Microprocessor Training

New Products - MicroController products (1 hour) n Microprocessor Systems n The Embedded Microprocessor Market n Altera Solutions n System Design Considerations n Uncovering Sales Opportunities

Altera has solutions for this market today.

n Microprocessor: The implementation of a computer’s central processor unit functions on a single LSI device.

n Microcontroller: A self-contained system with a microprocessor, memory and peripherals on a single chip.

“Just add software.”

Microprocessor: Motorola PowerPC 600 Microcontroller: Motorola 68HC16

© 2000 Altera Corporation 6 Altera Confidential Two Types of Processors Computational Embedded n Programmable by the end-user to n Performs a fixed set of functions that accomplish a wide range of define the product. User may applications configure but not reprogram. n Runs an operating system n May or may not use an operating system n Program exists on mass storage n Program usually exists in ROM or or network Flash n Tend to be: n Tend to be: – Microprocessors – Microcontrollers – More expensive (ASP $193) – Less expensive (ASP $12) n Examples n Examples – Work Station – Cell Phone – PC – Camera – Network Server – Set Top Box

n System-on-a-Programmable-Chip opportunities lie primarily in the embedded market space – High peripheral content – Highly customizable – Specialized functionality requirements

n Processor is required - heart of the design n Value is in the peripheral content n Development tools are critical

DRAM FLASH SRAM Timer DMA Interrupt Chip Controller I/F I/F Counter Controller Controller Selects

General Purpose UART I2C CAN USB SPI Ethernet I/O

Stepper Quadrature ATM HDLC SPI MAC PLL Motor Decoder

LCD Keypad PCMCIA Centronics A to D D to A PWM

Cores Available Today

I/F to External Device

STMicroelectronics Company 1998 1999 3% Motorola $2.03 $2.54 Microchip TI $1.88 $2.47 3% Hitachi $1.33 $1.28 Lucent $0.98 $1.16 Philips Motorola NEC $1.03 $1.16 5% 21% Mitsubishi $0.80 $1.00 Intel Intel $0.79 $0.86 8% Philips $0.55 $0.51 Microchip $0.29 $0.42 STMicroelectronics $0.33 $0.41 Mitsubishi 8%

TI 19% NEC 10%

Lucent * Includes DSPs Hitachi 10% 13%

All Others 13%

Intel 7% 68000 39%

PowerPC 8%

x86 15%

* Does not include DSPs or ASIC/ASSP MIPS implementations 18%

n Core Components – CPU32 microcontroller – Intermodule bus (IMB) – External bus interface (EBI) – Chip selects – Clock circuitry

n Modules Added Motor Control 16 Channels – SRAM Period/pulse width Stepper motor – Time Processor Unit Transition counter – Queued Serial Module PWM Quadrature decode Time accumulator n Applications Frequency – Automotive – Motor control UART Full duplex Baud rate generator n ASP - $11.00 Synchronous Serial I/F to External ADC Chip selects Master/slave

Independent Single Chip Operation n Modules Added Timers 4 timebases Customizable TPU – TPU RAM Counters – Mask ROM PWM – Independent timers – CAN Controller – A-to-D Converter n Applications – Industrial automation – Motor control – Automotive

Industrial/Automotive Communications n ASP - $30.00 CAN 2.0B

Internal ADC 8 input mux © 2000 Altera Corporation 8 or 10-bit resolution 8 digital outputs 15 Altera Confidential Example: Motorola 68360 n Modules Added Telecommunications Ethernet – DMA Controller Appletalk HDLC – Timers X.25 Frame relay – Communications SDLC Processor FSDLC TDM T1, CEPT, IDL GCI, ISDN n Applications UART Synchronous – Telecom Bisync Multi-drop – LAN SPI Centronics parallel n 8.3 MIPS at 33MHz n ASP - $60.00 Glueless I/F DRAM SRAM EPROM Flash © 2000 Altera Corporation 16 Altera Confidential Embedded Microcontroller Trends

n Architectures – 32-bit: Fastest growing

– 16-bit: Beginning to displace 8-bit parts • ASP decreasing • Single chip Flash comes in 16-bit parts • Increasing code size requires wider bus

– 8-bit: Largest category ($ and units) • Expect volume to decrease as 16-bit parts displace 8-bit

n Largest overall growth is in microcontroller-based ASSPs

© 2000 Altera Corporation 17 Altera Confidential Microcontroller-Based ASSP / ASIC n OEM customers choose architecture AND implementation – Processor as IP from processor vendor – Processor provided by foundry n Fixed function ASSP – OEM is unaware of processor or has no ability to reprogram

