Microprocessor Training
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Microprocessors and Microcontrollers © 1999 Altera Corporation 1 Altera Confidential Agenda New Products - MicroController products (1 hour) n Microprocessor Systems n The Embedded Microprocessor Market n Altera Solutions n System Design Considerations n Uncovering Sales Opportunities © 2000 Altera Corporation 2 Altera Confidential Embedding microprocessors inside programmable logic opens the door to a multi-billion dollar market. Altera has solutions for this market today. © 2000 Altera Corporation 3 Altera Confidential Microprocessor Systems © 1999 Altera Corporation 4 Altera Confidential Processor Terminology n Microprocessor: The implementation of a computer’s central processor unit functions on a single LSI device. n Microcontroller: A self-contained system with a microprocessor, memory and peripherals on a single chip. “Just add software.” © 2000 Altera Corporation 5 Altera Confidential Examples Microprocessor: Motorola PowerPC 600 Microcontroller: Motorola 68HC16 © 2000 Altera Corporation 6 Altera Confidential Two Types of Processors Computational Embedded n Programmable by the end-user to n Performs a fixed set of functions that accomplish a wide range of define the product. User may applications configure but not reprogram. n Runs an operating system n May or may not use an operating system n Program exists on mass storage n Program usually exists in ROM or or network Flash n Tend to be: n Tend to be: – Microprocessors – Microcontrollers – More expensive (ASP $193) – Less expensive (ASP $12) n Examples n Examples – Work Station – Cell Phone – PC – Camera – Network Server – Set Top Box © 2000 Altera Corporation 7 Altera Confidential Target Market n System-on-a-Programmable-Chip opportunities lie primarily in the embedded market space – High peripheral content – Highly customizable – Specialized functionality requirements n Processor is required - heart of the design n Value is in the peripheral content n Development tools are critical © 2000 Altera Corporation 8 Altera Confidential Microcontroller Peripherals DRAM FLASH SRAM Timer DMA Interrupt Chip Controller I/F I/F Counter Controller Controller Selects General Purpose UART I2C CAN USB SPI Ethernet I/O Stepper Quadrature ATM HDLC SPI MAC PLL Motor Decoder LCD Keypad PCMCIA Centronics A to D D to A PWM IR Cores Available Today I/F to External Device © 2000 Altera Corporation Not Available Today 9 Altera Confidential The Embedded Microprocessor Market © 1999 Altera Corporation 10 Altera Confidential Global Microcontroller* Sales ($14.1 billion) STMicroelectronics Company 1998 1999 3% Motorola $2.03 $2.54 Microchip TI $1.88 $2.47 3% Hitachi $1.33 $1.28 Lucent $0.98 $1.16 Philips Motorola NEC $1.03 $1.16 5% 21% Mitsubishi $0.80 $1.00 Intel Intel $0.79 $0.86 8% Philips $0.55 $0.51 Microchip $0.29 $0.42 STMicroelectronics $0.33 $0.41 Mitsubishi 8% TI 19% NEC 10% Lucent * Includes DSPs Hitachi 10% 13% © 2000 Altera Corporation 11 Source: Semico Research Corp. Altera Confidential Embedded mP Architectures* by Revenue All Others 13% Intel 7% 68000 39% PowerPC 8% x86 15% * Does not include DSPs or ASIC/ASSP MIPS implementations 18% © 2000 Altera Corporation 12 Source: Dataquest (Feb 2000) Altera Confidential Example: Motorola 683XX Architecture n Core Components – CPU32 microcontroller – Intermodule bus (IMB) – External bus interface (EBI) – Chip selects – Clock circuitry © 2000 Altera Corporation 13 Altera Confidential Example: Motorola 68332 n Modules Added Motor Control 16 Channels – SRAM Period/pulse width Stepper motor – Time Processor Unit Transition counter – Queued Serial Module PWM Quadrature decode Time accumulator n Applications Frequency – Automotive – Motor control UART Full duplex Baud rate generator n ASP - $11.00 Synchronous Serial I/F to External ADC Chip selects Master/slave © 2000 Altera Corporation 14 Altera Confidential Example: Motorola 68376 Independent Single Chip Operation n Modules Added Timers 4 timebases Customizable TPU – TPU RAM Counters – Mask ROM PWM – Independent timers – CAN Controller – A-to-D Converter n Applications – Industrial automation – Motor control – Automotive Industrial/Automotive Communications n ASP - $30.00 CAN 2.0B Internal ADC 8 input mux © 2000 Altera Corporation 8 or 10-bit resolution 8 digital outputs 15 Altera Confidential Example: Motorola 68360 n Modules Added Telecommunications Ethernet – DMA Controller Appletalk HDLC – Timers X.25 Frame relay – Communications SDLC Processor FSDLC TDM T1, CEPT, IDL GCI, ISDN n Applications UART Synchronous – Telecom Bisync Multi-drop – LAN SPI Centronics parallel n 8.3 MIPS at 33MHz n ASP - $60.00 Glueless I/F DRAM SRAM EPROM Flash © 2000 Altera Corporation 16 Altera Confidential Embedded Microcontroller Trends n Architectures – 32-bit: Fastest