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Index

Abbo of Fleury, 74, 78–80, 81, 83, 243, 254 Aldhelm, 7, 46, 58, 69, 98, 109, 135–59, 216, education, 78 240, 243 hymns and Vita S. Eadmundi, 78–80 as abbot of Malmesbury, 137, 143–9 Ælberht, archbishop of York, 85, 88 as poeta, 32–3, 35 Ælfheah education of, 49–50, 136–7 as archbishop of Canterbury, 82, 223, 261 kindred of, 149–54 as bishop of Winchester, 102, 214 reputation of, 24, 135 Ælfric of Eynsham, 229 stylistic influence of, 45, 157–9, 187–91, 203–7, 216 Colloquy, 40 works Glossary, 20 Carmen de uirginitate, 189, 192 Grammar, 23, 25 Carmen rhythmicum, 152 Æthelred, king of England, 90, 114, 248 Carmina ecclesiastica, 32–3 Æthelthryth, saint, 187–9 De metris et pedum regulis (Epistola ad Æthelweard (author of Chronicon), 229, 241, 244 Acircium), 32, 40, 45, 53, 55, 153–4, Æthelwold, bishop of Winchester, 33, 64, 80, 92, 204, 206 102, 200, 209, 211–12, 217, 218, 220, Enigmata, 55, 60, 106–7, 189, 204, 206 222, 223, 244, 268, 288 Epistola ad Geruntium, 32, 135, 151, 152 Æthilwald, 136, 144, 145, 155, 158, 244, Epistolae, 136–7, 141, 145 253, 275 Opus de uirginitate, 51, 135, 151–2 Carmina rhythmica, 64, 156–7, 283 Prosa de uirginitate, 24, 32, 68 Epistolae, 148–9 Aldhelm (poem), 24, 68, 74 Æthilwulf (author of De abbatibus), 31, 104–5, Alfred, king of Wessex, 22–3, 61–3, 244 209, 244 court of, 62–3, 254 Albinus, abbot of Christ Church Canterbury, 136, cultural influence of, 90, 93, 223–5 143, 147, 183 education of, 61–3 Alcimus Avitus, 48, 50, 52, 257 works, 223, 254, See also Boethius, Old English; Alcuin, 26–9, 33, 38, 44, 59, 60, 85–9, 216, 243, Pastoral Care 272, 284 Alliteration. See metre as court poet, 85–9 Anderson, Benedict, 95 as poeta, 26–9 Andreas, 52, 224 career of, 85 Angilbert, 27–8, 33 education, 85 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 110, 231, 270 stylistic influence of, 29–31, 207 verse of, 91–2, 93–4, 119, 235, 236 works Anglo-Scandinavian verse, 90–1, 93, 241 Carmen de episcopis regibus sanctisque Arator, 33, 43, 47, 51, 52, 76, 192, 193, 204, 212, Euboricensis, 51, 89 282, 283 Cartula, perge cito, 86 Asser, author of Gesta Alfredi, 61–3, 89, 254 O mea cella, 86–7 Athelstan, king of England, 89–90, 93, 225, 246, Vita S. Willibrordi, 52 247, 248, 265 Aldfrith, king of Northumbria, 84, 149, 151, 153–4, Auden, W. H., 239 157, 158 Azarias (Canticle of the Three Youths), 182 316

