012 2 CLAUSULA DE CESION DE DERECHO DE PUBLICACION DE TESIS/MONOGRAFIA Yo, Rodrigo de J. García Estrada, autor/a de la tesis intitulada La condición de extranjero en el tránsito de la Colonia a la República en la Nueva Granada, 1750‐1830 mediante el presente documento dejo constancia de que la obra es de mi exclusiva autoría y producción, que la he elaborado para cumplir con uno de los requisitos previos para la obtención del título de Doctor en Historia en la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador. 1. Cedo a la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador, los derechos exclusivos de reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución y divulgación, durante 36 meses a partir de mi graduación, pudiendo por lo tanto la Universidad, utilizar y usar esta obra por cualquier medio conocido o por conocer, siempre y cuando no se lo haga para obtener beneficio económico. Esta autorización incluye la reproducción total o parcial en los formatos virtual, electrónico, digital, óptico, como usos en red local y en internet. 2. Declaro que en caso de presentarse cualquier reclamación de parte de terceros respecto de los derechos de autor/a de la obra antes referida, yo asumiré toda responsabilidad frente a terceros y a la Universidad. 3. En esta fecha entrego a la Secretaría General, el ejemplar respectivo y sus anexos en formato impreso y digital o electrónico. Fecha: Octubre 30 de 2012 Firma: 3 Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar Sede Ecuador Área de Historia Doctorado en Historia La condición de extranjero en el tránsito de la Colonia a la República en la Nueva Granada, 1750-1830 Por: Rodrigo de J. García Estrada Tutor: PhD. Juan Marchena Fernández Medellín, Colombia 2012 4 Abstract En esta tesis se estudian los rasgos de las políticas inmigratorias diseñadas por la corona española entre los siglos XVI y XVII, en su intento por garantizar el monopolio peninsular en el proceso de poblamiento de los territorios americanos. Ligado a lo anterior, se presentan evidencias empíricas de la manera cómo los europeos no españoles ingresaron al Nuevo Continente de manera legal o ilegal, mostrando la relativa inefectividad de las leyes al respecto. El análisis de una serie de casos de "extranjeros" que lograron su naturalización o se mezclaron con la población neogranadina en diferentes escenarios locales y provinciales, revelan la fuerza incontenible del proceso de expulsión de personas en Europa, y concomitante con esto, la fuerza de atracción que ejercían los territorios bajo dominio español. En este contexto se ubica la situación legal, social y económica de los extranjeros en sus sitios de residencia, señalando sus diferentes ocupaciones, relaciones e inserción social en las diferentes localidades durante el período colonial. Mediante estudios de caso se ilustran las diferentes estrategias que estuvieron a la mano de los inmigrantes para burlas la prohibiciones legales a su establecimiento. De esta manera se puede apreciar en forma global los factores jurídicos, sociales y culturales que constituyen un modelo particular de inserción de los extranjeros en un régimen restrictivo y prohibitivo que, de manera pragmática acudió al expediente de la inmigración selectiva, para aprovechar los conocimientos y pericia de aquellos en temas como la milicia, la medicina, la minería y las artes mecánicas. En comparación con los rasgos observados en el antiguo régimen, con el advenimiento de la Primera República -que en materia inmigratoria definió los perfiles de las políticas inmigratorias del siglo XIX colombiano-, se analiza con todo detalle las constituciones y leyes sobre el tema de la extranjería. Con base en estos documento se develan las continuidades con el sistema legal precedente y las rupturas formales en el orden del discurso, de corte liberal, referentes a la necesidades de favorecer el asentamiento de extranjeros para sacar a la Nueva Granada del atraso educativo y tecno-económico heredados de la época colonial. En este punto se analiza la participación de un grupo de extranjeros en el ejército bolivariano, algunos de los cuales obtuvieron su naturalización como reconocimiento por sus sacrificios y actos de valentía al servicio de la república. Dicha naturalización, desde el punto de vista de los granadinos santanderistas sólo les concedía la posibilidad de dedicarse a sus oficios, a casarse, aportar sus conocimientos y acumular capital, quedándo privados de derechos políticos, como la deliberación y toma de partido en las disputas político-militares. En tal sentido fueron decisivas sus actitudes y toma de posición en el partido bolivariano para provocar su expulsión del territorio granadino y, en su camino al exilio tuvieron entre sus destinos favoritos la naciente república de Venezuela, donde desde el siglo XVIII los extranjeros encontraron mejores condiciones legales, sociales y culturales para el goce de sus derechos. 