DOCSLIB.ORG

Agriculture, Power, and Community in Kaupō, Maui

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

On the Cloak of Kings: Agriculture, Power, and Community in Kaupō, Maui By Alexander Underhill Baer A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Patrick V. Kirch Professor Kent G. Lightfoot Professor Anthony R. Byrne Spring 2015 On the Cloak of Kings: Agriculture, Power, and Community in Kaupō, Maui Copyright © 2015 By Alexander Underhill Baer Table of Contents List of Figures iv List of Tables viii Acknowledgements x CHAPTER I: OPENING THE WATERS OF KAUPŌ Introduction 1 Kaupō’s Natural and Historical Settings 3 Geography and Environment 4 Regional Ethnohistory 5 Plan of the Dissertation 7 CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING KAUPŌ: THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF POWER AND PRODUCTION Introduction 9 Last of the Primary States 10 Of Chiefdoms and States 12 Us Versus Them: Evolutionism Prior to 1960 14 The Evolution Revolution: Evolutionism and the New Archaeology 18 Evolution Evolves: Divergent Approaches from the 1990s Through Today 28 Agriculture and Production in the Development of Social Complexity 32 Lay of the Landscape 36 CHAPTER 3: MAPPING HISTORY: KAUPŌ IN MAPS AND THE MAHELE Introduction 39 Social and Spatial Organization in Polynesia 40 Breaking with the Past: New Forms of Social Organization and Land Distribution 42 The Great Mahele 47 Historic Maps of Hawaiʻi and Kaupō 51 Kalama Map, 1838 55 Hawaiian Government Surveys and Maps 61 Post-Mapping: Kaupō Land Grants from the Archives 76 The Documents of Kaupō: Conclusions from the 19th Century 79 i CHAPTER 4: SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF KAUPŌ’S ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES Introduction 81 Kaupō: The Ecological Setting 82 Watering the Plants: The Hydrology of Fog Drip, Springs, and Rainfall 86 Surface Age and Nutrient Capacity 89 Dirt, Nutrients, and Productive Potential 92 Base Saturation 94 Calcium 95 Phosphorus 98 Rock Percent 101 The Cultural Landscape: Surveys, Settlement Patterns, and Life in Space 102 Aerial Imagery, Remote Sensing, and Landscape Assessment 102 Initial Exploration of Kaupō 106 Surveying the Moku: Methodologies and Approaches 110 Site Classification: Formal and Functional Types Found Throughout Kaupō 115 Total Sites and the Criteria for Categorization 116 Spatial Analyses of Kaupō 121 All Sites and Disturbed Areas 122 Ritual Sites 127 Residential Sites 138 Platforms 146 Agricultural Features 148 Conclusions: Site Distribution and Spatial Organization 151 CHAPTER 5: KAUPŌ BENEATH THE SURFACE: EXCAVATION AND CHRONOLOGY Introduction 153 Historical and Theoretical Approaches to Hawaiian Excavation 154 Household Archaeology 156 Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Considerations 157 Site Excavations 159 Kau-149 161 Kau-307 165 Kau-314 169 Kau-333 173 Kau-362 183 Kau-371 191 Kau-407 195 Kau-409 198 Kau-433 202 ii Kau-535 207 Kau-536 207 Kau-551 214 Kau-561 222 Kau-568 226 Kau-580 233 Kau-999 239 Summary and Conclusions 248 CHAPTER 6: MARGIN TO CORE AND BACK AGAIN: THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF KAUPŌ Introduction 249 Population Projection and Census Data 249 Mokulau: An Early Sociopolitical Center 251 Broader Chronology: All Dates from Nuʻu and Kaupō 252 The Ritual Network in Time and Space 261 The Changing Face of Kaupō 263 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUDING THOUGHTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further Research in Kaupō 265 The Place of Kaupō in Hawaiian History REFFERENCES CITED 268 APPENDIX A: SITE CHARACTERISTICS 294 APPENDIX B: SITE DESCRIPTIONS 315 iii List of Figures Figure 1.1: Kaupō and southeastern Maui 4 Figure 3.1: The Roberts Map of Hawaiʻi 52 Figure 3.2: The Baker Map 54 Figure3.3: The Emerson Map of Oʻahu 55 Figure 3.4: The Kalama Map as a whole 56 Figure 3.5: Close up of Maui from the Kalama Map 57 Figure 3.6: Molokaʻi in the Kalama Map 58 Figure 3.7: Lanaʻi in the Kalama Map 59 Figure 3.8: Kaupō isolated in the Kalama Map 60 Figure 3.9: Map of southeastern Maui land claims until 1881 63 Figure 3.10: Further land claims from the 1800s 65 Figure 3.11: Land parcels from throughout Kaupō 68 Figure 3.12: LCA awards in Kaupō 69 Figure 3.13: Royal patents 73 Figure 4.1: Southeastern Maui 83 Figure 4.2: Digital elevation model of Kaupō 84 Figure 4.3: Photograph looking up at Kaupō Gap 85 Figure 4.4: Overhead DEM of Kaupō Fan 86 Figure 4.5: DEM and rainfall 88 Figure 4.6: DEM with more recent rain measurements 89 Figure 4.7: Map of Kaupō’s geologic substrates 90 Figure 4.8: GIS interpretation of substrate ages 91 Figure 4.9: Location of soil sample test locations 93 Figure 4.10: Base saturation 95 Figure 4.11: Ca++ measures 96 Figure 4.12: CaO percentage 97 Figure 4.13: Ratio of Ca++ to CaO 98 Figure 4.14: Raw count of Resin-P 99 iv Figure 4.15: Percentage of P2O5. 