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Cross Country Skiing Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Cross Country Skiing EDITED BY Heikki Rusko PhD KIHUaResearch Institute for Olympic Sports 40700 Jyväskylä Finland Blackwell Science Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Cross Country Skiing IOC Medical Commission Sub-Commission on Publications in the Sport Sciences Howard G. Knuttgen PhD (Co-ordinator) Boston, Massachusetts, USA Harm Kuipers MD, PhD Maastricht, The Netherlands Per A.F.H. Renström MD, PhD Stockholm, Sweden Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Cross Country Skiing EDITED BY Heikki Rusko PhD KIHUaResearch Institute for Olympic Sports 40700 Jyväskylä Finland Blackwell Science © 2003 by Blackwell Science Ltd a Blackwell Publishing Company Blackwell Science, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5018, USA Blackwell Science Ltd, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL, UK Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Blackwell Wissenschafts Verlag, Kurfürstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cross country skiing / edited by Heikki Rusko. p. cm. — (Handbook of sports medicine and science) Includes index. ISBN 0-632-05571-5 1. Cross country skiing. I. Rusko, Heikki. II. Series. RC1220.C77 C76 2002 617.1′027′0887969—dc21 2002004862 ISBN 0-632-05571-5 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 9/12pt Melior by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in India by Replica Press PVT Ltd Commissioning Editor: Andrew Robinson Production Editor: Nick Morgan Production Controller: Kate Wilson For further information on Blackwell Science, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents 2 Biomechanics of cross country skiing, 32 Gerald A. Smith 3 Training for cross country skiing, 62 Heikki Rusko 4 Medical aspects of cross country skiing, 101 Ola Ronsen 5 Special and practical issues in cross country skiing, 141 List of contributors, vi Ola Ronsen and Heikki Rusko Forewords by the IOC, vii 6 Psychological factors in cross country skiing, 176 Yuri Hanin Foreword by the FIS, viii Index, 189 Preface, ix 1 Physiology of cross country skiing, 1 Heikki Rusko v List of contributors Yuri Hanin PhD KIHUaResearch Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland Ola Ronsen MD Norwegian Olympic Sports Center, PO Box 4004, Ullevaal Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway Heikki Rusko PhD KIHUaResearch Institute for Olympic Sports, Rautpohjankatu 6, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland Gerald A. Smith PhD Norwegian University of Sport and Physical Education, PO Box 4014, Ullevaal Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway vi Forewords by the IOC Two cross country skiing events were included in the inaugural Olympic Winter Games in 1924, held in Chamonix, France. Thorleif Haug (Norway) won both of the races included in the programme, the Men’s 18 km and the Men’s 50 km. An event for women was not included in the competition until 1952 when Lydia Wideman (Finland) won the Women’s 10 km in Oslo. This sport challenges men and women athletes in the areas of nutrition and physiological conditioning. The longer races represent physical challenges equal to the endurance events of other On behalf of the Olympic Movement, I convey my Olympic sports. best wishes to the Editor and contributing authors I would like to thank Dr Heikki Rusko and his team of this valuable publication and to its readership, of expert authors for having compiled a Handbook including fellow medical professionals and coaches that addresses every aspect of the sport: physiology, working directly with the athletes of the world. nutrition, biomechanics, environment, medical This Handbook covers all relevant areas of the considerations, psychology, and equipment. Both historical sport of cross country skiing which saw basic scientific information and practical applications its first competitions held at the end of the 19th are presented in a clear and readable style. century and which was included in the programme For knowledgeable competitors, the Handbook will of the I Olympic Winter Games in Chamonix in 1924. provide a wealth of valuable information to assist in Since that time, this event has developed both in both conditioning and actual competition. terms of participation and technical difficulty. This publication provides up-to-date informative material Prince Alexandre de Merode as well as serving as an easily comprehensible Chairman, IOC Medical Commission reference guide. I wish you all enjoyable reading. Dr Jacques Rogge IOC President vii Foreword by the FIS the small danger of injury, and, especially, the health values, give the quality of ‘a higher pace of life’ in the context of a sensible use of leisure time. Internationally recognized experts have taken great pains to summarize the various medical, physiological, biomechanical, and practical aspects of cross country skiing in this Handbook. They have accomplished this in a highly successful manner. Not only will sports scientists, medical doctors, coaches, and athletes benefit from this publication but also all persons who participate in and enjoy the sport Few other sports have experienced such an explosive of cross country skiing. growth in interest and participation in past decades Respect, recognition, and congratulations must go as has Nordic Skiing. Originating from Scandinavia to the Editor and contributing authors of this Cross and now enjoyed everywhere where nature brings Country Skiing Handbook and special thanks to the snow to people, a broad spectrum of the population International Olympic Committee and its Medical has become fascinated with this sporting activity. Commission for making this publication possible. Enthusiastically practised by young and old people of both genders, cross country skiing takes the person Professor Dr Ernst Raas out into nature and gives adventure, enjoyment, and Chairman, Medical Committee regeneration. The aesthetic, comprehensive, and International Ski Federation natural motion together with the ease of learning, viii Preface must be based on a detailed analysis of the determin- ants of successful skiing performance and, in cross country skiing, the determinants are more abundant than in many other sports. The ski tracks are not constant, environmental conditions can vary con- siderably, and equipment is employed by both the legs (skis) and the arms (ski poles). The purpose of this handbook is to bring both basic and applied information on cross country skiing to the coaches, knowledgeable cross country skiers, sports medicine physicians, physical therapists, and other Competitive cross country skiing is one of the most interested readers. The main emphasis is to improve demanding sports. It requires a high maximal oxygen the training and performance of young and adult uptake, fast force production and ability to resist skiers who want to become elite competitors. In this fatigue, good skiing techniques, and high-quality skis handbook, probably for the first time, the new models that are well prepared. In addition, a skier has to be of endurance performance are described and applied able to cope with the stress of Olympic level ski races to the training for cross country skiing. Similarly, new and to cooperate with coaches, service staff, sponsors, approaches for successful performance are presented and mass media. Finally, an elite skier has to maintain regarding other aspects of the sport. a state of good health, especially before and during I wish to acknowledge the Medical Commission of the most important races, in order to stand on the the International Olympic Committee for appreciating medallists’ podium for the international ski races. the need for this kind of new handbook for the cross The distances of ski races range from 5 to 30 km country ski community and, in particular, Professor for women and from 10 to 50 km for men. Recently, Howard G. Knuttgen for his unfailing support sprint skiing races with up to 4 repetitions of throughout this project. I am grateful to each of the distances 1000–1700 m have been included in the contributing authors for their outstanding efforts, programme of international ski competitions. The especially to Dr Ola Ronsen, who contributed to the two different racing techniques, classical and free quality of this publication in a major way by sharing style, and the new short-distance sprint races have the expertise of the Norwegian scientific and medical resulted in increased velocities and emphasized community as regards cross country skiing. the importance of both neuromuscular factors and Heikki Rusko PhD skiing technique as determinants of high level skiing Jyväskylä, Finland performance. The training for cross country skiing ix Chapter 1 and it has been suggested that functional systems not related to oxygen transport and aerobic energy V production may even limit O2max and maximum Physiology of cross endurance performance. Therefore, the classical theories of endurance performance are re-evaluated country skiing and discussed with applications to training for cross country skiing.
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