Dicots Versus Monocots

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Dicots versus Monocots • Dicots • Monocots • Two cotyledons • One cotyledon • Flower parts in fours or • Flower parts in threes fives • Leaves with parallel • Leaves with distinct primary veins. vein network • Vascular cambium • Vascular cambium present absent • Vascular bundles in • Vascular bundles ring scattered • Pollen grain with three • Pollen grain with one apertures aperture Fruit and Seed Dispersal • Water Dispersal ! Some fruits contain trapped air. ! Some have a waxy coating. ! Both means help the seed to float. ! Example- coconut • Mechanical Ejection of Seeds ! Capsules dry and split in a way that flings the seeds far from the parent plant. ! Example witch hazel Fruit and Seed Dispersal • Wind Dispersal ! Small and Lightweight seeds. ! May have attachments like wings or hairs to help give them lift. ! Example- maple, ash, dandelion • Animal Dispersal ! Seeds can pass through an animal’s digestive tract. ! Some fruits and seeds have spines or thorns that catch in fur or feathers. ! Oils attract ants. Corn- pollinated by wind Birds, Butterflies, and Bats How Seeds Form • Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. • This may occur by wind or pollinating insects, birds or other animals. • Wind pollinated flowers usually lack showy floral parts and nectar since they don’t need to attract a pollinator. • Their non-showy flowers, however, do produce a lot of pollen to increase the likelihood that a pollen grain will land on a receptive stigma. How Seeds Form • Brightly colored flowers, those with distinct markings or patterns on petals, containing fragrance or nectar, are most likely pollinated by insects, birds, or other animals. How Seeds Form • The surface of the stigma contains a chemical which activates the pollen, causing it to grow a long tube down the inside of the style to the ovules inside the ovary. • Fertilization is the union of the male sperm nucleus from the pollen grain and the female egg found in the ovary. • If fertilization is successful, the ovule will develop into a seed. How Seeds Form • Self-pollinating plants are capable of fertilizing themselves. That is, pollen from a single plant unites with an egg on the same plant. • In some plants, self-pollination may take place before the flower even opens. • In others, complex floral structure decrease the probability that pollen from another plant will reach the ovule. How Seeds Form • Cross-pollination occurs when pollen from one plant fertilized the ovule of a genetically different plant. • The surface of the stigma of self- incompatible plants recognized its own pollen and prevents it from germination, or causes the pollen to grow so slowly that it is not likely to reach the ovule before another pollen grain fertilized the ovule. How Seeds Form • Many fruit trees require cross-pollination for fruit development. How Seeds Form • Structure ! Cotyledons - Food storage organs that function as first seed leaves. ! Plumule - Embryo shoot. ! Epicotyl - Stem above cotyledon. ! Hypocotyl - Stem below attachment point. ! Radicle - Stem tip developing into a root. .

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Germination Structure of Seeds Quote
Germination Structure of Seeds Quote: Thomas Fuller's Gnomologia, 1732: "The greatest Oaks have been little Acorns." Seeds are found in a staggering array of shapes and sizes, but the process by which seeds germinate is similar in all species. Abies koreana Acer griseum Wisteria floribunda 'Korean Fir' by Roger Culos. CC BY-SA. 'Paperbark Maple' by Roger Culos. CC 'Japanese Wisteria' by Roger BY-SA. Culos. CC BY-SA. Alsomitra macrocarpa Macrozamia communis Strelitzia reginae 'Alsomitra macrocarpa seed' by Scott 'BurrawangSeeds' by AYArktos. CC BY- 'Paradiesvogelblumensamen' by Zona. CC BY. SA. Sebastian Stabinger. CC BY-SA. Taraxicum officinale Stephanotis floribunda Phleum pratense 'Achane of Taraxacum sect. 'Stephanotis seed' by L. Marie"/Lenore 'Timoteegras vruchten Phleum Ruderalia' by Didier Edman, Sunnyvale, CA. CC BY. pratense' by Rasbak. CC BY-SA. Descouens. CC BY-SA. Dicotyledon seeds testa epicotyl plumule hypocotyl cotyledon radicle 'Aesculus hippocastanum seed section' by Boronian. CC BY. plumule epicotyl hypocotyl testa hilum radicle cotyledon micropyle endosperm Monocotyledon seeds endosperm epicotyl testa hypocotyl cotyledon radicle Parts of a seed Testa The seed coat. A protective layer which is tough and hard and it protects the seed from attack by insects, fungi and bacteria. Cotyledon Dicotyledons have 2 cotyledons Monocotyledons have 1 cotyledon A cotyledon is an embryonic leaf. It is the first leaf to appear when a seedling grows. They often contain reserves of food which the developing seedling can use to grow. Epicotyl The section of stem between the cotyledon(s) and the plumule. In a seedling it is the section of stem between the cotyledons and the first true leaves.