5 Dedicatoria A la memoria de mi hermano Víctor Guillermo, mi primer maestro de dibujo y ajedrez, por enseñarme a superar los imposibles y a amar las artes, el conocimiento y los libros. A la memoria de mi profesora, amiga, colega y comadre Beatriz Patiño Millán, por el afecto, conocimiento y pasión por la historia. 6 Agradecimientos A la Universidad de Antioquia por apoyarme con la comisión de estudios que hizo posible mis estudios doctorales. A la profesora Patricia Londoño Vega, quien me sugirió realizar el doctorado en la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar (sede Ecuador), inaugurando una nueva fase de mi vida y de mi desarrollo profesional. A Juan Marchena Fernández, director de esta tesis, maestro y amigo quien con su entusiasmo, generosidad y palabras de aliento me aportó la energía que requiere este tipo de proyectos; sus lecciones metodológicas, su erudición en los temas militares inspiraron muchas de estas reflexiones. Al Dr. Enrique Ayala Mora, rector de la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar por la beca, hospitalidad y demás apoyos en mis estancias en Quito, y a los demás amigos del Doctorado en Historia: Guillermo Bustos y su esposa Rosemarie Terán, a Rocío Rueda y su esposo, a Santiago Cabrera y Juan Maiguashca. A mis compañeros de promoción: Ana Luz, Tatiana, Andrea, Juan, Germán, Franklin y Percy. A mi colega e inmejorable amigo Juan Carlos Jurado, quien dedicó sus vacaciones del 2011 a leer juiciosamente y comentar, corregir y mejorar el primer borrador de esta tesis. Buen juicio, capacidad crítica y ecuanimidad. A Luis Javier Villegas Botero, quien ha estado al tanto de mi proceso, acompañando y estimulando mi carrera. A los funcionarios del Archivo General de la Nación: Doctor Mauricio Tovar, Robir Gómez, Luz Miryan Guizado, Fabio Castro, Zenaida López, Fredy Duque y Anhji Meneses. A los funcionarios del Archivo Histórico Nacional de Ecuador, el Archivo Central del Cauca, Archivo Histórico de Antioquia, Archivo de Marinilla y Casa de la Convención de Rionegro. A mis auxiliares de investigación: John Alejandro Ricaurte, Alexis Tobón, Gustavo Vanegas, Frankly A. Suárez, Sandra Cristina Montoya. A Cielo Beatriz Diaz Cardona por su ayuda con la digitación de mis bases de datos. A Hugo Alberto Buitrago y su esposa Diana Durango por su hospitalidad en Bogotá. A los “malditos” de El Otoño: Andrés, Rafael, Carlos Mario, Giovanni, Hugo y Reinaldo. A los colegas Daniel Gutiérrez Ardila y Armando Martínez Garnica, quienes fueron generosos con información e indicaciones. 7 Contenido Introducción ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Capítulo 1: ................................................................................................................................................ 21 Balance historiográfico, tendencias y aportes ............................................................................. 21 1.1. Estudios sobre la inmigración española durante la época colonial ............................ 21 1.2. Visiones sobre los extranjeros en la historiografía sobre la Independencia de Colombia ................................................................................................................................. 34 1.3. Historiografía sobre legiones y militares extranjeros en la Independencia de Colombia ................................................................................................................................. 47 Capítulo 2: ................................................................................................................................................ 63 Los antecedentes coloniales: leyes, cifras y mecanismos de inserción, siglos XVI al XVIII ............................................................................................................................................................ 63 2.1. Los límites de las leyes ..................................................................................................... 63 2.1.2. Los extranjeros en el Derecho Indiano ...................................................................... 65 2.2. La emigración legal y sus resultados ................................................................................ 84 2.3. Vías de inserción y naturalización de los extranjeros
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