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Harkis Livret 2018 Compressed ET DE LEURS FAMILLES LIVRET DEXPOSITION LO ce National des Anciens Comba ants Som et Victimes de Guerre (ONACVG) LA CROIX-ROUGE FRANÇAISE assure la sauvegarde de la mémoire et Les harkis (1962-2012). 1870-1969. Secours aux soldats, aide aux civils des valeurs qui ont guidé lengagement Les mythes et les faits maire 1962 à nos jours. Aux côtés des harkis Revue Les Temps Modernes, de ses ressortissants dans les con its n°666 - novembre-décembre 2011 UN DÉCHIREMENT contemporains. ET UNE AUTRE VIE Les harkis. Histoire, Le départ En transme ant aux jeunes générations mémoire et transmission Larrivée Besnaci-Lancou Fatima, L’ENGAGEMENT lidéal de liberté et la achement aux Falaize Benoit, Manceron Gilles (dir.), Espaces de regroupement. DES SOLDATS D’ALGÉRIE valeurs républicaines de ses ressortissants, LAtelier - 2010 Une histoire ancienne Camps, hameaux et cités (les tirailleurs, les spahis) lONACVG œuvre pour la préservation Les harkis La participation aux con its du XXe siècle LA PRISE EN MAIN de la paix. Charbit Tom DE LEUR DESTIN La Découverte - 2006 LES SUPPLÉTIFS Premières revendications Ce e exposition est le fruit du partenariat DANS LA GUERRE Les moments forts de la revendication Et ils sont devenus harkis Hamoumou Mohand D’ALGÉRIE 1954-1962 Parcours de familles qui lie lONACVG à la Direction des Fayard - 1993 Lappel aux supplétifs Parcours : de Palestro à Ongles Patrimoines, de la Mémoire et des Archives Ongles, le centre de préformation En opération (DPMA), du ministère des Armées, Les harkis, une mémoire enfouie Raisons dun engagement chargés de préserver et de transme re Jordi Jean-Jacques, Hamoumou Mohand Aspects de la vie quotidienne VAINCRE L’OUBLI Autrement - 1999 ensemble la mémoire comba ante La n dune guerre Hommage et reconnaissance Citoyens français nationale. Les harkis Moumen Abderahmen, Besnaci-Lancou Fatima Le Cavalier bleu - 2008 Réalisée par lONACVG, lexposition “Parcours de Harkis et de leurs familles” Rivesaltes, le camp de la France. a reçu le soutien nancier de la DPMA. 1939 à nos jours Moumen Abderahmen, Nicolas Lebourg Trabucaire - 2015 Maghzens à cheval à la SAS de Souk el Temine. Une très jeune recrue de la SAS de Taourtatsine reçoit son arme des mains du général Massu (1957). Ahmed Ghezzali, harki, ancien comba ant de la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec © ECPAD son petit- ls (1961). Le paiement de la harka à Akkalous (1956). © Fonds Sibourg - CDHA Sibourg © Fonds Les supplétifs © ECPAD dans la guerre d’Algérie © ECPAD © ECPAD composant les harkas, provenant du La constitution de troupes supplétives Un des 35 hommes du groupe Groupe dauto-défense des fermes de la région de mot arabe qui signifi e « mouvement ». durant la guerre d’Algérie doit dauto-défense du douar El Boufarik-Blida (janvier 1957). Ces derniers sont des salariés tout d’abord être mis en lien avec le Enrôlement Engagement dun harki Khelaif (Orléansville) monte embauchés localement, au départ recrutement de nombreux autochtones la garde (mars 1959). à Palestro (1959). journaliers puis sous contrat d’un depuis le début de la conquête de mois renouvelable. et engagements l’Algérie en 1830. De l’expansion coloniale à la guerre d’Indochine, Liés à un ministère différent en passant par la Première Guerre (ministère de l’Intérieur, ministère mondiale et la Seconde Guerre des Affaires algériennes ou ministère HAR : (de larabe harakat, mondiale, ces auxiliaires ou réguliers © ECPAD des Armées), les supplétifs sont mouvement) : troupe mobile de l’Armée d’Afrique, dont les tirailleurs rémunérés comme des civils, rassemblée pour un objectif précis. algériens et spahis, s’illustrent sur de Après le déclenchement de De 1956 à 1962, unité supplétive de hormis les membres des groupes nombreux champs de bataille. Ensuite, l’insurrection algérienne d’autodéfense qui sont bénévoles. larmée ançaise constituée dans le le 1er novembre 1954, l’état-major de cadre de la lu e contre les maquis les engagements et enrôlements Les harkis formant la catégorie de de lArmée de libération nationale s’expliquent par la dégradation des l’armée française accepte rapidement supplétifs la plus nombreuse, le terme le principe de la levée de troupes (ALN). conditions de vie de la paysannerie est devenu générique à partir de 1962 algérienne et le contexte de violence supplétives. Cinq catégories de pour désigner l’ensemble des anciens HARKI : membre dune harka. formations supplétives civiles sont des acteurs de la guerre d’Algérie, supplétifs. Supplétif, de statut civil, prenant comme enjeu une population progressivement mises en place ra aché à une unité militaire. © ECPAD pour contribuer au « maintien rurale à conquérir de gré ou de force. de l’ordre » durant ce que l’on GROUPE DAUTODÉFENSE Mais, il s’agit avant tout de choix de ne nomme pas encore la guerre (GAD) : groupe de supplétifs dun circonstances et non de choix de nature village constitué en autodéfense, SECTION ADMINIST TIVE d’Algérie mais « les événements » : SPÉCIALISÉE (SAS) : Antenne politique ou idéologique : pour sauver à proximité immédiate dun