100 Figure 4.16: Ratio of P to Resin-P 101 Figure 4.17: Estimated rock percentage 102 Figure 4.18: Aerial photo with interpreted walls 104 Figure 4.19: Photos of differential growth on archaeological sites 107 Figure 4.20: Exaggerated profiles of field embankments 109 Figure 4.21: Areas surveyed 111 Figure 4.22: Sample of data collected 113 Figure 4.23: Field form sample 115 Figure 4.24: Rank scale plot of Kaupō heiau 120 Figure 4.25: All sites found in survey blocks 122 Figure 4.26: Sites on different geologic substrates 123 Figure 4.27: Close aerial photo of different surfaces 124 Figure 4.28: Sites and areas of disturbance 125 Figure 4.29: Density of all sites 126 Figure 4.30: Walker Map of southeastern Maui 128 Figure 4.31: Walker Map georeferenced 128 Figure 4.32: Walker Map overlaid on Kaupō 129 Figure 4.33: Walker sites and corresponding relocated temples with original map 132 Figure 4.34: Walker sites and corresponding relocated temples 133 Figure 4.35: Offset between Walker and modern sites 133 Figure 4.36: Ritual locations in Kaupō 134 Figure 4.37: Major and minor ritual sites 137 Figure 4.38: Residential site distribution 138 Figure 4.39: Density of residential sites 139 Figure 4.40: Air photo of kauhale house cluster 141 Figure 4.41: Buffer around house sites 142 Figure 4.42: Potential house clusters 143 Figure 4.43: House clusters across Kaupō 144 Figure 4.44: Further distribution of potential kauhale 145 Figure 4.45: Platform sites 147 Figure 4.46: Density of platform sites 148 Figure 4.47: Agricultural walls and geologic substrates 149 v Figure 4.48: Walls and areas of modern disturbance 150 Figure 4.49: Agricultural features 151 Figure 5.1: Location of excavated sites 160 Figure 5.2: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-149 162 Figure 5.3: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-149 164 Figure 5.4: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-307 166 Figure 5.5: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-307 168 Figure 5.6: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-314 170 Figure 5.7: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-314 172 Figure 5.8: Stratigraphic profiles of Kau-333, TU1 175 Figure 5.9: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-333, TU2 176 Figure 5.10: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-333, TU4 177 Figure 5.11: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-333, TU5 178 Figure 5.12: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-333 180-181 Figure 5.13: Stratigraphic profiles of Kau-362, TU1E 184 Figure 5.14: Stratigraphic profiles of Kau-362, TU1N 185 Figure 5.15: Stratigraphic profiles of Kau-362, TU2 186 Figure 5.16: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-362 188-189 Figure 5.17: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-371 192 Figure 5.18: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-371 193-194 Figure 5.19: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-407 196 Figure 5.20: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-407 197 Figure 5.21: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-409 199 Figure 5.22: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-409 201 Figure 5.23: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-433 203 Figure 5.24: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-433 205-206 Figure 5.25: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-536, TU2 209 Figure 5.26: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-536, TU3 210 Figure 5.27: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-536 212-213 Figure 5.28: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-551, TU1 216 Figure 5.29: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-551, TU2 217 Figure 5.30: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-551 219-220 vi Figure 5.31: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-561 223 Figure 5.32: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-561 225 Figure 5.33: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-568, TU1 227 Figure 5.34: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-568, TU2 228 Figure 5.35: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-568 230-231 Figure 5.36: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-580, TU1 234 Figure 5.37: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-580, TU2 235 Figure 5.38: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-580 237-238 Figure 5.39: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-999, TU1 240 Figure 5.40: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-999, TU2 241 Figure 5.41: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-999, TU3 242 Figure 5.42: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-999, TU4 243 Figure 5.43: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-999 245-246 Figure 6.1: All radiocarbon dates from ritual contexts 257 Figure 6.2: Radiocarbon dates from residential sites 259 Figure 6.3: Major and minor temples, with some highlighted 261 vii List of Tables Table 3.1: List of all land divisions described in Kaupō 66 Table 3.2: Land claim awards and their total areas 70 Table 3.3: Total lands distributed in the Mahele and late-1800s 74-75 Table 4.1: Distribution of formal site types 117 Table 4.2: Site types subdivided by structure form 117 Table 4.3: Interpretation of functional site classes 118 Table 4.4: List of Walker’s ritual sites and their modern relocations 130-131 Table 4.5: Ritual sites beyond those described by Walker 135 Table 5.1: Material
Recommended publications
  • The Hawaiian Military Transformation from 1770 to 1796

