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The Effect of Dholuo on Lunyore: a Case of Lexical Borrowing

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THE EFFECT OF DHOLUO ON LUNYORE: A CASE OF LEXICAL BORROWING OCHILO, GEORGE OGOT C50/80425/2015 A RESEACRCH PROJECT PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN LINGUISTICS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2018 DECLARATION This research project is my own original work and has never been submitted for a degree award in any university. .................................................................. ............................................................ Ochilo George Ogot Date C50/80425/2015 This research project has been submitted for examination with our approval as the candidate’s university supervisors. .................................................................. ............................................................ Prof. Jane Oduor Date Department of Linguistics and Languages University of Nairobi .................................................................. ............................................................ Prof. Kithaka wa Mberia Date Department of Linguistics and Languages University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION Dedicated to my little sons: Ivor and Mitch and daughter: Shanelle for the invaluable endearing names that they have not only christened me but also earned me and the spackle they have added into my life and to, all the young people that look up to me, desire and emulate my way of life. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty God for enabling me reach this far with my studies and subsequently delving into this research project. Secondly, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors: Professor Jane Oduor and Professor Kithaka wa Mberia of the Department of Linguistics and Languages, Faculty of Arts of the University of Nairobi for their close concern and invaluable scholarly guidance throughout all the stages involved in the planning, drafting and writing of this research project. I thank my lecturers in the Department of Linguistics namely: Prof.Okoth Okombo -Posthumous, Professor Helga Schroeder, Dr Marete Gideon, Dr. Ayub Mukhwana, Dr. Basilio Mungania, Mr. Herman Manyora and Dr Maloba Wekesa for their scholarly instruction and advice. I also would like to acknowledge my classmates in the Linguistics Group Nine in general and Rahab Njeri, Velma Okatso, Martha Seje and Davins Ombongi in particular for their friendly company, advice and continuous encouragement throughout the life of this class. It would be imprudent if I rejoiced and jubilated about my academic success without appreciating the great input placed in my life and family by my Sister-in-law: Sister Irene Indekhwa Okatso, Sister-in-law Mrs Jacquelin Okatso - Mwanje and Mr Kenneth Mwanje Lusala, brother-in-law Mike Khamati and his wife Mrs Lilian Mwangi - Khamati, my brother Joseph Asesa Ochilo and mother-in-law Mrs Phanice Okatso for their concern, encouragement, advice, material support and prayers. May our loving God bless my dear wife Mrs Velma Okatso - Ogot. It was not by chance that we became classmates. I do appreciate your love, advice, encouragement, inspiration and company throughout this sloppy and hilly academic journey. I would not forget my little daughter Judy-Shanelle and little two sons Mitch and Ivor for their love, sensitivity and discipline throughout this period that declared Dad’s and Mum’s silence and at times the painful unpredicted absence from home. For my Dholuo speaking informants such as Mr Opiyo Ndege: May Nyasaye ogwedhu /ɲa:saje oɡʊeðʊ/; and for my Lunyore informants: May Wele abalabie /wɛ:ɭe aβaɭaβɪe/. May God Bless You. May all of you co-exist in peace and harmony as your languages do while enriching each other. iv TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION........................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Lexical Borrowing ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Background of Dholuo Language ............................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Background of the Lunyore Language ........................................................................................ 4 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................ 5 1.3 Research Questions .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Justification of the Study ................................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Scope and Limitations ....................................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................ 10 1.9 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................... 15 1.10 Methodology................................................................................................................................. 16 1.10.1 Data Collection ........................................................................................................................... 16 1.10.2 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 19 LEXICAL CATEGORIES AND LUNYORE WORD BORROWING MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES FROM DHOLUO...................................................................................... 19 2.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Lexical Categories of Items Borrowed from Dholuo into Lunyore ................................................... 19 2.2 Borrowing Mechanisms and Word Formation Processes ................................................................ 34 2.2.1 Direct Loans ............................................................................................................................. 36 v 2.2.2 Loan Translations ..................................................................................................................... 43 2.2.3 Loan shifts ................................................................................................................................ 45 2.2.4 Clipping .................................................................................................................................... 45 2.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 48 SEMANTIC CHANGE IN WORDS BORROWED INTO LUNYORE FROM DHOLUO 48 3.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 48 3.1 Zero Semantic Change .................................................................................................................... 48 3.2 Semantic Broadening ...................................................................................................................... 55 3.3 Semantic Narrowing........................................................................................................................ 57 3.4 Meaning Shift .................................................................................................................................. 60 3.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................
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