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13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR GERMINATIONGERMINATION CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS OFOF FLOWERFLOWER SPECIESSPECIES RITA ZECCHINELLI - ISTA FLOWER SEED TESTING COMMITTEE Luca Flower species in the ISTA Rules: . 352 species . 192 genera . 55 families 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI DICOTYLEDON FAMILIES Family N°genera N°species Family N°genera N°species Acanthaceae 1 1 Hypericaceae 1 1 Aizoaceae 1 1 Iridaceae 1 1 Amaranthaceae 3 6 Lamiaceae 14 21 Apiaceae 3 4 Linaceae 1 4 Apocynaceae 1 1 Malvaceae 6 7 Araliaceae 2 2 Nyctaginaceae 1 1 Asclepiadeaceae 1 1 Onograceae 2 4 Asteraceae 49 86 Papaveraceae 3 7 MONOCOTYLEDON FAMILIES Balsaminaceae 1 2 Plumbaginaceae 4 8 Family N°genera N°species Begoniaceae 1 2 Polemoniaceae 3 5 Amaryllidaceae 1 1 Boraginaceae 6 10 Polygonaceae 1 1 Asparagaceae 1 2 Brassicaceae 11 22 Portulaceae 1 1 Asphodelaceae 1 1 Campanulaceae 3 13 Primulaceae 3 12 Liliaceae 1 1 Capparidaceae 1 1 Proteaceae 1 1 Poaceae 2 2 Caryophyllaceae 6 16 Ranuncolaceae 7 20 Chenopodiaceae 1 1 Resedaceae 1 1 Cistaceae 1 1 Rosaceae 2 3 Convolvulaceae 2 5 Rutaceae 1 1 Crassulaceae 1 3 Saxifragaceae 1 1 Dipsacaceae 1 2 Scrophulariaceae 10 22 Fabaceae 4 8 Solanaceae 9 15 Gentianaceae 1 1 Tropaeolaceae 1 3 Geraniaceae 2 2 Valerianceae 1 1 Gesneriaceae 2 2 Verbenaceae 2 4 Hydrophyllaceae 3 4 Violaceae 1 3 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI What flower species have in common? . ornamental use . fast changing trends in the market . for seed testing laboratories - less experience in standardized methods - lower number of samples/species than for agricultural species and vegetable - accreditation: all flower species in one crop group 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI GERMINATION METHODS IN THE ISTA RULES Only one temperature for germination: Agricultural species: 172 species/326 (53%) Flower species: 35 species/352 (10%) Three temperatures for germination: Agricultural species: 18 species/326 (5,5%) Flower species: 54 species/352 (15%) Flower species: higher variability within the species lower degree of standardization lower degree of knowledge and experience 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI SEEDLING EVALUATION ACCORDING TO GROUPS (ISTA HANDBOOK ON SEEDLING EVALUATION) Seedling Type Seedling Group A A-1-1-1-1 Liliaceae B A-1-2-1-1 Asphodelaceae C A-1-2-2-1 Asparagaceae D A-1-2-3-1 Poaceae A-1-1-1-1 Amaryllidaceae Acanthaceae, Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Araliaceae, Asclepiadeaceae, Asteraceae, Begoniaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Campanulaceae, Capparidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cistaceae, Convolvulaceae, Crassulaceae, Dipsacaceae, Fabaceae (Galega, Mimosa), Gentianaceae, Geraniaceae, Gesneriaceae, E A-2-1-1-1 Hydrophyllaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Linaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Onograceae, Papaveraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Polemoniaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulaceae, Primulaceae (Anagallis, Primula), Proteaceae, Ranuncolaceae, Resedaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Saxifragaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, Valerianceae, Violaceae A-2-1-1-2 Balsaminaceae, Malvaceae A-2-1-4-3 Primulaceae (Cyclamen) F A-2-1-2-2 Fabaceae (Lupinus) G A-2-2-2-2 Fabaceae (Latyrus), Tropaeolaceae 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Type C A. densiflorus Seedling Group A-1-2-2-1 Monocotyledons Hypogeal germination Epicotyl elongation Primary root essential The seedling part that grows towards the light and turns green is the epicotyl with the terminal bud Asparagus spp. A. densiflorus (Asparagaceae) A. setaceus ISTA Germination methods Counts Temperature Breaking Substrate (°C) First Final dormancy (d) (d) A. setaceus TP; BP; S 2030; 20 7-14 35 Soak in water for 24 h 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Asparagus: development of the seedling during the test •Start of germination: the primary root pierces the seed coat, followed by a short hypocotyl and the basal part of the cotyledons (the upper part remains in the seed coat and absorbs reserves from the endosperm) - A. setaceus: has a very stout primary root; terminal secondary roots don’t normally develop (A) bud small - A. densiflorus: secondary roots normally develop; scale-leaves one of them serves as a water storage