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Seedlings of Dicotyledons.Structure, Development, Types

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Seedlings of Dicotyledons.Structure, Development, Types Seedlingso f dicotyledons Structure, development, types Descriptions of 150 woody Malesian taxa E. F. de Vogel K pudoc Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Wageningen, 1980 rS^J /o$/i2 The author works at the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, the Netherlands This book is published with financial support from the Indonesian Council of Science (LIPI) the Netherlands Universities Foundation for International Co-operation (NUFFIC) the foundation 'Fonds Landbouw Export Bureau 1916/1918' and the foundation 'Greshoff's Rumphius Fonds'. ISBN 90-220-0696-4 © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 1980 Printed in the Netherlands Errata page 15 line 18 from top:.. .Types A and D, read Types B and D. page 17 line 4 from bottom; structure, read structures page 43 line 10 from top: Sinapsis alba, read Sinapis alba page 121 line 4 from top: Maniltoa brownioides, read Maniltoa browneoides E. F. de Vogel Seedlings of dicotyledons.Structure, development, types. Descriptions of 150 woodyMalesian taxa. Pudoc, Wageningen, theNetherlands, 1980. Contents Introduction and acknowledgements 1 Seedling glossary 5 The seedling 9 Historical review 9 Definition of the seedling 22 Structure, function, and variation of the seedling parts 26 The root 26 The hypocotyl 29 The seed leaves 32 Stipules 35 The petiole 37 The blade 38 Foodstoring cotyledons 38 Haustorial cotyledons 39 Paracotyledons 41 Indumentum 43 Emergentia 44 (Para)cotyledonary buds 44 The stem 45 The leaves 48 Seedling classification 52 Key to the types of Dicot seedlings (development types) 56 Description of the seedling types 59 1. Macaranga type 59 2. Sloanea type 61 3. Sterculia stipulata type 62 4. Ternstroemia type 63 5. Cyclamen type 63 6. Heliciopsis type 64 7. Horsfieldia type 65 8. Blumeodendron type 66 9. Rhizophora type 67 10. Coscinium type 67 11. Endertiatype 69 Plate 2. Bombax valetonii Hochr. (Bombacaceae), Dransfield 2360. Introduction and acknowledgements Juvenile stageso f plants, particularly of trees, are often so strikingly different from the adult stages, that even with good field knowledge of plants it is hard to correlate the seedling with an adult shoot of the same species. Juvenile leaves may be lobed instead of entire or the reverse, simple instead of compound, and the first ones may be opposite whereas the subsequent ones are spirally arranged. Knowledge of seedlings, therefore, requires special studies of all their life stages, based on culti­ vated material of well identified seed samples. Considerable work has been done to describe and figure the seedlings of herbs, particularly weeds, for obvious economic reasons.Wee d control naturally tends to focus on the youngest stageso f the weeds. It is evident too, that in forestry the knowledge of seedlings of wild species is of vital importance, especially in the tropics, because of the highly mixed composition of the rain forest. Regeneration depends on seedling growth, which silviculture seeks to influence. Forced by the need to recognise seedlings in the field, forest botanists have produced some excellent books and articles devoted to tropical tree seedlings: Troup in 1921 (India), Duke in 1965 and 1969 (Puerto Rico), De La Mensbruge in 1966 (Ivory Coast), and Burger in 1972 (Indonesia, mainly Java).Thes e works have also a considerable scientific value, because they make available data about a stage in the life-cycle of the plant of which little isknown , whichoffer s many characters useful for taxonomie classification and for morphological and evolutionary considerations. The coverage of seedling development and seedling morphology by these works is still very limited, even if we consider that a certain type of seedling and the morpho­ logy of the young plant is in general more or less the same for all species in a particular (sub)genus. This is understandable because of the difficulties involved in collecting ripe seeds from large trees together with herbarium vouchers which must document the identity. Complete coverage of the subject is, however, desirable. To realise this, two ways are open. First, to collect, grow, describe, and figure seedlings, especially in taxa of trees and lianas where they are unknown, e.g. in the tropics. Second, tocompil e an index to alldat a on seedlingsscattere d inpublications . Such an index is in preparation at the Rijksherbarium, Leiden. The aim of this book is to present general information on seedlings, and specific data on a number of Malesian tree seedlings, the latter partly new to science, for the benefit of foresters and botanists alike. It is estimated that now for ±50% of the Indonesian tree genera the seedling of one or more species is known. However, completion of a seedling bibliography isbette r postponed awhil e until more knowl­ edge has been accumulated. Construction of keys for identification of seedlings of genera of Malesian woody plants makes sense only if virtually all sub(genera) have been