Cobb Breeder Management Guide

www.cobb-vantress.com

01 Biosecurity on the Farm 2 05 Female Feed Management from Photo 54 Stimulation to Peak Production 1.1 Avian Pathogen Control Program...... 4 5.1 Female Feed Management from Photo Stimulation to 54 1.2 Vaccination...... 5 Onset of Lay...... 1.3 Medication...... 6 5.2 Feeding and Its Influence on Weekly Mortality Trends...... 55 1.4 Water Sources...... 6 5.3 Feeding Hens after Transfer and in Production: Early and 59 1.5 Rodent and Insect Control...... 7 Late Morning Feeding ...... 1.6 Parasite control...... 9 5.4 Bodyweight Increase from Onset of Lay to Peak 60 Production...... 02 Pre-placement Checklist 13 5.5 Post Peak Feeding – Feed Reduction...... 61

2.1 Equipment Check...... 14 5.6 Hen Feathering during Production...... 62 2.2 Brooding Design and Management...... 19 06 Lighting Program Management 63 03 Post Placement Chick Management 25 6.1 Lighting Considerations when Transitioning from Rearing 3.1 Chick Comfort...... 25 to Production...... 65

3.2 Brooding Temperatures...... 26 6.2 Lighting Programs...... 66 MANAGEMENT GUIDE

3.3 Chick Hydration...... 27 6.3 Flock Sexual Uniformity...... 68

3.4 Crop Fill Evaluation...... 27 07 Water Management 69

COBB BREEDER COBB 3.5 Beak Conditioning...... 28 7.1 Mineral Content...... 70 3.6 Water Management...... 28 7.2 Microbial Contamination...... 72

04 Breeder Management 30 7.3 Total Dissolved Solids...... 72

4.1 Phase 1 Brooding (0 to 4 weeks)...... 34 7.4 Drinking System Cleanout between Flocks...... 73

4.2 Phase 2 Rearing (4 to 8 weeks)...... 38 7.5 Water Sanitation and System Cleanout...... 73

4.3 Phase 3 Maintenance (8 to 12 weeks)...... 42 7.6 Water Testing...... 73

4.4 Phase 4 Controlled Growth (12 to 16 weeks)...... 43 08 Bodyweight Control, Weighing and Analysis 75 4.5 Phase 5 Accelerated Growth (16 to 20 weeks)...... 44 8.1 Hand Weighing ...... 76 4.6 House Preparation for Transfer and Production.... 45 8.2 Automatic Weighing...... 76 4.7 Breeder Flock Transfer...... 51 8.3 Analysis of Breeder Bodyweight...... 78 4.8 Sexing Errors (Sex Slips)...... 52 8.4 Maintaining Good Uniformity...... 79 4.9 Preparation for Photo Stimulation (20 to 24 weeks) 53 8.5 Troubleshooting Bodyweight Control...... 80 09 Methods for Grading Breeders 82 14 Ventilation 114

14.1 Circulation Fan Installation Options...... 115 10 Male Breeder Management 86 14.2 Minimum Ventilation...... 116 10.1 Male Rearing...... 86 14.3 Fans Required for Minimum Ventilation...... 118 10.2 Transferring Males from Rearing to Production Houses...... 87 14.4 Negative Pressure - A Key Requirement for 119 Minimum Ventilation...... 10.3 Male Fleshing or Breast Conformation...... 89 14.5 Perimeter Inlet Management and Installation...... 120 10.4 Male Feeding - Separate Sex Feeding...... 91 14.6 Simple Negative Pressure Test...... 121 10.5 Male Weight Trends during Production ...... 92 14.7 Transition Ventilation...... 121

10.6 Spiking Males during Production...... 93 14.8 Tunnel Ventilation...... 123

11 Record Keeping 96 14.9 Evaporative Cooling...... 127 COBB BREEDER 12 Egg Handling 97 14.10 Light Trap Function and Installation...... 133

12.1 Egg Collection Methods...... 97 Appendices 134

12.2 Egg Weighing...... 100 Male Rearing Checklist...... 136 MANAGEMENT GUIDE 12.3 Egg Hygiene...... 102 Female Rearing Checklist...... 138 12.4 Egg Grading...... 102 Male Production Checklist...... 140 12.5 Eggshell Quality...... 104 Female Production Checklist...... 142 12.6 Egg Storage...... 105 Egg Production and Quality Checklist...... 144

13 Flock Depletion 107 Measurements and Conversions...... 146

13.1 Breeder Farm Cleaning and Disinfection...... 108 Abbreviations...... 148

13.2 Disinfectants...... 111 Breeding Farm Contacts...... 149 13.3 Sanitation Program Monitoring...... 113 Cobb Quality Assurance

Cobb understands our responsibilities to protect our elite breeding flocks Cobb has detailed written biosecurity and training programs in place, with which supply the grandparent and parent breeder supply chain globally, key components that include a ban on any Cobb employees owning or having and is committed to supplying disease free livestock to all our customers contact with non-Cobb avian species, a shower-in procedure for all persons worldwide. To achieve this, we have developed and maintain comprehensive entering a Cobb farm or hatchery, footwear and hand sanitation controls biosecurity programs built upon proven principles of world-wide biosecurity at the entrance to every poultry house, and a footwear change procedure best practices. for anyone entering housing with Cobb breeding stock. In addition to these programs, procedures are implemented to minimize risks associated with personnel movements, and there are equally comprehensive controls and restrictions on feed and drinking water supplied to Cobb chickens. All equipment and supplies entering Cobb farms are controlled and sanitized to minimize risk of disease entry. MANAGEMENT GUIDE

Cobb has obtained compartmentalization certification for avian influenza and virulent Newcastle-free status globally in our breeding operations in the United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Brazil. This achievement COBB BREEDER COBB supports our commitment to a higher level of biosecurity and disease free product.

The effectiveness of our systems is constantly monitored through a comprehensive program which complies fully with (and exceeds) regional testing and regulatory requirements for our breeder flocks in all countries where Cobb maintains breeding stock. The laboratories conducting this testing are recognized and certified regionally. All Cobb flocks are tested at least once every 3 weeks for avian influenza, M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, and Salmonella using both conventional methodologies and antigen- based technologies. In addition, all facilities and processes are subject to frequent biosecurity audits by both Production Department managers and independent Quality Assurance Department auditors. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 1 Cobb Breeder Management guide is available online under Resources > Management Guides production. However, to attainproduction. However, welfare outcomes. production, it is important that the flock manager has symbol throughout the guide that highlights the Animal Welfare Tips and

Animal Welfare Tips Cobb Cares Look for this important aspects of management to improve poultry Introduction management practice(s) that you choose to adopt. management practice(s) that you choose to flock own your to supplement and reference a as intended is Guide Management Breeder Cobb This good consistently obtain to judgement and knowledge your apply can you that so skills management results with the Cobb family of products. The Cobb Breeder Management guide highlights critical factors that are flock most likely performance. to This influence is part Management Guides, Supplements and a full range ofHatchery , Processing, Vaccination and Broiler oftechnical our information service, which practical and knowledge scientific current on based are recommendations Our charts. performance includes the Cobb experience around the world. You should be aware of local legislation, which may influence the Management must meet the basic needs of the flock but also adjust the program to benefit fully from fully benefit to program the adjust also but flock the of needs basic the meet must Management may need to be adapted locally according to your ownthe breed’s potential. Some of the guidelines animalfor requirements national any with comply to you allow and to infrastructure, or experience assistwill teams support technical world and service technical local Cobb’s care. animal or welfare your operation with adapting the recommendations. both genetic potential and consistent flock breeder worldwide has provided program. The success of the Cobb broiler a good management such as hot and cold climates, of the breed in a wide range of environments, considerable knowledge assistto designed is Guide Management Breeder This housing. open and environment controlled potential of Cobb products for your program to maximize the genetic you in building a management location. The Cobb commitment to genetic improvement of our family of products continues to increasefamily of products continues our of improvement commitment to genetic The Cobb in all areas of broiler and broiler breeder the performance potential COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 2 BIOSCECURITY es can be collected to verify health status of the flock. how tonotifyasupervisor orveterinariansothathealth samplescanbecollected toverifyhealthstatusoftheflock. mortality andculls shouldbekeptallowingfarmersand flockmanagerstobeaware ofanyincreasesthatmayberelated totheintroductionofa Daily flockmonitoring isanimportantpartof and thegeneralwellbeingproductivityofflock.Allpersonnelmustunderstandimportance must be implemented at the Biosecurity mustencompassalltheoperationsperformedbybreedingstockcaretaker.Procedurestopreventintroduction andspreadof Biosecurity ontheFarm ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

separately andaccessedviaaseparateentrance. Farm animals other than poultry should be fenced poultry housing. No petanimalsshouldbeallowedinoraroundthe disease threatsareactiveinthearea. of no contact before re-entering flocks, especially if flocks or birds must require a minimum of 72 hours company bird contacts. Exposure to non-company Respect all required “no contact time” for any non- avoid andnotpossessbirds. All teammembersmustsignanagreementto birds, and possessing backyard birds is not allowed The farmteammustnothavecontactwithother Animal WelfareTips Animal andbirdcontact hatchery, feed mill, farm operations, general maintenance and by personnel. An issue in any area will endanger the whole biosecurity and ock behavior each time they enter the house. A record of daily welfare programs. Farmersshouldevaluatebirdappearance andflockbehavioreach timetheyenterthehouse.Arecord ofdaily ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

electric dryersshouldbeaprotocol. Do notdryfarmclothesinopenair.Useofgasor be providedwithprotectiveclothing. Catching, flock contact. to prior hands sanitize and dips boot Use farm mustbedisinfected. watches arediscouraged.Allitemsthatenterthe Personal itemssuchasjewelry,phonesand Only essential items are permitted on the farm. protective clothingandfootwear. entrance for employees and visitors and provide Use dedicatedchangingfacilitieslocatedatthesite and sanitizingagentswhichmustbeprovided. minute, hotshower with the necessary cleansing five- timed, a including practice best as regarded Ideally a‘showerinandshowerout’policyis vaccination and selection crews should vaccination andselection crews should Farm teamhygiene biosecurity program. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

entry tothefarm. forklifts must be washed and disinfected before Catching equipmentsuchascrates/modulesand with designated“clean”and“dirty”zones. important thattheyarekeptcleanandsanitized, shower facilitiescanbea shower and change into a clean uniform. Since Any visitorswhoneedtoenterthefarmmust Incoming trafficmustbeminimized. farm, and again upon arrival at the receiving house. cleaned and disinfected before it comes onto the All outsideequipmentshouldbethoroughly should belocatedatthefarmentrance. wash baywithwheel dips andsprayingfacilities washed anddisinfectedatthefarmentrance.A If deliveryvehiclesenterthefarm,theymustbe farm visitsand/orbirdcontact. record of all approved visitors and their previous answer a questionnaire before entering. Keep a Everyone entering the premises must register and disease. Farmers should also know when and disease. Farmersshould alsoknowwhenand Biosecurity essentialsinclude: Visitors disease or contamination disease orcontamination biosecurity risk, it is biosecurity risk,itis biosecurity program biosecurity program 1 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 3 BIOSCECURITY disease, disease issues the vaccination status and bevaccination status and scales, catch screens and weighing Team member training Flock to flock contact to flock Flock Establish standard operating procedures andEstablish standard operating procedures monitor their effectiveness. Provide regular training sessions for all team members. Programs must be practical and supported from the top of the organization. visits to other farms must be delayed. ofEnforce a minimum requirement (ex: 72 hours) theenter can visitors before contact” poultry “no Iffarm if they come from non-challenged areas. visitors are from areas with days. down time period should be extended to 7 beforecomplete be should birds of Depletion arrival of new chicks. Use dedicated eachother equipment that is used frequently for thisshare or move not do and unit farm group age equipment between different ages. Single-age breeder farms are highly recommendedhighly are farms breeder Single-age and/or pathogens of cycling of risk the reduce to within the farm.vaccine agents from the sameshould be sourced All chicks hatchery, have the same sourced from breeder flocks with the same health status. complexes, the distanceFor multi-age breeder between flocks of different ages should be noless than 600 m (2000 ft). shouldOn multi-age farms, supervisors/managers always visit houses with the youngest source flock first. If possible, limit visits to flocks of 2 different ages. alwaysWhen visiting multiple farms in a single day, visit the youngest flocks first. When visiting a farm with a suspect/known

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✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ litter for litter with an disinfection. . Follow local legislation on Feed rodent) near the farm. Litter litter in accordance with locallitter in accordance with Flock housing Flock Salmonella disinfectant or organic acid. rodent traps and barriers. Manage feed bins and feed systems to keep feedManage feed bins and feed systems to keep and systems clean and prevent mold. outsideFeed delivery best practice is a feed silo the farm perimeter fence. Dedicated farm vehicles eachto silo outside the from feed the move should house. Clean feed spills immediately to reduce risk ofClean feed spills immediately to reduce vermin (wild bird, treatUse clean raw materials and heat / chemically to prevent type of treatment allowed. Use wild bird proofing equipment and materials and should heat treat Ideally the manufacturer as, drying purposes, as well everyat covered kept be should material Litter stage from manufacturer to farm. that isLitter should be stored in a secure facility rodent and bird proof. Treat the approved Source new material from known approved suppliers. of used Dispose legislation. Use assigned areas for boot changing stations areas for boot Use assigned the houses. before entering preventto well-sealed and shut doors all Keep rodent entry. and supplies prior toDisinfect all equipment entering the houses.