Millions of Units 900 Computational

800 Embedded

700 MPU-Based ASSP

600 Source: Dataquest (Feb 2000)

500

400

300

200

100

0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

n Processor core – Range from 8051 to MIPS n Peripherals – Memory I/F – DMA – Serial – Parallel – DSP – Communications n On-chip bus n Customer design

Processor / Processor Peripherals Remaining Target Speed Vendor Architecture MIPS Cost Included LE EAB Device Grade Price * 8-uRISC 1 timer, 1 UART, SPI 8-bit 19 $2.58 2053 10 EP1K50 -3 $18.00 VAutomation I2C (EEPROM), P1284

VZ80 8-bit 5 $5.08 2964 12 EP1K100 -3 $25.00 VAutomation

C8051 32 GP I/O, 1 serial 8-bit 4 $8.41 2132 9 EP1K100 -3 $25.00 Cast 2 timer/counters, Mem I/F

R80515 56 GP I/O, 2 serial 8-bit 28 $11.53 386 10 EP1K100 -3 $25.00 Cast 4 timer/counters, PWM

D80530 32 GP I/O, 2 serial 8-bit 6 $12.65 441 9 EP1K100 -3 $25.00 Cast 3 timer/counters

LX4180 32-bit RISC 26 $11.10 20320 150 EPF20K400E -3 $125.00 Lexra

Xtensa Multiply-Accumulate 32-bit RISC 24 $82.63 6640 29 EPF20K400E -3 $125.00 Tensilica On-Chip Debug

LX4280 Multiply-Accumulate 32-bit RISC 36 $123.77 12320 52 EPF20K600E -3 $215.00 Lexra On-Chip Debug

LX5280 Dual Multiply-Accumulate 32-bit RISC 36 $132.58 30240 164 EPF20K1000E -3 $400.00 Lexra On-Chip Debug

* Budgetary pricing, Q1 2001, 10,000 piece qty

% of IP LE 1K100 8051 2860 57% On-Chip Bus 400 8% I2C 313 6% Total 3573 72% Remaining 1419 28%

* Based on budgetary pricing, Q1 2001, 1K100-3, 10,000 piece qty

40 LX5280 LX4280

30 R80515 ARC Xtensa LX4180

20 V8-uRISC

10 D80530 C8051 VZ80 0 Cast VAutomation ARC Tensilica Lexra

n Software development tools available ...... 66.9% n Available I/O ...... 55.5% n Price ...... 55.2% n Hardware development tools available ...... 41.5% n Familiarity with architecture/instruction set ...... 32.4% n Speed ...... 31.4% n Code compatibility ...... 30.8% n Documentation ...... 29.4% n Company’s reputation ...... 25.4% n Delivery / response time ...... 22.4% * Embedded Systems Programming Subscriber Study 5/98

n Hardware Engineering n Software Engineering – Designs the hardware – Develops the firmware (PLD, ASIC, system, – Writes the application software etc.) – Considers assembly code to – Builds the boards be “hardware” – May write “bring-up” code – Important criteria – Important criteria • S/W development tools • Peripherals • Processor performance • Processor (MIPS) performance (MIPS) • RTOS (if required) – Peripheral support • Development board

n High-level language compiler ( C ) n Assembler n Linker n Debugger

C source code

Assembly Object code Compiler code

or Hand tweak

Object C Libraries Assembler Code

Object Linker code

Executable Program

n Converts high-level language to “object” code (binary) or assembly source code n Compiler is target (processor) specific – Example: C compiler for Motorola 68000 n High level language code is portable – Uses high-level commands that are machine independent n Software libraries are plentiful

© 2000 Altera Corporation 30 Altera Confidential Assembler n Converts processor assembly source code to “object” code n Processor specific (not portable) – Uses low-level processor instruction set (MOV, JMP, ADD, etc.) n Provides greatest access to the hardware – Can be hand optimized for speed and/or size n Common uses – Hardware initialization routines – Device drivers

n Combines one or more object files into an executable program n Resolves symbolic references between object files (subroutine calls) n Extracts object modules from libraries as needed n Prepares the code to run in RAM or ROM

© 2000 Altera Corporation 33 Altera Confidential Development Kit n Development board – Processor – Memory – I/O (headers) – Peripherals (serial, LED/LCD) n Debug monitor – Download code – Run / stop / step – Set breakpoints – Test access (serial, JTAG) n Software (source or library) – Initialization code – Drivers

