7 CFR Ch. I (1–1–13 Edition)

§ 201.52 7 CFR Ch. I (1–1–13 Edition)

§ 201.52 Noxious-weed seeds. (c) When only a germination test is (a) The determination of the number required and the pure seed is found to of seeds, bulblets, or tubers of indi- be less than 98 percent, the seed for the vidual noxious weeds present per unit test shall be obtained by separating the weight should be made on at least the sample into two components as follows: minimum quantities listed in § 201.46 (1) Pure seed and (2) other crop seed, Table 1: Provided, That if the following weed seed, and inert matter. In making 1 indicated numbers of a single kind of this separation at least ⁄4 of the quan- seed, bulblet, or tuber are found in the tity required for a regular purity anal- pure seed analysis (or noxious-weed ysis shall be used. The whole sample seed examination of a like amount) the must be well mixed and divided in such occurrence of that kind in the remain- a manner as to get a completely rep- der of the bulk examined for noxious- resentative subsample. weed seeds need not be noted: 1⁄2-gram [10 FR 9952, Aug. 11, 1945, as amended at 20 purity working sample, 16 or more FR 7931, Oct. 21, 1955] seeds; 1-gram purity working sample, 23 or more seeds; 2-gram purity work- § 201.54 Number of seeds for germina- ing sample or larger, 30 or more seeds. tion. The seeds per unit weight shall be At least 400 seeds shall be tested for based on the number of single seeds. germination; except that in mixtures, The number of individual seeds shall be 200 seeds of each of those kinds present determined in burs of sandbur to the extent of 15 percent or less may (Cenchrus spp.) and cocklebur be used in lieu of 400, in which case an (Xanthium spp.); in capsules of dodder additional 2 percent is to be added to (Cuscuta spp.); in berries of the regular germination tolerances. groundcherry, horsenettle, and The seeds shall be tested in replicate nightshade (Solanaceae); and in the tests of 100 seeds or less. fruits of other noxious weeds that con- tain more than one seed. Refer to [59 FR 64500, Dec. 14, 1994] §§ 201.50 and 201.51(b)(4) for the classi- § 201.55 Retests. fication of weed seeds and inert matter, respectively. Retests shall be made as follows: (b) A noxious-weed seed examination (a) When the range of 100-seed rep- of coated seed samples shall be made licates of a given test exceeds the max- by examining approximately 25,000 imum tolerated range in the table ap- units obtained in accordance with pearing in this section. § 201.46(d) and which have been de-coat- TABLE OF MAXIMUM TOLERATED RANGES BE- ed by the method described in TWEEN 100-SEED REPLICATES FOR USE IN § 201.51b(c). CONNECTION WITH § 201.55(A) [59 FR 64499, Dec. 14, 1994] Average percent germinations Maximum allowed between replicates GERMINATION TESTS IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ACT 4 2 replicates replicates

§ 201.53 Source of seeds for germina- 99 ...... 2 5 tion. 98 ...... 3 6 (a) When both purity and germina- 97 ...... 4 7 6 96 ...... 5 8 6 tion tests are required, seeds for germi- 95 ...... 6 9 7 nation shall be taken from the separa- 94 ...... 7 10 8 tion of the kind, variety, or type con- 93 ...... 8 10 8 92 ...... 9 11 9 sidered pure seed and shall be counted 91 ...... 10 11 9 without discrimination as to size or ap- 90 ...... 11 12 9 pearance. 89 ...... 12 12 10 (b) When only a germination test is 88 ...... 13 13 10 87 ...... 14 13 11 required and the pure seed is estimated 86 ...... 15 14 11 or determined to be at least 98 percent, 85 ...... 16 14 11 the pure seed for the germination test 84 ...... 17 14 11 83 ...... 18 15 12 may be taken indiscriminately from a 82 ...... 19 15 12 representative portion of the bulk. 81 ...... 20 15 12

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TABLE OF MAXIMUM TOLERATED RANGES BE- licates do not exceed the corresponding val- TWEEN 100-SEED REPLICATES FOR USE IN ues found in the ‘‘4 replicates’’ column, no CONNECTION WITH § 201.55(A)—Continued additional testing is required. However, if the differences exceed the values in the ‘‘4 Average percent germinations Maximum allowed replicates’’ column, retesting is necessary. between replicates [25 FR 8771, Sept. 13, 1960, as amended at 65 4 2 FR 1707, Jan. 11, 2000] replicates replicates

80 ...... 21 16 13 § 201.55a Moisture and aeration of sub- 79 ...... 22 16 13 stratum. 78 ...... 23 16 13 77 ...... 24 17 13 (a) The substratum must be moist 76 ...... 25 17 13 enough to supply the needed moisture 75 ...... 26 17 14 to the seeds at all times. Excessive 74 ...... 27 17 14 73 ...... 28 17 14 moisture which will restrict aeration 72 ...... 29 18 14 of the seeds should be avoided. Except 71 ...... 30 18 14 as provided for those kinds of seeds re- 70 ...... 31 18 14 69 ...... 32 18 14 quiring high moisture levels of the ger- 68 ...... 33 18 15 mination media, the substrata should 67 ...... 34 18 15 never be so wet that a film of water is 66 ...... 35 19 15 65 ...... 36 19 15 formed around the seeds. For most 64 ...... 37 19 15 kinds of seeds blotters or other paper 63 ...... 38 19 15 substrata should not be so wet that by 62 ...... 38 19 15 pressing, a film of water forms around 61 ...... 40 19 15 60 ...... 41 19 15 the finger. 59 ...... 42 19 15 (b) The following formula may be 58 ...... 43 19 15 used as a guide in the preparation of 57 ...... 44 19 15 56 ...... 45 19 15 sand for germination tests: 55 ...... 46 20 15 54 ...... 47 20 16 [118.3 CC. (1 GILL) SAND/ITS WEIGHT IN 53 ...... 48 20 16 GRAMS]×20.2¥8.0=THE NUMBER OF CC. 52 ...... 48 20 16 51 ...... 50 20 16 OF WATER TO ADD TO EACH 100 GRAMS OF AIR-DRY SAND. (b) When at the time of the prescribed final count there are indica- (c) The amount of water provided by tions, such as presence of firm this formula is satisfactory for seeds ungerminated seeds, that a satisfac- the size of clovers and will have to be tory germination has not been ob- modified slightly, depending on the tained; kind of seed being tested and the kind (c) When there is evidence that the of sand used. For example, slightly results may not be reliable due to im- more moisture should be added when proper test conditions, errors in seed- the larger seeds are to be tested. ling evaluation, the presence of fungi (d) In preparing soil tests water or bacteria, or inaccuracies in counting should be added to the soil until it can or recording results; be formed into a ball when squeezed in (d) When a sample shows seedling in- the palm of the hand but will break jury or abnormality as a result of freely when pressed between two fin- chemical treatment, of exposure to gers. After the soil has been moistened chemicals, or of toxicity from any it should be rubbed through a sieve and source. (Retest shall be made in soil or put in the seed containers without a mixture of soil and sand); packing. (e) When no two satisfactory tests (e) The addition of water subsequent are within tolerance. to placing the seed in test will depend on the evaporation from the substrata NOTE TO § 201.55: To find the maximum tol- in the germination chambers. Since the erated range, compute the average percent- rate of evaporation will depend upon age of all 100 seed replicates of a given test, rounding off the result to the nearest whole the relative humidity of the air, it is number. The germination is found in the desirable to keep water in the germina- first two columns of the table. When the dif- tion chambers or to provide other ferences between highest and lowest rep- means of supplying a relative humidity

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of approximately 95 percent. Germina- the usual first count and the final tion tests should be observed at fre- count. During the progress of the ger- quent intervals to insure an adequate mination test, seeds which are obvi- moisture supply of the substrata at all ously dead and moldy and which may times. be a source of contamination of [20 FR 7931, Oct. 21, 1955] healthy seeds should be removed at each count and the number of such § 201.56 Interpretation. dead seeds should be recorded. When symptoms of certain diseases develop (a) A seed shall be considered to have germinated when it has developed which can be readily recognized and those essential structures which, for identified, their presence should be the kind of seed under consideration, noted. are indicative of its ability to produce (d) Seed units containing more than a normal plant under favorable condi- one seed or embryo, such as New Zea- tions. In general, the following are con- land spinach seed, Beta seed, double sidered to be essential structures nec- fruits of the carrot family essary for the continued development (Umbelliferae), multiple seeds of of the seedling (although some struc- burnet, and seed units of grasses con- tures may not be visible in all kinds at sisting of multiple florets, shall be the time of seedling evaluation). Seed- tested as a single seed and shall be re- lings possessing these essential struc- garded as having germinated if they tures are referred to as normal seed- produce one or more normal seedlings. lings: Root system (consisting of pri- (e) Standard guides for seedling in- mary, secondary, seminal, or adven- terpretation shall include the following titious roots); hypocotyl; epicotyl; cot- descriptions for specific kinds and yledon(s); terminal bud; primary groups. The ‘‘General Description’’ for leaves; and coleoptile and mesocotyl each group of crop kinds describes a (in the grass family). Abnormal seed- seedling without defects. While such a lings consist of those with defects to seedling is clearly normal, seedlings these structures, as described in the with some defects may also be classi- abnormal seedling descriptions, and fied as normal, provided the defects do are judged to be incapable of continued not impair the functioning of the growth. The seedling descriptions as- structure. The ‘‘Abnormal seedling de- sume that test conditions were ade- scription’’ is to be followed when judg- quate to allow proper assessment of the ing the severity of defects. essential seedling structures. [20 FR 7931, Oct. 21, 1955, as amended at 25 FR (b) Sand and/or soil tests may be used 8771, Sept. 13, 1960; 59 FR 64500, Dec. 14, 1994] as a guide in determining the classi- fication of questionable seedlings and § 201.56–1 Goosefoot family, the evaluation of germination tests Chenopodiaceae, and Carpetweed made on approved artificial media. family, Aizoaceae. This is intended to provide a method of Kinds of seed: Beet, Swiss chard, checking the reliability of tests made fourwing saltbush, spinach, New Zea- on artificial substrata when there may land spinach, and forage kochia. be doubt as to the proper evaluation of (a) General description. such tests. (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. (c) Seedlings infected with fungi or (2) Food reserves: Leaf-like bacteria should be regarded as normal cotyledons and perisperm. if all essential structures are present. (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl A seedling that has been seriously elongates carrying the cotyledons damaged by bacteria or fungi from any above the soil surface. The epicotyl source other than the specific seed usually does not show any development should be regarded as normal if it is de- within the test period. termined that all essential structures (4) Root system: A primary root; sec- were present before the injury or dam- ondary roots may develop within the age occurred. Germination counts test period. should be made on samples where con- (5) Seedling: Frequent counts should tamination and decay are present at be made on multigerm beet since the approximately 2-day intervals between growing seedlings will separate from