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✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ disease disease risk andrisk disease rodent droppings, etc.) Farm barriers mortality in the correct and hygienic and correct the in mortality Disease prevention Disease farms, rivers and ponds to limit to ponds and rivers farms, exposure to wild birds. utility trucks and personnel from entering the farm. trucks and personnel from entering utility newChoose an isolated site when developing poultryother from away facilities farm parent Use adequate signage to alert outside visitors. gas,(e.g. equipment and meters utility all Place preventwater and electric) outside of the farm to to prevent moist areas and discourage pestto prevent moist areas allowedbe should vegetation No harborage. directly around poultry houses. locked gate to prevent unauthorized entry oflocked gate to prevent people, vehicles and animals. vegetation controlledKeep grass and other Distance between farms is a good physical barrier. Distance between farms a perimeter fence with aEach farm must have Have a written plan in place to address to place in plan written a Have outbreaks. manner daily. known clean be obtained from Water should supplies. not from open water sources and Dispose of Dispose

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ biosecurity risks. All vehicles should be washed prior to entering the farm. Visually inspect any delivered materials before unloading for signs of contamination (i.e. torn bags, Vehicles and materials brought onto the farm are potential COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 4 BIOSCECURITY prevention: If participatinginanationalavianhealthprogramordesigning gallisepticum, Mycoplasmasynoviae,Salmonellapullorum,gallinarum,enteritidis,typhimurium, include: program health poultry a national into incorporated normally pathogens flocks, chicken for Specifically pathogens. poultry primary these controlling PNSA (PoultryHealthNationalProgram).Typically,nationalpoultryhealthprogramsinclude of thesenationalpoultryhealthprogramsinclude:USDepartmentAgricultureNationalPoultryImprovementProgram(USDA-NPIP ); UKPoultryHealthScheme;Brazil Many countrieshavenationalpoultryhealthprogramstoprovide 1.1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

should only visit flocks for which they are responsible. Keep all houses locked Only farm personnel should have regular access to the flocks. Farm personnel Concrete floorsareidealforeffective multi-age flocks. If large farms have multi-age flocks, each sector or defined defined or sector each flocks, multi-age have farms large If flocks. multi-age If possible,farms shouldbeoperatedinan“all-in, all-out”mannertoavoid with poultryorfeed. vomiting) should immediately reportto management beforestartingtowork poultry, teammemberswithgastrointestinal issues(particularlydiarrheaand Since humans can potentially transmit some species of prior totheactualfootwearchange. boot scrubbersshouldbepresentatallentrancesintoeachchicken house into thechickenhouseandeachairspace.Disinfectantfoot pansor and visitors.Hand supervisors flock for provided be must boots and clothing protective clean of set complete A house. each in worn be must footwear of set different A put understrictquarantine,andvisitedlast. units within a farm. If a flock is found suspect or positive, that flockbe should different to visits between clothes change and shower should personnel All before staffreturntoa minimum of72-hours“nobirdcontact”foranyaccidentalcontact to amanagerandshouldnotenterthefarm.Westronglyrecommend In thecaseaccidentalbirdcontacthappens,personnelshouldreportthis zoos, poultryshows,fairs,wetmarketsorexhibitionsisstrictlyprohibited. Any contact with poultry outside of the farm, including feed store chicks, or visitorsshouldbekeptonsite. to preventunauthorizedentry.Alogbookrecordingallincomingpersonnel Avian PathogenControlProgram sanitation stations should be present at all entry doors sanitation stationsshouldbepresentatallentrydoors production facilitytoprevent cleaning and disinfection. disease introduction. pathogen controlprogramforyourcompany,thefollowingitemsshouldhelpensurecomplianceand Salmonella disease-free certification for poultry flocks and to help prevent and control avian pathogens. Examples Examples pathogens. avian control and prevent help to and flocks poultry for certification disease-free to to ✓ ✓ biosecurity standards, and a framework strategy for monitoring, preventing and biosecurity standards,andaframeworkstrategyformonitoring,preventing

samples must be obtained to confirm the confirm to obtained be must samples specific have should farm the of zones to confirm pathogen spread and to prevent of case confirmed biosecurity restrictionsshouldbeplacedonthehouse/farm tocontrol or suspect a in result samples If salmonella isveryimportant. A reliablelaboratorycapableofaccuratetestingforaviandiseasesand provides anaccurateassessmentof monitoring health that ensure to specified be must samples of frequency sample, orenvironmentalsample),thequantityofsamplesrequiredand blood birds, from (swabs sample of type The flock. the of status health the program requirements,samples should be collected regularly to monitor In accordance with the company veterinarian and the national poultry health flock isoptimized. within eachhouseshouldbe‘all-in,all-out’toensurethathealthstatusofthe serogroups and serotypes depending on Cobb’s standards by region. serogroups andserotypesdepending onCobb’sstandardsbyregion. Salmonella for monitored are flocks All Leukosis. Avian replicating and Influenza, gallinarum, S.pullorum,enteritidis, including diseases avian specific for monitored intensively flocks from generated is stock breeding Cobb All disease absenceinotherhousesonthefarm. species and breeding stock will be Newcastle disease in other flocks. Additional diagnostic Virulent Newcastle Disease, Avian Virulent NewcastleDisease,Avian disease andavianinfluenza. pathogen absence within the flock. flock. the within absence pathogen biosecurity requirements and flocks flocks and requirements biosecurity M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, S. M. gallisepticum,synoviae,S. disease in the suspect house and disease in the suspect house and Salmonella disease, immediate disease, immediate free of specific Mycoplasma Mycoplasma disease disease COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 5 BIOSCECURITY disease enrichments) is returnedenrichments) vaccination process. welfare methods to minimize stress.minimize to methods welfare feeder, drinkers, feeder, Resources > Management Guides vaccination procedures. vaccination pens. A supervisor should actively check birds Cobb-Vantress.com under The Cobb Vaccination Management guide is available online at The Cobb Vaccination Management guide is available culling and euthanasia, practices to minimize flock stress, and correct application of Monitor the health and antibody status of the flock on a routine basis. Monitor the health and for vaccinefollow the manufacturers’ instructions Read the label and temperature and administration. reconstitution, dilution, vaccines. Do not use outdated recommended temperature.Keep vaccines refrigerated at the manufacturers should refrigerator vaccine The and direct sunlight. heat exposure to Prevent be in a clean and secure area.

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ vaccination area can be used to promote safety and accuracy of the disease, protect the progeny and build immunity. Schedule vaccinations to reduce economic loss economic reduce to vaccinations Schedule immunity. build and progeny the protect disease, vaccination trash (ex: empty bottles) are removed and the equipment (ex: the equipment and removed are bottles) empty (ex: vaccination trash vaccination. vaccination of the flock will take more than 2 hours, one water line should be left down so that birds can drink after handling. after drink can birds that so down left be should line water one hours, 2 than more take will flock the of vaccination cleaning and sterilizing the vaccination program for poultry in all areas of the world. Consult your poultry veterinarian for a program that meets the your poultry veterinarian for a program that for poultry in all areas of the world. Consult vaccination program placement was correct. If the vaccination by careful flock management. vaccination by careful one person should be responsible for checking birds regularly to prevent piling in the holding and one person should be responsible for checking birds regularly to prevent piling in the holding , vaccination process should focus on bird handling, vaccine handing, bird care, vaccination for any reactions (crooked or twisted necks andvaccination for any reactions (crooked or twisted vaccination vaccination vaccination program is to prevent losses from a specific , all farm crew staff should check the house to ensure that ensure to house the check should staff crew farm all , Animal Welfare Tips welfare audits of the Vaccination vaccination mortality or leg damage) depending on the site of administration. mortality or leg damage) depending on the against the number of doses taken to the farm. One qualified person shouldbe responsible for equipment at the end of each day’s vaccinations. To determine the quality of the vaccine administration, the flock should be monitored post One member of the vaccinating team should be responsible for supervising responsible be should vaccinating team the One member of administered correctly. Any birdsthe procedure to check that the vaccine is revaccinated. that do not receive the full dose should be checkedbe should day the of end the at administered doses of number The Only vaccinate healthy birds. Only vaccinate healthy Minimize stress following do not dilute the vaccines. Use the full dosage and vaccineopen and used All use. later for bottles opened save not Do each containers should be properly discarded following vaccination to verify that vaccine vaccination.

the After to the correct height. Regular Before and during after Overhead lighting should not be adjusted, but head lamps and specific lighting for the ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ The purpose of a of purpose The animal to attention particular pay therefore stress, necessary a is Vaccination age. by vary can reactions vaccine that understanding by It is not possible to recommend a specific of modern the Cobb Vaccination Guide for an overview availability in your geographical area. See challenge and vaccine 1.2 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 6 BIOSCECURITY including events andheavyrainscancontaminatethesewatersources with run-offHowever, pathogens. avian for risk low very a considered is It location. Well andundergroundwater and haveaccesstoadditionalwaterstorageintheeventofhigh demand. of flow rates from the water main. Producers should be aware of any limitations Keep inmindthatsomewaterauthoritiesmaylimitaccessibility interms biofilm andotherbuildupinwatersystems. sanitized at the source, producers should treat their water systems to control standards (see section on water quality Chapter 7). Although the water is quality water minimum confirm to water the test regularly should producers rains, line breakage, or ground water seeping into the system. Therefore, city water supplies havehadhigh levels of treated andsanitizedisthemostbiosecurewaterforpoultry.Onoccasion, water mainsorcitysupplies. City watersupplies 1.4 tests canbeconductedtoidentifymedicationthatwilleffectiveagainstthe be an effective treatment or it may not be economically feasible to treat. Therefore, always submit 6 to 8 live birds showing typical symptoms to a laboratory, so that sensitivity can becrucialtocombat a Drugs andantibioticsareexpensivecanconfusethecharacteristicsofa appropriate Prevention isbyfarthemosteconomicalandbestmethodof 1.3 water supplyisto ensure thattheflockalwayshasan adequate,safeandfreshwater source. Ideally, eachfarm should have2viablewatersources. Forexample,theprimarysourcemay becitymainswaterandthebackup sourcemaybeanon-farm well.Thegoalofhavingabackup Water Sources Medication E. coli. vaccination. However,iftheflockshows Animal WelfareTips Salinity and high mineral content (hardness) can be issues with Salinityandhighmineralcontent(hardness)canbeissueswith - Due to location, many farms may not have access to - Duetolocation,manyfarmsmaynothaveaccess disease. The preferred choice of a drug for some diseases may be harmful if used for the treatment of others. For certain diseases there may not disease. The preferred choice of a drug for some diseases may beharmfulifusedfor the treatment of others. For certaindiseasestheremaynot - Well water suitability is usually based on - Wellwatersuitabilityisusuallybasedon Water sourced from city mains is generally Water sourcedfromcitymainsisgenerally bacteria from events such as heavy bacteria from events such as heavy disease symptomsitisimportanttoobtainqualifiedveterinaryconsultationasquicklypossible. disease control. Prevention is best achieved by implementing an effective an implementing by achieved best is Prevention control. disease bacteria bacteria disease, complicating the correct diagnosis. Using the correct medication and treatment timing disease, complicatingthecorrectdiagnosis.Usingmedicationandtreatmenttiming disease agent. the truck was filled as well as by other horizontal contact such as personnel personnel as movements. such contact horizontal other by as well as filled was truck the the water should be tested to ensure that it was not contaminated when example, watertruckedfromacitysupplyshouldbesanitary. However, biosecurity riskofalternativewatersources,identifytheprimary source.For Alternative watersources sources forpoultryfarms. water sourcesprovidehabitatstowaterfowlandshouldneverbeusedas the highest risk for sources of avian pathogens, including Avian Influenza. These Surface water be closedandthewatertestedregularlyforcontamination. requiring watertobepumpedintostoragetanks.Thesetanksshould any waterqualityissues.Insomecases,availabilitymayvarybyseason ground waterandregulartestingtreatmentshouldbedonetocorrect - Surface water including lakes, streams, ponds and rivers are - Surfacewaterincludinglakes,streams,pondsandriversare - (rain, transported, recycled). To evaluate the - (rain,transported,recycled).Toevaluatethe biosecurity program, including biosecurity program,including COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 7 BIOSCECURITY rodent control program involvesrodent control program rodent control practices. , and numerous other infectious agents. Additionally, they canthey Additionally, agents. other infectious , and numerous production by reducing productivity and transmitting diseases.production by reducing productivity and transmitting Salmonella, Cholera Salmonella, mortality to poultry. Rodents may come in through almost any opening—holes in walls,in opening—holes any almost through in come may Rodents poultry. to mortality Insects are attracted to poultry operations as food, water, and habitats are readily available. ChemicalInsects are attracted to poultry operations Mechanical pesticides. multiple to resistant more become insects as effective always not are insecticides be part of an insect control program. However, goodmeans of control (traps) are an option and should management practices along with a prevention program are the most effective ways to prevent insect infestations. help developProfessional pest control companies have experts that can readily evaluate situations and valuable tool toa good pest management program. Once established, good record keeping is a identifying and mitigating pest issues before they become an infestation problem. Insect control Pests can cause significant losses to Breederhouses. the to damage structural including damage physical cause also can insects Some beetles,flies, by caused are issues primary the but species insect many by impacted be can operations and ants. rodent activity inside the poultry house, bedding storage, or feed storage areas. An effective An areas. storage feed or storage, bedding house, poultry the inside activity rodent rodent barrier. A metal sheet around each house or the units will keep rodents from getting close to the houses as shown in the photothe in shown as houses the to close getting from rodents keep will units the or house each around sheet metal A barrier. rodent rodent proof as possible. Insect Control Insect Rodent and Rodent Consider the installation of a of installation the Consider below. All vegetation should be kept trimmed. Maintain a 5 m (16 ft) weed/grass free zone around the house perimeter. All vegetation should be kept trimmed. Maintain of coarse gravel around the houses. The gravel will prevent rodents from easily accessing the grounds. Create a perimeter of at least 2 m (6 1/2 ft) Make building entrances as Dispose of dead birds properly and promptly. feed properly on pallets off the floor. up feed spills immediately. Keep feed storage areas clean and store Keep feed spillage to a minimum and clean of different baits o supply of rodenticides on a year-round basis. Rotate the usen a regular program. Maintain permanent bait stations with a fresh Minimize hiding places by removing any garbage from around the buildings. by removing any garbage from around the Minimize hiding places

several measures that restrict shelter, food and water and should be continuously implemented. The following are important be continuously implemented. The following restrict shelter, food and water and should several measures that ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ openings around pipes, cracks in doors, etc. Mice can squeeze through spaces as small as 6 mm (about 1/4 in) and rats can squeeze through a space as small as 12 mm squeeze through a can 1/4 in) and rats through spaces as small as 6 mm (about etc. Mice can squeeze cracks in doors, openings around pipes, be no tolerance for in). There should (about 1/2 ✓ 1.5 Rodent control for vectors be can They animals. and humans to diseases spread to known are Rodents damage insulation, curtains, hoses, and electrical wire, as well as inflict injury and COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 8 BIOSCECURITY ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Good managementand ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Biological control

