Tesis Doctoral 2014 De La Identidad Individual a La Identidad Colectiva En La Obra De Driss Chraïbi María Cristina Guijarro Ce

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Tesis Doctoral 2014 De La Identidad Individual a La Identidad Colectiva En La Obra De Driss Chraïbi María Cristina Guijarro Ce TESIS DOCTORAL 2014 DE LA IDENTIDAD INDIVIDUAL A LA IDENTIDAD COLECTIVA EN LA OBRA DE DRISS CHRAÏBI MARÍA CRISTINA GUIJARRO CEBRIÁN LICENCIADA EN FILOLOGÍA FRANCESA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE EDUCACIÓN A DISTANCIA FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA FRANCESA DIRECTORA : DRA. DOINA POPA-LISEANU 2 Une appartenance ethnique – voire un patronyme – n’est qu’une étiquette du langage, il me semble. Ce n’est pas une identité. L’identité est ce qui demeure primordial le long d’une existence, jusqu’au dernier souffle : la moelle des os, l’appétit flamboyant des organes, la source qui bat dans la poitrine et irrigue la personne humaine en une multitude de ruisseaux rouges, le désir qui naît en premier et meurt en dernier. (Driss Chraïbi, Le monde à côté, pp.198-199) 3 4 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS 8 INTRODUCCIÓN 9 - Interés, objetivos e hipótesis 9 - Metodología 10 - Organización 16 - Driss Chraïbi y la crítica: estado de la cuestión 18 I. CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO 32 1.1. El reparto colonial (1906-1912) 33 1.2. El Protectorado (1912-1956) 35 1.3. La Independencia (1956) 42 1.3.1. Mohammed V 42 1.3.2. Hassan II 44 1.3.3. Mohammed VI 48 II. LA OBRA DE DRISS CHRAÏBI EN EL CONTEXTO DE LAS LITERATURAS FRANCÓFONAS DEL MAGREB 52 2.1. La literatura francófona de Argelia 58 2.2. La literatura francófona de Marruecos 62 2.3. La literatura francófona de Túnez 64 2.4. La literatura femenina 65 2.5. La literatura “beur” 69 2.6. La identidad en los escritores francófonos del Magreb 71 III. DRISS CHRAÏBI 79 5 IV. EL CONCEPTO DE IDENTIDAD EN LA OBRA DE DRISS CHRAÏBI 88 4.1. La autobiografía como representación de la identidad individual 91 4.1.1. Aspectos autobiográficos en la obra de Driss Chraïbi 94 4.1.2. Estereotipos del discurso autobiográfico 118 4.1.3. Los lugares de la memoria autobiográfica 142 4.1.4. Función del texto autobiográfico 154 4.2. La identidad bereber 160 4.2.1. Los bereberes: historia, lengua y nacionalismo 160 4.2.2. Lectura postcolonial de la trilogía bereber 171 4.2.2.1. Subversión del género 173 4.2.2.2. El carácter simbólico de los títulos 178 4.2.2.3. La búsqueda de una continuidad temporal 181 4.2.2.4. La escenografía postcolonial en su vertiente topográfica y espacial 191 4.2.2.5. Multiculturalidad de los personajes 199 4.3. La identidad musulmana 208 4.3.1. Los orígenes del Islam 208 4.3.2. La expansión islámica en el norte de África 212 4.3.3. L’Homme du Livre o la veneración del Corán 214 4.3.4. La devoción religiosa de los personajes 220 4.4. Otras identidades 226 4.5. La intertextualidad como expresión de identidad literaria 236 4.5.1. Referencias orientales 239 4.5.2. Referencias occidentales 258 4.5.3. Referencias musicales 265 4.6. La lengua, señal identitaria de un escritor 280 CONCLUSIONES 294 ANEXOS 309 Anexo 1: Siglas utilizadas en las tesis y trabajos de investigación 309 Anexo 2: Investigaciones sobre la obra de Driss Chraïbi 310 Anexo 3: Traducciones a otros idiomas 318 6 Anexo 4: Tabla de las novelas traducidas 321 Anexo 5: Aportación periodística y radiofónica 322 Anexo 6: Mapa del Oum-Er-Bia 329 Anexo 7: Ilustración de la primera palabra del Corán 330 Anexo 8: Ilustración otomana: Mahoma carece de rostro (1595) 331 Anexo 9: Mahoma enseñando, Al-Biruni, manuscrito árabe (1489) 332 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 333 A. Obras del autor 333 B. Otras obras del autor 333 C. Bibliografía crítica sobre Driss Chraïbi 334 - Ensayos 334 - Artículos 336 D. Historia del Magreb 344 E. Literaturas francófonas y postcolonialismo 347 F. Identidad 350 G. Autobiografía 353 H. Intertextualidad 357 I. Obras generales consultadas 359 J. Otras obras 359 K. Fuentes electrónicas 362 7 AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo académico no se habría llevado a cabo sin los inestimables consejos de mi directora de tesis la Dra. Doina Popa-Liseanu quien, a través de la asignatura que impartía en los Cursos de Doctorado en la UNED, me descubrió el interesante mundo de los escritores francófonos. Debido a mis vivencias personales en varios países del Magreb, me propuso el estudio de la obra de Driss Chraïbi por lo que le estoy profundamente agradecida. Esta investigación me ha permitido volver a los lugares de mi infancia, a los olores y a los colores que tenía olvidados, a los sonidos de la calle, a la voz del almuecín desde el minarete de la mezquita, al multilingüismo y al exotismo de la época colonial. Doina, gracias por todo ello pero, sobre todo por tus comentarios, tus correcciones, tu paciencia y tus palabras de aliento en aquellos momentos de desfallecimiento que siempre se producen durante la realización de un trabajo de esta envergadura. Gracias a mis padres por darme la oportunidad de vivir en otro continente, de relacionarme con personas de diferentes nacionalidades, por educarme en un ambiente multicultural que ha sido definitivo en la elección de mi profesión. Gracias por inculcarme el gusto por la lectura y por el estudio, gracias por quererme tanto. Gracias a mis hijos por su comprensión cuando, en algunas ocasiones, les he robado el tiempo que les pertenecía por dedicarme al apasionante mundo de los libros. Y, finalmente, infinitas gracias a mi esposo Juan que siempre ha creido en mí y me ha animado a terminar este trabajo, sin su apoyo no lo habría terminado. Mi gratitud igualmente a los miembros del tribunal que han aceptado evaluar la defensa de esta tesis. 