Index 317

B (biographer of Dunstan), 92, 244 Boethius, 52 Bards. See poets, terms for De consolatione philosophiae, 47, 49, 72, 76 Barking, 151–2, 154, 158 De institutione musica, 76, 78, 262 Battle of Maldon, 7, 109–19, 159, 160 Boethius, Old English, 22, 72, 225, 226, 233–5, 236 evaluation in, 110–15 Metres of, 22, 200, 224, 244 historicity of, 109–10, 114, 117–18 Metrical prologue, 21–3, 26, 73, 233–4 judgment in, 115–16 Boniface, 26, 89, 98, 136, 200–9, 245 narrative and counternarrative in, 115–16 cultural influence of, 64 poet of, 118 missionary community of, 199, 203–8 style of, 118–19 style as dialect, 201–2 Bec, 74, 78 stylistic influence of, 203–7 Bede, 26, 46, 143, 144, 162, 183–97, 216, 244 works and Aldhelm, 187–91, 193, 195 Caesurae uersuum, 40, 42, 45–6, 206, 255 and authority, 184–7, 195 Enigmata, 59, 202–3 as isolate, 194–7 Brittany, 61, 256 judgment and, 195–7 Brown, George Hardin, 132, 184 stylistic development of, 8, 187–94 Browne, Thomas, 242 works Bullough, Donald, 85, 252, 264, 287 Alma deus trinitas, 187–9 Byrhtferth of Ramsey, 64, 245, 269 biblical commentaries, 57, 184 De arte metrica, 40, 42–3, 46, 81, 187, Cædmon, 5–8, 38, 75, 233, 245 194, 257 Cædmon’s Hymn, 7, 231, 233 De die iudicii, 189–91, 195–6 Canterbury, 38, 58, 61, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82–3, epigrams, 38, 280 136–43, 143, 221–3, 235, 255, 257, See also Historia abbatum, 57 Kent; individual archbishops Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, 5–8, 51, Christ Church, 66, 78, 228, 241, 257, 261 55, 68, 72, 135, 152, 187–9, 201 St Augustine’s, 49, 256 hymns, 254, 280 Carmen de libero arbitrio, 33, 103–4 Psalms and prayers, 196–7 Carver, Martin, 209 Retractatio Actuum Apostolorum, 184–5 Ceolfrith, abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow, 138–9, Vita metrica S. Cuthberti, 187, 191–4, 195 147, 158, 162, 183, 245 Vita S. Cuthberti, 33, 51 Charlemagne, 85–6, 90 Vita S. Felicis, 51 as ‘David’, 27–8, 87 Bede, Old English, 23, 67–8, 73, 231, 252 court of, 26–8, 29, 33, 34, 87–9, 208 Benedict Biscop, 76, 138, 147, 183 Christ and Satan, 8, 52, 162–83 Benedictine Office (OE text). See Junius Office and formulaic composition, 171–7 Beorhtgyth, 203 authorship of, 163, 177 Beowulf, 9, 14, 15, 17–19, 26, 38, 84, 91, 111, 117, judgment in, 181–2 118, 121, 129, 171, 182, 183, 200, 224, 250, manuscript of, 162–3, 171 251, 279 use of sources, 177–81 Biblia sacra Christ II. See Cynewulf New Testament, 51, 54 Christ III, 164–8, 169 Acts of the Apostles, 51, 184–5 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 98, 99 Gospels, 51, 227 Cleopatra Glossary, 21, 25 Luke, 132 close reading, 14, 96–7 Old Testament, 227 Cnut, king of Denmark and England, 90, 248 Isaiah, 25 community, 95–160 Lamentations, 188 absence of. See isolation Proverbs, 83, 227 definition of, 95 Psalms, 24, 34, 188, 227–32 hybrid states, 199–200 biblical epic, 50–2, See also individual authors mechanisms of. See Judgment and titles courtiers, 83–94 Birinus, saint. See Wulfstan Cantor and comparative studies, 84 Bitterli, Dieter, 60, 69, 70, 71, 108, 261 and Old English, 61–3 Blume, Clemens, 211 definition of, 92