drainage systems (ditches, piping) is not blocked with debris or vegetation. drainage systems(ditches,piping)isnotblockedwithdebrisorvegetation. Ensure thatwateraroundtheoutsideofhousedrainsawayand thatany Check forfeedspillsregularlyandcleanthemimmediately. Quickly removeanddisposeofany food andwatersourcesgiveanyappliedinsecticidestimetowork. the eliminate will This flocks. between downtime of weeks 4 least at Allow insects, especiallydarklingbeetles. Repair anystructuraldamageastheseareascanbeusedburrowsfor more water. Prevent high temperatures in thehouse which will cause thebirdstodrink manure tothe and moisture add will which flushing and diarrhea of episodes induce can Ensure thatthebirdshavegoodqualitydrinkingwater.Poorwater house environmentdry. larvae requiremoistureto litter. Checkforandrepairanywaterleaks immediately. Ensure that the house drains well and is ventilated correctly to prevent wet others untilitcanberemovedfromthefarm. removing the once thebirdsleavehousesocontrolneedstotakeplacequickly.After day and treat it with an effective insecticide. The beetles will come out in mass If darklingbeetlesareanissue,leavethe therefore help prevent ant infestations. therefore helpprevent antinfestations. Ants primarily prey on other insects. Controlling insect infestations can and beneficialspecies. pest the kill can pesticides chemical many that using aware be If insects, stage. beneficial pupal the in flies kill can that wasps tiny are parasitoids Fly Some fungiareavailablethatinfect andkillinsectlarvae. but should only be applied between flocksflies, because it can alsoand injure animals. beetles control to crystal or pellet a as applied be can acid Boric not alloftheseagentsaresuitableforuseinclimates. Several biologicalcontrolagentsareavailableforpestcontrol.Be awarethat litter, coverittokeeptheinsectsoutof litter. litter. sanitation practices hatch and survive, so it is important to keep the hatch andsurvive,soitisimportanttokeepthe mortality. mortality. litter in the house for at least one litter inthehouseforatleastone litter and to contain litter andtocontain Insect eggs and Insect eggs and ✓ Chemical control ✓ ✓ Mechanical control ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

professional pest control consultant can provide more information about the professional pestcontrolconsultantcanprovidemoreinformationaboutthe effectiveness, target, pest on based potential hazards(tohumansandbirds)aswelllocalregulations.A be should pesticide of choice The prevent flies from entering. prevent fliesfromentering. Flies will not move against the wind so and electricalbasedtraps(bugzappers). There aremanytypesoftrapsavailablethatincludepheromone,stickytape, mounds canalsobetreatedwithchemicalpesticides. the house, insecticides can be sprayed around the house perimeter. Any ant If anyanttrailsareseenmovingfrommoundsoutsidethehousetoinside so thatthelarvaecannotturnintoanadultbeetle. Insect growthregulatorsarealsoavailablewhichpreventformationofchitin pyrethrins synergisticallywithotherinsecticidescanbemoreeffective. paralysis, butbeetlescanproduceenzymesthatdetoxifythechemical.Using chemicals are effective against ants, flies, and beetles. They cause temporary Pyrethrin based products are safe to use while birds are in the house. These block thenervoussystembyinhibitingenzymeacetylcholine-esterase. Carbaryl basedproductscanbeusedtocontrolmultipleinsectspecies.They right chemicalsforyouroperation. and canbeaneffective wayofcontrollingflies. Mechanical traps canbeusedinsideandoutside the houses fans can be used around doorways to fans can be used around doorways to COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 9 BIOSCECURITY Vent Region Under Wing Poultry Lice - tiny, yellow whenscatter colored, exposed. Egg clusters are attached at the base of the feather shafts. Fowl Mite - Black feathers caused by accumulation of driedand droppings mite blood. red spots. Fowl Tick - tiny tick that sticks to skin and causesand skin to sticks that tick tiny - Tick Fowl Slats Legs and Feet scales. parasite excrement which Cracks, Crevices, Nests, and about the house. Red Poultry Mite, Fowl Tick andRed Poultry Mite, Fowl Tick Bed Bug - these parasites live in cracks and crevices during the day and feed on blood at night. Inspect walls and nests for resembles cigarette ash. At crawlingmites for look night, thickening Scaly Leg Mite - raised, uneven, crusty and/or These parasites are occasionally found in breeder operations. Most occasionally found in breeder operations. These parasites are against effective also are ectoparasites other treat to used are that pesticides fleas and ticks. Fleas and ticks Feathered Areas Depluming Mite - burrows into feather shaft causes birds to pull out feathers. nest boxesnest sanitation programsanitation humidity) some mitessome humidity) nest boxes and walls ( walls and boxes nest Mites can be carried into the house by equipment Parasite Control Parasite slats offer ideal habitats) during the day and feed at night. Depending on Depending night. at feed and day the during habitats) ideal offer slats and eggs for bedbugs which will appear as black spots. base of the feathers are the easiest way to identify a lice infestation.base of the feathers are the easiest way to Bed bugs duringcrevices and cracks in live They mites. to similar is behavior bug Bed the day and feed at night. Bed bugs can survive for months apart from the crevices,cracks, Inspect issue. bug bed a alleviate not downtime will so birds skin on the legs, and birds pulling out their feathers.skin on the legs, and birds pulling out their Lice Lice live entirely on birds andLice chew on the skin and do not suck blood. strategies prevention and Control bird. different a attack to bird the leave only preferentially infest one part ofare the same as those for mites. Lice will not White egg masses at thethe body, so the entire bird should be inspected. Wild birds are known carriers of mites. Prevent nesting of wild birds on orWild birds are known carriers of mites. Prevent around poultry houses. and egg flats. They live in cracks, crevices, and crustywattles, and combs pale cause can infestations species, infesting the and may be detected by staffhandling eggs. Scaly leg and depluming mites respectively.infest the legs and feet and base of the feathers, and (temperature good are conditions environmental If Therefore, even with downtime,can live apart from birds for several weeks. mites can survive to infect a new flock. Infestations tend to be worse in cool weather and on young birds. infections and may carry and spread diseases. A good good A diseases. spread and carry may and infections can prevent and control ectoparasites.and use of targeted pesticides Mites Fowl mite of mites that infect poultry. The Northern There are several species eggson found often are they Therefore, vent. the around located usually is Ectoparasites considerablecause can and the body of outside the on feed Ectoparasites issues in poultry breeder operations. parasites. are reluctant to enter nests that contain egg numbers as hens Ectoparasites can increase floor lead to skin can cause skin lesions which can Furthermore, ectoparasites 1.6 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 10 BIOSCECURITY http://extension.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/publications/information-sheets/is0331_web.pdf Table adaptedfrom “ControlExternalParasites ofPoultry”,byJeromeGoddard, Ph.D.andGailMoraru, availableat: Northern fowlmite, Northern fowlmite, depluming mite depluming mite chicken mite, chicken mite, Bed Bugs Pest lice, lice, Tetrachlorvinphos andDi-chlorvos Tetrachlorvinphos andDi-chlorvos Treatment ofBirdsandFacilitiesforEctoparasites Lambda-cyhalothrin Tetrachlorvinphos Tetrachlorvinphos Bifenthrin 7.9% Bifenthrin 7.9% Cyhalothrin Permethrin Permethrin Sulfur dust Cyfluthrin Spinosad Pesticide Carbaryl Carbaryl Carbaryl Farm /HouseTreatment Bird Treatment Do notapplywithbirdsinthebuilding.Allowspraytodrybefore placingbirds. Do notapplyasageneralspraywhenbirdsarepresent. contaminate Do notapplyasageneralspraywhenbirdsarepresent. contaminate No interiortreatmentwithbirdspresent.Donotcontaminate poultryfood, Questions aboutuseofsulfurmaybedirectedtoyourCobbTechServices Do nottreatmoreoftenthanevery14days. food, feed,orwater. food, feed,orwater. feed, orwater. veterinarian. Notes

COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 11 BIOSCECURITY worms afflicting worms possible (large roundworm),(large ) which causes flock (large tapeworms) and Ascaridia galli Ascaridia Raillietina spp. Histomonas meleagridis worms and at different stages. The active ingredient active The stages. different at and worms There are many types of dewormers available but only few can treatcan few only but available dewormers of types many are There of species different Levamisole hydrochloride at 40 mg/kg dosage is effective against most worms infecting poultry and at different stages. However, it can only be administered during growing. Piperazine is only effective against roundworms. Each deworming treatment should consist of two different applications Eachtwo. the between days 14 to 10 of interval an with product the of application should last between 3 to 4 hours. of weeks 10 and 8 at treatment first the conditions, challenge low Under of age is recommended.age and second treatment at 19 to 21 weeks 4to up of consist could strategy the conditions, challenge high Under different treatments. Example: 3 and 5 weeks of age, then of age and the last oneweeks of age, a third treatment at 14 to 16 weeks 8 and 10 at 19 and 21 weeks of age. successful program.product is key to a The selection of the deworming as many Use a broad-spectrum product that will treat and at different stages. parasite causing blackhead ( parasite causing blackhead

✓ ✓ Deworming via drinking water ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ worms (nematodes; cestodes) and protozoa (coccidia species). The most common and protozoa (coccidia species). The worms (nematodes; cestodes) worms). Cestodes are the most important tapeworms and include worms). Cestodes are (hair Capillaria spp. (ceacal roundworm) and (ceacal roundworm) and (small tapeworms). Worm eggs may be ingested directly, or infected earthworms may transport eggs or host partially developed larvae. transport eggs or host partially developed directly, or infected earthworms may Worm eggs may be ingested and can carry the may remain viable for months in the environment The cecal worm eggs 15 %. mortality rates of up to control important parts of controlling parasites. act as an intermediate host making pest can infect older birds. Beetles and snails can Cestodes (tapeworms) by controlling the intermediate hosts. achieved in intensive systems to treat and control may be more easily Tapeworms are difficult A 7-day treatment with Fenbendazole (60 ppm), Flubendazole (30 ppm),(30 Flubendazole ppm), (60 Fenbendazole with treatment 7-day A growout (10 and 19 weeksand Mebendazole (60 ppm) two times during of age) is effective. flocks placed on dirt floors. conditions. your under strategy best the for advise veterinary local Seek The preventative deworming program should be performed duringThe preventative deworming program should rearing. of field challenge. The strategy should be based on the degree Flocks placed on concrete floors will be less challenged compared to

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Internal parasites Internal are parasites infecting pullets and breeders The main groups of internal include and important roundworms most the are Nematodes cestodes. and taxonomic classes, nematodes members of 2 poultry are Heterakis gallinarum Davainea spp. ✓ ✓ Deworming via feed Strategic de-worming program ✓ ✓ ✓ COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 12 BIOSCECURITY 2. ✓ ✓ ✓ Important pointsfor 1. The preventionprogramconsistsoftwoveryimportantsteps: or necroticenteritisoutbreaks. potential toinactivateaccruedimmunityandresultinsubsequent drugs suchasamproliumshouldonlybegivenneededtheyhavethe The goalofthe Coccidiosis prevention

cycling neededforimmunity. ingesting thevaccine(oocysts)from the new space. This step is critical during the first 3 to 4 weeks so chicks keep the house,transfer Litter managementatthefarm. effective process. delivered isapproximately21ml (0.71oz)perbox. Coccidiosis vaccines utilize a larger droplet size and the volume of vaccine respiratory vaccinesareusuallysprayed withacone-shapedpattern. Coccidiosis vaccinesaregenerallydeliveredwithafanpattern while actual the oocyst dosedelivered. in occur will variation significant bottle, the of bottom the to ensure that the oocysts stay in suspension. If oocysts are allowed to settle Coccidiosis vaccinesmustbestirredoragitatedgentlyandcontinuously to However, spray Vaccination. coccidiosis program is to help the flock develop immunity. develop flock the help to is program coccidiosis Birds can be vaccinated during the first 5 days of their lives. lives. their of days 5 first the during vaccinated be can Birds vaccination at the litter fromthe coccidiosis

brooding areaandmixitwiththe hatchery provides a more controlled and hatchery provides a more controlled and When birds are given more space within Whenbirdsaregivenmorespacewithin vaccination byspraycabinet: litter to complete the vaccine oocyst litter tocompletethevaccineoocyst coccidiosis coccidiosis litter in litter in Cocci Cocci ✓ ✓ cycling. cycling. mix some vaccination and vaccine consumption.Onthefarm, when the the dyewasred).Thestainisanindicatorofvaccinecoverageandstimulatespreeningafter At

placement, chicks that have been vaccinated for coccidiosis will usually be stained (here placement, chicksthathavebeenvaccinatedforcoccidiosiswillusuallybestained(here sufficient lighttocontinuestimulatingvaccineconsumptionby preening. After vaccination andvaccineconsumption. The reconstituted vaccine is dyed in order to stimulate preening post- vaccination, the chick boxes should be placed in an area with vaccination, the chick boxes should be placed in an area with litter fromthe brooding area with the new space to continue the coccidial vaccine brooding areawiththenewspacetocontinuecoccidialvaccine brooding space is enlarged, brooding space isenlarged, COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 13 PRE-PLACEMENT 2 placement, the equipment and facilities must be the equipment and facilities placement, placement. Prior to chick Prior to placement. placement on the farm is critical to a good start for the breeder flock. rearing farm. placement at the nutrition and hydration for the chick, efficient optimize chick receiving for all flocks.rearing farm should be to prevent delays in the customs clearance and transport of chicks to the farm (for imported stock) and rearing lies in an effective management program starting with chick Animal Welfare Tips biosecurity gate does not have a full-time security guard, arrange for personnelbiosecurity gate does not have a full-time security the airport, to ensure efficient customs clearance and loading of day-old chicks for timely transportation and Importation of day-old breeding stock requires team members to be familiar withfamiliar team members to be Importation of day-old breeding stock requires customslocal or national other any and documentation procedures, import the of the chicks from customs. requirements to ensure expedited clearance and sanitized, clean, in be must facility/airport customs the from Transportation climate-controlled vehicles. at arrival at truck chick and arrival, flight track schedules, transportation Coordinate Alert farm crew and ensure the number of personnel required are present andAlert farm crew and ensure the number of can be placed as quickly as possible.waiting when the truck arrives so that chicks If the ahave does gate the If gate. the through entrance truck the allow to present be to that the truck will be coming.security guard, ensure that the guard is aware be present to receive the shipment. The technical service team member should