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the cluster making it difficult to iden- (iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl tify the source. Any cluster which pro- elongates and carries the cotyledons duces at least one normal seedling is above the soil surface. The epicotyl classified as normal; only one normal usually does not show any development seedling per cluster is to be counted within the test period. (see § 201.56(d)). Toxic substances from (iv) Root system: A long primary the clusters of beet and Swiss chard root. may cause discoloring of the hypocotyl (v) Seedling: The interpretations of and/or root. Seedlings which are slight- lettuce seedlings are made only at the ly discolored are to be classified as nor- end of the test period. mal; however, if there is excessive dis- (2) Abnormal seedling description. coloration, retest by the method in (i) Cotyledons: § 201.58(b)(3). (A) Less than half of the original cot- (b) Abnormal seedling description. yledon tissue remaining attached. (1) Cotyledons: (B) Less than half of the original cot- (i) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. yledon tissue remaining attached. (Remove attached seed coat for evalua- (ii) Less than half of the original cot- tion of cotyledons. Physiological ne- yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. crosis is manifested by discolored areas (2) Epicotyl: on the cotyledons and should not be (i) Missing. (May be assumed to be confused with natural pigmentation of present if cotyledons are intact.) some lettuce varieties.) (ii) [Reserved] (ii) Epicotyl: (3) Hypocotyl: (A) Missing. (May be assumed to be (i) Deep open cracks extending into present if cotyledons are intact.) the conducting tissue. (B) Any degree of necrosis or decay. (ii) Malformed, such as markedly (iii) Hypocotyl: shortened, curled, or thickened. (A) Deep open cracks extending into (iii) Watery. the conducting tissue. (4) Root: (B) Severely twisted or grainy. (i) None. (C) Watery. (ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (iv) Root: root with weak secondary or adven- (A) Stubby or missing primary root. titious roots. (Secondary roots will not compensate (iii) For discolored roots of beet and for a defective primary root.) Swiss chard, see § 201.58(b)(3). (B) Primary root tip blunt, swollen, (5) Seedling: or discolored. (Toxic materials in the (i) One or more essential structures substratum may cause short, blunt impaired as a result of decay from pri- roots; see § 201.58(a)(9).) mary infection. (For discolored seed- (C) Primary root with splits or le- lings of beet and Swiss chard, see sions. § 201.58(b)(3).) (v) Seedling: (ii) Albino. (A) Swollen cotyledons associated [59 FR 64500, Dec. 14, 1994] with extremely short or vestigial hypocotyl and root. § 201.56–2 Sunflower family, (B) One or more essential structures Asteraceae (Compositae). impaired as a result of decay from pri- Kinds of seed: Artichoke, cardoon, mary infection. chicory, dandelion, endive, great bur- (C) Albino. dock, lettuce, safflower, salsify, Lou- (b) Other kinds in the sunflower fam- isiana sagewort, and sunflower. ily: Artichoke, cardoon, chicory, dan- (a) Lettuce. delion, endive, great burdock, saf- (1) General description. flower, salsify, Louisiana sagewort, and (i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. sunflower. (ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons which (1) General description. expand and become thin, leaf-like, and (i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. photosynthetic. The cotyledons of (ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons which some varieties develop elongated expand and become thin, leaf-like, and petioles. photosynthetic.

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(iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl elongates and carries the cotyledons elongates and carries the cotyledons above the soil surface. The epicotyl above the soil surface; the epicotyl usually does not show any development usually does not show any development within the test period. within the test period. (iv) Root system: A long primary (4) Root system: A long primary root. root with secondary roots usually de- (b) Abnormal seedling description. veloping within the test period. (1) Cotyledons: (2) Abnormal seedling description. (i) Decayed at point of attachment. (i) Cotyledons: (ii) Less than half of the original cot- (A) Less than half of the original cotyledon tissue remaining attached. yledon tissue remaining attached. (iii) Less than half of the original (B) Less than half of the original cot- cotyledon tissue free of necrosis or yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. decay. (Remove any attached seed coats at (2) Epicotyl: the end of the test period for evalua- (i) Missing. (May be assumed to be tion of cotyledons.) present if the cotyledons are intact.) (ii) Epicotyl: (ii) [Reserved] (A) Missing. (May be assumed to be (3) Hypocotyl: present if cotyledons are intact.) (i) Deep open cracks extending into (B) [Reserved] the conducting tissue. (iii) Hypocotyl: (ii) Malformed, such as markedly (A) Deep open cracks extending into shortened, curled, or thickened. the conducting tissue. (iii) Watery. (B) Malformed, such as markedly (4) Root: shortened, curled, or thickened. (C) Watery. (i) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (iv) Root: root. (Secondary roots will not com- (A) None. pensate for a defective root.) (B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (ii) [Reserved] root with weak secondary or adven- (5) Seedling: titious roots. (Seedlings with roots (i) One or more essential structures bound within tough seed coats should impaired as result of decay from pri- be left in the test until the final count mary infection. to allow for development.) (ii) Albino. (v) Seedling: [59 FR 64501, Dec. 14, 1994] (A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay from pri- § 201.56–4 Cucurbit family, mary infection. (Cucurbitaceae). (B) Albino. Kinds of seed: Citron, cucumber, [59 FR 64500, Dec. 14, 1994] West India gherkin, melon, pumpkin, squash, and watermelon. § 201.56–3 Mustard family, (a) General description. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. Kinds of seed: Broccoli, brussels (2) Food reserves: Cotyledons which sprouts, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, cau- are large and fleshy; they expand, be- liflower, collards, garden cress, upland come photosynthetic, and usually per- cress, water cress, kale, Chinese kale, sist beyond the seedling stage. Siberian kale, kohlrabi, mustard, (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl pakchoi, radish, rape, rutabaga, and elongates and the cotyledons are pulled turnip. free of the seed coat, which often ad- (a) General description. heres to a peg-like appendage at the (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. base of the hypocotyl. The epicotyl (2) Food reserves: Cotyledons which usually does not show any development expand and become thin, leaf-like and within the test period. photosynthetic. In Brassica, Sinapis, (4) Root system: A long primary root and Raphanus, the cotyledons are bi- with numerous secondary roots. lobed and folded, with the outer coty- (b) Abnormal seedling description. ledon being larger than the inner. (1) Cotyledons:

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(i) Less than half of the original cot- curs naturally as a result of growth yledon tissue remaining attached. and emergence of the leaves. (ii) Less than half of the original cot- (iv) Root system: A primary root and yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. seminal roots. The primary root is not (Remove any attached seed coats at readily distinguishable from the sem- the end of the test period for evalua- inal roots; therefore, all roots arising tion of cotyledons.) from the seed are referred to as sem- (2) Epicotyl: inal roots. (i) Missing. (May be assumed to be (2) Abnormal seedling description. present if the cotyledons are intact.) (i) Shoot: (ii) [Reserved] (A) Missing. (3) Hypocotyl: (B) No leaf. (i) Deep open cracks extending into (C) Leaf extending less than halfway the conducting tissue. up into the coleoptile. (ii) Malformed, such as markedly (D) Leaf extensively shredded or shortened, curled, or thickened. split. (4) Root: (E) Spindly or watery. (i) None. (F) Grainy, spirally twisted, shred- (ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary ded, and weak. root, with less than two strong sec- (G) Deep open cracks in the ondary or adventitious roots. mesocotyl. (5) Seedling: (ii) Root: (i) One or more essential structures (A) Less than one strong seminal impaired as a result of decay from pri- root. mary infection. (B) [Reserved] (ii) Albino. (iii) Seedling: (A) Decayed at point of attachment [59 FR 64501, Dec. 14, 1994] to the scutellum. (B) One or more essential structures § 201.56–5 Grass family, Poaceae impaired as a result of decay from pri- (Gramineae). mary infection. Kinds of seed: Bentgrasses, (C) Albino. bluegrasses, bluestems, bromes, cere- (D) Endosperm obviously detached als, fescues, millets, orchardgrass, from the root-shoot axis (e.g. kernel redtop, ryegrasses, sorghums, timothy, lifted away by the growing shoot). turf timothy, wheatgrasses, and all (E) Thickened and shortened roots other grasses listed in § 201.2(h). and/or shoots. (a) Cereals: Agrotricum, barley, oat, (b) Rice. rye, mountain rye, wheat, (1) General description. wheat×agrotricum, and triticale. (i) Germination habit: Hypogeal (1) General description. monocot. (i) Germination habit: Hypogeal (ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The monocot. scutellum is a modified cotyledon (ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The which is in direct contact with the scutellum is a modified cotyledon endosperm. During germination the which is in direct contact with the scutellum remains inside the seed to endosperm. During germination the absorb nutrients from the endosperm scutellum remains inside the seed to and transfer them to the growing seed- absorb nutrients from the endosperm ling. and transfer them to the growing seed- (iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists ling. of the coleoptile, leaves enclosed in the (iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The of the coleoptile, leaves enclosed in the coleoptile elongates and pushes coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The through the soil or water surface; the coleoptile elongates and pushes mesocotyl may elongate depending on through the soil surface; the mesocotyl the variety and environmental condi- may elongate depending on the variety tions. Splitting of the coleoptile occurs and light intensity, but may not be dis- naturally as a result of growth and cernible. Splitting of the coleoptile oc- emergence of the leaves.