318 Index

Creed (OE poem), 230, 264 Exeter Riddles, 59–60, 69–71, 107–9 curriculum, 46–52, 53, 136 1–3, 107 Cuthbert of Wearmouth-Jarrow, 43–4, 245, 280 9, 71 Cuthbert, saint. See Bede, works 26, 71 Cynewulf, 35, 59, 109, 120–35, 159, 216, 224, 240, 245 28, 71 and social networks, 159–60 35, 60 books and, 7, 128–34 40, 60 judgment in, 121–8 42, 108 runic signatures, 38, 120, 121–6 51, 70, 71 style of, 164 88, 70 works 93, 70 Christ II, 132–3, 224 Exodus (OE poem), 52, 121, 162, 224, 280 Elene, 123–4, 129–32, 134 Fates of the Apostles, 36, 52, 121–3, 125, 128 Fates of Men, 74–5 Juliana, 124–8, 164 Fates of the Apostles. See Cynewulf Cyprianus Gallus, 48, 193, 257, 282 ﬁtts, 22, 163, 164, 279 fosterage, 143–9 Daniel (OE poem), 52, 162, 182 Francia, 76, 135, 255, 257, See also Charlemagne David (biblical king), 25, 233, 236 Frank, Roberta, 12–13, 90, 270, 271 Deor, 14, 16–17, 19, 24, 84 Frantzen, Allen, 23 dialects Frithegod, 26, 27, 216, 246 death, 201, 207–8 maintenance of, 97–8 Gameson, Richard, 67, 70, 243, 260, 287 didactic verse, 58–9, 60–1 Garrison, Mary, 29, 87 DiNapoli, Robert, 70, 273 Gaul, 51, 145–6 Distichs of Cato, 60, 83, 226 Genesis A, 52, 162, 182, 224 Dolbeau, François, 210, 214, 216, 247, 284 Genesis B, 72, 162, 178, 182 Domberht, epitaph of, 207–8 genre, 50–2, 53, 57, 101 Donatus, 41, 275 Geraint, king of Devon and Cornwall, 151, 152–3 Dream of the Rood, 105–6, 122, 133–4 Germany, 9, 38, 44, 76, 88, 201–8, 255 Dumville, David, 66–7, 286 Gloria, 226, 230, 264 Dunn, Charles, 13, 264 Gneuss, Helmut, 82, 114, 251, 254, 256, 263 Dunstan, saint, 38, 48, 64, 65, 78, 82–3, 92, 245 Godemann, 64, 246 Godman, Peter, 30, 86, 88, 256, 264, 265, 282 Eadburg, 64, 204, 246 grammar, 41, 45, 49, 50, 55–6, 83, 226 Eadwig Basan, 66–7, 72, 161, 246 Gregory I, pope, 72, 73, 132 Earl, James, 22 Gretsch, Mechthild, 228 Earle, John, 84 Grið, 25 East Anglia, 84, 270 Groschopp, Friedrich, 163 Ecgburg, 205 Guthlac A, 164–8, 178, 179–80 Edgar, king of England, 30, 225 Guthlac B, 245, 272 education. See curriculum; fosterage; grammar; teachers Hadrian, abbot of Christ Church Canterbury, Elene. See Cynewulf 136, 137, 138, 142, 143, 147 enigmata, 52–60, 100, 106–9, See also individual Hæddi, bishop of the West Saxons, 155–6, 246 authors hagiography, 51–2, 83, 92, 209–23 epistemology, 1–4, 11–14, 37–40, 46–50, 65–6, and musicians, 78–81 74–6, 91 Hild of Whitby, 6 epistolary poetry, 43–4, 85–6, 88, 89, 93, 156–7, Hollowell, Ida, 25 203–5 Horace, 76, 78–80, 211, 267, 285 Essex, 109, 115, 154 Howe, Nicholas, 54, 280 Eusebius (author of enigmata), 53, 57–9, 69, Hrabanus Maurus, 88, 89, 229 246, 277 Hwætberht of Wearmouth-Jarrow, 58, 246 evaluation (narrative device). See sociolinguistics Hwicce, 143, 225 Exeter Book. See manuscripts hymns, 78–83, 188, 241, See also individual authors