A primary objective for the Although the yolk sac provides prepared to receive the chicks. All houses should be cleaned and sanitized. All microbiological monitoring and validation checks should be done pre-placement with pre-placement and validation checks should be done and sanitized. All microbiological monitoring should be cleaned the chicks. All houses prepared to receive and microbiological sanitizing cleaning, on house information For more samples and deliver results. the laboratory can process the so that allowed time enough 13. monitoring, see Chapter ✓ ✓ ✓ The key to successful The key to successful Receiving imported breeding stock: ✓ ✓ ✓ Receiving breeding stock on the farm: Pre-placement Checklist Pre-placement COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 14 PRE-PLACEMENT Temperature sensation is affected by temperature transfer and relative temperatures shouldbeusedasillustratedinthetabletoright. andrelative transfer temperature humidity of the air. If air by is dry with low RH % transfer is low and higher dry bulb affected is sensation Temperature ✓ ✓ ✓ Ambient airtemperaturechecks Minimum source, butshouldonlybeused inwellinsulatedsolidwallhouses.Radianttypeheatersshould be usedastheprimaryheatsourceinpoorlyinsulatedhouses. the As forced airheatersprovide Generally radiant must becheckedandservicedBEFOREpreheatingbegins. on ambient temperature, roof insulation and house sealing. Verify thatall heaters are installed at the recommended height and are operating at maximum output. Heaters for young birds where a consistent ambient and The keytomaximizingbirdperformanceand Heater checks 2.1

be <3000ppm. Check Seal airleakstoeliminatedraftsonchicks. to removewastegasesandanyexcessmoisture. Minimum ock matures, birds develop the ability to regulate their internal body temperature. At approximately 14 days of age, forced air heaters can become the primary heat heat primary the become can heaters air forced age, of days 14 approximately At temperature. body internal their regulate to ability the develop birds matures, flock Equipment Checks carbon dioxidelevelbeforeplacingchicks.CO ventilation should be activated as soon as the preheating begins, ventilation shouldbeactivatedassoonthepreheatingbegins, ventilation checks brooders used in conjunction with forced air heaters are the most efficient. Radiant efficient. most the are heaters air forced with conjunction in used brooders supplemental heat in cold weather. supplemental heatincoldweather. l welfare outcomesisprovidingaconsistenthousingenvironment optimizedfortheneedsofbirds.Thisisespeciallycritical floor temperature are necessary to promote good activity and normal behavior. The heating capacity requirement depends 2 levels should always levelsshouldalways Age (days) Ambient temperatureprofilebasedonrelative 14 7 0 ✓

the residueandtoprovidecleanairforchicks. chick If chemicalsareusedduringthe 29 32 34 ⁰C placement, adequate brooders areusedasaprimaryheatsourceduring 30 % 84 89 93 ⁰F 28 31 33 ⁰C 40 % 82 88 91 ⁰F Relative ventilation must be used to clear the house of ventilation mustbeusedtoclearthehouseof 27 30 32 ⁰C cleaning and 50 % humidity 80 84 89 ⁰F humidity guidelines 26 29 31 ⁰C disinfection phase prior to disinfection phasepriorto 60 % 79 84 88 ⁰F brooding while brooding while 25 28 30 ⁰C 70 % 77 82 86 ⁰F COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 15 PRE-PLACEMENT 0.05 0.10 0.075 of house volume 3 kW/m Cold Climates Tropical Climates Temperate Climates Forced air heating system requirement Forced air heating system requirement floor inlet because oor. The heat The floor. uniformity. litter temperature. Chicks do not have the ability to regulate body temperature for the first 5 days and thermoregulation There should be some availableThere should be some floor - a height that will not cause brooding area. litter and air temperatures are too cold, internal body temperature will decrease, leading to huddling, decreased activity, reduced feed andlitter and air temperatures are too cold, internal body temperature will decrease, leading to huddling, disease, and loss of flock to 5 ft) from the litter and the 1/2 brooders or radiant brooder systems are used to create brooders Animal Welfare Tips litter heating patterns within the house. These systems allow the chicks to move within the house. These systems allow litter heating patterns water intake, stunted growth, susceptibility to The chick is highly dependent upon the manager to provide the correct is not fully developed until 14 days of age. If the it is impossible for them to heat air that is moving very fast. Heaters placed at the inlets willit is impossible for them to heat air that is moving lead to an increase in energy usage and cost. Forced air heaters the air movement is slow enough to allowThese heaters need to be placed where beshould heaters These house. the of middle the in normally air, the of heating optimum (4 to 1.5 m a height of 1.4 at placed never be placed near the air drafts on the chicks. Forced air heaters should This system operates with hot water circulating through pipes in a concrete concrete a in pipes through circulating water hot with operates system This exchange within the floor warms the Under floor heating Radiant / Spot Radiant / pancake Either traditional and around the brood chamber and find their comfort zone. to this heat source.water and feed close COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 16 PRE-PLACEMENT ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Thermostats ortemperatureprobechecks ✓ ✓ any necessaryadjustmentsforfutureplacements. should berecordedbeforeeach the house.Thiswillhelpidentifyhotorcoldzonesinhousepriortochick concrete/ representative ofthetrue Often concrete/ Floor temperaturechecks

constantly. not exceed0.20ºC(0.36ºF).Uniformtemperaturescanbeachieved usingrecirculation should area reception the of back and front the in level) chick (at temperature the between difference The 35 °C(95°F)stopsaltogether. from thecenterofradiant Floor temperatures should be 30 to a maximum of 32 °C (86 to 90 ⁰F) when checked at least 1 m (3 ft) away source. If radiant heaters / brooder stoves are used, At never exceed32°C(90°F). Concrete temperature (below from farmtofarm. Preheating timeisdependentonclimateconditions,houseinsulationandheatingcapacitywillvary To achievetheabovetargets,preheatingneedstocommenceatleast48hoursbeforechick at least24hoursbefore Houses should be preheated so that both the annually, or sooner if doubt exists about accuracy. annually, orsoonerifdoubtexists aboutaccuracy. Thermostats andtemperature probes should becalibratedatleast place directlyundertheheating source. Placed atbirdheightandevenly distributedaroundthehouse.Donot placement, litter) every 6 meters (20 ft) along the length of the poultry house and in three rows across the width of litter) every 6 meters (20 ft) along the length of the poultry house and in three rows across the width of litter temperatureismeasuredquicklyatchick litter temperaturesshouldbe30to32°C(8690°F)withforcedairheating. uniformity ofconcrete/ placement. placement. This will help to evaluate the preheating effectiveness and make make and effectiveness preheating the evaluate to help will This placement. litter) should be 28 to 30 °C (82.4 to 86.0 °F). Concrete temperature should litter) should be 28 to 30 °C (82.4 to 86.0 °F). Concrete temperature should heater or brooder stove. Above 32 °C (90 ⁰F ) ⁰F (90 °C 32 Above stove. brooder or heater floor temperatures should be 40.5 °C (105 °F) under the heat litter temperatures. The best approach is to measure (both litter temperatures.Thebestapproachistomeasure(both floor and ambient temperatures and placement in a few random areas, which is not placement inafewrandomareas,whichisnot placement. The feed intake decreases, and at feed intakedecreases,andat humidity are stabilized humidity are stabilized litter temperature litter temperature fans to mix the air fans tomixtheair placement. ✓ ✓

than 2°C(4°F)overa24-hourperiod. Temperature ranges should be recorded dailyand not deviate by more thermostat. Minimum/maximum thermometers shouldbeplacedadjacentto COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 17 PRE-PLACEMENT drinker drinker for bird height, it is feeder and placement, check that all water lines and individual and water lines all that placement, check Run the feeding system and check that feed lines are level and secure. Run the feeding system and check that feed lines Prior to nipples are operating correctly. drinker placement. The goal of this calibration is to prevent overfeeding or underfeeding the flock. weighing of feed is nipple, without dripping. Check forCheck dripping. without nipple, welfare outcomes for new chicks. In addition to adjusting the height of the drinker designs, the lip of the drinker designs, the lip pressure settings. placement. Accurate bell flat. They should also be placed close to the Water must be clean and fresh. Water must be clean nipple. When the house is fully opened, allow 8 to the house is fully opened, nipple. When litter to maintain water quality but not so high that accessthat not so high but quality water to maintain litter placement to detect any minor problems and correct any correct and problems minor any detect to placement drinker. For some drinker (3.8 L, 1 gal) per 100 chicks. Supplemental drinkersdrinker (3.8 L, 1 gal) brooding, allow 40 chicks per brooding, allow nipple. nipple drinkers are at the chicks’ eye level at reception. Adjust lines after 2 days so the the chicks’ eye level at reception. Adjust lines nipple drinkers are at scales used to weigh the feed prior to the flock the to prior feed the weigh to used scales Animal Welfare Tips feeder systems, lubricate the system per manufacturer’s instructions. Check the chainfeeder systems, lubricate the system per pressure to produce a droplet of water visible on each on visible water of droplet a produce to pressure feed distribution lines to ensure they are level and secured.feed distribution lines to ensure they are level bell drinkers, allow 75 birds per bell drinkers, allow 75 is impeded. For example, on top of a box lid or egg primary source. cleaningthe of quality the assess to placement chick before analysis bacteriological water Conduct concentration at the end of the loops daily. and disinfection process. Check the sanitizer any specific recommendations from the manufacturer for any specific recommendations and air locks.Check for water leaks Ensure that stretched to drink. chicks’ necks are slightly If needed, supply 1 supplementary the than higher be placed slightly should 10 birds per 10 birds per For In this case, supplementary the chicks will not be able to reach the water. may be too high and drinkers will be necessary. any residual sanitizer. Flush all drinkers to remove Adjust For partial house For partial tension and scan the line for foreign objects that can become lodged and damage the system.tension and scan the line for foreign objects to be filled. Ensure feed hoppers are clean, dry and ready groundat be should chain) and (pan feeders Initially, height. chick for adjusted be should Feeders level so the chicks can easily access them. Calibrate the flock.critical to prevent over or under feeding the Run the feeding system prior to chick to prior system feeding the Run issues. Check For chain

Bird comfort, water access and feed provision are critical to ensure optimal important to have the on-farm feed scale or weigh bin calibrated before (or within 2 weeks) flock

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Drinker checks Drinker Feeder checks ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 18 PRE-PLACEMENT ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ areas anditemsthatmustbeverifiedformaintenancebeforehousinganewflock.Examplesoftoinclude: with in conjunction maintenance checks are very important and can help ensure the chicken house is ready to safely and comfortably house new birds. Create a written plan and checklist of and flocks between done be should repairs mechanical and maintenance Major checks (ex:generatortesting),routineon-siterepairs,andmajormaintenanceconcernsthatneedtobescheduled. equipment failures. Replacement and spare parts should be available at each farm to prevent delays in repairs. An on-site, written logbook should be used to record regular Equipment failures can bedevastatingand result inmassive losses. A comprehensivefarm plan should includeregular,scheduledandpreventativemaintenancetoprevent Maintenance

prior to flock arrival. prior toflockarrival. (ex: house, verify safety and security of any dividers or other bird equipment House equipment the of effectiveness the impact could which broken or tangled not are cables House structure sensors andthermometerstoensurecontrollersettingswillbeaccurate. chemical odorsfromthe for birdcomfort.Ventilatethehousepriortoreceivingbirds remove to ensuretheywillworkcorrectlymaintaintheappropriatetemperature Ventilation been clearedfromthelines. the water system to ensure all Water it issecureandwillnotresultinbirdinjury. ensure thatthesystemwillworktodeliverfeedbirdsand Feed deliverysystems clean anddrypriortoreceivingnewfeed. Verify theclean-outprocessforfeedbinstoensurethatequipmentis over/under-feeding. Monthly calibration of feed Feed ventilation equipment. ventilation equipment. slats, nests, catch frames, -checkfeed -checkwaterlinesandindividual -check - cycle (check) all curtains and vent doors to ensure -cycle(check)allcurtainsandventdoorstoensure scales andcalibrate fan belts, fan motors, louvers, gas lines for heaters, etc. fan belts,motors,louvers,gaslinesforheaters,etc. - replace any broken or flickering light bulbs in the the in bulbs light flickering or broken any replace - - checkaugers,chainsand cleaning and scales, etc.) so that any repairs can be made scales, etc.) so that any repairs can be made cleaning and disinfecting solutions have cleaning and disinfecting solutions have weighing equipment to prevent weighing equipmenttoprevent drinker disinfection process. Calibrate disinfection process.Calibrate scales is a good practice. scales is a good practice. nipples for water. Flush nipples forwater.Flush feeder setup to feeder setupto ✓ ✓