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(iv) Root system: Strong primary (i) Shoot: root and seminal roots. Adventitious (A) Missing. roots may start to develop from the (B) Thickened and shortened. mesocotyl or coleoptilar node within (C) No leaf. the test period. If the mesocotyl elon- (D) Leaf extending less than halfway gates, the adventitious roots will be up into the coleoptile. carried above the grain. (E) Leaf extensively shredded or (2) Abnormal seedling description. split. (i) Shoot: (F) Spindly or watery. (A) Missing. (G) Deep open cracks in the (B) No leaf. mesocotyl. (C) Leaf extending less than halfway (ii) Root: up into the coleoptile. (A) None. (D) Leaf extensively shredded or (B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary split. root with weak seminal roots. (E) Spindly or watery. (iii) Seedling: (F) Deep open cracks in the (A) Decayed at point of attachment mesocotyl. to the scutellum. (ii) Root: (B) One or more essential structures (A) None. impaired as a result of decay from pri- (B) Weak primary root with insuffi- mary infection. cient seminal or adventitious roots. (C) Albino. (iii) Seedling: (d) Johnsongrass, sorghum, sorgrass, (A) Decayed at point of attachment sorghum almum, sudangrass, and sor- to the scutellum. ghum-sudangrass. (B) One or more essential structures (1) General description. impaired as a result of decay from pri- (i) Germination habit: Hypogeal mary infection. monocot. (C) Albino. (ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The (c) Corn. scutellum is a modified cotyledon (1) General description. which is in direct contact with (i) Germination habit: Hypogeal endosperm. During germination the monocot. scutellum remains inside the seed to (ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The absorb nutrients from the endosperm scutellum is a modified cotyledon and transfer them to the growing seed- which is in direct contact with the ling. endosperm. During germination the (iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists scutellum remains inside the seed to of the coleoptile, leaves enclosed in the absorb nutrients from the endosperm coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The and transfer them to the growing seed- coleoptile elongates and pushes ling. through the soil surface; the mesocotyl (iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists usually elongates. Areas of natural, of the coleoptile, leaves enclosed in the reddish pigmentation may develop on coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The the mesocotyl and coleoptile. Splitting coleoptile elongates and pushes of the coleoptile occurs naturally as a through the soil surface. The result of growth and emergence of the mesocotyl usually elongates. Splitting leaves. of the coleoptile occurs naturally as a (iv) Root system: A long primary result of growth and emergence of the root, usually with secondary roots de- leaves. A twisted and curled shoot veloping within the test period. Adven- bound by a tough seed coat may be titious roots may start to develop from considered normal, provided the shoot the mesocotyl or coleoptilar node with- is not decayed. in the test period. Areas of natural, (iv) Root system: Strong primary reddish pigmentation may develop on root and seminal roots. Adventitious the root. roots may start to develop from the (2) Abnormal seedling description. mesocotyl or coleoptilar node within (i) Shoot: the test period. (A) Missing. (2) Abnormal seedling description. (B) Thickened and shortened.

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(C) No leaf. (B) Short, thick, and grainy. (D) Leaf extending less than halfway (C) No leaf. up into the coleoptile. (D) Leaf extending less than halfway (E) Leaf extensively shredded or up into the coleoptile. split. (E) Leaf extensively shredded or (F) Spindly or watery. split. (G) Deep open cracks in the (F) Spindly or watery. mesocotyl. (G) Deep open cracks in the (ii) Root: mesocotyl. (A) None. (ii) Root: (B) Damaged or weak primary root (A) Missing or defective primary root with less than two strong secondary even if other roots are present. roots. (B) Spindly, stubby, or watery pri- (iii) Seedling: mary root. (A) Decayed at point of attachment (iii) Seedling: to the scutellum. (A) Decayed at point of attachment (B) One or more essential structures to the scutellum. impaired as a result of decay from pri- (B) One or more essential structures mary infection. impaired as a result of decay from pri- (C) Albino. mary infection. (e) Grasses and millets. (C) Albino. (1) General description. (D) Yellow (when grown in light). (i) Germination habit: Hypogeal (E) Endosperm obviously detached monocot. from the root-shoot axis (e.g. kernel (ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The lifted away by the growing shoot). scutellum is a modified cotyledon which is in direct contact with the [59 FR 64501, Dec. 14, 1994, as amended at 65 endosperm. During germination the FR 1708, Jan. 11, 2000] scutellum remains inside the seed to absorb nutrients from the endosperm § 201.56–6 Legume or pea family, Fabaceae (Leguminosae). and transfer them to the growing seedling. Kinds of seed: Alfalfa, alyceclover, (iii) Shoot system: The shoot consists asparagusbean, beans (Phaseolus spp.), of the coleoptile, leaves enclosed in the Florida beggarweed, black medic, coleoptile, and the mesocotyl. The broadbean, burclovers, buttonclover, coleoptile elongates and pushes chickpea, clovers (Trifolium spp.), through the soil surface. The cowpea, crotalarias, crownvetch, guar, mesocotyl may or may not elongate hairy indigo, kudzu, lentil, lespedezas, significantly, depending on the kind. lupines, northern sweetvetch, peas, Splitting of the coleoptile occurs natu- peanut, roughpea, sainfoin, sesbania, rally as a result of growth and emer- sourclover, soybean, sweetclovers, gence of the leaves. trefoils, velvetbean, and vetches. (iv) Root system: A long primary (a) Field bean, garden bean, lima root. Secondary or adventitious roots bean, mung bean, asparagusbean, and may develop within the test period. In cowpea. certain kinds (e.g. bermudagrass) the (1) General description. primary root may not be readily visible (i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. because it is coiled inside the tightly (ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons which fitting lemma and palea. At the time of are large and fleshy. evaluation, the glumes should be re- (iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl moved and the root observed. Such elongates and carries the cotyledons seedlings are classified as normal if the above the soil surface. The epicotyl primary root has developed. For Ken- elongates, causing the terminal bud to tucky bluegrass, a primary root 1⁄16 emerge from between the cotyledons; inch (1.6 mm) or more in length is clas- the primary leaves expand rapidly. sified as normal. (iv) Root system: A long primary (2) Abnormal seedling description. root with secondary roots. (i) Shoot: (2) Abnormal seedling description. (A) Missing. (i) Cotyledons:

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(A) For garden bean (Phaseolus (B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary vulgaris in part), remove any attached root with weak secondary or adven- seed coats at the end of the test period titious roots. (A root bound within a for evaluation of cotyledons: tough seed coat is considered normal.) (1) Less than half of the original cot- (v) Seedling: yledon tissue remaining attached. (A) One or more essential structures (2) Less than half of the original cot- impaired as the result of decay from yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. primary infection. (Secondary infec- (B) All other kinds: tion is common in towel and blotter (1) Both missing and the seedling tests. Some pathogens, such as Fusar- generally weak. ium, Phomopsis, and Rhizoctonia, can (2) [Reserved] spread through the substratum and in- (ii) Epicotyl: fect seedlings some distance away from (A) Missing. the primary source. Seedlings with secondary infection are to be classified as (B) Deep open cracks. normal. A retest in sand or soil may be (C) Malformed, such as markedly advisable.) curled or thickened. (B) Albino. (D) Less than one primary leaf. (b) Adzuki bean, broadbean, (E) Primary leaves too small in pro- chickpea, field pea, lentil, pea, portion to the rest of the seedling, usu- roughpea, runner bean, velvetbean, and ally associated with visible defects of, vetches. or damage to, the main stem of the (1) General description. epicotyl. (i) Germination habit: Hypogeal (F) Terminal bud missing or dam- dicot. aged. (If a few seedlings with total or (ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons which partial decay to the epicotyl are found, are large and fleshy, and remain en- they may be classified as normal, pro- closed within the seed coat beneath the vided the hypocotyl and root are nor- soil surface. They are usually not pho- mal. The epicotyl on such seedlings tosynthetic. usually does not decay when grown in a (iii) Shoot system: The epicotyl elon- fairly dry environment and exposed to gates and carries the terminal bud and light. A retest, preferably in soil or primary leaves above the soil surface. sand, will aid in interpretation of such The stem bears one or more scale seedlings.) leaves and, prior to emergence, is (iii) Hypocotyl: arched near the apex, causing the ter- (A) Deep open cracks extending into minal bud to be pulled through the the conducting tissue. (A healed break, soil; after emergence, the stem sometimes referred to as a ‘‘knee,’’ is straightens. For practical purposes, the considered normal.) hypocotyl is not discernible and is not (B) Malformed, such as markedly an evaluation factor. Buds in the axils shortened, curled, or thickened. of each cotyledon and scale leaf usu- (Hypocotyl stunting or curling may be ally remain dormant unless the ter- caused by seedling orientation or con- minal bud is seriously damaged. In this striction on or in the substratum.) case, one or more axillary buds may (Hypocotyl collar rot is the breakdown start to develop into a shoot. If the ax- of hypocotyl tissue initially character- illary shoot is well-developed, it may ized by a watery appearance and col- be considered normal. lapse of the hypocotyl below the (iv) Root system: A long primary cotyledonary node. The area later be- root with secondary roots. comes discolored, shrivelled, and ne- (2) Abnormal seedling description. crotic. The condition is caused by in- (i) Cotyledons: sufficient calcium available to the (A) Less than half of the original tis- seedling. If hypocotyl collar rot is ob- sue remaining attached. served on seedlings of garden bean, the (B) Less than half of the original tis- sample involved shall be retested in ac- sue free of necrosis or decay. cordance with § 201.58(b)(12).) (ii) Epicotyl: (iv) Root: (A) Missing. (A) None. (B) Less than one primary leaf.

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(C) Malformed such as markedly sand, will aid in interpretation of such shortened, curled, or thickened. seedlings.) (D) Severely damaged (e.g. terminal (iii) Hypocotyl: bud missing or damaged) with only a (A) Deep open cracks extending into weak shoot developing from the axil of the conducting tissue. (Adventitious a cotyledon or scale leaf. roots may occur at the site of injury, (E) Two weak and spindly shoots. particularly on the hypocotyl and near (F) Deep open cracks extending into the base of the cotyledons. The seed- the conducting tissue. ling is classified as normal if the injury (iii) Root: is healed over and other essential (A) None. structures are normal.) (B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (B) Malformed, such as markedly root with weak secondary roots. shortened, curled, or thickened. (iv) Seedlings: (Hypocotyl development is slow until (A) One or more essential structures the roots start functioning. Caution impaired as a result of decay from pri- should be exercised to ensure slow mary infection. (Secondary infection is seedlings are not classified as abnor- common in towel and blotter tests. mal. Hypocotyl stunting or curling Some pathogens can spread through also may be caused by seedling orienta- the substratum and infect seedlings tion or constriction on or in the sub- some distance away from the primary stratum.) source. Seedlings with secondary infec- (iv) Root: tion are classified as normal. A retest (A) None. in sand or soil may be advisable.) (B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (B) Albino. root with weak secondary or adven- (c) Soybean and lupine. titious roots. (Roots of seedlings on (1) General description. ‘‘Kimpak’’ with insufficient moisture (i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. may not become established and (ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons, which hypocotyl elongation may appear to be are large and fleshy; they expand and abnormal. There may be curling of the become photosynthetic. root and hypocotyl. When a number of (iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl seedlings are observed with this condi- elongates and carries the cotyledons tion, the sample should be retested.) above the soil surface. The primary (v) Seedlings: leaves usually increase in size and the (A) One or more essential structures epicotyl may elongate within the test impaired as a result of decay from pri- period. mary infection. (Secondary infection is (iv) Root system: A long primary common in towel and blotter tests. root with secondary roots. Some pathogens, such as Fusarium, (2) Abnormal seedling description. Phomopsis, and Rhizoctonia, can spread (i) Cotyledons: through the substratum and infect (A) Less than half of the original cot- seedlings some distance away from the yledon tissue remaining attached. primary source. Seedlings with sec- (B) Less than half of the original cot- ondary infection are to be classified as yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. normal. A retest in sand or soil may be (ii) Epicotyl: advisable.) (A) Missing. (B) Albino. (B) Less than one primary leaf. (d) Peanut. (C) Deep open cracks. (1) General description. (D) Terminal bud damaged, missing, (i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. or decayed. (If a few seedlings with par- (ii) Food reserves: Cotyledons, which tial decay of the epicotyl are found, are large and fleshy. they may be classified as normal, pro- (iii) Shoot system: The cotyledons vided the hypocotyl and root are nor- are carried to the soil surface by the mal. The epicotyl on such seedlings hypocotyl which is very thick, nar- usually does not decay when grown in a rowing abruptly at the root. Elon- fairly dry environment and is exposed gation of the hypocotyl stops when the to light. A retest, preferably in soil or epicotyl is exposed to light at the soil