    The Hawaiian Military Transformation from 1770 to 1796

    4 The Hawaiian Military Transformation from 1770 to 1796 In How Chiefs Became Kings, Patrick Kirch argues that the Hawaiian polities witnessed by James Cook were archaic states characterised by: the development of class stratification, land alienation from commoners and a territorial system of administrative control, a monopoly of force and endemic conquest warfare, and, most important, divine kingship legitimated by state cults with a formal priesthood.1 The previous chapter questioned the degree to which chiefly authority relied on the consent of the majority based on the belief in the sacred status of chiefs as opposed to secular coercion to enforce compliance. This chapter questions the nature of the monopoly of coercion that Kirch and most commentators ascribed to chiefs. It is argued that military competition forced changes in the composition and tactics of chiefly armies that threatened to undermine the basis of chiefly authority. Mass formations operating in drilled unison came to increasingly figure alongside individual warriors and chiefs’ martial prowess as decisive factors in battle. Gaining military advantage against chiefly rivals came at the price of increasing reliance on lesser ranked members of ones’ own communities. This altered military relationship in turn influenced political and social relations in ways that favoured rule based more on the consent and cooperation of the ruled than the threat of coercion against them for noncompliance. As armies became larger and stayed in the field 1 Kirch (2010), p. 27. 109 TRANSFORMING Hawai‘I longer, the logistics of adequate and predictable agricultural production and supply became increasingly important and the outcome of battles came to be less decisive.
  • The Dread Taboo, Human Sacrifice, and Pearl Harbor