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Drupe. Fruit with a Hard Endocarp (Figs. 67 and 71-73); E.G., and Sterculiaceae (Helicteres Guazumaefolia, Sterculia)
Fig. 71. Fig. 72. Fig. 73. Drupe. Fruit with a hard endocarp (figs. 67 and 71-73); e.g., and Sterculiaceae (Helicteres guazumaefolia, Sterculia). Anacardiaceae (Spondias purpurea, S. mombin, Mangifera indi- Desmopsis bibracteata (Annonaceae) has aggregate follicles ca, Tapirira), Caryocaraceae (Caryocar costaricense), Chrysobal- with constrictions between successive seeds, similar to those anaceae (Licania), Euphorbiaceae (Hyeronima), Malpighiaceae found in loments. (Byrsonima crispa), Olacaceae (Minquartia guianensis), Sapin- daceae (Meliccocus bijugatus), and Verbenaceae (Vitex cooperi). Samaracetum. Aggregate of samaras (fig. 74); e.g., Aceraceae (Acer pseudoplatanus), Magnoliaceae (Liriodendron tulipifera Hesperidium. Septicidal berry with a thick pericarp (fig. 67). L.), Sapindaceae (Thouinidium dodecandrum), and Tiliaceae Most of the fruit is derived from glandular trichomes. It is (Goethalsia meiantha). typical of the Rutaceae (Citrus). Multiple Fruits Aggregate Fruits Multiple fruits are found along a single axis and are usually coalescent. The most common types follow: Several types of aggregate fruits exist (fig. 74): Bibacca. Double fused berry; e.g., Lonicera. Achenacetum. Cluster of achenia; e.g., the strawberry (Fra- garia vesca). Sorosis. Fruits usually coalescent on a central axis; they derive from the ovaries of several flowers; e.g., Moraceae (Artocarpus Baccacetum or etaerio. Aggregate of berries; e.g., Annonaceae altilis). (Asimina triloba, Cananga odorata, Uvaria). The berries can be aggregate and syncarpic as in Annona reticulata, A. muricata, Syconium. Syncarp with many achenia in the inner wall of a A. pittieri and other species. hollow receptacle (fig. 74); e.g., Ficus. Drupacetum. Aggregate of druplets; e.g., Bursera simaruba THE GYMNOSPERM FRUIT (Burseraceae). Fertilization stimulates the growth of young gynostrobiles Folliacetum. Aggregate of follicles; e.g., Annonaceae which in species such as Pinus are more than 1 year old.