biosecurity andpremisesecurityarefunctional. perimeter fence,vegetationandvermincontrolboxes,etc.)toensurethat cool cell pads, security of doors and drainage equipment, security of External environment alarms contactthecorrectperson(s)foranemergency. etc. to verify that audible alarms are functional and radio/automated conduct anannualreviewofthegenerator.Testalarms,alarmsystem, ensure they are operational. Have an electrician or generator specialist emergency. Generatorsshouldcycleunderloadoncepermonthto correctly to provide immediate backup power for the farm during an Emergency equipment Verify thatallsystems areworkingcorrectlyprior tochick cleaning tominimize - test the generator to ensure that it is working - test the generator to ensure that it is working - visually verify the conditions of the house (ex: - visuallyverifytheconditionsofhouse(ex: biosecurity riskonthefarm.Pre- placement. placement placement COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 19 PRE-PLACEMENT per bird) 2 0.18 to 0.20 0.24 to 0.27 0.31 to 0.36 0.43 to 0.54 0.72 to 1.08 density Density (ft ) 2 stocking 55 to 60 40 to 45 30 to 35 20 to 25 10 to 15 Density (birds per m Brooding chamber 0 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 9 10 to 12 13 to 15 Age (days) litter should be used to “seal” or fully cover the bottom of the brooder guard and stable brooding disease presence (on the farm or in the regionaldisease presence (on density capacity and the housethe and capacity density final rearing house partitions should be completelybe should partitions house rearing nipples are easily activated. nipple if stocking should not exceed more than 55 to 60 birds perstocking should not exceed more than 55 brooding chamber will depend on the size of the chamber will depend brooding per bird). Ensure adequate drinking space, especially during summer per bird). Ensure adequate drinking space, 2 brooding chamber design and management is to increase the size of theof size the increase to is management and design chamber brooding density in the density Animal Welfare Tips brooding area. Generally, the Generally, area. brooding Brooding Design and Management placement area), catastrophic issues causing the inability to deliver feed, and emergency depopulation. causing the inability to deliver feed, and area), catastrophic issues house environment and housing systems be used to constantly monitor the chicken Alarm systems should (temperature, water availability, electricity, etc.) that are critical to supply the daily needs of the andon-site present be should supply water secondary a and electricity for generators as such systems backup flock. Ideally, should be regularly monitored. Contact information for emergency response services and staff responsible for in a place where the information is easily accessible.addressing emergencies should be posted Issues may arise that require emergency responses. Minor events (power or equipment failures) and major or equipment failures) Minor events (power responses. arise that require emergency Issues may events (severe weather, flooding, wind damage) can occur that can As a minimum, breeder operations should resources including feed and water. prevent access to necessary cause damage to housing and limit or and operating procedures (SOPs) to assess emergency responses that includes standard have a written plan for notifiable water, of loss power, of loss damage, structural repair Alarms and emergency planning and emergency Alarms The area and the equipment. Initial m² (0.18 to 0.20 ft placements - calculate 40 birds per brooding area as quickly as possible, while maintaining the correct house temperature.house correct the maintaining while possible, as quickly as area brooding correct temperature at least 24 hours prior toHeat and ventilate the unused area to the the expanding open after 14 to 16 days, varying according to the structure conditions. 2.2 the of goal The ore remain in the brood area. If brooder guard (paper, metal or wireKeep the lights off in the rest of the house. Chicks will rarely stray into the dark (unlit) areas of the house and will theref Ideally, partitions) are used, they should be carefully positioned to prevent chick entrapment and injury. partitions should be used to ensure the divider remains vertical. If the house setup does not allow brood chamber curtains to be used, the entire house should be heated and ventilated to optimize chick comfort and temperature needs. To maintain theIf the house setup does not allow brood chamber curtains to be used, the entire house should be in the brood area to encourage chick activity and to eat and drink.chicks in a smaller brood area during the first week, lighting and/or brood dividers can be used. For lighting, keep lights on COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 20 PRE-PLACEMENT After finishingthefeedtherewillbesomecompetitionforwateraccess. feed. requirements are not met, flock space is the most important space requirement regardless of age. If production areguidedbyboth It is most important to remember that regulations mustbeconsidered. including climate, housing types, important In additiontoperformance and Correct improve subsequentflock same pen (or house) upon arrival at the farm. Rearing these groups together will Chicks fromdonorsourcesofasimilarageshouldbeplacedtogetherinthe Stocking Drinker space is similarly important as birds must drink water to digest feed. Drinker space is similarly important as birds must drink water to digest feed. stocking welfare implications.Toaccuratelyassess density density isessentialtoensuregreatperformanceduring uniformity. uniformity will suffer as birds compete for available feeder and uniformity, correct ventilation systems, processing and stocking drinker spacerequirements. density throughout stocking stocking density also has density also has density, factors density, factors feeder space feeder space rearing and rearing and rearing. rearing. welfare welfare Feeder Feeder sexual Therefore, age. same bodyweight control is essential for uniform frame size development and the at the females than heavier significantly be will during space floor extra given be should Males females. and males both of targets practice willallowfarmerstooptimizeframesize, placement totransfer or mixing (approximately20 to 23weeks).This Cobb recommendsthatmalesberearedseparatelyfromfemales from enough *Modern dark out open sided Males in slatted -USstyle slatted -EUstyle floor-tunneled withpadcooling floor-tunneled floor- Production dark out open sided Pullets in Time frame open sided feeder and synchronization withthefemales. rearing to ensure they achieve their target bodyweights. Males rearing toensuretheyachieve theirtargetbodyweights.Males dark out rearing rearing* rearing rearing rearing rearing drinker spaceandcorrectambienttemperatures rearing cansupportupto10birdsperm Floor spacerecommendations birds perm 6.0 to7.0 5 to5.5 7 to10 3.0 2.5 5.5 6.0 5.5 6 uniformity and bodyweight uniformity andbodyweight 2 2 (1.08ft 1.79 to1.54 2.15 to1.96 1.54 to1.08 ft 2 air quality. per pullet) with per pullet)with 2 perbird 1.96 1.79 1.96 1.79 3.6 4.3 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 21 PRE-PLACEMENT drinker and Pre-fill drip plates supplemental feeder brooding area over the period of several days before the house is completely opened. litter and feed drinker systems so chicks willdrinker systems so chicks drinker systems that can be useddrinker systems that brooding area is expanded and chicks are given more space. Chicks are naturally curious and will want to explore, but will still need tobrooding area is expanded and chicks are given more space. Chicks are naturally curious and will biosecurity related risks and material quality. ventilation to ensure they are comfortable, remain active, and easily can find feed and water within the expanded area. If brooding, they should be gradually removed from the feeder trays after day 7. Animal Welfare Tips brooders as this will heat the water and it will become too warm to drink as wellas drink to warm too become will it and water the heat will this as brooders placement. When possible, use only the primary placement. When possible, nipples with water to stimulate water consumption soon after chicks arrive. feeder trays are used during supplemental drinkers are necessary, open trays are not recommended since chickssince recommended not are trays open necessary, are drinkers supplemental / or under Carefully observe chick distribution and behavior as the have the correct temperature, lighting and Remove any remaining paper after the feed is consumed.Remove any remaining paper after the feed Remove supplementary feed per bird on paper covering 50 % of theAnother option is to place a total of 30 g of paper The days. 3 first the within consumed be should allocation feed This area. placement newsprintused recommend not do We puncture. to resistant and durable be must used or other kinds of re-used paper because of Supplementary feeders theto close too or under directly placed be not should equipment feeding Supplemental prior to the chicks’ arrival. Provide one brooders and feed should be distributed just that supplementary feed remains fresh.tray for every 75 chicks at day old and ensure may immerse themselves in these and / or contaminate the water with in these and / or contaminate the may immerse themselves never be placed directlywater quality. Supplemental drinkers should which results in poor the beneath as increase water evaporation. Supplementary drinkers Supplementary houses are well-equipped with Many modern poultry by chicks at as quickly as possible.learn to use the system If COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 22 PRE-PLACEMENT droppings from work in the and birddensities.Trytousetheleastamountof floor to prevent capillary action of water, summer and winter conditions, Litter height depends on the floor insulation, the use of plastic below the concrete development. result inunintendedrestrictedaccesstofeedandwateratthiscriticaltimeof groups ofchickstohuddleinpocketsorunderequipment.Uneven Uneven firmly. compressing and provide asoft,drysurfacethatconductsradiantheat.Levelthebeddingbyraking fresh new, with floor whole the Cover (1 3/16to2in)insummerconditionsand57cm(23/4)winter. production forthe breederflock. flock breeder reduced in health; leg reduction and foot areas; in scratch mixing flock improved ofincorporating goals performance-related flock ability oftheanimaltocopewith challengesorchanges.Additionally,forpoultry, behavior(s); increasepositive utilization of the environment; andincrease the the frequenciesofabnormal/negativebehavior;increaserange ofnormal rearing and laying environment include: increase behavioral diversity; reduce For poultry, visual, auditory)ornutritionalstimulation. or achallengeintheenvironment),physicaloutcome,sensorystimulation (ex: contact with other animals), occupational outcome (ex: encourages exercise activity relatedtosocialinteraction(ex:increasesordecreases direct/indirect the environment.Theobjectordevicemayresultinachange inbehavior/ typically consistofsensorystimulithatprovidechoice(s)forthe animalwithin “negative may reduce behaviors” andmayincrease“positiveforpoultry. they as beneficial be to considered are Enrichments Enrichments Litter management litter and maintain the welfare-related goalsforincorporating rearing through production. A good reference is to use 3 to 5 cm production. Agoodreferenceistouse35cm litter creates uneven floor temperatures, causing causing temperatures, floor uneven creates litter litter height level. The litter. Itisimportantthatthe mortality; and improved total egg mortality; and improved total egg litter possible so that it is easier to litter possiblesothatitiseasierto enrichments can include: enrichments caninclude: enrichments into the enrichments intothe litter will accumulate bird litter will accumulate bird floor eggs; improved improved eggs; floor Enrichments Enrichments litter material litter material litter can also litter canalso ventilation ventilation legs canpermitthe birdstoperch. and over the tracks to enhance mobility and activity. Having a have easy access to feed but at the same time require the birds to only jump on used. Chainfeedersin commonly are perches elevated and floors slatted where configurations house and different flooring types so that they will acclimate more quickly to rearing andlayingfarmstoencourage birdstoexperienceraisedequipment of chicken.Other should thereforebecarefullyplannedandimplementedforthe ageandtype note thatnotall sensory stimuli (ex: lighting or noise stimuli to train poultry). It is important to foraging ordust-bathingactivity(ex:bales,peckingblocks,feedscattering), and additional shelter(smallhuts/tents)),nutritional and social stimuli to increase enrichments (ex:ramps,perchesandplatforms( Typical should notincrease enrichments that pose an injury or entrapment threat should not be used), and health the affect adversely not should Enrichments enrichments that can be used in broiler breeder farms include physical enrichments thatcanbeusedinbroilerbreederfarmsincludephysical enrichments canbeusedinboth enrichments, suchas biosecurity risk, and should not be economically deleterious. biosecurity risk,andshouldnotbeeconomicallydeleterious. rearing should be managed for height so that all birds rearing shouldbemanagedfor height sothatallbirds slats and perches, may be used in both slats andperches,maybeusedinboth slats) or items that provide slats) oritemsthatprovide rearing and welfare of the flock (i.e. (i.e. flock the of welfare feeder track with feeder track with production and production and production production COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 23 PRE-PLACEMENT litter tolitter grading. All 8 14 2 to 4 light intensity at photo stimulation 0.19 to 0.37 rearing will delay sexual weighing and 8 13 10 0.93 rearing will help to maintain evenmaintain to help will rearing 9 12 10 0.93 vaccination, bird 11 10 10 0.93 light intensity will make birds less sensitive to less sensitive make birds light intensity will 10 10 11 0.93 light intensity during brooding 9 10 12 0.93 floor level. Different light sources can have wide variations in 8 maintenance work to the house should be done during the 8-hour lights on period.maintenance work to the house should be done Increasing or decreasing hours) in after 21 weeks of age. A long day length (>10 should be prevented. development of both females and males and bird level. Uniform light distribution (>80 %) in %) (>80 distribution light Uniform level. bird the from height consistent a maintaining house, the across levels litter access feed This is important for all females to easily the chain or pan feeders. house at bird uneven light intensity distribution in the at the same time. With the brighter areas causing uneven heightslitter in to scratch tend the birds level, flock poor to contribute will then feeders to access Uneven track. feeder the along uniformity. Do not increase Light intensity should not vary more than 20 % from the brightest to darkest place brightest to darkest than 20 % from the should not vary more Light intensity at 10 13 0.93 7 20 15 1.9 welfare. 6 20 17 1.9 5 20 19 Lighting schedule for chicks during Lighting schedule for chicks during 1.9 nipple line will attract the chicksnipple line will attract 4 20 21 1.9 placement. At 4 days of age, startplacement. At 4 days 23 first 5 to 7 days of age is necessary for optimal 5.6 to 9.3 60 to 100 feed intake as they learn from each other. from each other.feed intake as they learn placement photo stimulation depending on the light source (Seephoto stimulation depending on the light source (fc) (lux) Age (days) light intensity until Hours of light Light intensity Light intensity light intensity every day by 1 or 2 hours, the recommended 8-hour day length willlight intensity every day by 1 or 2 hours, the with 2hours of light 8 continuing be achieved by 14 days of age. We recommend to 4 lux Chapter 6). and water intake. Concentrating light around the and water intake. Concentrating and and improve early water 23 hours of light at Chicks should be given time every day. Always turn the lights on at the same reducing the light period. the lights out time. By reducingWhen adjusting the lighting period, always change Lighting of Correct stimulation light alters bird activity. and distribution of The intensity activity with lighting during the good and immune system development and feed consumption, digestive andlight the below directly fc) 10 to (6 lux 100 to 60 be should intensity Light feedearly good encourage and activity chick enhance to height chick at measured COBBCOBB BREEDER BREEDER MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT GUIDE GUIDE 24 for 2 hours to let the chicks become acclimated to the reception area. for 2hourstoletthechicksbecome acclimatedtothereceptionarea. prevent areasofpotentialentrapment forthechicks,anddisposeoftheseitemsinabiosecure manner.After for the mother hen and they should not associate voices as being the mother hen. Remove all paper liners, chick boxes, lids, etc. during the process to will help prevent chick injury and chicks being around the feet of the staff during the reception process. Try to talk as little as possible. Chicks are looking of moment first the from distributed evenly be distributed, beginattheback ofthehouseorbroodareaandplacechicksinacareful and calmmannerasyoumovetowardsthefrontofhouse.This will chicks that so area brood or house the in placed be should boxes all Ideally, chicks. the for stress thermal in result may that climates external to exposure minimize to efficient and quick be should unloading chick Ideally, Handling (strategy) placing chicksonthe starter feed lids, orthepaper that has The locationwherechicksareplacediscriticallyimportant. Chicksshouldbegentlyplaceddirectlyon Handling (location) bottom oftheboxto the boxsecurelywithbothhandsandtipping(belowkneelevel)shouldminimizedropdistancefrom be no greater than 2 times the bird height (about 15 cm (6 in) for chicks). This means that the person must hold Farm staff must gently place the chicks in accordance with company drop height limits. The drop height should Handling (method) remain leveluntileachindividualboxistippedforchick tilting chickboxes,droppingetc.)asthiscanpotentiallyinjurechicks.Ideally,boxesshouldalways transporting when truck, from the them withinthehouse,andduring during unloading boxes chick when handling care take should staff All Handling (action) Pay attentiontotheseitemswhenplacingchicksoptimizechickcomfort,security,andquality: chicks areplacedinthecorrectpenorhouse.Carefulandstrategic female and the male the within that ensure remain to identification box should the verify chicks process, receiving the cool, During stress. too thermal prevent is to truck chick house climate-controlled the If verified. be should temperature ambient and floor the farm, the at chicks unloading Before litter, chicks should have easy access to water and feed, and should be near but not directly underneath a brooder. litter, chicksshouldhaveeasyaccesstowaterandfeed, shouldbenearbutnotdirectlyunderneathabrooder. Animal WelfareTips litter. litter. starter feed. Do not place chicks on top of solid equipment (ex: feeders or drinkers) or on top of other chicks. When starter feed.Donotplacechicksontopofsolid equipment (ex: feeders ordrinkers)ontopof other chicks. When placement process. The goal should be to prevent rough movement (ex: placement process.Thegoalshouldbetopreventroughmovement(ex: placement. placement. Chick Placement placement ofchicksinthebroodareaisimportantforanimal litter, litter, placement all staff should leave the house placement. Once boxes are placement. Once boxes are welfare. welfare. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 25 3 Too drafty Too POST-PLACEMENT CHICK MANAGEMENT CHICK POST-PLACEMENT Just right Noisy chicks huddled Noisy chicks huddled together away from draft and spread evenly Chicks are constantly cheeping Chicks are constantly cheeping brooder Too cold Too Too hot Too the brooder Noisy chicks huddled under Noisy chicks huddled under the perimeter away from the the perimeter away from the Drowsy chicks spread around Drowsy chicks spread around air quality, water and space/staff actions) as these can all impact brooding area brooder chicks of the Bright light or noise Chicks huddled to one side Chicks huddled to one side brooding. It is normal brooding phase, staff brooding phase, staff brooding phase welfare and performancewelfare and placement which will give them time to brooding period cannot be overbrooding period cannot rst 14 days of a chick’s life sets the precedent the sets life chick’s a of days 14 first Animal Welfare Tips Chick Comfort welfare, distribution and behavior. welfare, distribution and behavior. brooding area and observation of chick activity can assess the comfort level of the chicks. If distribution is irregular, if activity level is extremely low, or if chicks are extremely noisy, these canbrooding area and observation of chick activity can assess the comfort level of the chicks. If distribution While placing chicks and checking during the While placing chicks and checking to house the through calmly move and low level a at talk should placed and all chicks are that After ensuring stress. minimize comfortable, staff should leave chicks alone for a minimum new surroundings and hours to allow them to acclimate to their of 2 to rest. chicks actively exploring their new environment. If you observe chickschicks actively exploring their new environment. thewithin distributed irregularly or loudly chirping huddling, panting, If not corrected,brood area, investigate the cause(s) immediately. they can have a negative impact on flock outcomes. Check chicks 2 hours after they are comfortable.settle and identify the reception area. Ensure closely monitored afterChick distribution and behavior should be placement and within the first 24 to 48 hours of or drinking, and someto see some chicks sleeping, some chicks eating The importance of the The importance of The emphasized. for good performance. Extra effort during the final flock performance. will be rewarded in the 3.1 Post-Placement Chick Management Chick Post-Placement be signs of possible stress and the reason(s) should be immediately investigated. Remember the letters F.L.A.W.S. (feed, lighting, be signs of possible stress and the reason(s) should be immediately investigated. Remember the chick Every time you enter a poultry house, you should see some birds eating, playing, drinking, chirping, and resting. Birds should never be huddling. Careful observation of chick distribution withinEvery time you enter a poultry house, you should see some birds eating, playing, drinking, chirping, the COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE POST-PLACEMENT CHICKMANAGEMENT 26 that the chick is too cold. that thechickistoocold. lead topanting.Chickinternaltemperaturebelow40°C(104°F)indicates in °F) (106 C 41° above temperature internal Chick °F). Hatched chickinternaltemperatureshouldbe40to40.6°C(104105 recommended forthesechickchecks. thermometer withasofttip.Quick-reading,digitalthermometersare Chick internaltemperaturecanbemeasuredusingasmallrectalprobe ambient/floor temperatures withinthe current and temperature preheating re-evaluate cold, internal bodytemperatureofthechickisalsoreduced.Iffeetare can learn how warm or cold the chick is. If the chick’s feet are cold, the chick’s feet. By placing the chick’s feet against your neck or cheek you of indicator excellent An around the comfortably warm,thechicksshouldbeevenlyandactivelymoving feed andwater intake and therefore reduced growth rate. If they are Cold chickswillhuddlewithreducedactivity,resultingin 3.2 Brooding Temperatures brooding area. brooding area. brooding area. oor temperature is the temperature of the the of temperature the is temperature floor rst 4 days can can days 4 first into thecloaca.Securely holdthechickwhilesupporting theentirebodyofchick duringtheverificationprocess. reading, digitalthermometer forcloacaltemperatures (asshownhere),carefullyinsertthe metaltipofthethermometer When samplingchicks toverifybodytemperature,itis importanttopreventstressandinjury forthechick.Ifusingaquick- Animal WelfareTips temperature and is dependent temperature and is dependent adequately control its body At as this is a good indicator of chick comfort. as thisisagoodindicatorofchick comfort. brooding areawithproperaccesstowaterandfeed.Monitorbird behavioroften for thechicks.Optimaltemperaturesallowbirdstobedistributed acrossthe Temperature conditions in the days (seetable). thermoregulatory abilities,the temperatures, thesizeandheat body temperature.Tocompensateforthechangesinchicks’ internalbody At 12to14daysofage,thechickwillhavefullability regulate itsown production performance. ultimately haveanimpacton temperature in to and increase the susceptibility growth, poor feed conversion brooding canresultinpoor chilling oroverheatingduring and impact on weight gain, growth Either scenario has a negative energy to produce heat. through pantingormetabolizing low, thechickmustcompensate temperatures aretoohighor to thermoregulate.When on theenvironmentforheat disease, providing the correct disease, providingthecorrect hatch, the chick cannot hatch, the chick cannot welfare outcomes. Since welfare outcomes. Since brooding can brooding can brooding temperature must be adjusted every few brooding temperaturemustbeadjustedeveryfew production of the birds, and the development of production ofthebirds,anddevelopment brooding area must ensure adequate comfort brooding area must ensure adequate comfort Age (days) *These figuresshouldonlybeusedasguidelines. Temperature guidelinesatrelative 25 to27 22 to24 19 to21 16 to18 8 to15 4 to7 1 to3 humidity of60% °C°F Floor Temperature 22 24 26 28 29 30 31 71.6 75.2 78.8 82.4 84.2 86.0 87.8 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 27 first 24 POST-PLACEMENT CHICK MANAGEMENT CHICK POST-PLACEMENT brooding area to find feed and water. Evaluating chick behavior regularly within the feed intake is crucial for chicks to sustain metabolic processes such as internal body chicks to sustain metabolic processes such feed intake is crucial for placement on the farm is to humidity will reduce moisture loss but also impair heat loss, so correct brood temperature is vital. Chicks fromcorrect brood temperature is vital. Chicks loss but also impair heat loss, so humidity will reduce moisture brooding temperatures because they produce less heat. brooding temperatures ock performance including poor growth, poor including performance flock filled upon examination the morning after ely evaluatecrop fill is an easy way to verify correct setup and optimal conditions for chick comfort. If too many crops are hard, immediat first hours after uniformity. evaluate feed availability,flow rate, etc. to determine why chicks may not be accessing water in the brood area. If too many crops are soft, immediately brooding area are optimal, chicks should naturally and quickly explore the uniformity and smell) of the feed ration, and verify that the correct feed was delivered to the farm to determine why chicks may not be accessing feed in the brooduniformity and smell) of the feed ration, and verify that the correct feed was delivered to the farm brooding area. If the crops of the chicks are checked 8 hours afterhours 8 checked are chicks the of crops the If area. brooding Animal Welfare Tips placement and objectively measuring uniformity and smell), and verify that the correct feed was delivered to the farm.the to delivered was feed correct the that verify and smell), and uniformity Crop Fill Evaluation Chick Hydration Chick water availability, water temperature, feed location, presentation ( area. If lighting and temperature in the first 24 hours of If too many crops are soft (> 15 %), immediately evaluate feed availability, feed location, feedIf too many crops are soft (> 15 %), immediately ( presentation as well to determine why chicks may notCheck ambient temperature and floor temperature be accessing feed in the brood area. placement a minimum of 85 % of examined chicks should have both feed and water present.placement a minimum of 85 % of examined A minimum of 95 % of the bird’s crops should be placement. evaluate water availability, water temperature,If too many crops are hard (> 15 %), immediately not be accessing water in the brood area. flow rate, etc. to determine why chicks may The main objective of management during the achieveto Failure possible. as chicks many as in feed and water of intake much as achieve with problems irreversible to lead will objective this poor feed conversion and poor flock per chicks 100 Sample protein in the yolk for energy, resulting in inadequate protein levels for growth. Early energy, resulting in inadequate protein levels protein in the yolk for temperature. 3.4 3.3 The yolk contains 1 to 2 g of moisture so the chick will lose weight but not become dehydrated. If chicks start panting, they can lose 5 to 10 g of moisture in the will occur. Higher relative hours and then dehydration breeder flocks) require higher smaller eggs (younger andfat both use will chick the place take doesn’t consumption feed early If growth. for protein and energy for fat the with protein 1/3 and fat 2/3 contains yolk The COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE POST-PLACEMENT CHICKMANAGEMENT 28 floor and Ensure thatbothfeedersanddrinkersareinadequatesupply,relative tothe 3.6 ✓ ✓ ✓ efficiency oftheroostersincehemayhavedifficultyholdingneckfeathershen. the bird’sabilitytodrinkandeatmaybeimpaired.Alonger trauma, and for eating and drinking, and it also can prevent aggressive pecking, a behavior that can lead to bird injury, skin Beak conditioningcanhaveapositivenet to 5daysonthefarmrequiresmorelaborandspecialattentionensurethatbirdstressisminimized. automated equipment thatprovides an infrared treatment forthetipof the In the Beak conditioning canbedoneinthe 3.5 Water isimportant topromotegoodhealthandoptimal