    The Dread Taboo, Human Sacrifice, and Pearl Harbor

    The Dread Taboo, Human Sacrifice, and Pearl Harbor RDKHennan The word taboo, or tabu, is well known to everyone, but it is especially interesting that it is one of but two or possibly three words from the Polynesian language to have been adopted by the English-speaking world. While the original meaning of the taboo was "Sacred" or "Set apart," usage has given it a decidedly secular meaning, and it has become a part of everyday speech all over the world. In the Hawaiian lan­ guage the word is "kapu," and in Honolulu we often see a sign on a newly planted lawn or in a park that reads, not, "Keep off the Grass," but, "Kapu." And to understand the history and character of the Hawaiian people, and be able to interpret many things in our modern life in these islands, one must have some knowledge of the story of the taboo in Hawaii. ANTOINETTE WITHINGTON, "The Dread Taboo," in Hawaiian Tapestry Captain Cook's arrival in the Hawaiian Islands signaled more than just the arrival of western geographical and scientific order; it was the arrival of British social and political order, of British law and order as well. From Cook onward, westerners coming to the islands used their own social­ civil codes as a basis to judge, interpret, describe, and almost uniformly condemn Hawaiian social and civil codes. With this condemnation, west­ erners justified the imposition of their own order on the Hawaiians, lead­ ing to a justification of colonialism and the loss of land and power for the indigenous peoples.
  • Visibility Analysis of Oahu Heiau

    Visibility Analysis of Oahu Heiau

    Visibility Analysis of Oahu Heiau A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY May 2012 By Kepa Lyman Thesis Committee: Matthew McGranaghan, Chair Hong Jiang William Chapman Keywords: heiau, intervisibility, viewshed analysis Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... IV INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER OUTLINE ..................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER I. HAWAIIAN HEIAU ............................................................................................................ 8 HEIAU AS SYMBOL ..................................................................................................................................... 8 HEIAU AS FORTRESS ................................................................................................................................. 12 TYPES ......................................................................................................................................................
  • Ad E& MAY 2 6 1967

    Ad E& MAY 2 6 1967

    FEBRUARY, 1966 254 &Ad e& MAY 2 6 1967 Amstrong, Richard,presents census report 145; Minister of Public Abbott, Dr. Agatin 173 Instruction 22k; 227, 233, 235, 236, Abortion 205 23 7 About A Remarkable Stranger, Story 7 Arnlstrong, Mrs. Richard 227 Adms, Capt . Alexander, loyal supporter Armstrong, Sam, son of Richard 224 of Kamehameha I 95; 96, 136 Ashford, Volney ,threatens Kalakaua 44 Adans, E.P., auctioneer 84 Ashford and Ashford 26 Adams, Romanzo, 59, 62, 110, 111, ll3, Asiatic cholera 113 Ilk, 144, 146, 148, 149, 204, 26 ---Askold, Russian corvette 105, 109 Adams Gardens 95 Astor, John Jacob 194, 195 Adams Lane 95 Astoria, fur trading post 195, 196 Adobe, use of 130 Atherton, F.C, 142 ---mc-Advertiser 84, 85 Attorney General file 38 Agriculture, Dept. of 61 Auction of Court House on Queen Street kguiar, Ernest Fa 156 85 Aiu, Maiki 173 Auhea, Chiefess-Premier 132, 133 illmeda, Mrs. Frank 169, 172 Auld, Andrew 223 Alapai-nui, Chief of Hawaii 126 Austin, James We 29 klapai Street 233 Automobile, first in islands 47 Alapa Regiment 171 ---Albert, barkentine 211 kle,xander, Xary 7 Alexander, W.D., disputes Adams 1 claim Bailey, Edward 169; oil paintings by 2s originator of flag 96 170: 171 Alexander, Rev. W.P., estimates birth mile: House, Wailuku 169, 170, 171 and death rates 110; 203 Bailey paintings 170, 171 Alexander Liholiho SEE: Kamehameha IV Baker, Ray Jerome ,photographer 80, 87, 7 rn Aliiolani Hale 1, 41 opens 84 1 (J- Allen, E.H., U.S. Consul 223, 228 Baker, T.J.
  • Notes on Hawaiian Residency in the Lahaina District Transitions in Residency and Land Tenure

    Notes on Hawaiian Residency in the Lahaina District Transitions in Residency and Land Tenure