Index 319

Ave Dunstane presulum, 82–3 Lindisfarne, 256, 275 learning and teaching, 81–2 literacy, 7, 57, 120, 128–34, 240 Rex aeterne Domine, 43 and isolation, 8, 161–2 liturgy, 25, 80–1, 83, 212–13, 227 Ireland, 4, 84, 135, 137, 146–9, 153, 154 Locherbie-Cameron, Margaret, 117 Irvine, Martin, 57, 60 Lorsch, 206–8, 255 Isidore of Seville, 184, 275 Lorsch riddles, 206–7 Etymologiae, 45, 54, 55, 59, 254 Lull, archbishop of Mainz, 38, 43, 88, 203, 204–5, Synonyma, 203 208, 283 Isle of Wight, 201 isolation, 7–8, 161–98 Mainz, 38, 88, 208, 273, 283 and individuals, 9 Malmesbury, 35, 143–9, 241, 253 of communities, 9, 199–209 manuscripts within communities, 209–23 Avranches, Bibliothèque municipale 236, 76 Israel the Grammarian, 60, 85, 90, 246, 263 Bern, Burgerbibliothek 671, 265 Besançon, Bibliothèque municipale 186, John of Beverley, 136, 147 187, 192 John the Archcantor, 77 Brussels, Bibliothèque royale II.984, 210 John the Old Saxon, 85, 89, 90, 246 Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Judgment, 5–6, 98–109, 160, 218, 237, 240–1 173, 256 and ethics, 99, 115–18, 119 201, 225, 226, 230, 236 as social mechanism, 7, 98–100 223, 261 reﬂective, 35–6, 99, 161–2 260, 76 Judgment Day II, 224, 226, 236 307, 38, 246 Judith, 52, 121, 235, 236 326, 24, 68 Juliana. See Cynewulf 41, 67–8, 73 Junius Oﬃce, 83, 224, 225, 226, 228, 229–30, 264 473 (Winchester Troper), 212–13 Juvencus, 47, 50, 51, 52, 257 Cambridge, Trinity College O.3.7, 261 Kant, Immanuel, 35, 99 R.17.1 (Eadwine Psalter), 226, 228, 232 Kemble, John Mitchell, 1, 271 R.17.1/987 (Eadwine Gospels), 260 Kent, 58, 64, 139, 225, 232–3, 235, See also Cambridge, University Library Canterbury Gg.5.35, 48, 49, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 76, 81, 222, Kentish Hymn, 83, 225, 226, 232–3 257, 259, 261, 263 Keynes, Simon, 223, 245 Kk.5.34, 33, 252 Koaena, 88, 246 Durham, Cathedral Dean and Chapter Krapp, George P., 171, 172, 278 B.III.32 (Durham Hymnal), 211 B.IV.9, 261 Labov, William, 97, 110–11, 118, 267 Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland Lantfred, 26, 102, 211, 246, 252 Advocates 18.6.12, 263 Lapidge, Michael, 27, 33, 38, 44, 46, 50, 58, 78, Advocates 18.7.7, 261 89–90, 135, 136, 137, 139, 149, 150, 151, El Escorial, Real Biblioteca E.II.1, 261 152, 153, 154, 155, 187, 189, 192–3, 195, Exeter, Cathedral Dean and Chapter 3501 196, 210, 211, 214, 216, 222, 243, 252, (Exeter Book), 59, 69–71, 101, 120, 225, 253, 255, 258, 260, 262, 263, 264, 269, 226, 268 271, 276, 281, 282, 285 Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Leiden Riddle, 60 Amiatini I (Codex Amiatinus), 138–9 Leland, John, 37, 209–10, 216 Hanover, Kestner Museum, WM XXIa 36 Lendinara, Patrizia, 46–8, 256, 257, 263, 281, 284 (Eadwig Gospels), 66–7, 260 Lenker, Ursula, 98 Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek Aug. Leofgyth, 64, 203–4, 246 LXXXV, 258 Lerer, Seth, 60, 108 London, British Library letters, 38, 98, 136, 144, 151, 200–9, See also Additional 11034, 261 epistolary poetry Additional 32246, 246 libraries, 38–9, 241 Additional 43703, 226