poste ou protéger sa vie et celle de sa famille, les goumiers des groupes mobiles de militaire. locale dune police rurale (GMPR) transformés sous-préfecture, dirigée par un par solidarité familiale ou clanique, o cier des A aires algériennes, pour subvenir aux besoins de sa ensuite en groupes mobiles de MAGHZEN ou MAKHZEN : assisté par une section de garde, le sécurité (GMS), les moghaznis unité dune trentaine de supplétifs maghzen. famille... Phénomène massif concernant chargés de la protection des sections protégeant une section administrative Les SAS soccupent daméliorer les l’ensemble de la paysannerie algérienne, spécialisée. conditions de vie des populations c’est ainsi un minimum de 200.000 administratives spécialisées (SAS), algériennes et de reprendre en main les ‘assas (gardiens) des unités ceux tentés par le Front de libération hommes, et sûrement beaucoup plus, MOGHAZNIS ou MOKHAZNIS : qui ont été engagés ou enrôlés dans une territoriales (UT), les groupes membre du maghzen dune SAS. national (FLN). d’autodéfense (GAD), et enfi n, © ECPAD formation supplétive entre novembre les plus connus, les harkis, 1954 et mars 1962. Harki et paysan algérien à Akbou, région de Bougie (1958-1961). Le Ville dAlger, souvent a rété par la marine nationale, a participé au rapatriement des supplétifs. Le camp de Bourg-Lastic On voit bien, sur ce e photographie, que lembarquement se fait sur la jetée. Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume (1963). Dans les environs de Bône, en novembre 1962, des harkis et leurs familles a endent les camions qui les emmèneront au port pour embarquer sur le paquebot Pumier. © Fonds Zane - DR Zane © Fonds Camps, © ECPAD © Coll. French Lines - DR French © Coll. 1962 hameaux et cités - DR Nonnon © Fonds transitoire avec un encadrement De l’Algérie à la France Ex-supplétifs et leurs familles militaire, cela dans un double objectif : débarqués à Marseille dans le reclassement et la sécurité des la ente dun départ pour le familles d’anciens supplétifs. Passés camp de Sainte-Marthe puis celui les premiers mois d’une intense du Larzac. Ils sont placés derrière un mur a n déviter les jets de précarité, ces réfugiés, après avoir fait pierre et les insultes dimmigrés reconnaître leur nationalité française, © Fonds Domenech - DR Domenech © Fonds membres du FLN. sont reclassés après l’obtention d’un emploi et d’un logement. Près de La signature des accords d’Évian JPN - DR © Coll. 42.000 personnes, dont environ le 18 mars 1962 scelle l’avenir des supplétifs. Le camp de Saint-Maurice-lArdoise. 22.000 pour Rivesaltes, passent par Citoyens français de statut de droit local, à la ces camps. De nombreuses autres différence des pieds-noirs de statut de droit À partir des camps de familles ne transitent pas par des civil, ils sont d’ores et déjà considérés comme regroupement en Algérie, les camps et s’insèrent individuellement de futurs citoyens algériens. Apparentés à des familles sont envoyées dans six dans la société française. civils armés et non à de véritables militaires, ils camps de transit et de reclassement sont licenciés, désarmés et renvoyés dans leurs ouverts dans le sud de la France : Par la suite, la politique de logement foyers. Consignes et circulaires de ce printemps le camp du Larzac dans l’Aveyron des pouvoirs publics à l’attention des 1962 limitent tant l’engagement dans l’armée et de Bourg-Lastic dans le Puy-de- familles d’anciens supplétifs associe Dôme, celui de Rivesaltes dans les regroupement et tutelle sociale avec Regroupement de harkis et de leurs familles à Bône. Face à linsécurité et à la menace, que le transfert des personnes menacées, sous- de nombreuses familles cherchent une protection auprès de larmée. estimant la probabilité de représailles après Pyrénées-Orientales, de Bias dans deux «cités d’accueil» à Bias © ECPAD l’indépendance. Par le biais des transferts le Lot-et-Garonne, de Saint-Maurice et Saint-Maurice l’Ardoise pour offi ciels minimalistes, de ceux, clandestins, des l’Ardoise dans le Gard, et de La les familles considérées comme réseaux d’offi ciers et de sous-offi ciers de l’armée Rye dans la Vienne. Initialement, diffi cilement «reclassables» ; française, de l’immigration économique, ou ces centres ont un caractère des hameaux forestiers, dans des zones avec l’aide du Comité international de la Croix- MHeMO - Coll. Durand © Fonds rurales essentiellement situées en Rouge (CICR), plusieurs dizaines de milliers de Languedoc-Roussillon, supplétifs et membres de leurs familles fuient Larrivée à Ongles le 6 septembre 1962. Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur et Corse, l’Algérie pour la France, le début d’un long avec une moyenne de 25 familles par exil. Pour ceux restés ou qui n’ont pu ou voulu hameau, régis par une réglementation venir en France, leur devenir reste incertain : d’exception ; et enfi n, des cités si d’aucuns ont pu se réinsérer dans l’Algérie urbaines, comme la cité des Tilleuls indépendante, d’autres sont victimes de violences à Marseille ou la cité des Oliviers à © ECPAD ou de marginalisation sociale, sans que les Narbonne.
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