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surface. The primary leaves are com- of sub clover develop elongated pound and usually expand during the petioles. test period. (iii) Shoot system: The hypocotyl (iv) Root system: A long primary elongates and carries the cotyledons root with secondary roots. Adven- above the soil surface. The epicotyl titious roots develop from the base of usually does not show any development the hypocotyl if the primary root is within the test period. damaged. (iv) Root system: A long, tapering (2) Abnormal seedling description. primary root, usually with root hairs. (i) Cotyledons: Secondary roots may or may not de- (A) Less than half of the original cot- velop within the test period, depending yledon tissue remaining attached. on the kind. (B) Less than half of the original cot- (2) Abnormal seedling description. yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. (i) Cotyledons: (ii) Epicotyl: (A) Less than half of the original cot- (A) Missing. yledon tissue remaining attached. (B) Less than one primary leaf. (Breaks at the point of attachment of (C) Deep open cracks. the cotyledons to the hypocotyl are (D) Terminal bud damaged, missing, common in seeds which have been me- or decayed. chanically damaged. It is important (iii) Hypocotyl: that seedlings not be removed during (A) Deep open cracks extending into preliminary counts unless development the conducting tissue. is sufficient to allow the conditions of (B) Malformed, such as markedly the cotyledons to be determined. If the shortened or curled. (Hypocotyls re- point of attachment of the cotyledons main somewhat thickened and may ap- cannot be seen at the end of the test, pear to be stunted. Light, depth of the seed coat should be peeled back to planting, and substratum moisture all determine whether a break has oc- contribute to the length of the curred.) hypocotyl. Hypocotyl stunting or curl- (B) Less than half of the original cot- ing may be caused by seedling orienta- yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. tion or constriction in the substratum. (ii) Epicotyl: Seedlings planted in a soil test with (A) Missing. (May be assumed to be the radicle too close to the surface may present if both cotyledons are intact.) send roots above the soil and appear to exhibit negative geotropism and a dis- (B) [Reserved] torted, U-shaped hypocotyl. (iii) Hypocotyl: (iv) Root: (A) Deep open cracks extending into (A) None. the conducting tissue. (B) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (B) Malformed, such as markedly root with weak secondary or adven- shortened, curled, or thickened. (Seed- titious roots. lings of sainfoin which have been con- (v) Seedling: stricted by growing through the net- (A) One or more essential structures ting of the pod, but which are other- impaired as a result of primary infec- wise normal, are classified as normal.) tion. (C) Weak and watery. (B) Albino. (iv) Root: (e) Alfalfa, alyceclover, Florida (A) None. beggarweed, black medic, burclovers, (B) Primary root stubby. (The roots buttonclover, milkvetch, clovers, of sweetclovers may be stubby when crotalarias, crownvetch, guar, hairy in- grown on artificial substrata due to the digo, kudzu, lespedezas, northern presence of coumarin in the seed; since sweetvetch, sainfoin, sesbania, this condition usually does not occur sourclover, sweetclovers, and trefoils. in soil, such seedlings are classified as (1) General description. normal. Roots may appear stubby as a (i) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. result of being bound by the seed coat; (ii) Food reserve: Cotyledons, which such seedlings are classified as normal. are small and fleshy; they expand and Crownvetch produces phytotoxic ef- become photosynthetic. The cotyledons fects similar to sweetclovers.)

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(C) Split extending into the (B) Stubby primary root with weak hypocotyl. secondary roots. (v) Seedling: (v) Seedling: (A) One or more essential structures (A) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay from pri- impaired as a result of decay from primary infection. mary infection. (B) Albino. (B) Albino. [59 FR 64503, Dec. 14, 1994, as amended at 65 (b) Chives, leek, onion, Welsh onion. FR 1708, Jan. 11, 2000] (1) General description. (i) Germination habit: Epigeal § 201.56–7 Lily family, Liliaceae. monocot. Kinds of seed: Asparagus, chives, (ii) Food reserves: Endosperm which leek, onion, and Welsh onion. is hard, semi-transparent, and non- (a) Asparagus. starchy; minor reserves in the coty- (1) General description. ledon. (i) Germination habit: Hypogeal (iii) Cotyledon: A single cylindrical monocot. cotyledon. The cotyledon emerges with (ii) Food reserves: Endosperm which the seed coat and endosperm attached is hard, semi- transparent, and non- to the tip. A sharp bend known as the starchy; minor reserves in the coty- ‘‘knee’’ forms; continued elongation of ledon. The endosperm surrounds the the cotyledon on each side of this knee entire embryo. pushes it above the soil surface. The (iii) Cotyledon: A single cylindrical cotyledon tip is pulled from the soil cotyledon; following germination, all and straightens except for a slight but the basal end remains embedded in kink which remains at the site of the the endosperm to absorb nutrients. knee. (iv) Shoot system: The epicotyl elon- (iv) Shoot system: The first foliage gates and carries the terminal bud leaf emerges through a slit near the above the soil surface. The epicotyl base of the cotyledon, but this does not may bear several small scale leaves. A usually occur during the test period. short hypocotyl is barely distinguish- The hypocotyl is a very short transi- able, joining the root to the basal end tional zone between the primary root of the cotyledon. More than one shoot and the cotyledon, and is not distin- may arise simultaneously, and the guishable for purposes of seedling eval- seedling may be considered normal if uation. at least one shoot is well- developed (v) Root system: A long slender pri- and has a terminal growing point, pro- mary root with adventitious roots de- vided other essential structures are veloping from the hypocotyl. The pri- normal. mary root does not develop secondary (v) Root system: A long slender pri- roots. mary root. (2) Abnormal seedling description. (2) Abnormal seedling description. (i) Cotyledon: (i) Cotyledon: (A) Short and thick. (A) Detached from seedling. (B) Without a definite bend or (B) Deep open cracks at basal end. ‘‘knee’’. (ii) Epicotyl: (C) Spindly or watery. (A) Missing. (B) Terminal bud missing or dam- (ii) Epicotyl: aged. (A) Not observed during the test pe- (C) Deep open cracks. riod. (D) Malformed, such as markedly (B) [Reserved] shortened, curled, or thickened. (iii) Hypocotyl: (E) Spindly. (A) Not evaluated. (F) Watery. (B) [Reserved] (iii) Hypocotyl: (iv) Root: (A) Deep open cracks. (A) No primary root. (B) [Reserved] (B) Short, weak, or stubby primary (iv) Root: root. (A) No primary root. (v) Seedling:

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(A) One or more essential structures and become thin, leaf-like, and photo- impaired as a result of decay from pri- synthetic. mary infection. (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl (B) Albino. elongates carrying the cotyledons above the soil surface. The epicotyl [59 FR 64504, Dec. 14, 1994] usually does not show any development § 201.56–8 Flax family, Linaceae. within the test period. Areas of yellowish pigmentation may develop on Kind of seed: Flax. the hypocotyl in cotton. (a) General description. (4) Root system: A primary root, with (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. secondary roots usually developing (Due to the mucilaginous nature of the within the test period. Areas of yel- seed coat, seedlings germinated on lowish pigmentation may develop on blotters may adhere to the blotter and the root in cotton. appear to be negatively geotropic.) (b) Abnormal seedling description. (2) Food reserves: Cotyledons which (1) Cotyledons: expand and become photosynthetic. (i) Less than half of the original cot- (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl yledon tissue remaining attached. elongates carrying the cotyledons (ii) Less than half of the original cot- above the soil surface. The epicotyl yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. usually does not show any development (Remove any attached seed coats at within the test period. the end of the test period for evalua- (4) Root system: A primary root, with tion of cotyledons.) secondary roots usually developing (2) Epicotyl: within the test period. (i) Missing. (May be assumed to be (b) Abnormal seedling description. present if both cotyledons are intact.) (1) Cotyledons: (ii) [Reserved] (i) Less than half of the original cot- (3) Hypocotyl: yledon tissue remaining attached. (i) Deep open cracks or grainy lesions (ii) Less than half of the original cot- extending into the conducting tissue. yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. (ii) Malformed, such as markedly (2) Epicotyl: shortened, curled, or thickened. (i) Missing. (May be assumed to be (4) Root: present if cotyledons are intact.) (i) None. (ii) [Reserved] (ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (3) Hypocotyl: root with weak secondary or adven- (i) Deep open cracks extending into titious roots. the conducting tissue. (5) Seedling: (ii) Malformed, such as markedly (i) One or more essential structures shortened, curled, or thickened. impaired as a result of decay from pri- (4) Root: mary infection. (A cotton seedling with (i) None. yellowish areas on the root or (ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary hypocotyl is classified as normal, pro- root with weak secondary or adven- vided the cotyledons are free of infec- titious roots. tion.) (5) Seedling: (ii) Albino. (i) One or more essential structures impaired as a result of decay from pri- [59 FR 64505 Dec. 14, 1994] mary infection. § 201.56–10 Spurge family, (ii) Albino. Euphorbiaceae. [59 FR 64505 Dec. 14, 1994] Kind of seed: Castorbean. (a) General description. § 201.56–9 Mallow family, Malvaceae. (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. Kinds of seed: Cotton, kenaf, and (2) Food reserves: Cotyledons, which okra. are thin and leaf-like; endosperm (a) General description. (fleshy food-storage organs) usually (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. persisting in the laboratory test. (2) Food reserve: Cotyledons, which (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl are convoluted in the seed; they expand lengthens, carrying the cotyledons,