organ (B) epicotyl •The epicotyl emerges from the basal part of the cotyledon; basal part it bears several small scale-leaves, of cotyledon the top ones form the terminal bud hypocotyl secondary roots (one serving as a A water storage organ) primary root B B 1 2 3 4 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Asparagus densiflorus: abnormal seedlings Normal seedling Abnormal seedlings 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 - 12/01 Secondary root serving as water storage organ weak or missing 2 - 3 - 11/04 Primary root missing 4 - 5 - 21/05 Epicotyl missing 6 - 12/01; 21/05 Secondary root and epicotyl missing 7- 9 - 11/03; 11/04 Primary root retarded or missing 10 - 00/09 Seedling as a whole decayed as a result of primary infection 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Asteraceae Type E Seedling Group A-2-1-1-1 Dycotiledons Epigeal germination Dahlia pinnata Without epicotyl elongation Primary root essential The seedling part that grows towards the light is the hypocotyl with two cotyledons attached that turn green ISTA Germination methods Counts Temperature Breaking Substrate (°C) First Final dormancy (d) (d) TP; BP 2030; 20; 15 4-7 21 Prechill 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Dahlia: development of the seedling during the test •Start of germination: the primary root pierces the seed coat (1) •The primary root elongates rapidly (2) •The hypocotyl elongates and raises the cotyledons (3) •The cotyledons become green and start photosynthesis (4). During the test period, the seedling rarely develops secondary roots. The epicotyl doesn’t develop and the terminal bud is hardly visible between the cotyledons. 1 2 3 4 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Dahlia pinnata: abnormal seedlings Normal seedling 1 2 3 4 5 1 - 11/04 Primary root missing 2 - 11/03 Primary root is retarded 3 - 31/05 Cotyledons are discoloured 4 - 31/05 Cotyledons are necrotic 5 - 00/01 The seedling as a whole is deformed 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Lamiaceae Type E Seedling Group A-2-1-1-1 Dycotiledons Epigeal germination Without epicotyl elongation Primary root essential The seedling part that grows towards the light is the hypocotyl with two cotyledons attached that turn green ISTA Germination methods Counts Temperature Breaking Substrate (°C) First Final dormancy (d) (d) Coleus blumei TP; BP 2030; 20 5-7 21 Light 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Coleus: development of the seedling during the test •Start of germination: the primary root pierces the seed coat (1) •The primary root elongates rapidly (2) •The hypocotyl elongates and raises the cotyledons (3) •The cotyledons become green and start photosynthesis (4). During the test period, the seedling rarely develops secondary roots. The epicotyl doesn’t develop and the terminal bud is hardly visible between the cotyledons. 1 2 3 4 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Coleus blumei: abnormal seedlings 1 2 3 Normal seedling Abnormal seedling 1 - 11/03 Primary root retarded 2 - 11/12 Primary root decayed as a result of primary infection 3 - 11/04 Primary root missing 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Primulaceae Type E Seedling Group A-2-1-4-3 Dycotiledons Epigeal germination Tuberous hypocotyl Several seminal roots, instead of a primary root The seedling part that grows towards the light is the hypocotyl with two cotyledons attached that turn green Cyclamen persicum ISTA Germination methods Counts Temperature Breaking Substrate (°C) First Final dormancy (d) (d) KNO ; soak TP; BP; S 20; 15 14-21 35 3 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR in water 24 h RITA ZECCHINELLI (germination in the dark is suggested) Cyclamen: development of the seedling during the test The seed of Cyclamen contains a small, straight embryo embedded in endosperm. •Start of germination: the seed coat is pierced (1) •The hypocotyl forms a tuber (2) •Several seminal roots develop at the base of the hypocotyl (3) •When the hypocotyl has completely emerged, it is followed by the petiole of one cotyledon (4) The blade of the cotyledon (A) seldom occurs during the test period. The terminal bud takes place on the top of the tuber, at the base of the cotyledon (B). The first foliage leaf needs time to start the development. A B 1 2 3 4 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI NORMAL SEEDLINGS: examples Unusual, but normal 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI ABNORMAL SEEDLINGS: examples Normal