320 Index

manuscripts (cont.) iambic dimeter, 80, 254, 285 Cotton Claudius A.iii, 68–9 learning methods, 46 Cotton Claudius B.iv, 1–2 lyric, 41, 49, 80, 211 Cotton Cleopatra C.viii, 261 ornaments, 189–91, 214–16, 221 Cotton Julius A.ii, 226–7 retrograde, 61 Cotton Otho A.vi, 22, 225, 226 rhythmic, 43, 66–7, 81–3 Cotton Otho C.i, 73 rhythmic octosyllables, 148, 154–5 Cotton Tiberius A.xv, 254 Old English Cotton Tiberius B.i, 226, 230–2, 268 alliteration, 169 Cotton Vespasian A.xiv, 254 and language change, 118, 224 Cotton Vespasian D.vi, 83, 225, 226, 232–3 anomalies in, 182–3 Cotton Vespasian D.xii, 79 defamiliarization, 224–5, 234–5 Harley 2965 (Book of Nunnaminster), 93 difficulty in, 96, 168, 238 Royal 12.C.xxiii, 53, 57, 257 end-stopping in, 118–19, 224 London, Lambeth Palace formulaic systems, 96–7, 171–7 362, 79–80 ornamental patterns, 278 427, 225, 226–7 Old Norse Oxford, Bodleian Library dróttkvætt, 90 Auct. D.2.19 (MacRegol Gospels), 67, 247 Metres of Boethius. See Boethius, Old English Auct. F.3.6, 261 Milfull, Inge, 79, 263, 285 Auct. F.4.32, 48 Milred, bishop of Worcester, 38, 247, 274 Bodley 180, 234 Milroy, James, 97 Hatton 20, 72 Milroy, Leslie, 97, 267 Junius XI, 8, 38, 72, 162–3, 182 Miracula S. Nyniae, 38, 209, 277 Junius 121, 83, 225, 226, 228, 229–30 Mitchell, Bruce, 174 Laud Gr. 35, 280 mode, 50–2 Rawlinson C.697, 89, 257 monastic rules, 98 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale Monkwearmouth. See Wearmouth-Jarrow lat. 6401, 261 music lat. 8824 (Paris Psalter), 226, 228–9, 232 and monastic office, 77–8 Rome, Vatican City, Biblioteca apostolica in daily life, 74–6 Vaticana in literary education, 76 lat. 3363, 261 theory of, 76–7 Palat. lat. 1746, 258 musicians, 4, 19, 26, 74–83 Palat. lat. 1753, 45, 206–8 and hagiography, 78–81 Rouen, Bibliothèque municipale 1385, 211–12 Vercelli, Biblioteca capitolare CXVII (Vercelli Nagel, Thomas, 2 Book), 120, 121 Niles, John, 14–15, 16, 19, 266, 269, 270, 272 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek norm maintenance, 99 lat. 751, 136, 148, 273, 283, 284 Northumbria, 5–8, 29–30, 34, 58, 60, 67, 85, 135, Worcester, Cathedral Library Q.5, 81 136, 137, 138–9, 142, 153–4, 184, 209 marginalia, 39, 46, 49, 184, 228 Norton Anthology of English Literature, 14 Martin, John, 239 Nothelm, archbishop of Canterbury, 143 Maxims I (Exeter Maxims), 100–1 Maxims II, 121, 268 O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine, 22, 60, 71, 73, 74, Menologium, 226, 228, 231–2, 288 133, 251, 258, 259, 261, 288, 289 Mercia, 55, 84, 115, 135, 139, 143, 202, 233 O’Neill, Patrick P., 228, 287 metre Offa(7th century layman), 157 Latin, 47 Offa, king of Mercia, 84 and language change, 40–1 Oftfor, bishop of Worcester, 136, 143, 147 archaisms in, 193 Old Norse, 90–1, 118, 241 dactylic hexameter, 41, 53, 148, 217 Opland, Jeff, 13, 19–20, 25, 75, 84 elegiac, 41 Opus geminatum, 51–2, 135 epanaleptic, 188, 211, 217, 222 orality, 7, 70, 71, 96–7, 118, 120, 128–34 ethics of, 43, 45, 185–7 and music, 76–7

