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La Littérature Des Enfants De Harkis : Mémoire Et Réconciliation Vincent Jouane Washington University in St

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La Littérature Des Enfants De Harkis : Mémoire Et Réconciliation Vincent Jouane Washington University in St Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 5-24-2012 La Littérature des Enfants de Harkis : Mémoire et Réconciliation Vincent Jouane Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Jouane, Vincent, "La Littérature des Enfants de Harkis : Mémoire et Réconciliation" (2012). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 701. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/701 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Romance Languages and Literatures Dissertation Examination Committee: Seth Graebner, Chair Pascal Ifri Stamos Metzidakis Pascale Perraudin Joseph Schraibman Colette Winn La Littérature des Enfants de Harkis : Mémoire et Réconciliation by Vincent Jouane A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2012 Saint Louis, Missouri Copyright by Vincent Jouane 2012 Abstract This dissertation focuses on a corpus of autobiographies and novels produced since 2002 by children, mainly daughters, of harkis (Algerian civilians who fought on the French side during the war of independence of Algeria between 1954 and 1962), including Dalila Kerchouche, Fatima Besnaci-Lancou and Zahia Rahmani. In this study, I have argued that this emerging literature differs from other “minor literatures,” as defined by theorists Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, by the fact that these young authors withold the traditional discourse of victimization to emphasize dialogue and reconciliation. In the first chapter, I examine how the notion of historicity can be applied to a community silenced both by France and Algeria since the end of the Algerian war. In the second, I show that the structure of these texts, favoring a multiplicity of voices, play an important part in their attempt to oppose a unitary version of history. I also demonstrate that by using unique counter-discourse narratives, they engage in the process of creating a collective memory that appears crucial for the children of harkis as they are trying to recapture their past. In the third chapter, I am focusing on the complex and unique position held by this population as they face a double rejection (from both Algeria and France) and a triple identity (Algerian, French and harki) in today’s French society. I demonstrate that the process of reconstruction can only occur through what writer Zahia Rahmani calls “literature du déterrement” that allows them to extract the history of their community and come into terms with their own identity. In the last chapter, I show how the different narrative forms expressed in the novel Moze by Zahia Rahmani manage to give a voice to the first generation of harkis that have been silenced since the end of the ii Algerian war. I also illustrate that the omnipresence of dialogues in the text symbolizes the attempt by the harki community to reopen the dialogue with France and Algeria and moves towards reconciliation. iii Acknowledgments Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement mon Directeur de recherches, Professor Seth Graebner, d’avoir crû en ce projet dès le départ et de m’avoir guidé, grâce à ses nombreux conseils et encouragements, tout au long de ce travail. Je remercie également les Professeurs Colette Winn et Pascal Ifri qui m’ont, eux aussi, accompagné depuis le début et dont les suggestions et le soutien moral, chapitre après chapitre, ont pleinement contribué à l’écriture de cette thèse; les Professeurs Pascale Perraudin, Stamos Metzidakis et Joseph Schraibman d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon Jury de thèse et de m’avoir donné de précieux conseils lors de la soutenance. Je remercie, enfin, Monsieur Boussad Azni qui a eu la gentillesse de me recevoir à Paris pendant que j’y effectuais des recherches et qui m’a donné de précieuses informations sur la communauté harkie. Sur un plan plus personnel, je remercie et dédie ce travail à mes parents, Philippe et Nicole Jouane, pour leur soutien inconditionnel et l’aide qu’ils m’ont apporté, aussi bien au niveau des précisions historiques sur la guerre d’Algérie que du travail de relecture. Je remercie ma femme Sue et mon fils Enzo dont la patience et le soutien m’ont permis de mener à bien ce projet. Je remercie mon frère Bertrand, ma belle-sœur Christel, mon neveu Aurélien ainsi que le reste de la famille Jouane, Barey et Singharath. Une attention spéciale à mes amis Dale Glazer et Phil Bolian qui ont suivi mes avancées depuis le départ et qui ont participé activement au travail de relecture. Enfin, je