    Notes on Hawaiian Residency in the Lahaina District The system of traditional Hawaiian land use and subsistence practices were extensively researched in the 1920s-1930s, by E.S. Handy, E.G. Handy, and M. Kawena Pukui (1940 and 1972). The authors compiled extensive historical records and conducted field interviews with elder kama‘äina—firsthand participants in the old lifeways—to document traditional customs and practices associated with land use and residency throughout the Hawaiian Islands. Among the places visited were the lands of the Lahaina District (Handy, 1940; and Handy, et al., 1972). In describing Lahaina as a chiefly center, and the nature of land use and residency in the area, Handy, Handy and Pukui (1972) offered the following comments: …West Maui had two main centers of population concentrated in areas where the abundant streams from the deeply eroded central dome brought water to large lo‘i systems. Of these two we take that on the southern coast as our Type Area, because there are better descriptions from early times. Lahaina District was a favorable place for the high chiefs of Maui and their entourage for a number of reasons: the abundance of food from both land and sea; its equable climate and its attractiveness as a place of residence; it had probably the largest concentration of population, with its adjoining areas of habitation; easy communication with the other heavily populated area of eastern and northeastern West Maui, "The Four Streams," and with the people living on the western, southwestern and southern slope of Haleakala; and its propinquity to Lanai and Molokai.
  • Heiau and Noted Places of the Makena–Keone'ö'io Region

    Heiau and Noted Places of the Makena–Keone'ö'io Region

    HEIAU AND NOTED PLACES OF THE MAKENA–KEONE‘Ö‘IO REGION OF HONUA‘ULA DESCRIBED IN HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS (1870S-1930S) This section of the study presents readers with verbatim accounts of heiau and other cultural properties as described by researchers in the region of Honua‘ula—with emphasis on the ahupua‘a of Ka‘eo—since 1916. Detailed research was conducted in collections of the Bishop Museum, Maui Historical Society, Mission Children’s Society Library-Hawaiian Historical Society, and Hawaii State Archives as a part of this study. While a significant collection of references to traditional-cultural properties and historical sites was found, only limited and inconclusive documentation pertaining to the “Kalani Heiau” (Site 196) on the Garcia family property was located. Except for documentation associated with two kuleana awarded during the Mähele of 1848, no other information pertaining to sites on the property was located in the historical accounts. In regards to the “Kalani Heiau,” the earliest reference to a heiau of that name was made in 1916, though the site was not visited, or the specific location given. It was not until 1929, that a specific location for “Kalani Heiau” was recorded by W. Walker (Walker, ms. 1930-31), who conducted an archaeological survey on Maui, for the Bishop Museum. The location of Walker’s “Site No. 196” coincides with that of the “Kalani Heiau” on the Garcia property, but it also coincides with the area claimed by Mähele Awardee, Maaweiki (Helu 3676)—a portion of the claim was awarded as a house lot for Maaweiki. While only limited information of the heiau, and other sites on the property could be located, it is clear that Site No.
  • 2Nd Grade Pre Visit Packet

    2Nd Grade Pre Visit Packet

    Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum Education Program 2nd Grade Teacher Resource Packet P.O. Box 125, Puunene, Hawaii 96784 Phone: 808-871-8058 Fax: 808-871-4321 [email protected] http://www.sugarmuseum.com/outreach/#education https://www.facebook.com/AlexanderBaldwinSugarMuseum/ The Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum is an 501(c)(3) independent non-profit organization whose mission is to preserve and present the history and heritage of the sugar industry, and the multiethnic plantation life it engendered. All rights reserved. In accordance with the US Copyright Act, the scanning, uploading and electronic sharing of any part of these materials constitutes unlawful piracy and theft of the Museum’s intellectual property. For more information about the legal use of these materials, contact the Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum at PO Box 125, Puunene, Hawaii 96784. Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum Education Program 2nd Grade Teacher Resource Packet Table of Contents Education Program Statement Overview: • Reservations • Tour Size & Length • Admission Fee • Chaperone Requirements • Check In • Lunch • Rain • Rules Nametags Gallery Map Outdoor Map of Activity Stations* Education Standards Vocabulary Words The Process of Sugar Explained One Armed Baldwin Story Greetings in Different Languages *For a complete description of outdoor activities, see “Second Grade Activities Descriptions” or “Chaperone Activities Descriptions” at our website, http://www.sugarmuseum.com/outreach/#education Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum Education Program Statement What we do As the primary source of information on the history of sugar on Maui, the Alexander & Baldwin Sugar Museum responds to the educational needs of the community by developing programs that interpret the history of the sugar industry and the cultural heritage of multiethnic plantation life; providing online learning materials in an historic setting; providing learning materials online, and supporting educators’ teaching goals.
  • A Brief History of the Hawaiian People