Index 321

Orchard, Andy, 44, 49–50, 53, 58, 88, 135, 139, 149, scribes, 65–74 154, 189, 192, 194, 202, 203–4, 257, 258, as enigmatists, 69–71 260, 265, 267, 268, 271, 273, 274, 279, colophons, 66–8 280, 284 Seafarer, 121 Orléans, 74, 78 Seasons for Fasting, 119, 226 Orosius, Old English, 24, 252 Sedulius, 32, 43, 47, 51, 52, 63, 72, 76, 186, 187, 188, Osbern of Canterbury, 74, 78, 83, 247, 261, 264 214, 256 Oswald of Ramsey, 61, 247 Shook, Laurence K., 69 Ovid, 87, 252 Sims-Williams, Patrick, 38, 143, 245 Ovid (alt-universe version), 215 simulacra, 9, 110, 200, 224 Skáldatal, 90, 248 panegyric, 91–2 slaves, 25, 39 Paris Psalms. See Psalms, metrical sociolinguistics Parma, 85 evaluation, 7, 97, 110–15 Pastoral Care, 22, 72, 261 network analysis, 7, 97–8, 135 metrical preface, 72–3 Southern mode, 9, 200, 223–37, 241 Paulinus of Nola, 43, 48, 51, 80, 252, 281 and power, 224–5, 231–2 Peter (author of Carta dirige gressus), 85, 89, and voice, 236 90, 247 as simulacrum, 224 poets, terms for, 4, 11–36 definition of, 224–5 bard, 12–14 geographical range, 225–6, 232–3 Latin, 26–34 Southumbria, 44, 58, 76, 135, 200 poeta, 26–33, 34 Stephen of Ripon, 145, 146, 281 uates, 25, 26–30, 33, 34 Sturm, abbot of Fulda, 208 Old English, 19–26 Symphosius, 32, 47, 52, 53, 57, 257 gleoman, 20, 25–6 leoðwyrhta, 21–3 Tætwine, archbishop of Canterbury, 55, 57, 69, scop, 14–19, 23–5 143, 247, 277 woðbora, 25 Ars grammatica, 56 Prayer, 66–8, 93, 116, 121–6, 155–6, 196–7 Enigmata, 31, 53, 55–7, 58, 107 Prayer (OE poem), 226–7 teachers, 40–65, 136–49, 159 Precepts, 60 and Old English, 61–3 prose, 51–2, 59, 66–7, 228, 229, 233–4 Ten Brink, Bernhard, 163 Prosper of Aquitaine, 32, 43, 47, 154 Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, 136, 138, Prudentius, 47, 49, 76, 193, 257, 261 143, 147, 155–6, 247 Psalms, metrical, 83, 227–32 epitaph of, 244 Paris Psalms, 200, 228–9 school of, 136–43, 147 Psalm 41, 196 Theodulf of Orléans, 28, 33, 88 Psalm 50, 25, 225, 232–3 Thureth, 68–9, 74 tituli, 89 Ramsey, 61, 64, 78 on churches, 32–3, 38 Rankin, Susan, 213, 262, 285, 286 on objects, 38, 64 Remley, Paul, 182, 257 Toswell, Jane, 228, 229, 287, 288 Rewards of Piety, 226, 236 Tours, 28–9, 85 Rhetorical analysis, 96 Townend, Matthew, 91, 249 Ricoeur, Paul, 133 Trautmann, Moritz, 59 Robinson, Fred C., 68, 251, 255, 260, 261, Turner, Sharon, 11–12, 84 270, 289 Ross, Alan S. C., 167–8 Vainglory, 101 Ruff, Carin, 42, 44 Venantius Fortunatus, 29, 88, 190, 191, 256 Rule of Chrodegang, 216 verse, definition of, 35–6, 51–2 Vergil, 24, 28, 32, 47, 48, 49, 52, 61, 76, 78, 91, 149, Scandinavia, 4, 24, 84, 90–1, 201 189, 194, 195, 252 scop. See poets, terms for voice, 7, 89, 100 Scragg, Donald, 118, 269, 270 and books, 22, 68–9

322 Index

voice (cont.) Wright, Neil, 58, 190, 191, 255, 280, 281 ﬁrst-person, 70, 100–1, 105, 121–3, 124–6, 219–20 Wright, Thomas, 1–2, 250 second-person, 100–1, 102–3, 121–3, 152, 156 Wulfsige, bishop of Sherborne, 73 ventriloquism, 22–3, 67–8, 236 Wulfstan Cantor, 9, 26, 35, 64, 199–200, 209–23, 247, 254 Wærferth, bishop of Worcester, 261 aesthetic theories, 213–14 Dialogues, 72, 73 and intercession, 217–21 Wanderer, 178 reputation in community, 216–18 Wearmouth-Jarrow, 43, 57, 77, 162 style of, 214–16 Wessex, 9, 38, 44, 61, 73, 84, 85, 89, 92, 93, 137, 139, works 155, 202, 223–37 Breuiloquium de omnibus sanctis, 37, 210, 212, Whitby, 5–8 214, 219–20 Whitelock, Dorothy, 84, 266, 287 Breuiloquium super musicam, 76 Whithorn, 38 hymns, 80 Widsith, 14–15, 17, 19, 84 Rouen hymns, 218–19, 221 Wilfrid, bishop of York, 138, 141, 145–6, 149, 158, Narratio metrica de S. Swithuno, 36, 37, 187, 241, 274 101–3, 210, 212, 213–16, 221 epitaph of, 2, 158, 277 tropes, 212–13, 216 William of Malmesbury, 75, 76, 135, 150, 210, 261, Vita S. Æthelwoldi, 33, 210, 212, 217, 223 273, 274 possible works Winchester, 9, 33, 37, 64, 89, 90, 92, 93, 101–4, hymns to St Augustine, 211, 221–3 209–23 Wulfstan II, archbishop of York, 229, 254 women, 203, 205 Wynfrith. See Boniface and education in verse, 62–3, 203–4 and literary patronage, 93, 151–2 York, 30, 85, 88, 89, 90 Worcester, 38, 136, 143, 225, 229, 261, 263 Wormald, Patrick, 184, 276, 280 Ziolkowski, Jan, 76, 263, 273