covered. Introduction and acknowledgements 2 The general part of this book contains an account of the seedlings, their parts, and their diversity. This is followed by a grouping of seedlings according to their characters in a number of seedling types. These types are classified in a morphological scheme, and it is explained how the different seedling types can be thought to be derived from each other. It is reasoned, on morphological grounds, that thin assimilating cotyle­ dons which have been named in this work paracotyledons must be homologous with the first pair of opposite leaves in other seedling types. Some evidence for this hypothesis is found in genera in which more than one seedling type has been encountered. In other genera, however, indications are present that foodstoring cotyledons may possibly change directly into thin assimilating cotyledons, or the reverse. This matter is by no means settled yet, and requires more investigation. Chapters are present on the significance of seedlings for taxonomy and ecology, the latter again having silvicultural, that iseconomic , implications. The general part isconclude d with an account of the method which was used in collecting seeds, and a description of a nursery - no shocking novelties, but to my knowledge, hitherto not published in a readily accessible, and freely obtainable form. I think a detailed description of the methods used will be of great help to those who attempt growing seedlings in large quantities. The special part consists of descriptions and illustrations of 150 seedlings, pre­ ceded by some notes about how these descriptions must be interpreted and used. All these points demonstrate, I hope, that this study of seedlings serves many purposes. This made it a suitable project for cooperation between the botanical institutions of Leiden, The Netherlands, and Bogor, Indonesia, in a development cooperation context. A 3-year project wasse t up, sponsored byTh e Netherlands Universities Foundation for International Co-operation (NUFFIC). To execute this project (coded as RUL 4 under the programme), the present author worked in Indonesia from October 1971 till December 1974. Work included several expeditions to obtain seed samples, and also general herbarium collections: the latter were shared between the two cooperat­ ing herbaria. The seeds were cultivated in a special nursery in the Bogor Botanic Gardens and livingplant s in the saplingstag e were offered for planting inthi s garden. Several other institutions profited aswell , including the Forest Research Institute in Bogor. Counterpart staff were trained in collecting techniques and nursery work. The seedling project RUL 4 has had much benefit from avariet y of help, received in all stages of preparation, execution, and follow-up. Ica n by no means mention all persons and institutions that contributed, but I wish here to mention at least those with which contacts have been most intense. The project was accepted with enthusiasm by the then director of the Lembaga Biologi Nasional (L.B.N.), Prof. Dr. O. Soemarwoto. The L.B.N, served as counter­ part institution, and shared the responsibility for the project with the Rijksher­ barium, Leiden. Quite a number of administrative matters were necessary to run the project smoothly. Contact with the Indonesian authorities was handled in a very convenient way by the staff of L.B.N., which smoothened work considerably. This included the provision of working permits, the definition of the administrative status Introduction and acknowledgements 3 of the Dutch botanist, prolongation of the agreement of the project, and also the provision of letters for permission andtravellin g for each collecting trip. Thanks are especially due to the subsequent directors of the L.B.N., first Dr. Soeratno Partoat- modjo, later Dr. Setijati Sastrapradja, and also to the assistant director Dr. Soenar- tono Ardisoemarto. The project was carried outi nth e Bogor Botanic Gardens (Kebun Raya) where a plot of land was put at the disposal of the project. Further cooperation wasi n the form of personnel: technicians who joined the project as counterpart staff, and labour for daily maintenance. Also tools, and materials for maintenance and hand­ lingo f the plants wassupplied . Thedirecto r of the Gardens, Dr.Didi n Sastrapradja, and hisstaff , areher e remembered for allth eusefu l facilities provided. The counter­ part staff, Messrs. Aguswara, Abdul Hadi, and Opid Sardiwinata are thanked for their cooperation, and for all efforts they put in the work. In the Herbarium Bogoriense allcollecte d plant material,whic hwa sove r 3500 numbers,o fwhic h most in eight sets,wer e dried, processed andnamed . Ia mmuc h indebted toth eKeepe r of the Herbarium, Dr. Mien A. Rifai, for his interest in the project, and for the provision of working space and all facilities. The pleasant cooperation with the Herbarium staff was much appreciated. Many ofth e technical staff ofth e institution helped in processing the material; I wish to mention here inparticula r Mr. Nedi, for his unique and universal aptitude in plant identification, from memory and by tenacious comparison.
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