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endosperm, and epicotyl above the soil (i) Missing. (May be assumed to be surface. present if cotyledons are intact.) (4) Root system: A primary root, with (ii) [Reserved] secondary roots usually developing (3) Hypocotyl: within the test period. (i) Deep open cracks or grainy lesions (b) Abnormal seedling description. extending into the conducting tissue. (1) Cotyledons: (ii) Malformed, such as markedly (i) Less than half of the original cot- shortened, curled, or thickened. yledon tissue remaining attached. (iii) Watery. (ii) Less than half of the original cot- (4) Root: yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. (i) None. (2) Endosperm: (ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (i) Missing. root with weak secondary or adven- (ii) [Reserved] titious roots. (3) Epicotyl: (5) Seedling: (i) One or more essential structures (i) Missing. impaired as a result of decay from pri- (ii) Damaged or missing terminal mary infection. bud. (ii) Albino. (4) Hypocotyl: (i) Deep open cracks extending into [59 FR 64506, Dec. 14, 1994] the conducting tissue. (ii) Malformed, such as markedly § 201.56–12 Miscellaneous plant fami- shortened, curled, or thickened. lies. (5) Root: Kinds of seed by family: (i) None. Carrot family, Apiaceae (ii) Weak, stubby, or missing primary (Umbelliferae)—carrot, celery, celeriac, root with weak secondary or adven- dill, parsley, parsnip; titious roots. Hemp family, Cannabaceae—hemp; (6) Seedling: Dichondra family, Dichondraceae— (i) One or more essential structures dichondra; impaired as a result of decay from pri- Geranium family, Geraniaceae— mary infection. alfilaria; (ii) Albino. Mint family, Lamiaceae (Labiatae)— sage, summer savory; benne family, [59 FR 64505 Dec. 14, 1994] Pedaliaceae—sesame; Rose family, Rosaceae—little burnet; § 201.56–11 Knotweed family, Nightshade family, Solanaceae—egg- Polygonaceae. plant, tomato, husk tomato, pepper, Kinds of seed: Buckwheat, rhubarb, tobacco; and and sorrel. Valerian family, Valerianaceae— (a) General description. cornsalad. (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. (a) General description. (2) Food reserves: Cotyledons, (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. starchy endosperm. (2) Food reserves: Cotyledons; (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl endosperm may or may not be present, elongates carrying the cotyledons depending on the kind. above the soil surface. The epicotyl (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl usually does not show any development elongates, carrying the cotyledons within the test period. above the soil surface. The epicotyl (4) Root system: A primary root, with usually does not show any development secondary roots developing within the within the test period. test period for some kinds. (4) Root system: A primary root; sec- (b) Abnormal seedling description. ondary roots may or may not develop (1) Cotyledons: within the test period, depending on (i) Less than half of the original cot- the kind. yledon tissue remaining attached. (b) Abnormal seedling description. (ii) Less than half of the original cot- (1) Cotyledons: yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. (i) Less than half of the original cot- (2) Epicotyl: yledon tissue remaining attached.

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(ii) Less than half of the original cot- test, scarification, or application of yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. germination promoting chemicals. (2) Epicotyl: (b) The percentage of dormant seed, (i) Missing. (May be assumed to be if present, shall be determined in addi- present if the cotyledons are intact.) tion to the percentage of germination (ii) [Reserved] for the following kinds: Bahiagrass, (3) Hypocotyl: basin wildrye, big bluestem, little (i) Malformed, such as markedly bluestem, sand bluestem, yellow shortened, curled, or thickened. bluestem, bottlebrush-squirreltail, (ii) Deep open cracks extending into buffalograss, buffelgrass, galletagrass, the conducting tissue. forage kochia, blue grama, side-oats (iii) Watery. grama, Indian ricegrass, johnsongrass, (4) Root: sand lovegrass, weeping lovegrass, (i) None. mountain rye, sand dropseed, smilo, (ii) Missing or stubby primary root switchgrass, veldtgrass, western with weak secondary or adventitious wheatgrass, and yellow indiangrass. roots. (c) For green needlegrass, if the test (5) Seedling: result of method 2 is less than the re- (i) One or more essential structures sult of method 1, subtract the result of impaired as a result of decay from pri- method 2 from method 1 and report the mary infection. difference as the percentage of dor- (ii) Albino. mant seed. Refer to § 201.58(b)(7). [59 FR 64506, Dec. 14, 1994] [46 FR 53638, Oct. 29, 1981, as amended at 59 FR 64506, Dec. 14. 1994] § 201.57 Hard seeds. § 201.58 Substrata, temperature, dura- Seeds which remain hard at the end tion of test, and certain other spe- of the prescribed test because they cific directions for testing for ger- have not absorbed water, due to an im- mination and hard seed. permeable seed coat, are to be counted Specific germination requirements as ‘‘hard seed.’’ If at the end of the ger- are set forth in table 2 to which the fol- mination period provided for legumes, lowing paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) are okra, cotton and dichondra in these applicable. rules and regulations there are still (a) Definitions and explainations appli- present swollen seeds or seeds of these cable to table 2—(1) Duration of tests. The kinds which have just started to ger- following deviations are permitted minate, all seeds or seedlings except from the specified duration of tests: the above-stated shall be removed and Any test may be terminated prior to the test continued for 5 additional days the number of days listed under ‘‘Final and the normal seedlings included in count’’ if the miximum germination of the percentage of germination. For the sample has then been determined. flatpea, continue the swollen seed in The number of days stated for the first test for 14 days when germinating at count is approximate and a deviatioon ° 15–25 C or for 10 days when germi- of 1 to 3 days is permitted. If at the ° nating at 20 C. time of the prescribed test period the [5 FR 33, Jan. 4, 1940, as amended at 10 FR seedlings are not sufficiently developed 9952, Aug. 11, 1945; 20 FR 7936, Oct. 21, 1955; 65 for positive evaluation, it is possible to FR 1708, Jan. 11, 2000] extend the time of the test period two additional days. (Also, see paragraph § 201.57a Dormant seeds. (a)(5) of this section and 201.57.) Dormant seeds are viable seeds, other (2) Light. Cool white fluorescent light than hard seeds, which fail to ger- shall be provided where light is re- minate when provided the specified quired in table 2. The light intensity germination conditions for the kind of shall be 75 to 125 foot-candles (750–1,250 seed in question. lux). (The light intensity for nondor- (a) Viability of ungerminated seeds mant seed and during seedling develop- shall be determined by any of the fol- ment may be as low as 25 foot-candles lowing methods or combinations of to enable the essential structures to be methods: a cutting test, tetrazolium evaluated with greater certainty.) The

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seeds shall be illuminated for at least 8 a single thickness of blotter through which hours every 24 hours except when holes are punched for the seed that are transferred to a low temperature ger- pressed for about one-half their thickness minator during the weekend. When into the paper wadding TC= on top of creped cellulose paper without seeds are germinated at alternating a blotter temperatures they shall be illuminated RB= blotters with raised covers, prepared by during high temperature periods. Seeds folding up the edges of the blotter to form for which light is prescribed shall be a good support for the upper fold which germinated on top of the substratum serves as a cover, preventing the top from except for ryegrass fluorescence tests. making direct contact with the seeds. (3) Moisture-on-dry-side. This term (8) Temperature. A single numeral in- means that the moistened substratum dicates a constant temperature. Two should be pressed against a dry absorb- numerals separated by a dash indicate ent surface such as a dry paper towel an alternation of temperature, the test or blotter to remove excess moisture. to be held at the first temperature for The moisture content thus obtained approximately 16 hours and at the sec- should be maintained throughout the ond temperature for approximately 8 germination test period. hours per day. The temperature shall (4) Potassium nitrate (KNO3). These be determined at the substratum level terms mean a two-tenths (0.2) percent and shall be as uniform as possible solution of potassium nitrate (KNO3) throughout the germination chamber. shall be used in moistening the sub- (A sharp alternation of temperature, stratum. Such solution is prepared by such as obtained by hand transfer, may dissolving 2 grams of KNO3 in 1,000 ml. be beneficial in breaking dormancy.) If of distilled water. The grade of the po- tests are not subjected to alternating tassium nitrate shall meet A.C.S. spec- temperatures over weekends and on ifications. holidays, they are to be held at the (5) Prechill. The term ‘‘prechill’’ first-mentioned temperature during means a cold, moist treatment applied this time. In cases where two tempera- to seeds to overcome dormancy prior to tures are indicated (separated by a the germination test. The prechill semicolon) the first temperature shall method varies among kinds, but is usu- be regarded as the regular method and ally performed by holding imbibed the second as an alternate method. seeds at a low temperature for a speci- (9) Paper substrata must be free of fied period of time. The prechill period chemicals toxic to germinating seed is not included in the duration of tests and seedling growth. If root injury oc- given in table 2, unless otherwise speci- curs from toxicity of a paper sub- fied. stratum or from the use of potassium (6) Predry. The term ‘‘predry’’ means nitrate, retests shall be made on soil or to place the seed in a shallow layer at on a substratum moistened with water. a temperature of 35 ° to 40 °C. for a pe- (10) Ethephon. This term means a 29 riod of 5 to 7 days, with provisions for parts per million (0.0029 percent) solu- circulation of the air. tion of ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phos- (7) Substrata (Kinds). The symbols used for substrata are: phonic acid] which shall be used to moisten the substratum. This solution B= between blotters is prepared by mixing 0.6 ml of a stock TB= top of blotters solution with 5,000 ml of distilled T= paper toweling, used either as folded water. The stock solution contains 24 towel tests or as roll towel tests in hori- zontal or vertical position grams of active material per 100 ml of S= sand or soil where soil is an artificial propylene glycol or two pounds of ac- planting mix of shredded peat moss, tive material per gallon. A solution vermiculite, and perlite which is five times this concentration TS= top of sand or soil (5×29 ppm) may be used for extremely P= covered Petri dishes: with two layers of dormant seeds, provided seeds are blotters; with one layer of absorbent cot- transferred to substratum moistened ton; with five layers of paper toweling; with three thicknesses of filter paper; or with water after 1 to 3 days. with sand or soil (11) Ethylene. This term means that C= creped cellulose paper wadding (0.3-inch five (5) ml of ethylene gas per cubic thick Kimpak or equivalent) covered with foot (176.57 ml/m3) of germinator space