growing – 16-bit: Beginning to displace 8-bit parts • ASP decreasing • Single chip Flash comes in 16-bit parts • Increasing code size requires wider bus – 8-bit: Largest category ($ and units) • Expect volume to decrease as 16-bit parts displace 8-bit n Largest overall growth is in microcontroller-based ASSPs © 2000 Altera Corporation 17 Altera Confidential Microcontroller-Based ASSP / ASIC n OEM customers choose architecture AND implementation – Processor as IP from processor vendor – Processor provided by foundry n Fixed function ASSP – OEM is unaware of processor or has no ability to reprogram © 2000 Altera Corporation 18 Altera Confidential Five-Year Worldwide Microprocessor Forecast Millions of Units 900 Computational 800 Embedded 700 MPU-Based ASSP 600 Source: Dataquest (Feb 2000) 500 400 300 200 100 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 © 2000 Altera Corporation 19 Altera Confidential Altera Solutions © 1999 Altera Corporation 20 Altera Confidential System-On-a-Programmable Chip n Processor core – Range from 8051 to MIPS n Peripherals – Memory I/F – DMA – Serial – Parallel – DSP – Communications n On-chip bus n Customer design © 2000 Altera Corporation 21 Altera Confidential Processor in PLD: Price / Performance Processor / Processor Peripherals Remaining Target Speed Vendor Architecture MIPS Cost Included LE EAB Device Grade Price * 8-uRISC 1 timer, 1 UART, SPI 8-bit 19 $2.58 2053 10 EP1K50 -3 $18.00 VAutomation I2C (EEPROM), P1284 VZ80 8-bit 5 $5.08 2964 12 EP1K100 -3 $25.00 VAutomation C8051 32 GP I/O, 1 serial 8-bit 4 $8.41 2132 9 EP1K100 -3 $25.00 Cast 2 timer/counters, Mem I/F R80515 56 GP I/O, 2 serial 8-bit 28 $11.53 386 10 EP1K100 -3 $25.00 Cast 4 timer/counters, PWM D80530 32 GP I/O, 2 serial 8-bit 6 $12.65 441 9 EP1K100 -3 $25.00 Cast 3 timer/counters LX4180 32-bit RISC 26 $11.10 20320 150 EPF20K400E -3 $125.00 Lexra Xtensa Multiply-Accumulate 32-bit RISC 24 $82.63 6640 29 EPF20K400E -3 $125.00 Tensilica On-Chip Debug LX4280 Multiply-Accumulate 32-bit RISC 36 $123.77 12320 52 EPF20K600E -3 $215.00 Lexra On-Chip Debug LX5280 Dual Multiply-Accumulate 32-bit RISC 36 $132.58 30240 164 EPF20K1000E -3 $400.00 Lexra On-Chip Debug * Budgetary pricing, Q1 2001, 10,000 piece qty © 2000 Altera Corporation 22 Altera Confidential Altera SOPC Example n 8051-Based SOPC – Memory I/F – Serial / Parallel I/O – I2C Interface – 1419 LEs for user design – Cost $17* % of IP LE 1K100 8051 2860 57% On-Chip Bus 400 8% I2C 313 6% Total 3573 72% Remaining 1419 28% * Based on budgetary pricing, Q1 2001, 1K100-3, 10,000 piece qty © 2000 Altera Corporation 23 Altera Confidential Performance by Processor Core Performance (MIPS) 50 40 LX5280 LX4280 30 R80515 ARC Xtensa LX4180 20 V8-uRISC 10 D80530 C8051 VZ80 0 Cast VAutomation ARC Tensilica Lexra © 2000 Altera Corporation 24 Altera Confidential System Design Considerations © 1999 Altera Corporation 25 Altera Confidential Top 10 Embedded MPU Selection Criteria* n Software development tools available . 66.9% n Available I/O . 55.5% n Price . 55.2% n Hardware development tools available . 41.5% n Familiarity with architecture/instruction set . 32.4% n Speed . 31.4% n Code compatibility . 30.8% n Documentation . 29.4% n Company’s reputation . 25.4% n Delivery / response time . 22.4% * Embedded Systems Programming Subscriber Study 5/98 © 2000 Altera Corporation 26 Altera Confidential The Decision Makers/ Influencers n Hardware Engineering n Software Engineering – Designs the hardware – Develops the firmware (PLD, ASIC, system, – Writes the application software etc.) – Considers assembly code to – Builds the boards be “hardware” – May write “bring-up” code – Important criteria – Important criteria • S/W development tools • Peripherals • Processor performance • Processor (MIPS) performance (MIPS) • RTOS (if required) – Peripheral support • Development board © 2000 Altera Corporation 27 Altera Confidential Software Development Tools n High-level language compiler ( C ) n Assembler n Linker n Debugger © 2000 Altera Corporation 28 Altera Confidential Software Tool Flow C source code Assembly Object code Compiler code or Hand tweak Object C Libraries Assembler Code Object Linker code Executable Program © 2000 Altera Corporation 29 Altera Confidential Compiler n Converts high-level language to “object” code (binary) or assembly source code n Compiler is target (processor) specific – Example: C compiler for Motorola 68000 n High level language code is portable – Uses high-level commands that are machine independent n Software libraries are plentiful © 2000 Altera Corporation 30 Altera Confidential Assembler n Converts processor assembly source code to “object” code n Processor specific (not portable) – Uses low-level processor instruction set (MOV, JMP, ADD, etc.) n Provides greatest access to the hardware – Can be hand