* * all birds birds all prevent stress by having water easily available (height of achieve freedomfrom thirstbyprovidingclean,coolwater tobirds normal behavior. Gentle peckingatfeathersandobjectsintheenvironmentis considered houses. mature earlierthanbirdsrearedfor20weeksinlight-controlled( houses withoutcontrolledlightingwillnormallyhavemore inopen-sided raised birds houses orwithoutcontrolled for beneficial especially is conditioning Beak technical managersshouldevaluatetheshapeof condition foreatinganddrinking.Atvariousstagesduringthebird’slife, The Water Management Beak Conditioning hatchery, this procedure is performed by trained personnel and typically involves specially designed, hatchery, thisprocedureisperformedbytrainedpersonnelandtypicallyinvolvesspeciallydesigned, beak continues to grow as the bird ages and must be kept in good beak continues to grow as the bird ages and must be kept in good litter temperature,protectingthechicks’thermalcomfortzone. mortality. Moreover,ifthetop Animal WelfareTips light intensityduring hatchery at day of age or between 4 and 5 days of age on the farm. hatchery at day ofageorbetween4and5 days of age onthefarm. welfare benefit since it results in an optimal beak is significantly longer than the lower welfare outcomes forchickensatallstagesto: rearing. Birds raised in rearing. Birdsraisedin drinker and beak. beak. beak on top may also negatively impact the mating beak ontopmayalsonegativelyimpactthemating beak growth and beak growthand flow rate) to to rate) flow dark out) dark out) beak. Conditioningthe stocking beak (hawk’s beak shape for breeders beak shapeforbreeders density, and near each other. It’s important that these areas have the correct ambient, density, andneareachother.It’simportantthattheseareashave thecorrectambient, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

* * * bird shouldberemovedfromtheflockandhumanelyeuthanized. each bird’s During individual bird If the reconditioning the Only the keratinized tip of the personnel toensureminimalstressforthebird. The fertility and necessary for eating and drinking, which, in turn, will promote maximum promote health byproviding water tobirds foroptimal digestion and hydration achieve ideal down bydrinking prevent thermaldiscomfort byhavingwateravailable tobirdssothattheycancool beak shape) beak shape) beak at 4 beak at 4 beak reconditioning equipment should only be operated by trained beak reconditioningequipmentshouldonlybeoperatedbytrained beak deformityis severe or a uniformity oftheflock. beak shouldbecarefullyevaluated.Thecorrect welfare outcomes bymaintaining drinkersto limitdripsandleaks beak tip. beak tip. vaccination (16 to 19 weeks of age), the shape of vaccination (16 to 19 weeks of age), the shape of even as shown in the picture. even asshowninthepicture. at thetipandbottomtopshouldbe weeks ofage.The Evaluate theshape of the beak (clear portion) should be removed when beak (clear portion) should be removed when beak reconditioning is not possible, the beak reconditioning is not possible, the beak should be rounded beak shouldberounded beak at 16 to 19 beak at 16 to 19 beak shape is beak shapeis COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 29 litter. A toes to drink. POST-PLACEMENT CHICK MANAGEMENT CHICK POST-PLACEMENT flat on the 25 to 30 35 to 40 45 to 50 50 to 55 55 to 60 Flow rate flow rate* (ml per minute) drinker Nipple 0 to 7 8 to 14 15 to 21 22 to 28 29 to 35+ Age (days) The birds’ feet should always be bird should never have to stand on its *These rates are only guidelines. Check for manufacturer’s specific settings. flat flush at 2 flushing job easier, saving flush more than once a day to supplemental drinkers until chicksuntil drinkers supplemental flow rate of 25 to 30 ml per minute ushing requires having adequate volumeadequate having requires flushing nipple first 2 days and then maintained slightly above drinker water level should be 0.5 cm (1/4 in) fromdrinker water level should be 0.5 cm (1/4 in) pressure bell toes to drink. Pressure should be such that there is atoes pressure will create the velocity and turbulence in the High . flushing systems that make the flushing happens. For systems with flush modes, set to flushed daily, but at a minimum of three times per week to remove automatic nipple. As a general guide, a drinker line. drinker check drinker drinker at day of age and reduced gradually after seven days to a depth of 1.25 cm (1/2 in) ordrinker at day of age and reduced gradually Water spillage and waste should be kept to a minimum especially during cold seasons because ofbecause seasons cold during especially minimum a to kept be should waste and spillage Water drinker check flush the water system at least two to three times daily to maintain a correct water temperature. All drinker height should be at chick’s eye level for the litter. A bird should never have to stand on its should never have to stand on A bird litter. drinker check supplemental drinkers should never be allowed to become completely empty (dry). Drinkers must bemust Drinkers (dry). empty completely become to allowed be never should drinkers supplemental pressure. One to two bars (14 to 28 psi) of water inside of the pipe decreasing water flow and quality and flow water decreasing pipe the of inside and pipe work to remove biofilm. In warm or hot climates, it might be necessary to are There temperature. water the cool the producer time and ensuring the water seconds per meter (3.3 ft) of climates, spillage. bell drinkers should be ballasted to reduce Flushing water systems All poultry watering systems should be biofilm and control water temperature. If water systems are not flushed regularly, biofilms can form on the Bell The Frequent assessment and adjustment are essential. the lip of the hotin necessary, If contaminants. of buildup prevent to daily cleaned be must drinkers Bell depth. thumbnail on the droplet of water suspended from the instructions. is recommended in the first week. However, always refer to the manufacturer’s 14 °C (50 and 57 °F), however birds can tolerate a wide range ofIdeal water temperature is between 10 and should never be greater than 25 °C (77 °F). If this occurs thewater temperature; even so water temperature drinking system must be flushed at least 3 times per day. lower air exchange to eliminate moisture during these months. lower air exchange to Nipple Nipple chick’s head at a height that the birds have to stretch slightly to reach. The birds’ feet should always be Supplemental Supplemental The cleaned and refilled as necessary. Maintain maximum water levels in the afterhours 48 approximately removed be should drinkers Supplemental spillage. create to enough large are placement. BREEDER MANAGEMENT

Breeder Management 4

The main objective of any broiler breeder operation is to produce fertile settable eggs that, when hatched, will supply the necessary quantity of good quality chicks to meet the broiler production demands. Management in the first week post hatch is a major contributor to any successful breeder management program. Key indicators of flock performance are the average bodyweight, and flockuniformity as well as mortality at day 7. Achieving good flockuniformity during the production phase can be attributed to the technical work done during the rearing phase. However, it is not enough to rely on knowledge and technical skills. Plan, organize, perform and monitor key performance indicators including rearing and production bodyweight curves and feed consumption. It is important to monitor these key indicators and respond early to issues.