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is injected into a germinator in which scratched lightly and left in test for 7 peanut seeds in moist rolled towels additional days. have been placed. Following injection (5) Cotton (Gossypium spp.); dormant of the ethylene, the germinator is kept samples. Samples of cottonseed which closed until the first count (5 days). If do not respond to the usual method the germinator door is opened for the should be placed in a closed container purpose of checking or rewetting the with water and shaken until the lint is samples, another injection of ethylene thoroughly wet. The excess moisture at the same rate shall be made. should then be blotted off. (b) Special procedures and alternate (6) Endive (Cichorium endivia); dormant methods for germination referred to in samples. Add about 1⁄8 inch of tap water table 2—(1) Alyceclover; swollen seeds. At at the beginning of the test and remove the conclusion of the 21-day test pe- excess water after 24 hours. riod, carefully pierce the seed coat (7) Green needlegrass; two test meth- with a sharp instrument and continue ods as prescribed in table 2 shall be the test for 5 additional days. Alter- used on each sample: nate method: The swollen seeds may be (i) For method 1, acid scarify 400 placed at 20 °C for 48 hours and then at seeds for 10 minutes in concentrated 35 °C for 3 additional days. sulfuric acid (95 to 98 percent H2 SO4). (2) Bahiagrass; removal of glumes. On Rinse seeds and dry on blotters for 16 all varieties except ‘‘Pensacola,’’ re- hours, then place seeds on blotters moistened with a solution of 0.055 per- move the enclosing structures (glumes, cent (500 ppm gibberellic acid GA ) and lemma, and palea) from the caryopsis 3 0.46 percent (3,000 ppm) thiram and ger- with the aid of a sharp scalpel. If the minate 14 days. seed is fresh or dormant, lightly (ii) For method 2, plant 400 seeds on scratch the surface of the caryopsis. blotters moistened with a 0.2 percent (3) Beet, Swiss chard; preparation of solution of KNO3 and germinate 14 seed for test. Before the seeds are placed days. Refer to § 201.57a(c). on the germination substratum, they (iii) Report the results of method 2 as shall be soaked in water for 2 hours, the percentage germination. If the using at least 250 ml of water per 100 number in method 2 is less than meth- seeds, then washed in running water od 1, subtract the results of method 2 and the excess water blotted off. The from method 1 and report the dif- temperature of the soaking and wash- ference as dormant seed. ° ing water should be no lower than 20 C. (8) Rescue grass (Bromus catharticus); Samples producing excessive discolora- dormant samples. Wash for 48 hours in tion of the hypocotyl or root should be running water, or soak for 48 hours, retested in soil or by washing in run- changing the water and rinsing each ning water for 3 hours and testing on morning and night. ‘‘Kimpak,’’ keeping the seed covered (9) Rice (Oryza sativa)—Alternate meth- with slightly moist blotters. Sugar od. Plant the seeds in moist sand. On beets may require 16 hours soaking in the seventh day of the test add water water at 25 °C, followed by rinsing and to a depth of one-fourth inch above the then drying for 2 hours at room tem- sand level and leave for the remainder perature. of the test. Only a final count is made. (4) Buffelgrass; alternate method for Dormant seeds: Presoak 24 to 48 hours dormant seed. The caryopses shall be re- in 40 °C. water. For deeply dormant moved from the fascicles and placed on seeds, presoak 24 hours in 1,000 p.p.m. blotters moistened with a 0.2 percent ethylene chlorohydrin or 5 percent so- solution of KNO3, in petri dishes. The lution of sodium hypochlorite (clorox seeds from a fascicle should be ar- at bottle strength). ranged so they will not be confused (10) Ryegrass; fluorescence test. The with seeds from other fascicles during germination test for fluorescence of the test. The seeds are then prechilled ryegrass shall be conducted in light at 5 °C for 7 days and tested at 30 °C in [not to exceed 100 foot candles (1,076 light for 21 additional days. Firm lux)] with white filter paper as the sub- ungerminated seeds remaining at the stratum. The white filter paper should conclusion of the test should be be nontoxic to the roots of ryegrass

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and of a texture that will resist pene- DE-wing seeds and soak for 2 hours in tration of ryegrass roots. Distilled or 3 leters of water after which rince with deionized water shall be used to moist- approximately 3 leters of distilled en the filter paper. The test shall be water. Remove excess water, air dry for conducted in a manner that will pre- 7 days at room temperature, then test vent the contact of roots of different for germination as indicated in Table 2. seedlings. Roots of some seedlings (c) Procedures for coated seed. (1) Ger- produce fluorescent lines on white fil- mination tests on coated seed shall be ter paper when viewed under ultra- conducted in accordance with methods violet light. First counts shall not be in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sec- made before the eighth day; at that tion. However, kinds for which soaking time remove only normal fluorescent or washing is specified in paragraph (b) seedlings. Evaluation of fluorescence shall not be soaked or washed in the shall be made under F15T8–BLB or case of coated seed. comparable ultraviolet tubes in an area (i) Coated seed units shall be placed where light from other sources is ex- on the substratum in the condition in cluded. If there are over 75 percent nor- which they are received without rins- mal fluorescent seedlings present at ing, soaking, or any other the time of the first count, break the pretreatment. contact of the roots of the nonfluores- (ii) Coated seed units in mixtures cent seedlings from the substratum and which are color coded or can otherwise reread the fluorescence at the time of be separated by kinds shall be ger- the final count. At the final count, lift minated as separate kinds without re- each remaining seedling, observing the moving the coating material. path of each root since sometimes faint (iii) Coated seed units in mixtures fluorescence will show on the sub- which cannot be separated by kinds stratum as the root is lifted. Abnormal without removing the coating material seedlings and dead seeds are not evalu- shall be de-coated and germinated as ated for fluorescence. See § 201.58a(a). separate kinds. The coating material (11) Trifolium, Medicago, Melilotus, and shall be removed in a manner that will Vicia faba; temperature requirements. A not affect the germination capacity of temperature of 18 °C. is desirable for the seeds. Trifolium spp., Medicago spp., Melilotus (2) The moisture level of the sub- spp., and Vicia faba. stratum is important. It may depend (12) Garden bean; use of calcium ni- on the water-absorbing capacity of the trate. If hypocotyl collar rot is observed coating material. A retest may be nec- on seedlings, the sample involved shall essary before satisfactory germination be retested using a 0.3 to 0.6 percent so- of the sample is achieved. lution of calcium nitrate (CaNO3) to (3) Phytotoxic symptoms may be evi- moisten the substratum. dent when germinating coated seeds in (13) Fourwing Saltbush (Atriplex paper substrata. In such cases a retest canscens); preparation of seed for test. in sand or soil may be necessary.

TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

AGRICULTURAL SEED Agrotricum ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days. Alfalfa ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 4 17 See ¶(b)(11). Alfilaria ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 14 Clip seeds. Alyceclover ...... B, T 35 ...... 4 121 See ¶ (b)(1) for swollen seeds. Bahiagrass: Var. Pensa- P, S 20–35 ...... 7 28 Light; see ¶ (b)(2) ...... See § 201.57a cola. All other P 30–35 ...... 3 21 Light; remove glumes; Scratch caryopses; vars.. see ¶ (b)(2). KNO3; see § 201.57a Barley ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill 5 days at 5 or 10 °C or predry

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TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS—Continued

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

Barrelclover ...... B, T 20 ...... 4 114 Remove seeds from bur; see ¶ (b)(11). Bean: Adzuki ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 110 Field ...... B, T, S, TC 20–30; 25 ...... 5 18 Mung ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 3 17 Beet, field ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 3 14 See ¶ (b)(3). Beet, sugar ...... B, T, S 20–30; 20 ...... 3 10 See ¶ (b)(3). Beggarweed, B, T 30 ...... 5 128 Florida. Bentgrass: Colonial ...... P 15–30; 10–30; 7 28 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 15–25. 7 days. Creeping ...... P 15–30; 10–30; 7 28 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 15–25. 7 days. Velvet ...... P 15–25; 20–30 ...... 7 21 Light; KNO3. Bermudagrass .... P 20–35 ...... 7 21 Light; KNO3; see ¶ (a)(9). Bermudagrass, P 20–35 ...... 7 21 Light; KNO3; see ¶ (a)(9) Prechill at 10 °C for 7 giant. days and then test at 20–35 °C; continue tests of hulled seed for 14 days and of unhulled seed for 21 days Bluegrass: Annual ...... P 20–30 ...... 7 21 Light. Bulbous ...... P, S 10 ...... 10 35 KNO3 or soil ...... Prechill all samples at 5 °C for 7 days. Canada ...... P 15–25; 15–30 ...... 10 28 Light; KNO3 ...... 10–30 °C. Glaucantha .. P 15–25; 15–30 ...... 10 28 Light; KNO3. Kentucky ...... P 15–25; 15–30 ...... 10 28 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 10 °C for 5 days. Nevada ...... P 20–30 ...... 7 21 Light; KNO3. Rough ...... P 20–30 ...... 7 21 Light. Texas ...... P 20–30 ...... 7 28 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks. Wood ...... P 20–30 ...... 7 28 Light. Bluejoint ...... TB, P 15–25 ...... 10 21 Light and KNO3 optional Prechill at 5 °C for 5 days Bluestem: Big ...... P, TS 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks; see § 201.57a. Little ...... P, TS 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks; see § 201.57a. Sand ...... P, TS 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks; see § 201.57a. Yellow ...... P, TS 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks; see § 201.57a. Bottlebrush- P, B 20; 15 ...... 10 14 ...... See § 201.57a. squirreltail. Brome: Field ...... P, TB 15–25; 20–30 ...... 6 14 Light ...... Prechill at 10 °C for 5 days. Meadow ...... B, T, TB 20–30 ...... 6 14 Light optional. Mountain ...... P 20–30 ...... 6 14 Light.. Smooth ...... P, B, TB 20–30 ...... 6 14 Light optional ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, then test at 30 °C for 9 additional days. Broomcorn ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 3 10 Buckwheat ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 6 Buffalograss: (Burs) ...... P,TB,TS 20–35 ...... 7 14 Light;KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks; See § 201.57a. (Caryopses) P 20–35 ...... 5 14 Light;KNO3. Buffelgrass ...... S 30 ...... 7 28 Light; press fascicles See ¶ (b)(4); see into well-packed soil § 201.57a. and prechill at 5 °C for 7 days.

