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Agriculture, Power, and Community in Kaupō, Maui

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Agriculture, Power, and Community in Kaupō, Maui On the Cloak of Kings: Agriculture, Power, and Community in Kaupō, Maui By Alexander Underhill Baer A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Patrick V. Kirch Professor Kent G. Lightfoot Professor Anthony R. Byrne Spring 2015 On the Cloak of Kings: Agriculture, Power, and Community in Kaupō, Maui Copyright © 2015 By Alexander Underhill Baer Table of Contents List of Figures iv List of Tables viii Acknowledgements x CHAPTER I: OPENING THE WATERS OF KAUPŌ Introduction 1 Kaupō’s Natural and Historical Settings 3 Geography and Environment 4 Regional Ethnohistory 5 Plan of the Dissertation 7 CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING KAUPŌ: THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF POWER AND PRODUCTION Introduction 9 Last of the Primary States 10 Of Chiefdoms and States 12 Us Versus Them: Evolutionism Prior to 1960 14 The Evolution Revolution: Evolutionism and the New Archaeology 18 Evolution Evolves: Divergent Approaches from the 1990s Through Today 28 Agriculture and Production in the Development of Social Complexity 32 Lay of the Landscape 36 CHAPTER 3: MAPPING HISTORY: KAUPŌ IN MAPS AND THE MAHELE Introduction 39 Social and Spatial Organization in Polynesia 40 Breaking with the Past: New Forms of Social Organization and Land Distribution 42 The Great Mahele 47 Historic Maps of Hawaiʻi and Kaupō 51 Kalama Map, 1838 55 Hawaiian Government Surveys and Maps 61 Post-Mapping: Kaupō Land Grants from the Archives 76 The Documents of Kaupō: Conclusions from the 19th Century 79 i CHAPTER 4: SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF KAUPŌ’S ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL FEATURES Introduction 81 Kaupō: The Ecological Setting 82 Watering the Plants: The Hydrology of Fog Drip, Springs, and Rainfall 86 Surface Age and Nutrient Capacity 89 Dirt, Nutrients, and Productive Potential 92 Base Saturation 94 Calcium 95 Phosphorus 98 Rock Percent 101 The Cultural Landscape: Surveys, Settlement Patterns, and Life in Space 102 Aerial Imagery, Remote Sensing, and Landscape Assessment 102 Initial Exploration of Kaupō 106 Surveying the Moku: Methodologies and Approaches 110 Site Classification: Formal and Functional Types Found Throughout Kaupō 115 Total Sites and the Criteria for Categorization 116 Spatial Analyses of Kaupō 121 All Sites and Disturbed Areas 122 Ritual Sites 127 Residential Sites 138 Platforms 146 Agricultural Features 148 Conclusions: Site Distribution and Spatial Organization 151 CHAPTER 5: KAUPŌ BENEATH THE SURFACE: EXCAVATION AND CHRONOLOGY Introduction 153 Historical and Theoretical Approaches to Hawaiian Excavation 154 Household Archaeology 156 Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Considerations 157 Site Excavations 159 Kau-149 161 Kau-307 165 Kau-314 169 Kau-333 173 Kau-362 183 Kau-371 191 Kau-407 195 Kau-409 198 Kau-433 202 ii Kau-535 207 Kau-536 207 Kau-551 214 Kau-561 222 Kau-568 226 Kau-580 233 Kau-999 239 Summary and Conclusions 248 CHAPTER 6: MARGIN TO CORE AND BACK AGAIN: THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF KAUPŌ Introduction 249 Population Projection and Census Data 249 Mokulau: An Early Sociopolitical Center 251 Broader Chronology: All Dates from Nuʻu and Kaupō 252 The Ritual Network in Time and Space 261 The Changing Face of Kaupō 263 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUDING THOUGHTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further Research in Kaupō 265 The Place of Kaupō in Hawaiian History REFFERENCES CITED 268 APPENDIX A: SITE CHARACTERISTICS 294 APPENDIX B: SITE DESCRIPTIONS 315 iii List of Figures Figure 1.1: Kaupō and southeastern Maui 4 Figure 3.1: The Roberts Map of Hawaiʻi 52 Figure 3.2: The Baker Map 54 Figure3.3: The Emerson Map of Oʻahu 55 Figure 3.4: The Kalama Map as a whole 56 Figure 3.5: Close up of Maui from the Kalama Map 57 Figure 3.6: Molokaʻi in the Kalama Map 58 Figure 3.7: Lanaʻi in the Kalama Map 59 Figure 3.8: Kaupō isolated in the Kalama Map 60 Figure 3.9: Map of southeastern Maui land claims until 1881 63 Figure 3.10: Further land claims from the 1800s 65 Figure 3.11: Land parcels from throughout Kaupō 68 Figure 3.12: LCA awards in Kaupō 69 Figure 3.13: Royal patents 73 Figure 4.1: Southeastern Maui 83 Figure 4.2: Digital elevation model of Kaupō 84 Figure 4.3: Photograph looking up at Kaupō Gap 85 Figure 4.4: Overhead DEM of Kaupō Fan 86 Figure 4.5: DEM and rainfall 88 Figure 4.6: DEM with more recent rain measurements 89 Figure 4.7: Map of Kaupō’s geologic substrates 90 Figure 4.8: GIS interpretation of substrate ages 91 Figure 4.9: Location of soil sample test locations 93 Figure 4.10: Base saturation 95 Figure 4.11: Ca++ measures 96 Figure 4.12: CaO percentage 97 Figure 4.13: Ratio of Ca++ to CaO 98 Figure 4.14: Raw count of Resin-P 99 iv Figure 4.15: Percentage of P2O5. 