    A Brief History of the Hawaiian People

    0 A BRIEF HISTORY OP 'Ill& HAWAIIAN PEOPLE ff W. D. ALEXANDER PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE HAWAIIAN KINGDOM NEW YORK,: . CINCINNATI•:• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK C.OMPANY Digitized by Google ' .. HARVARD COLLEGELIBRAllY BEQUESTOF RCLANOBUr.ll,' , ,E DIXOII f,'.AY 19, 1936 0oPYBIGRT, 1891, BY AlilBIOAN BooK Co)[PA.NY. W. P. 2 1 Digit zed by Google \ PREFACE AT the request of the Board of Education, I have .fi. endeavored to write a simple and concise history of the Hawaiian people, which, it is hoped, may be useful to the teachers and higher classes in our schools. As there is, however, no book in existence that covers the whole ground, and as the earlier histories are entirely out of print, it has been deemed best to prepare not merely a school-book, but a history for the benefit of the general public. This book has been written in the intervals of a labo­ rious occupation, from the stand-point of a patriotic Hawaiian, for the young people of this country rather than for foreign readers. This fact will account for its local coloring, and for the prominence given to certain topics of local interest. Especial pains have been taken to supply the want of a correct account of the ancient civil polity and religion of the Hawaiian race. This history is not merely a compilation. It is based upon a careful study of the original authorities, the writer having had the use of the principal existing collections of Hawaiian manuscripts, and having examined the early archives of the government, as well as nearly all the existing materials in print.
  • Pahua Heiau, Maunalua, O‘Ahu

    Pahua Heiau, Maunalua, O‘Ahu

    Ke Kula Wela La o Pahua The Cultural and Historical Significance of Pahua Heiau, Maunalua, O‘ahu Research Division Land, Culture, and History May 2014 Holly Coleman, M.A. Research Analyst Front and Back Cover: Pahua Heiau, Maunalua, O‘ahu. Source: OHA, 2014. 2 Executive Summary OHA received its first landholding, Pahua Heiau, in 1988. Pahua sits on a small 1.15 acre parcel of land located in southeastern O‘ahu in a residential neighbor- hood of Maunalua (which is now known as Hawai‘i Kai). This report seeks to explore the cultural and historical narratives of Pahua Heiau. It is hoped that this effort will renew a modern, collective understanding of Pahua as a wahi pana (storied place) and will guide stewardship practices within OHA. Pahua remains a vital cultural and historical resource for Native Hawaiians and the broader community. The goal of this report is to make important ‘ike ‘äina (intimate and nuanced knowledge about a place) about Pahua Heiau more readily available to the public, and will hopefully inform future decisions about the site. OHA seeks to steward Pahua in a way that fulfills OHA’s kuleana to Native Ha- waiians, honors Pahua as a wahi pana (storied, noted, legendary place), and ac- tively involves the community in care of the site. In particular, Pahua represents an important opportunity to develop and implement strategies that are rooted in traditional Native Hawaiian cultural practices and informed by Native Hawaiian epistemologies in ways that cultivate meaningful, impactful, and long–term stew- ardship. Executive
  • Legends of Maui

    Legends of Maui

    Legends of Maui W.D. Westervelt Legends of Maui Table of Contents Legends of Maui..................................................................................................................................................1 W.D. Westervelt.......................................................................................................................................1 HELPS TO PRONOUNCIATION..........................................................................................................1 PREFACE................................................................................................................................................1 I. MAUI'S HOME....................................................................................................................................3 II. MAUI THE FISHERMAN................................................................................................................7 III. MAUI LIFTING THE SKY.............................................................................................................14 IV. MAUI SNARING THE SUN..........................................................................................................16 V. MAUI FINDING FIRE.....................................................................................................................22 VI. MAUI THE SKILLFUL..................................................................................................................30 VII. MAUI AND TUNA........................................................................................................................34
  • Ka Moolelo O Kauai O Kukona Ka Mo’I O Ke Aupuni O Kauai, Huiia Me Kaula, Niihau, a Me Lehua I Na KA MOOLELO KAUA‘I’S Makahiki 1400