remercie tous les collègues et amis qui ont pris part, de près ou de loin, à la réalisation de ce projet et qui sont trop nombreux pour que je puisse tous les nommer ici. iv À mon grand-père, le docteur Gaston Jouane. À Aïcha. v Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgments iv Introduction 1 Chapitre 1 : L’histoire des harkis 15 Chapitre 2 : Mémoire et oubli 52 Chapitre 3 : La difficile reconstruction des enfants de harkis : À la recherche d’un « quatrième espace » identitaire dans Mon père, ce harki de Dalila Kerchouche et Fille de harki de Fatima Besnaci-Lancou 102 Chapitre 4 : Paroles et silences: Comment restituer la parole du père à travers les différentes voix narratives dans Moze de Zahia Rahmani 154 Conclusion 201 Bibliography 205 vi Introduction En 2006, alors que j’effectuais des recherches sur différents groupes ayant été directement concernés par la guerre d’Algérie entre 1954 et 1962 (pieds-noirs, combattants du FLN, membres de l’OAS, appelés du contingent ou militaires de carrière de l’armée française), je suis tombé par hasard sur le rapport d’un colloque daté du 4 mars 2006 et intitulé « 1956-2006, cinquante ans, les harkis dans l’histoire de la colonisation et de ses suites, » qui a tout de suite retenu mon attention.1 Le ton de ce document différait grandement de tous les travaux de ce genre que j’avais pu lire sur le sujet. En effet, généralement, la plupart des textes émanant de groupes dits « minoritaires » se caractérisent par un discours d’opposition à l’encontre du pouvoir dominant et par l’adoption d’une position de victime. Dans les extraits de ce colloque, bien qu’on retrouve par endroits certains de ces aspects, l’élément nouveau qui, pour moi, ressortait de ce texte était la volonté de rapprochement et de réconciliation avec la France et avec l’Algérie manifestée par ces enfants de harkis. Les différentes personnes qui étaient à la base de ce travail, notamment les membres de l’association « Harkis et droits de l’Homme » anciennement appelée « Femmes et filles de harkis, » semblaient représenter une nouvelle mouvance dans le paysage associatif de cette communauté. En effet, ce groupe, présidé par l’écrivaine Hadjila Kemoum paraissait se détacher du discours traditionnel de revendications, de reconnaissance et de justice qui émane des nombreuses associations de harkis qui se sont constituées depuis le début des années soixante-dix, et opter au contraire pour un désir de réconciliation avec leur pays d’origine 1 Pour lire des extraits de ce rapport, voir Fatima Besnaci-Lancou et Gilles Manceron, Les Harkis dans la colonisation et ses suites. Ivry-sur-Seine: Les Editions de l’Atelier, 2008; p.208-209 1 et leur pays de résidence. La collaboration effectuée dans le cadre de ce colloque avec d’autres associations comme « Coup de Soleil, » qui rassemble des personnes originaires du Maghreb, qu’elles soient de culture arabo-berbère, juive ou européenne, immigrées ou rapatriées, ou encore « Unir, » qui œuvre pour la conciliation des mémoires entre les enfants de l’immigration maghrébine et les enfants de harkis, confirmait cette tendance à l’ouverture et au rapprochement. L’objectif de cette étude, qui va se pencher sur les différentes œuvres littéraires écrites par des enfants de harkis, va consister justement à prouver que cette littérature émergente se différencie des autres « littératures minoritaires »2 traditionnelles par le fait qu’elle va au-delà du discours de victimisation qui caractérise généralement ce type de travaux et ouvre la voie vers la réconciliation et le rapprochement entre les peuples. L’intérêt de ces textes publiés depuis 2002 est qu’ils font découvrir au lecteur ce qu’a pu être la vie de ces supplétifs de l’armée française et de leurs familles avant, pendant et après la guerre d’Algérie. En plus de leur valeur ethnographique, ils permettent aussi d’apporter, grâce à la position unique et ambivalente que les harkis ont occupée pendant la guerre d’Algérie, un éclairage nouveau sur ce conflit en y révélant toute son ambigüité et en remettant en question l’opposition binaire qui continue de dominer dans les discours officiels français et algériens depuis l’indépendance du pays en 1962. Les années 2002-2003 ont donc vu la publication d’une série de textes littéraires écrits par des enfants de harkis. Les lecteurs français ont pu ainsi découvrir successivement Harkis, Crime d’État. Généalogie d’un abandon (2002) de Boussad 2 Dans son ouvrage L'Institution de la littérature, Paris/Bruxelles : Ed. Labor/ Nathan, 1978; Jacques Dubois définit les littératures minoritaires comme étant « des productions diverses que l’institution exclut du champ de la légitimité ou qu’elle isole dans des positions marginales à l’intérieur de ce champ.
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