seedling 00/01 – Seedling deformed Normal seedling 11/02 Primary root stubby 11/08 Primary root shows negative 21/02 Hypocotyl not Primarygeotropism root with negative forming a tuber geotropism Normal seedling Normal seedling 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI ABNORMAL SEEDLINGS: examples 31/07 Cotyledon decayed as a result of primary infection Attention must be paid to sign of decay at the point where the cotyledon petiole leaves the seed coat 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum Tropaeolum majus peregrinum Tropaeolum peltophorum Tropaeolum spp. 13 June 2011 ISTA GERMINATION SEMINAR RITA ZECCHINELLI Tropaeolum Type G spp. Seedling Group A-2-2-2-2 Dycotiledons Epigeal germination Tropaeolum majus Epicotyl elongation The primary
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  • Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA § 201.56–10

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    Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA § 201.56–10 (A) One or more essential structures and become thin, leaf-like, and photo- impaired as a result of decay from pri- synthetic. mary infection. (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl (B) Albino. elongates carrying the cotyledons above the soil surface. The epicotyl [59 FR 64504, Dec. 14, 1994] usually does not show any development § 201.56–8 Flax family, Linaceae. within the test period. Areas of yel- lowish pigmentation may develop on Kind of seed: Flax. the hypocotyl in cotton. (a) General description. (4) Root system: A primary root, with (1) Germination habit: Epigeal dicot. secondary roots usually developing (Due to the mucilaginous nature of the within the test period. Areas of yel- seed coat, seedlings germinated on lowish pigmentation may develop on blotters may adhere to the blotter and the root in cotton. appear to be negatively geotropic.) (b) Abnormal seedling description. (2) Food reserves: Cotyledons which (1) Cotyledons: expand and become photosynthetic. (i) Less than half of the original cot- (3) Shoot system: The hypocotyl yledon tissue remaining attached. elongates carrying the cotyledons (ii) Less than half of the original cot- above the soil surface. The epicotyl yledon tissue free of necrosis or decay. usually does not show any development (Remove any attached seed coats at within the test period. the end of the test period for evalua- (4) Root system: A primary root, with tion of cotyledons.) secondary roots usually developing (2) Epicotyl: within the test period. (i) Missing. (May be assumed to be (b) Abnormal seedling description. present if both cotyledons are intact.) (1) Cotyledons: (ii) [Reserved] (i) Less than half of the original cot- (3) Hypocotyl: yledon tissue remaining attached.
  • Federal Aviation Agency

    Federal Aviation Agency

    FEDERAL REGISTER VOLUME 30 • NUMBER 117 Friday, June 18,1965 • Washington, D.C. Pages 7863-7938 Agencies in this issue— Agricultural Research Service Area Redevelopment Administration Atomic Energy Commission Civil Aeronautics Board Civil Service Commission Consumer and Marketing Service Federal Aviation Agency Federal Communications Commission Federal Maritime Commission Federal Trade Commission Food and Drug Administration Interstate Commerce Commission Land Management Bureau Securities and Exchange Commission Detailed list of Contents appears inside. Subscriptions Now Being Accepted S L I P L A W S 89th Congress, 1st Session 1965 Separate prints of Public Laws, published immediately after enactment, with marginal annotations and legislative history references. Subscription Price: $12.00 per Session Published by Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration Order from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,' 20402 Published dally, Tuesday through Saturday (no publication on Sundays, Monday», or FEDERAL®REGISTER on the day after an official Federal holiday), by the Office of the Federal Register, National Area Code 202 Phone 963-3261 A1®1117®8 a n d R ecords Service, G eneral Services A d m in istra tio n (m ail address Nations _ . , _ _ Archives Building, Washington, D.C. 20408), p u r s u a n t to the authority contained in tne Federal Register Act, approved July 26, 1935 (49 Stat. 500, as amended; 44 U.S.C., ch. 8B), under regulations prescribed by the Admin­ istrative Committee of the Federal Register, approved by the President (1 CFR Ch. I). Distribution is made only by the Superintendent or Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.