    Ka Moolelo O Kauai O Kukona Ka Mo’I O Ke Aupuni O Kauai, Huiia Me Kaula, Niihau, a Me Lehua I Na KA MOOLELO KAUA‘I’S Makahiki 1400

    Ka Moolelo o Kauai O Kukona ka mo’i o ke aupuni o Kauai, huiia me Kaula, Niihau, a me Lehua i na KA MOOLELO KAUA‘I’S makahiki 1400. Noloko mai no o Kukona kekahi lalani alii nana i hoomalu maluna o ka aina a hiki ia Kaumualii (hanauia 1778 a make 1824) a lilo ke aupuni ia Kamehameha i ka makahiki 1810 ma ke kuikahi mawaena o ke aupuni o Kauai a O KAUAI HERITAGE me ke aupuni o Kamehameha. O Manokalanipo ke keiki a Kukona. Oia ka mo’i i mele nui ia’i iloko o na mele e like me Nani Waialeale a me Kauai Beauty. O ke kumu o kona mele nui ia ana, no ka Holomua ka Naauao A Growing Society mea, oia ka mo’i o ka aina nei nana i kukulu i kona aupuni me ka hoonohonoho pono ana i na mahele aina like ole he moku a he ahupuaa me ka hoonoho ana i Ua holomua loa ka naauao o kanaka mamuli o ke akamai Kānaka Maoli (native Hawaiians) have lived in the area na alii maluna o kela me keia na lakou e lawelawe no ka pono o ka lahui. Mamuli o o ka noho alii ana o Manokalanipo. I kona wa i kukuluia’i surrounding Kānei‘olouma for several centuries. Upon keia papa hana, ua lako ka aina a lako ka ai a me ka i’a na kanaka. Ma ia hope mai na loko ia e like me ka mea kamaaina i keia au nei, a peia settling the area, Kānaka Maoli organized their system ikeia ka laha loa o ka maluhia maluna o ka aina a ua nui ke alohaia o ua mo’i nei.
  • Historical Ethnography and Archaeology of Russian Fort Elisabeth State Historical Park, Waimea, Kaua'i

    Historical Ethnography and Archaeology of Russian Fort Elisabeth State Historical Park, Waimea, Kaua'i

    Historical Ethnography and Archaeology of Russian Fort Elisabeth State Historical Park, Waimea, Kaua'i Peter R Mills Department ofAnthropology, University ofVermont Introduction There is a sign on the highway in Waimea, Kaua'i in the Hawaiian Islands with the words "Russian Fort" printed on it. Local residents use the same term to refer to the State Historical Park that the sign marks. I give this introduction not because it is the best, but because it is the one that everyone else gets. Fort Elisabeth was built in Waimea, Kaua' i following an alliance between Kaumuali'i, paramount chief of Kaua'i, and Georg Anton Schiffer of the Russian-American Company (RAC) in 1816. Georg Schaffer and the RAC were forced to leave Kaua'i in 1817 which left Kaumuali'i in sole control of the fort. Most tourists visiting the site are surprised to fmd that Russians were building forts in the Hawaiian Islands, but the story of Fort Elisabeth and two smaller forts (Alexander and Barclay) on the north shore of Kaua'i (Figure 1) has been "well-tilled" (Barratt 1988:v) for over a century (Alexander 1894; Barratt 1988:15-24; Bolkhovitinov 1973; Bradley 1942; Emerson 1900; Golder 1930; Gronski 1928; Jarves 1844:201-203; Mazour 1937; Mehnert 1939: 22-65; Okun 1951; Pierce 1965; Tumarkin 1964:134-166; Whitney 1838:48-51). On Kaua'i, Fort Elisabeth seems to be perceived as a cumbersome and obscure monument to 19th century European expansion, lacking in any connection to traditional Hawaiian landscapes. Within the academic community, little recent attention focuses on the fort other than Richard Pierce's Russia's Hawaiian Adventure 1815-1817 (1965) with a follow-up article by Bolkhovitinov (1973).