The standard bodyweight curve during rearing is a prime example of one of these indicators. Failure to maintain a rearing flock on the standard bodyweight curve can have considerably negative consequences on flock productivity. Managing and monitoring feed consumption requires attention to feed formulation, ingredient choice and feed form to ensure predictability with regards to intake and bodyweight response compared to the standard grams/bird/week. Breeder bodyweight management is also dependent upon the quality of weighing and feeding equipment. MANAGEMENT GUIDE Males should be raised separately from the females up to 20 to 21 weeks of age for best results. Rearing can be broken down into 5-time frames each consisting of 4 weeks and each time frame having important factors involved in the bodyweight curve. COBB BREEDER COBB Rearing Phase Time Frame (weeks) Important factors relating to bodyweight within the time frame

1 0 to 4 Brooding and rearing factors have a critical impact on frame size and uniformity for the life of the flock.

2 4 to 8 Important for the establishment and correction of flockuniformity.

3 8 to 12 During this stage the birds should have a carefully controlled feeding program and be closely monitored to prevent them from becoming over weight and over fleshed.

4 12 to 16 Puberty begins and the birds will slowly start to increase their fleshing and overall conditioning.

Considerable increase in growth rate “turn up” to prepare for sexual development and achieve the desired uniformity 16 to 20 5 and fleshing. By 20 weeks of age, abdominal fat reserves should be developing. These reserves are independent of bodyweight but closely linked to the female fleshing score. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 31 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER welfare Pellet welfare outcomes. rearing 2 hours <15 minutes 1 to 1 1/2 hours (Pellets are not recommended) Pellets are not recommended in rearing cleanup time: cleanup time: feed 2 hours Crumble 2.5 hours Drinking system (shortage of water) Drinking system (shortage speed of feed delivery Feeding system and will eat less or not at all) Flock health (sick birds Feeding program used in Feeding program (pellets/crumble/mash) Physical form Raw materials fluctuations Climate and daily temperature 15 to 30 minutes cleanup time, and activity level and strive to keep the time pointcleanup time, and activity level and strive to Factors affecting Factors affecting 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 60 minutes (5/2 program) 40 minutes (5/2 program) Consistent timing of feed delivery is important for the flock and ‘howand day) the of time (i.e. eat’ birds the ‘when as important as is and food program). Birds will learn when to expect often birds eat’ (i.e. feeding schedules or a disruptionand will adjust accordingly. Irregular feeding in the normal feed routine can be very stressful for the flock. Consistent and good feeding times are necessary for bird health When transitioning from one feeding program to another, observe flock behavior, of feeding the same. peak Feed rearing andrearing cleanup timecleanup production, weproduction, 3 hours 3 hours 30 minutes Coarse production period, henperiod, production 75 minutes (5/2 program) 50 minutes (5/2 program) rearing and rearing cleanup time by applying ancleanup time by applying rearing period and depend on severalrearing period and depend cleaning up the feed during the controlledcleaning up the feed Feed consumption times at two different ages with three feed form presentations Feed consumption times at two different Daily feeding Daily feeding 2 and 3 weeks General notes Goal is > 45 minutes Goal is > 30 minutes production since it can be consumed quickly and there may notproduction since it can be consumed quickly and cleanup time of about 40 to 60 minutes from 10 weeks of agecleanup time of about Reduces to < 4 hours between cleanup time, is a key consideration in both the both in consideration key a is time, cleanup feed rearing or rearing or feed light intensity being used in the house. in the house.light intensity being used cleanup time are feed texture and size. In size. and texture feed are time cleanup Age 8 weeks 16 weeks 30 weeks rearing period, pullets will start rapidly rearing period, pullets 0 to 3 weeks 21 to 25 weeks photo stimulation. This provides enough time for equal access to feed. If feed. to access equal for time enough provides This stimulation. photo Key dictators of dictators Key time. Some producers may use mashrecommend a crumble to prolong feed consumption time compared to a crumble. We discouragecoarse feed, which increases consumption using pelleted feed in be enough volume to guarantee equal distribution. growth phase. Allow a growth phase. Allow a until increase feed volume and prolong is less than 30 minutes, the In 39). page 4/3 (see or as 5/2 such program alternative feeding cleanup time is one of the indicators used to determine the first feed decrease after production. Feed intake time, or time, intake Feed times will vary over the production periods. Cleanup feeding program, the feed feed amounts, genetic line, the type of important factors including form presented and In the Feed intake COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 32 BREEDER MANAGEMENT stored on the farm for testing if necessary. stored onthefarmfortestingifnecessary. each feed delivery. Report any problems immediately. For consistentperformance,preventchangesinfeedformulationand monitor Bodyweight canfluctuatewithin+/-2%ofthestandard. established, use the feeding program as a general guide during in bodyweightcanbeadjustedwithsmall1to2gfeedincrements. Once bodyweights on the standard curve. Any small deviations from standard during be followed should profile feeding standard A (http://Cobb-Vanttress.com/resources). supplements our in available specifications Cobb the on based diets formulate for methods themanagement into to understandwhyandhowthepulletsgrow,develop,featherprepare beintegrated to The specifications. need to specifications up not feed is feed the if challenge a be always Consistent will specifications. results feed inferior to due properly conditioned not are bodyweights onstandardwillnotguaranteegood pullets for preparing in role key a plays in Nutrition flocks. factor performing high important for production avery are specifications feed correct The chicks. contaminants andcontainallthenutrientsneededforhatchinghealthybroiler high qualityingredientsmustbeusedtoensurethehatchingeggsarefreeof express theirgeneticpotentialandproducefertilehatchingeggs.Furthermore, The correctfeedformulationandnutritionalcontentisrequiredsothatbreeders ✓ ✓ The importanceof Key pointsforfeedformulationand

photo stimulation. Always purchase good quality and the feed mill. and thefeedmill. Conduct regularauditsthatinclude sampling andtestingofingredientsuppliers feed type( Collect samplesoffeedandwrite detailed notes(datemixed,datereceived, production. Good starter, breeder 1, etc.)) on the sampling container. starter, breeder1,etc.))onthesampling container. rearing managementwithhigh nutrition nutrition nutrition production if the pullets production ifthepullets Feed samples should be Feed samples should be feed ingredients and feed ingredients and rearing to keep rearing to keep uniformity and uniformity and rearing and rearing and rearing. rearing. based onkcal(Mj)values Decreased Incorrect formulation Incorrect formulation Common Issues Common Issues Vitamin / mineral Vitamin /mineral deficiency feed intake ✓ ✓

Feed Issues,Causes,andPossibleSolutions on). flock age(seenextpagefordescriptions ofeachfeedformulation). correct the at feeds change to sure be and specifications feed Cobb the Use enzymes impactsubstratesavailable formicrobialfermentationinthebird. Carefully choose feed enzymes and match them with local raw materials as Nutrient matrix for raw materials not Nutrient matrixforrawmaterialsnot Incorrect feedmixingorformulation include energy from feed additives include energyfromfeedadditives Feed formulation kcal (Mj) values Feed formulationkcal(Mj)values Common Causes Mycotoxins (enzymes). Palatability accurate. from feed additives. This can result from feedadditives.Thiscanresult actual percentages in feed may be actual percentagesinfeedmaybe actual percentagesinfeedmaybe values for each raw material in the values foreachrawmaterialinthe in kcal (Mj) values that are too low. in kcal(Mj)valuesthataretoolow. Check sodium source addition in Check sodiumsourceadditionin different from what the feed mill different fromwhatthefeedmill different fromwhatthefeedmill Do not include energy liberated Do notincludeenergyliberated reports. Possible mixing issues. reports. Possiblemixingissues. feed and quality of fat sources. feed andqualityoffatsources. Test feed as formulations and Test feedasformulationsand Test feedasformulationsand Evaluate and update nutrient Evaluate andupdatenutrient Test feed for mycotoxins and Test feedformycotoxinsand Possible mixing issues. Possible mixingissues. Possible Solutions diet on a regular basis. diet onaregularbasis. contaminants. contaminants. reports. BREEDER MANAGEMENT COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 33 egg BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER feed Breeder 2 photo Calcium also increases calcium. Some growers skip this production. eggshell quality. Introducing production while feed amount is increased production while feed amount is increased minerals can cause issues due to the low density feed when the purpose of this stage is to density feed when the purpose of this stage calcium reserves in “early maturing” hens. This in turn could calcium reserves in “early maturing” hens. condition during mating. The males are more efficient at feed intake and maintain production. Energy 2800 kcal/kg, (11.67 Mj/kg), protein 15 % and production. Energy 2800 kcal/kg, (11.67 Mj/kg), Function slow feather females can be an efficient way to control bodyweight and slow feather females can be an efficient Breeder 1 feed by 1st egg in the flock and no later than the 3 to 5% daily egg Breeder 1 feed by 1st egg in the flock and production. alternative feeding program. If an everyday program is required, adjust feed to provide more If an everyday program is required, alternative feeding program. uniformity of weight and Breeder 1 but the same amount of energy, as an extreme withdrawal of energy can affect Breeder 1 but the same amount of energy, Developer to Calcium is increased from 0.95 to 1.20% to support storage of Calcium is increased from 0.95 to 1.20% ) for practical issues and keep feeding the lower ) for practical issues and keep feeding the fast feather and 62 g for Breeder 1 consumption will deplete bone Breeder 1 consumption will deplete bone depletion associated with a reduction of mortality and is a commonly seen issue in flocks. Energy 2800 kcal/kg, (11.67 Mj/kg), protein 15 %, dig. Lysine 0.63 mortality and is a commonly seen issue in photo stimulation. calcium density feeds (2850 energy kcal/kg (11.88 Mj/kg), 19 % crude protein and 0.93 % dig. Lysine) are recommended to achieve recommended are % dig. Lysine) % crude protein and 0.93 19 Mj/kg), (11.88 kcal/kg energy (2850 density feeds production. Transition from egg weight is at 60 g for Feed types by formulation based on age and their functions based on age by formulation Feed types peak Cobb does not recommend this converting feed than females, so a bulky feed is needed. Any deficiency of vitamins and converting feed than females, so a bulky feed is needed. Any deficiency of vitamins intake. production. Any further delay in lead to increased hen egg %, and Ca increases from 1.2 to 3 % to support Breeder 2 has lower amino acid levels than gain. practice of post peak feed reduction which is done to control excess bodyweight production. This may occur during the normal in this phase has shown loss of feathers and drop in Experience and research with lower energy to 3.2 % to prevent feed when weight. protein 13 %, and dig. Lysine 0.50 %, Mj/kg), The male feed has less energy and amino acids than other feeds, 2700 kcal/kg, (11.25 providing more volume to males to maintain current nutrient feeds are normally fed using an current nutrient feeds in and 0.60 dig. 2700 kcal/kg, (11.25 Mj/kg), 14.5 % prote ingredients for lower levels of energy and amino acids. Energy volume with good fiber e. on research and best flock performanc Lysine is formulated based deposit fat and protein giving the bird reserved energy to reduce the stress of The energy of this feed is intended to help this feed importantly, for persistency of lay after 40 weeks. It is important to transition to stimulation, improve onset of lay, and, most feed until 1st egg or 5 % at 16 weeks and recommended to use this dig. Lysine 0.63 % are recommended. feed ( prepare the pullet for bodyweight increase, and energy for egg This feed is intended to help bird maintenance, toward This feed is designed to achieve the bodyweight standards and skeletal structure of the bird. With the low feed intake capacity the higher week, first as a crumble. It is recommended to present this feed desired nutrient intake. and achieve small weight gains. Flocks with the is intended to help maintain flexible based on the feeding program and This feed can be very Age weeks 1st egg 38 weeks + 24 weeks + 16 weeks to 0 to 4 weeks 1st egg to 38 5 to 15 weeks Feed Feed Starter Grower Breeder 2 Breeder 1 Developer Male COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 34 BREEDER MANAGEMENT ✓ ✓ the females and males should be on target by 4 weeks of age. the femalesandmalesshouldbe ontargetby4weeksofage. table (right). By feeding a designated amount of feed each day, the bodyweight of the in shown as week first the during day each changes incremental small with feed of amounts specific use Instead, unexpectedly. weight gain and age later a at Preventing feedwastageinthe libitum feedingisnotrecommendedduringthefirstweekbecause itisdifficulttodeterminefeedamountsthattheflockconsumedandcanwastefeed. Over orunderbodyweightstandardsaredetrimentaltomature breederperformance.Controlledfeedingisthereforerecommendedimmediatelyafter includethose Organs hen. breeder of the compromise thenormaldevelopmentoforgansandleadto issueslaterinthelifeofflock. maturation the healthy support that organs of rapiddevelopment associated withneurological,immune,gastrointestinal,cardiovascular, pulmonaryandskeletalsystems.Preventextendedtimeperiodsbelowbodyweightstandardwhichwill experiences thechick of growth month first the During rearing period.Followingtherecommendedbodyweightstandardsduringfirst4weeksisimportantforframesizeand Controlled feeding is necessary to prevent birds from exceeding the bodyweight standard. This is especially important for females from 4 weeks of age to the end of the Controlled feeding ages. later at changes feed to respond consistently will that flock a developing for critical metric by low water and / or feed consumption (see right). Flock Average bodyweightisanimportantmetricanddeviationfromthestandardcanbecaused curve variesbasedonbreedandsex. grow, birds must be managed to a defined growth curve established by Cobb. This growth to propensity this address to order In efficiency. reproductive with associated negatively traits that include average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FCR) both of which are parent stockbroilerbreederoriginatesfrompopulationsselectedfordesirable The purposeofthe Early feedmanagement 4.1

Male feedcanbe setat32gfromday8to14. Female feedcanbesetat29g fromday8to14. Phase 1- brooding phaseisto Brooding litter is important so that birds will not eat this feed litter isimportantsothatbirdswillnoteatthisfeed (0 to4weeks) condition the chicks to manage growth. The condition thechickstomanagegrowth.The uniformity is another important uniformity is another important ✓ grams perday