Serial / JTAG / BDM

n Code is written and compiled n Monitor program runs on on PC development board n Software debugger – Upload executable code communicates with monitor – Start / stop / set break point / step program running on the – Memory examination development board

n No development board - Relay Race

Hardware Engineering Software Engineering

Time to market

n With development board - Sprint

Hardware Engineering

Software Engineering

Time to market © 2000 Altera Corporation 36 Altera Confidential In-Circuit Emulation (ICE) n External module “emulates” the processor n Facilitates board bring-up and software development n Declining in popularity as debug tools move inside the chip (on-chip debug)

8051 ICE

PC Running Emulation Emulation Module Software

n OCD core included inside processor n Run control, memory/register access, etc. n JTAG, BDM (Motorola), EJTAG (MIPS), N-Wire (NEC)

PC Running Debug Software

© 2000 Altera Corporation 38 Altera Confidential Software Trace (a.k.a. PC Trace) n Shows the actual sequence of code execution n Captures addresses from program counter as processor runs n Requires external box for acquisition

© 2000 Altera Corporation 39 Altera Confidential Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) n Reasons for using: – Jump-starts software development (C library vs. assembly code) – Task management – External memory management – Interface for mass storage devices (file system) n Two levels: – Kernel (basic task, memory management) – Full OS (support for disk drives, serial ports, etc.) n Top 6 vendors / RTOS

1. RYO (Roll Your Own) 4. Mentor Graphics (VRTX) 2. Wind River (VxWorks) 5. QNX Software Systems (QNX) 3. ISI (PSOS) 6. Embedded Power Corp (RTXC)

Processor Compiler Debugger RTOS Development Board Testbench 8-uRISC Micrium Intellicore Prototyping System HiTech Software C HiTech Software Yes VAutomation uC/OS-II RTOS (10K100)

VZ80 HiTech Software C Softools Softools Yes VAutomation Softools C In-Circuit Emulator TurboTask RTOS

C8051 8051 Demo Board Numerous 3rd Party Numerous 3rd Party Numerous 3rd Party VHDL Cast (10K100E)

R80515 8051 Demo Board Numerous 3rd Party Numerous 3rd Party Numerous 3rd Party VHDL Cast (10K100E)

D80515 8051 Demo Board Numerous 3rd Party Numerous 3rd Party Numerous 3rd Party VHDL Cast (10K100E)

LX4180 Lexra Green Hills LX4280 Embedded Performance Wind River: VxWorks RTOS Altera SOPC Lexra Wind River Public Domain: PMON GNU C LX5280 Lexra

Xtensa ATI - Nucleus PLUS GNU C/C++ GNU C/C++ XT-1000 Device Emulation Kit Tensilica Wind River - VxWorks Precise Software - MQX Arc Metaware Metaware ARC Angel Development Kit Express Logic -ThreadX ARC Cores High C, C++ SeeCode (10K100) ATI -Nucleus

© 2000 Altera Corporation 41 Altera Confidential Common MCU Difficulties n Long lead times – A single microcontroller come in a wide range of configurations • Motorola 68HC11 comprised of 86 unique parts • Variations of peripherals, memory and packages • Your part competes with the other 85 variants at the supplier’s wafer fab n Difficulty moving to C – Large investment in assembly routines “lock” you to a specific microcontroller – Code includes bug “work-arounds” - locks you to a specific vendor n Lack of necessary device drivers – Peripheral is useless without software support – Left as an “exercise for the user”

© 1999 Altera Corporation 43 Altera Confidential Trouble Opportunities n They may be moving to a high-level language such as “C” – Reduce dependence on processor-specific legacy code n Difficulties getting specific microcontroller variant – Off-the-shelf PLD more readily available than MCU variant

© 2000 Altera Corporation 44 Altera Confidential Growth Opportunities n Looking for added functionality not in current microcontroller – Altera IP or custom solution n Already using PLD, can incorporate MCU as well – Migrate from $25 MCU + $20 PLD to $35 PLD n Need more performance – Hardware acceleration – Higher performance processor

© 2000 Altera Corporation 45 Altera Confidential Call To Action n Initiate a conversation with your customer’s project / engineering management to learn the following: – What processor(s) will they be using in their next design? – What peripherals do they require with the processor? – Who is responsible for software development? – What programming language do they use? • High-level (e.g. C, C++), assembly – Do they require an operating system? • If so, which do they use now?

n SOPC represents a large, fast growing sales opportunity n Requirements: – Processor core is the heart – Peripherals provide value – Development tools are essential n Altera offers compelling solutions today n And . . .