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TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS—Continued

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

Burclover, Cali- B, T 20 ...... 4 1 14 Remove seeds from fornia. bur; see ¶ (b)(11). Burclover, spotted B, T 20 ...... 4 1 14 Remove seeds from bur; see ¶ (b)(11). Burnet, littler ...... B, T 15 ...... 5 14 Buttonclover ...... B, T 20 ...... 4 1 10 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Canarygrass ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Canarygrass, P 20–30 ...... 5 21 Light; KNO3. reed. Carpetgrass ...... P 20–35 ...... 10 21 Light...... KNO3. Castorbean ...... T, S 20–30 ...... 7 14 Remove caruncle if mold interferes with test. Chess, soft ...... P 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 7 days. Chickpea ...... T,S 20–30 ...... 3 1 17 Clover: Alsike ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 3 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Arrowleaf ..... B, T 20; 15 ...... 4 1 14 See ¶(b)(11). Berseem ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 3 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Cluster ...... B, T 20 ...... 4 1 10 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Crimson ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 4 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Kenya ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 3 17 Ladino ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 3 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Lappa ...... B, T 20 ...... 3 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Large hop .... B, T 20 ...... 4 1 14 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Persian ...... B, T 20 ...... 3 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Red ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 4 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Rose ...... B, T 20 ...... 4 1 10 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Small hop .... B, T 20 ...... 4 1 14 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Strawberry ... B, T 20 ...... 3 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Sub ...... B, T 20 ...... 4 1 14 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. White ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 3 1 7 See ¶(b)(11) ...... 15 °C. Corn: Field ...... B, T, S, TC 20–30; 25 ...... 4 7 Pop ...... B, T, S, TC 20–30; 25 ...... 4 7 Cotton ...... B, T, S 20–30; 30 ...... 4 1 12 Test by alternate method; see ¶ (b)(5). Cowpea ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 5 1 8 Crambe ...... T,B 20;25 ...... 4 7 ...... KNO3 Crested dogtail ... P 20–30 ...... 10 21 Light ...... Prechill at 5 ° or 10 °C for 3 days. Crotalaria: Lance ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 1 10 Showy ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 1 10 Slenderleaf .. B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 1 10 Striped ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 1 10 Sunn ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 1 10 Crownvetch ...... B,T,TB,S 20 ...... 7 1 14 Dallisgrass ...... P 20–35 ...... 7 21 Light; KNO3. Dichondra ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 7 1 28 Drop seed, sand P 5–35; 15–35 ...... 5 14 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 4 weeks; see § 201.57a. Emmer ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days or predry. Fescue: Chewings ..... P 15–25 ...... 7 21 Light and KNO3 optional Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days. Hair ...... P 10–25 ...... 10 28 KNO3. Hard ...... P 15–25 ...... 7 21 Light and KNO3 optional. Meadow ...... P 15–25; 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional. Red ...... P 15–25 ...... 7 21 Light and KNO3 optional. Sheep ...... P 15–25 ...... 7 21 Light and KNO3 optional. Tall ...... P 15–25; 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days and test for 21 days. Flatpea ...... T 15–25;20 ...... 14 1 28 Flax ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 3 7 Foxtail, creeping P 15–30 ...... 7 21 Light;KNO3. Foxtail, meadow P 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light.

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TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS—Continued

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

Galletagrass ...... P, B 20; 25; 20–30 ...... 4 10 ...... See § 201.57a Grama: Blue ...... P, TB 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light ...... KNO3; see § 201.57a. Side-oats ..... P 15–30 ...... 7 14 Light; KNO3 ...... See § 201.57a. Guar ...... B, T, S 30; 20–30 ...... 5 1 14 Guineagrass ...... P 15–35 ...... 10 28 Light; KNO3 optional. Hardinggrass ...... P 10–30 ...... 7 28 Light...... KNO3. Alternate P 15–25 ...... 7 14 Light; presoak at 15 °C method. for 24 hrs. Hemp ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Indiangrass, yel- P, TS 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 low. weeks; see § 201.57a. Indigo, hairy ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 5 1 14 Japanese P 35–20 ...... 10 28 Light; KNO3. lawngrass. Johnsongrass ..... P 20–35 ...... 7 35 Light...... KNO3; see § 201.57a. Kenaf ...... T, B 20–30 ...... 4 1 8 Kochia, forage .... P 20 ...... 4 14 ...... See § 201.57a. Kudzu ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 5 1 14 Lentil ...... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 10 Lespedeza: Korean ...... B, T, S 20–35 ...... 5 1 14 Sericea ...... B, T, S 20–35 ...... 7 1 21 Siberian ...... B, T, S 20–35 ...... 7 1 21 Striate ...... B, T, S 20–35 ...... 7 1 14 Lovegrass, sand P 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 6 weeks; see § 201.57a. Lovegrass, weep- P 20–35 ...... 5 14 Light...... KNO3; see § 201.57a. ing. Lupine: Blue ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 4 1 10 White ...... B, T 20 ...... 3 1 10 Yellow ...... B, T 20 ...... 7 1 10 Manilagrass ...... P 35–20 ...... 10 28 Light; KNO3. Medic, black ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 4 1 7 See ¶(b)(11). Milkvetch ...... B, T 20 ...... 6 1 14 Alternate B, TB, T 15–25 ...... 10 1 21 method. Millet: Browntop ..... B, P, T 20–30; 30 ...... 4 14 Light and KNO3 optional Predry at 35 or 40 °C for 7 days and test at 30 °C. Alternate B, P, T 5–35 ...... 4 14 Light; KNO3. method. Foxtail ...... B, T 15–30; 20–30 ...... 4 10 Japanese ..... B, T 20–30 ...... 4 10 Pearl ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Proso ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Molassesgrass .... P 20–30 ...... 7 21 Light. Mustard: Black ...... P 20–30 ...... 3 7 Light...... KNO3 and prechill at 10 °C for 3 days. India ...... P 20–30 ...... 3 7 Light ...... Prechill at 10 °C for 7 days and test for 5 days; KNO3. White ...... P 20–30 ...... 3 5 Light. Napiergrass ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 Needlegrass, green: Method 1 ..... P 15–30 ...... 7 14 H2 SO4,GA3 and thiram; dark; see ¶ (b)(7). Method 2 ..... P 15–30 ...... 7 14 KNO3; dark; see (b)(7). Oat ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 5 10 Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days and test for 7 days or predry and test for 10 days.. Oatgrass, tall ...... P 20–30 ...... 6 14 Light. Orchardgrass ...... P, TS 15–25 ...... 7 21 Light; germination more Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for rapid on soil. 7 days.

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TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS—Continued

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

Panicgrass, blue P, TS 20–30 ...... 7 28 Light. Panicgrass, green P 15–35 ...... 10 28 Light; KNO3 optional. Pea, field ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 3 18 Peanut ...... B, T, S 20–30; 25 ...... 5 110 Remove shells ...... Ethephon or ethylene; see ¶ (a) (10) and (11). Rape: Annual ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Bird ...... P 20–30 ...... 3 10 Light...... KNO3. Turnip ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Winter ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Redtop ...... P, TB 20–30 ...... 5 10 Light ...... KNO3. Rescuegrass ...... P, S 10–30 ...... 7 28 Light; see ¶ (b)(8) for al- In soil at 15 °C. ternate method. Rhodesgrass ...... P 20–30 ...... 6 14 Light; KNO3. Rice ...... T, S 20–30; 30 ...... 5 14 See ¶ (b)(9) for alternate Presoak; see ¶ (b)(9). method. Ricegrass, Indian P 15 ...... 7 42 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 4 weeks and test for 21 additional days; see § 201.57a. Alternate S 5–15; 15; 15–25 .. 7 28 ...... Dark; prechill in soil at 5 method. °C for 4 weeks; see § 201.57a. Roughpea ...... B, T 20 ...... 7 114 Rye ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days or predry. Rye, mountain .... B, T 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... See § 201.57a. Ryegrass: Annual ...... P, TB 15–25 ...... 5 14 Light optional; see Light; KNO3; prechill at ¶ (b)(10) for fluores- 5 or 10 °C for 5 days cence test. and test at 15–25 °C; if still dormant prechill for 3 days and continue test at 15–25 °C an additional 4 days. Intermediate P, TB 15–25 ...... 7 14 Light...... KNO3 and prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days and test at 15–25 °C; if still dormant rechill for 3 days and continue test at 15–25 °C an additional 4 days. Perennial ..... P, TB 15–25 ...... 5 14 Light optional; see Light; KNO3; prechill at ¶ (b)(10) for fluores- 5 or 10 °C for 5 days cence test. and test at 15–25 °C; if still dormant rechill for 3 days and continue test at 15–25 °C an additional 4 days. Wimmera ..... P, TB 15–25; 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light optional ...... Light; KNO3; prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days and test at 15–25 °C; if still dormant rechill for 3 days and continue test at 15–25 °C an additional 4 days. Safflower ...... P, B, T, S 15; 20 ...... 4 14 Light at 15 °C. Sagewort, Lou- P 15–25 ...... 7 14 Light. isiana. Sainfoin ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 4 1 14 Saltbush, B 20 ...... 5 14 See ¶ (b)(13) ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 7 fourwing. days. Alternate B 15 ...... 21 method. Sesame ...... B, T, TB 20–30 ...... 3 6 Sesbania ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 5 1 7 Smilo ...... P 20–30 ...... 7 42 Light ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks; see § 201.57a.

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TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS—Continued

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

Sorghum ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 10 ...... Prechill grain vars. at 5 ° or 10 °C for 5 days; test sweet vars. at 30–45 °C, maintaining 45 °C for 2–4 hours per day. Sorghum almum T, S 20–35; 15–35 ...... 5 21 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 5 days; on the 10th day of test, clip or pierce the distal end of ungerminated seeds. Sorghum- B, T, S 20–30; 25 ...... 4 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for sudangrass. 5 days. Sorgrass 2 ...... B, T, S 15–35; 20–35 ...... 5 21 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 7 days. Sourclover ...... B, T 20 ...... 3 1 14 See ¶(b)(11). Soybean ...... B, T, S, TC 20–30; 25 ...... 5 1 8 Spelt ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, or predry. Sudangrass ...... B, T, S 20–30; 15–30 ...... 4 10 ...... Prechill at 10 °C for 5 days. Sunflower ...... T,B 20 ...... 4 7 Sweetclover: White ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 4 1 7 See ¶(b)(11). Yellow ...... B, T, S 20 ...... 4 1 7 See ¶(b)(11). Sweet P 20–30 ...... 6 14 Light. vernalgrass. Sweetvetch, B, TB, T 15–25; 20 ...... 14 1 28 northern. Switchgrass ...... P, TS 15–30 ...... 7 14 Light; KNO3 ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks; see § 201.57a. Timothy ...... P, TB 15–25; 20–30 ...... 5 10 Light; see ¶ (a)(9) ...... KNO3 and prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days. Timothy, turf ...... P, TB 15–25; 20–30 ...... 5 10 Light ...... KNO3 and prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days. Tobacco ...... P, TB 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light. Trefoil: Big ...... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 12 Birdsfoot ...... B, P, T 20 ...... 5 1 12 Triticale ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, or predry. Vaseygrass ...... P 20–35 ...... 7 21 Light...... KNO3. Veldtgrass ...... P 10–30 ...... 7 28 Light...... See §201.57a. Velvetbean ...... B, T, S, C 20–30 ...... 3 1 14 Velvetgrass ...... P 20–30 ...... 6 14 Light. Vetch: Common ...... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 10 Hairy ...... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 14 Hungarian .... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 10 Monantha .... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 10 Narrowleaf ... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 14 Purple ...... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 10 Woollypod .... B, T 20 ...... 5 1 14 ...... Prechill at 10 °C for 5 days, test at 15 °C. Wheat: Common ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, or predry. Club ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, or predry. Durum ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, or predry. Polish ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, or predry. Poulard ...... B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, or predry. Wheat Agrotricum B, T, S 20; 15 ...... 4 7 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days, or predry. Wheatgrass: Beardless .... P, TB 15–25 ...... 7 14 Light and KNO3 optional KNO3 and prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 7 days.