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Early Soybean Growth and Development
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Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA § 201.56–10
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Federal Aviation Agency
FEDERAL REGISTER VOLUME 30 • NUMBER 117 Friday, June 18,1965 • Washington, D.C. Pages 7863-7938 Agencies in this issue— Agricultural Research Service Area Redevelopment Administration Atomic Energy Commission Civil Aeronautics Board Civil Service Commission Consumer and Marketing Service Federal Aviation Agency Federal Communications Commission Federal Maritime Commission Federal Trade Commission Food and Drug Administration Interstate Commerce Commission Land Management Bureau Securities and Exchange Commission Detailed list of Contents appears inside. Subscriptions Now Being Accepted S L I P L A W S 89th Congress, 1st Session 1965 Separate prints of Public Laws, published immediately after enactment, with marginal annotations and legislative history references. Subscription Price: $12.00 per Session Published by Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration Order from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,' 20402 Published dally, Tuesday through Saturday (no publication on Sundays, Monday», or FEDERAL®REGISTER on the day after an official Federal holiday), by the Office of the Federal Register, National Area Code 202 Phone 963-3261 A1®1117®8 a n d R ecords Service, G eneral Services A d m in istra tio n (m ail address Nations _ . , _ _ Archives Building, Washington, D.C. 20408), p u r s u a n t to the authority contained in tne Federal Register Act, approved July 26, 1935 (49 Stat. 500, as amended; 44 U.S.C., ch. 8B), under regulations prescribed by the Admin istrative Committee of the Federal Register, approved by the President (1 CFR Ch. I). Distribution is made only by the Superintendent or Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
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Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 35 Annual Issue Article 30 1928 Germination Studies of Some Trees and Shrubs, 1928 L. H. Pammel C. M. King Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1928 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation Pammel, L. H. and King, C. M. (1928) "Germination Studies of Some Trees and Shrubs, 1928," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 35(1), 184-197. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol35/iss1/30 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pammel and King: Germination Studies of Some Trees and Shrubs, 1928 GERMINATION STUDIES OF SOME TREES AND SHRUBS, 1928 L. H. p AM MEL AND C. M. KING The studies for the spring of 1928 are a continuation of previous work and constitute the eleventh contribution to the series. In the present paper seedlings of twenty-three species of plants are de scribed, the germination periods noted, and the seedlings figured. These plants include both native and introduced forms. The seeds were contributed by Arnold Arboretum and other sources, many being the collections of the senior author in the field. Pinaceae Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine Pinus heterophylla (Ell.) Sudworth, Slash Pine, Cuban Pine Juniperus phoenicia L.
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Flower Speciesspecies
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Plant Disease
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7 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition) § 201.56–6
§ 201.56–6 7 CFR Ch. I (1–1–12 Edition) (C) No leaf. (B) Short, thick, and grainy. (D) Leaf extending less than halfway (C) No leaf. up into the coleoptile. (D) Leaf extending less than halfway (E) Leaf extensively shredded or up into the coleoptile. split. (E) Leaf extensively shredded or (F) Spindly or watery. split. (G) Deep open cracks in the (F) Spindly or watery. mesocotyl. (G) Deep open cracks in the (ii) Root: mesocotyl. (A) None. (ii) Root: (B) Damaged or weak primary root (A) Missing or defective primary root with less than two strong secondary even if other roots are present. roots. (B) Spindly, stubby, or watery pri- (iii) Seedling: mary root. (A) Decayed at point of attachment (iii) Seedling: to the scutellum. (A) Decayed at point of attachment (B) One or more essential structures to the scutellum. impaired as a result of decay from pri- (B) One or more essential structures mary infection. impaired as a result of decay from pri- (C) Albino. mary infection. (e) Grasses and millets. (C) Albino. (1) General description. (D) Yellow (when grown in light). (i) Germination habit: Hypogeal (E) Endosperm obviously detached monocot. from the root-shoot axis (e.g. kernel (ii) Food reserves: Endosperm. The lifted away by the growing shoot). scutellum is a modified cotyledon which is in direct contact with the [59 FR 64501, Dec. 14, 1994, as amended at 65 endosperm. During germination the FR 1708, Jan. 11, 2000] scutellum remains inside the seed to absorb nutrients from the endosperm § 201.56–6 Legume or pea family, Fabaceae (Leguminosae).
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