8 INTRODUCCIÓN Interés, objetivos e hipótesis Quisiera plantear esta tesis como una continuación del trabajo de investigación en literaturas francófonas que presenté hace unos años en esta misma facultad y que llevaba por título: “La identidad bereber en la trilogía de Driss Chraïbi”. El objetivo que me propuse en ese trabajo fue, en primer lugar, abordar de manera general el tema de la identidad en los escritores francófonos, aspecto relevante en la creación literaria de estos autores. En segundo lugar, realicé un estudio más detallado sobre la identidad bereber en tres novelas de este autor magrebí: Une enquête au pays, La Mère du printemps y Naissance à l’aube. La temática identitaria siempre me ha atraído pero su descubrimiento como objeto de estudio surgió con la elección de la asignatura Escritores francófonos contemporáneos: Mezclas textuales y culturales, incluida en el Periodo de Docencia de los Cursos de Doctorado. A través de las lecturas propuestas, de autores tan diferentes como Maalouf, Todorov, Ben Jelloun, Cheng, Sijie, Makine, Semprun o Michel del Castillo, pude evidenciar rasgos diferenciadores pero también pude comprobar que todos, de una manera o de otra, comparten unas características comunes. Todos ellos proceden de distintas culturas, tienen el francés como segunda lengua pero, sin embargo, la eligen como medio de expresión literaria. Si la identidad de una persona es importante, en el caso de estos escritores, afincados en países alejados de sus lugares natales, lo es todavía más. Estos autores están permanentemente marcados por la dualidad, siempre a mitad de camino entre la tradición y la innovación, entre su lengua materna y la lengua de expresión literaria, entre el país en donde nacieron y el país que han elegido para vivir, y por todo ello se ven en la necesidad de referenciar su identidad. El modo de hacerlo es a través de la lengua, de los personajes y del especial manejo del espacio y del tiempo. Tras una lectura minuciosa de la obra de Driss Chraïbi, he podido observar la referencia constante a una identidad individual, identidad que pone de relieve la personalidad del propio autor y que plasma a través de un recurso literario como es la autobiografía. Varios de sus libros son una auténtica autobiografía, otros, aunque no 9 son estrictamente autobiográficos, participan de la presencia real o encubierta del autor. Por otro lado, existe también una identidad colectiva que el autor pretende reivindicar a través de su obra, es la identidad de todo un pueblo, la identidad de una raza (la bereber), la identidad de una religión (la musulmana), la identidad de un colectivo profesional (los escritores, los policías), la identidad de un colectivo desfavorecido (los inmigrantes), para terminar con la identidad relativa al género (el papel de la mujer en el mundo árabe). Pretendo, pues, realizar un estudio que parta de la identidad individual del autor para acabar en el análisis de su identidad colectiva. En toda persona encontramos rasgos individuales, que conforman la personalidad, pero lo que no podemos negar es la pertenencia a un grupo social, nacional, intelectual, profesional, racial, religioso, idiomático, en definitiva, a una “colectividad”. La obra de Driss Chraïbi forma parte de las literaturas francófonas del Magreb, por ser producida por un escritor marroquí que se expresa en el lenguaje de los antiguos colonizadores. Esta afirmación constituye una primera hipótesis para iniciar la investigación, pero me quedaría en un análisis superficial si no intentase indagar o descubrir otros factores que son comunes a la mayoría de las literaturas francófonas. Una de las características de los escritores francófonos es la temática identitaria a la que recurren en numerosas ocasiones para reivindicar sus lazos con la lengua, con el país, con las costumbres, con la historia que han dejado atrás. A pesar de la distancia geográfica, el hecho de abordar temas relacionados con sus países de origen, de crear estereotipos nacionales o de usar palabras de su lengua materna, les permite seguir en contacto con la tierra natal y mitigar, en cierto modo, la nostalgia producidad por la lejanía. A partir de todas estas consideraciones podemos plantear la segunda hipótesis: la obra de Driss Chraïbi pone de relieve la identidad individual del escritor sin obviar las identidades colectivas, también presentes en sus novelas.
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