100 Figure 4.16: Ratio of P to Resin-P 101 Figure 4.17: Estimated rock percentage 102 Figure 4.18: Aerial photo with interpreted walls 104 Figure 4.19: Photos of differential growth on archaeological sites 107 Figure 4.20: Exaggerated profiles of field embankments 109 Figure 4.21: Areas surveyed 111 Figure 4.22: Sample of data collected 113 Figure 4.23: Field form sample 115 Figure 4.24: Rank scale plot of Kaupō heiau 120 Figure 4.25: All sites found in survey blocks 122 Figure 4.26: Sites on different geologic substrates 123 Figure 4.27: Close aerial photo of different surfaces 124 Figure 4.28: Sites and areas of disturbance 125 Figure 4.29: Density of all sites 126 Figure 4.30: Walker Map of southeastern Maui 128 Figure 4.31: Walker Map georeferenced 128 Figure 4.32: Walker Map overlaid on Kaupō 129 Figure 4.33: Walker sites and corresponding relocated temples with original map 132 Figure 4.34: Walker sites and corresponding relocated temples 133 Figure 4.35: Offset between Walker and modern sites 133 Figure 4.36: Ritual locations in Kaupō 134 Figure 4.37: Major and minor ritual sites 137 Figure 4.38: Residential site distribution 138 Figure 4.39: Density of residential sites 139 Figure 4.40: Air photo of kauhale house cluster 141 Figure 4.41: Buffer around house sites 142 Figure 4.42: Potential house clusters 143 Figure 4.43: House clusters across Kaupō 144 Figure 4.44: Further distribution of potential kauhale 145 Figure 4.45: Platform sites 147 Figure 4.46: Density of platform sites 148 Figure 4.47: Agricultural walls and geologic substrates 149 v Figure 4.48: Walls and areas of modern disturbance 150 Figure 4.49: Agricultural features 151 Figure 5.1: Location of excavated sites 160 Figure 5.2: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-149 162 Figure 5.3: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-149 164 Figure 5.4: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-307 166 Figure 5.5: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-307 168 Figure 5.6: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-314 170 Figure 5.7: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-314 172 Figure 5.8: Stratigraphic profiles of Kau-333, TU1 175 Figure 5.9: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-333, TU2 176 Figure 5.10: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-333, TU4 177 Figure 5.11: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-333, TU5 178 Figure 5.12: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-333 180-181 Figure 5.13: Stratigraphic profiles of Kau-362, TU1E 184 Figure 5.14: Stratigraphic profiles of Kau-362, TU1N 185 Figure 5.15: Stratigraphic profiles of Kau-362, TU2 186 Figure 5.16: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-362 188-189 Figure 5.17: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-371 192 Figure 5.18: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-371 193-194 Figure 5.19: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-407 196 Figure 5.20: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-407 197 Figure 5.21: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-409 199 Figure 5.22: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-409 201 Figure 5.23: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-433 203 Figure 5.24: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-433 205-206 Figure 5.25: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-536, TU2 209 Figure 5.26: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-536, TU3 210 Figure 5.27: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-536 212-213 Figure 5.28: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-551, TU1 216 Figure 5.29: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-551, TU2 217 Figure 5.30: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-551 219-220 vi Figure 5.31: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-561 223 Figure 5.32: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-561 225 Figure 5.33: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-568, TU1 227 Figure 5.34: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-568, TU2 228 Figure 5.35: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-568 230-231 Figure 5.36: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-580, TU1 234 Figure 5.37: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-580, TU2 235 Figure 5.38: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-580 237-238 Figure 5.39: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-999, TU1 240 Figure 5.40: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-999, TU2 241 Figure 5.41: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-999, TU3 242 Figure 5.42: Stratigraphic profile of Kau-999, TU4 243 Figure 5.43: Bayesian distribution of dates from Kau-999 245-246 Figure 6.1: All radiocarbon dates from ritual contexts 257 Figure 6.2: Radiocarbon dates from residential sites 259 Figure 6.3: Major and minor temples, with some highlighted 261 vii List of Tables Table 3.1: List of all land divisions described in Kaupō 66 Table 3.2: Land claim awards and their total areas 70 Table 3.3: Total lands distributed in the Mahele and late-1800s 74-75 Table 4.1: Distribution of formal site types 117 Table 4.2: Site types subdivided by structure form 117 Table 4.3: Interpretation of functional site classes 118 Table 4.4: List of Walker’s ritual sites and their modern relocations 130-131 Table 4.5: Ritual sites beyond those described by Walker 135 Table 5.1: Material
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