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TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS—Continued

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

Fairway P, TB 15–25; 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional KNO3 and prechill at 5 crested. or 10 °C for 7 days. Standard P, TB 15–25; 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional KNO3 and prechill at 5 crested. or 10 °C for 7 days. Intermediate P 15–25 ...... 5 28 Light and KNO3 optional KNO3 and prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 7 days. Alternate P 20–30 ...... 5 28 Light. method. Pubescent ... P 15–25 ...... 5 28 Light and KNO3 optional KNO3 and prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 7 days. Alternate P 20–30 ...... 5 28 Light. method. Siberian ...... P, TB 15–25 ...... 7 14 Light and KNO3 optional KNO3 and prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 7 days. Slender ...... P, TB 15–25; 10–30 ...... 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days; if still dormant on the 10th day, rechill 2 days, then place at 20–30 °C for 4 days. Streambank P, TB 15–25 ...... 5 14 Light and KNO3 optional Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days. Tall ...... P 15–25 ...... 5 21 Light and KNO3 optional Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days. Alternate P 20–30 ...... 5 21 Light ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for method. 5 days. Western ...... B, P, T 15–30 ...... 7 28 Dark ...... KNO3 or soil; see § 201.57a. Wildrye: Basin ...... P 15–25 ...... 10 21 ...... See §201.57a. Canada ...... P 15–30 ...... 7 21 Light ...... Prechill at 5 °C for 2 weeks. Russian ...... P 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 5 days. VEGETABLE SEED Artichoke ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 7 21 Asparagus ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 7 21 Asparagusbean .. B, T, S 20–30 ...... 5 1 8 Bean: Garden ...... B, T, S, TC 20–30; 25 ...... None 1 8 ...... See ¶(b)(12). Lima ...... B, T, C, S 20–30 ...... 5 1 9 Runner ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 5 1 9 Beet ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 3 14 See ¶ (b)(3). Broadbean ...... S, C 20 ...... 4 1 14 See ¶ (b)(11) ...... Prechill at 10 °C for 3 days. Broccoli ...... B, P, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 3 days; KNO3 and light. Brussels sprouts B, P, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 3 days; KNO3 and light. Burdock, great .... B, T 20–30 ...... 7 14 Cabbage ...... B, P, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 3 days; KNO3 and light. Cabbage, Chi- B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 nese.

Cabbage, B, P 20–30 ...... 3 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for tronchuda. 3 days; KNO3 and light. Cardoon ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 7 21 Carrot ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 6 14 Cauliflower ...... B, P, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 3 days; KNO3 and light Celeriac ...... P 5–25; 20 ...... 10 21 Light; see ¶ (a)(9). Celery ...... P 15–25; 20 ...... 10 21 Light; see ¶ (a)(9). Chard, Swiss ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 3 14 See ¶ (b)(3). Chicory ...... P, TS 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light; KNO3 or soil; see ¶ (a)(9).

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TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS—Continued

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

Chives ...... B, T 20 ...... 6 14 Citron ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 7 14 Soak seeds 6 hrs ...... Test at 30 °C. Collards ...... B, P, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 3 days; KNO3 and light . Corn, sweet ...... B, T, S, TC 20–30; 25 ...... 4 7 Cornsalad ...... B, T 15 ...... 7 28 Test at 10 °C.. Cowpea ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 5 1 8 Cress: Garden ...... B, P, T 15 ...... 4 10 ...... Light. Upland ...... P, TB 20–35 ...... 4 7 Light; KNO3. Water ...... P 20–30 ...... 4 14 Light. Cucumber ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 3 7 Keep substratum on dry side; see ¶ (a)(3). Dandelion ...... P, TB 20–30 ...... 7 21 Light; see ¶ (a)(9). Dill ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 7 21 Eggplant ...... P, TB, RB, T 20–30 ...... 7 14 Light; KNO3.. Endive ...... P, TS 20–30 ...... 5 14 Light; KNO3 or soil ...... See ¶ (b)(6). Gherkin, West B, T, S 20–30 ...... 3 7 Test at 30 °C.. India. Kale ...... B, P, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 ...... Prechill at 5 ° or 10 °C for 3 days; KNO3 and light. Kale, Chinese ..... B, P, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 3 days; KNO3 and light. Kale, Siberian ..... B, P, T 20–30; 20 ...... 3 7 Kohlrabi ...... B, P, T 20–30 ...... 3 10 ...... Prechill at 5 or 10 °C for 3 days; KNO3 and light. Leek ...... B, T 20 ...... 6 14 Lettuce ...... P 20 ...... None 7 Light ...... Prechill at 10 °C for 3 days or test at 15 °C. Melon ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 10 Keep substratum on dry side; see ¶ (a)(3). Mustard, India ..... P 20–30 ...... 3 7 Light ...... Prechill at 10 °C for 7 days and test for 5 additional days; KNO3. Mustard, spinach B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Okra ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 4 1 14 Onion ...... B, T 20 ...... 6 10 Alternate S 20 ...... 6 12 method. Onion, Welsh ...... B, T 20 ...... 6 10 Pak-choi ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Parsley ...... B, T, TS 20–30 ...... 11 28 Parsnip ...... B, T, TS 20–30 ...... 6 28 Pea ...... B, T,S 20 ...... 5 1 8 Pepper ...... TB, RB, T 20–30 ...... 6 14 ...... Light and KNO3. Pumpkin ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 7 Keep substratum on dry side; see ¶ (a)(3). Radish ...... B, T 20 ...... 4 6 Rhubarb ...... TB, TS 20–30 ...... 7 21 Light. Rutabaga ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 14 Sage ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 5 14 Salsify ...... B, T 15 ...... 5 10 Prechill at 10 °C for 3 days.. Savory, summer B, T 20–30 ...... 5 21 Sorrel ...... P, TB, TS 20–30 ...... 3 14 Light ...... Test at 15 °C. Soybean ...... B, T, S, TC 20–30; 25 ...... 5 1 8 Spinach ...... TB, T 15;10 ...... 7 21 Keep substratum on dry side; see ¶ (a)(3). Spinach, New T 15; 20 ...... 5 21 Soak fruits overnight (16 On 21st day scrape Zealand. hrs), air dry 7 hrs; fruits and test for 7 plant in very wet tow- additional days. els; do not rewater unless later counts exhibit drying out. Alternate method B, T 15 ...... 5 21 Remove pulp from basal end of fruit.

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TABLE 2—GERMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR INDICATED KINDS—Continued

First Final Additional directions Name of seed Substrata Temperature (°C) count count days days Specific requirements Fresh and dormant seed

Squash ...... B, T, S 20–30 ...... 4 7 Keep substratum on dry side; see ¶ (a)(3). Tomato ...... B, P, RB, T 20–30 ...... 5 14 ...... Light; KNO3. Tomato, husk ...... P, TB 20–30 ...... 7 28 Light; KNO3. Turnip ...... B, T 20–30 ...... 3 7 Watermelon ...... B, T, S 20–30; 25 ...... 4 14 Keep substratum on dry Test at 30 °C. side; see ¶ (a)(3). 1 Hard seeds may be present. (See § 201.57) 2 Rhizomatous derivatives of a johnsongrass sorghum cross or a johnsongrass sudangrass cross.

[20 FR 7928, Oct 21, 1955] may be based upon the seedling, grow- EDITORIAL NOTE: For FEDERAL REGISTER ci- ing plant or mature plant characteris- tations affecting § 201.58, see the List of CFR tics according to such authentic infor- Sections Affected, which appears in the mation as is available. Finding Aids section of the printed volume (a) Ryegrass. In determining the pure and at www.fdsys.gov. seed percentage of perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass, 400 seeds shall be EXAMINATIONS IN THE ADMINISTRATION grown on white filter paper and the OF THE ACT number of fluorescent seedlings determined under ultraviolet light at the § 201.58a Indistinguishable seeds. end of the germination period (see When the identification of the kind, § 201.58(b)(10)). variety, or type of seed or determina- (1) Fluorescence results are to be de- tion that seed is hybrid is not possible termined as test fluorescence level by seed characteristics, identification (TFL) to two decimal places as follows:

Number of normal fluorescent seedlings % TFL = ×100 Total number of normal seedlings

(2) The percentage of perennial ryegrass is calculated as follows:

% VFL (annual)− % TFL % Perennial ryegrass = × % Pure ryegrass % VFL (annual)− %( VFL perennial )

where VFL=Variety fluorescence level. (5) If the test fluorescence level (3) Using results from the above for- (TFL) of an annual ryegrass is equal to mula, the percentage of annual rye- or greater than the variety fluores- grass is calculated as follows: cence level (VFL) described for the variety, all pure ryegrass is considered to % Annual Ryegrass = % Pure Rye- be annual ryegrass and the formula is ¥ grass % Perennial Ryegrass not applied. (4) If the test fluorescence level (6) A list of variety fluorescence level (TFL) of a perennial ryegrass is equal (VFL) descriptions for perennial rye- to or less than the variety fluorescence grass varieties which are more than 0 level (VFL) described for the variety, percent fluorescent and annual rye- all pure ryegrass is considered to be pe- grass varieties which are less than 100 rennial ryegrass and the formula is not percent fluorescent is maintained and applied.

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