Example of achieve Cobbstandard bodyweightat14days. Daily feed allocation should be based on experience and managing weights to day ✓ Primary reasonforlowearlyweightgainissueiswaterconsumption: ✓ ✓ ✓ Secondary reasonforlowearlyweightgainissueisfeedconsumption: ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

feed intakeperbirdinthe1stweek(malesandfemales) Water temperaturetoohot Check feedavailability- Evaluate feed Conduct Dirty water(insufficientflushingoflines) Nipple pinsstuckorcloggedwithdebris Water Wrong Water linetoohigh Troubleshooting earlyweightgainand 12 1 pressure toohigh nipples forstartingchicks(mustbe360degree) crop checks 15 2 condition, qualityandform(crumbleormicropellet) 19 3 uniformity development for males and females. uniformity developmentformalesandfemales. feeder spaceandaccess 24 4 26 5 28 6 uniformity issues uniformity issues 29 7 placement. Ad- average 22 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 35 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER feeder ((30 cm + (10 cm X 2) = feeder as an example, 1.5 metersfeeder as an example,

15 cm feeder space is calculated based on the widest part based on the is calculated space feeder Oval and pan Oval and of the full grown hen (15 cm). Use the actual feeding circle (red dotted line) to calculate the linear space available for the birds. feeder, the widest part of the bird is actually 10 cm away from the of the bird is actually 10 cm away from the feeder, the widest part feeder can feeder in cm by feeder. With a pan or oval feeder. With a pan or feeder loops, however, because of the volume of feed being delivered in relation to bird age use the following recommendations. recommendations. in relation to bird age use the following because of the volume of feed being delivered feeder loops, however, Feeder space increases should be gradual and based on bird age and the amount of feed needed to cover the entire feed track. See and the amount of feed needed to cover should be gradual and based on bird age Feeder space increases 15 cm feeder space (per side) shown placement, placement, a progressive feed space plan can be used to configure the system for the correct number of birds per pan or chain lengthat different ages, and to 90 cm of feeder space is calculated based on the widest part of the full oom for birds to pass between the feeders. there is no room for birds to pass is the length of 2 birds tail to tail. However, lines, a minimum of 60 cm is required, which feeder space between Chain grown hen (15 cm). Divide the linear length of the chain 15 to determine the number of birds each side of the chain accommodate. Feeder space calculations are based upon the average length and width of a full grown female, 30 and 15 cm, respectively. Using a chain width of a full grown female, 30 and 15 are based upon the average length and Feeder space calculations birds on one side of the will accommodate 10 cm.157 = 25) X π X (2 = 2πr formula the using circle feeding actual the of circumference the calculate space, feeding the determine to Therefore, below). diagram see cm; 50 For one bird can pass and by placing feeders 90 cm apart, two birds going in opposite directions can pass between the feed lines.Therefore, by placing feeders 75 cm apart, Beginning at Beginning bird distribution. obtain good feed and on flock age and sex. page for feed space requirements based tables on the proceeding to have up to 4 chain It is typical for houses from 12 to 20 weeks. from 5 to 11 weeks and all 4 loops of age. Extend the feeding track to 3 loops allocation across 2 loops from 0 to 5 weeks Distribute the daily feed Feeder space recommendationsFeeder COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 36 BREEDER MANAGEMENT are using feeders specifically designed for males. are usingfeedersspecifically designedformales. * Calculationbasedondiameterand circumferenceofpan.Ifyour Female Male Age (weeks) Age (weeks) Sex 13 to21 13 to21 9 to12 9 to12 5 to8 0 to4 5 to8 0 to4 (weeks) 22 to65 22 to65 Age Space perbird Space perBird 18 14 10 15 13 cm in cm in Chain Chain 6 9 5 Space perBird 20 15 cm in Chain Recommended minimum Feeder Feeder Recommended progressive Feeder Recommended progressive 7.08 5.51 3.94 2.36 5.90 5.12 3.54 1.90 7.87 5.90 Round pan(30cm(11.8in)diameter)* Round Pan(30cm(11.8in)diameter)* feeder pan has a different diameter, please check with Cobb technical representative for (30 cm(11.8in)diameter)* feeder spaceforCobbmalesandfemalesin Birds perPan birds perPan Birds perPan Round Pan 10 to12 14 to16 16 to18 20 to25 12 to14 14 to16 20 to23 8 to10 10 to12 8 to10 feeder spaceforCobbfemalesin feeder spaceforCobbmalesin Birds perPan birds perpan Birds perPan Oval Pan Oval pan 13 to14 16 to18 18 to20 23 to28 10 to12 14 to16 16 to18 23 to25 Oval Pan 10 to12 13 to15 Manual Tubular(30cm(11.8in)diameter)* Manual Tubular(30cm(11.8in)diameter)* rearing rearing production (30 cm(11.8in)diameter)* Manual Tubular Birds perPan birds perpan Birds perPan feeder space calculation. Make sure you feeder spacecalculation.Makesureyou 10 to12 14 to16 16 to18 20 to25 12 to14 14 to16 20 to23 10 to12 8 to10 8 to10 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 37 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER production. rearing and rearing Feeder space per bird is calculated based on the uniformity. placement, chicks can be bulk weighed. If bulkplacement, chicks can be bulk weighed. If feed distribution. grading). Supplemental hoppers can be added to the system to increaseSupplemental hoppers can be added to the points of uniformity and weighing. Instead, the catch frame should be placed to allow the birds to freelyto birds the allow to placed be should frame catch the Instead, weighing. weighing, weighing until the pen is empty. Record each weight and calculate the average weight asweighing until the pen is empty. Record each feed placement and 7 and 14 days. To expedite chick placement and 7 and 14 days. To expedite Feed must be available for all birds at the same time. uniformity. feed distribution uniformity catching pen, do not randomly pick up and weigh birds, and do not force birds into the pen. Forcing birds into the pen or selectivelycatching pen, do not randomly pick up and feeder. This process will allow birds to spread out with enough allow birds to spread out with enoughfeeder. This process will feeder. For example, turning off the lights prior to and during to accurately represent weight data using consistent sampling methods. The goal is to weigh enough birds uniformity requires the collection of accurate feed distribution and management of the feeding equipment along with uniform intake of feed are considered the most important objectives in objectives important most the considered are feed of intake uniform with along equipment feeding the of management and distribution feed access to the to access Entering the birds to expect feeding after this signal. feed distribution will train of the in the dark will not trigger a lot of movement the house after distribution birds and reduce stress. Supplemental hoppers can be added to the system to increase points of points increase to system the to added be can hoppers Supplemental distribution. or loops in the chain system can be added. Additional lines of feeders Condition the birds to associate feed a specific signal such as signal lighting or the sound of the

Key Point Even duringbirds of piling and stress eliminate to minutes 3 than less in house the throughout birds all to distributed be should feed used, system feeding of type the of Regardless feeding. A quick distribution will also result in improved flock has been distributed. assumption that all parts of the feed line have equivalent amounts of feed after the feed catching birds and placing them in a pen can result in a non-representative flock sample for for except weights, any reject not do and birds, small including pen, catch the inside individually bird every Weigh flock. the of sample representative more a for pen the enter the bird into the house. Continue sexing errors. After each bird is weighed, release 8 and 9 for more information on well as the flock weight distribution. (See Chapters ent to prevent miscounting the chicks. It is enough surface space to weigh a group of 5 to 10 chicks. Keep group size consist weighing, use a platform electronic scale with calculate flock be weighed in order to correctly estimate average bodyweight and important that no less than 2 % of the flock middle, (front, locations different three from birds Weigh population. the of % 5 to 3 to size sample the increase to recommended is it age, of weeks 3 reaches flock the Once representative of the flock. back) of each house to make the sample more To increase accuracy of the sampling, use a Monitoring bodyweights and Monitoring bodyweights and Establishing flock average bodyweight of the flock. Birds should be individually weighed at ✓ ✓ ✓ Inexpensive methods for improving for improving methods Inexpensive COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 38 BREEDER MANAGEMENT per birdday)oralternatedayfeeding(withlargeramountsondayswhenfeedisprovided).Thefollowingareexamplesof that mustbeconsideredwhendesigningandimplementingafeedingprogramforthe Feed allocation programs are used during the Feeding methodsforoptimal the malestoconsumeanyremainingfeedinfeedingsystem. allow to increased be can hours light Alternatively, recommended. is amount feed in increase slight a weeks, 4 first the during bodyweight target achieve not do males the If extended periodsoftime. weight control and regular evaluation of body development andbody fleshing control. It is important throughout this phase to regularly handle the birds to evaluate their The 4.2 days. Thebenefits ofthisfiller-dietarethatbirds calmer,havebetter world. Innovative research has recently shown that For a good net Week 7 6 primary objectives are weight and brooding phaseisfocusedongettingthechicksstartedandadaptingthemtocontrolledfeeding.Inmaintenancephase, theprimaryobjectivesareweightand Phase 2 Wednesday Wednesday Feed Day Thursday Thursday Saturday Saturday Monday Monday Tuesday Tuesday Sunday Sunday Friday Friday Animal WelfareTips welfare benefit (controlled growth and maturity, optimal Every Day on on on on on on on on on on on on on on - condition willbebetterunderstood.Bird Rearing ( Breeder 6/1 off off on on on on on on on on on on on on Feeding Programs 4 to8weeks) 5/2 off off off off on on on on on on on on on on rearing management rearing phase to help control the growth, weight gain, and maturation of breeding flocks. rearing flocks can benefit by having a scratch-diet or ‘filler-diet’ (low- condition or fleshing. The support systems continue to develop and it is important to not fall below bodyweight standard for for standard bodyweight below fall not to important is it and develop to continue systems support The fleshing. or condition 4/3 off off off off off off on on on on on on on on Skip-a-day off off off off off off off on on on on on on on uniformity, and long-term flock livability), feed allocation programs are commonly used in breeding programs around the uniformity, and have better gastrointestinal integrity since there is no extended lapse in food. uniformity, andhave bettergastrointestinalintegritysince thereisnoextendedlapseinfood. condition at photo stimulationiscritical.Theonlywaytoachievethedesiredbird 6/1 Skip-a-day consecutive days(seecharttoleft). 4/3 most commonfeedingprogramglobally. the is This Note: cycle. 7-day the complete to off day 1 by followed feeding 5/2 Every Day off days.Birdson“off”dayseither receivescratchornofeed. consideration oftheon-farmactivities.Neveruseafeedingprogram with2consecutive with producer the by set are program feeding breeder each for days off and On 7. and To theleft,isanexampleofafeedingscheduleforeach programoverweeks6 - Birds are fed 4 non-consecutive days per week and off-feed for 3 non- of days 2 then off; day 1 by followed days consecutive 3 fed are Birds - - 6dayswithfeedand1dayoff. rearing period. -Birdsarefedeveryday. -Birdsarefedeveryotherday. fleshing scores. By handling the birds regularly and at different ages, their

Feed allocation may consist of daily feeding (with restricted amounts Feed allocationmayconsistofdailyfeeding(withrestrictedamounts density, low-calorie food substrate like soyhulls) on the traditional off-fed feeding programs: Be aware of any national legislation Be aware of any national legislation condition is with correct condition iswithcorrect COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 39 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER vaccination days. feed distribution issues. feed distribution, which increases feed feeder space per bird. feed cleanup times. Challenges feeding programs. rearing and feed cost (more milling, transport and rearing and feed cost Feed distribution needs to be ideal and feed needs to go around to be ideal and feed needs to go Feed distribution needs enough completely to guarantee for is necessary feed Dilution of the the total feed used in storage). Uniformity is often more difficult to maintain, especially after 12 weeks of age due to very fast amounts reduced feed of because gizzards crops and smaller Birds have as compared to other Personnel must be present at specific times to check feed and water availability. On days of individual bird feed is delivered later than the vaccinations scheduled time. Vaccination crews need to and water intake. for feeding afterwards time enough to give afternoon finish by noon or early on The light program may need to be extended

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Benefits welfare conditions require the birds to be fed daily. This feeding method provides a daily allocation designed to manage growth, sexual sexual growth, manage to designed allocation daily provides a method feeding This daily. fed be birds to the require conditions welfare rearing (18 to 20 weeks) for a 1 to 2 week period depending on how fast birds consume the feed and if there are rearing (18 to 20 weeks) for a 1 to 2 week production. feed distribution. With dilution, the feed increases are around are around increases feed distribution. With dilution, the feed rearing period. This program is usually introduced in the 3rd week for 1 week prior to the 5/2 or skip-a-day program. Likewise, the 6/1 program is also is program 6/1 the Likewise, program. or skip-a-day 5/2 the prior to week 1 for 3rd week the introduced in usually program is period. This rearing Feeding Programs Feeding Caretakers interact with the flocks daily as part ofschedule. the normal feeding improved flock the keeps this and age, of weeks 13 to 5 between /female/week g +3 of weekly (changing feeding” “frog growing more controlled and prevents fluctuations). feed amounts up and down based on bodyweight time more take that used being are feeds mash when done easily More to be consumed. Normalized feeding pattern and better FCR (better feed absorption in the in absorption feed FCR (better better and pattern feeding Normalized intestinal tract). behavior and few enteric challenges. Calm flock with normal therefore and allocation feed daily increased allows feed Diluted

6/1 program at it can be used to return to daily feeding program. Similarly, or skip-a-day step to progress to a 5/2 bridge or intermediate This feeding program is typically used as a the end of the used at the end of ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Breeder Breeder Every day feeding local the countries some In maturity and into BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 40 BREEDER MANAGEMENT ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ or crumble. (100 % more) on feeding day. With the 4/3 program the feed amount is increased by 75 % on a feeding day. This program isused when feed presentation is a pellet feed provided the next day. If low feed amounts can be given then it is basically an on and off day feeding. This means that with skip-a-day the feed amount will double feed periodandallowstimidbirdstoreceiveenough feed. From 21or28daysto140 days, theequivalent of 2daysfeedisgivenonasingleday,withonly These programs are preferredwhenfeeding low volumes of ahigh- 4/3 programandSkip-a-day ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ (choking) isanissueonfeeddayswhenthe4/3orskip-a-dayfeedingprogramused. maintain or enhance good This isthemostcommonlyusedprogramin 5/2 program Breeder

This canbeanadvantage withhotweatherconditions. of feed. This means that Crops andgizzardsarelargerfor birdstrainedtoconsume larger amounts capacity itbecomesthebottleneck intheintegration). Feed mill has more capacity to cover all the farms (If the feed mill is at full farms reducingtransportcosts. Feed mill can produce less feed and less feed is being transported to the More commonwherethereisashortageof entire house. Improves fall onSundaytocreateadaywithreducedlabor. Can use the non-feeding days to apply vaccinations and “off” feed days can Used withmediumtohighenergyfeedsthatarefedatlowerfeedamounts. g perpulletatstartof Can be extended to 1st egg when feed amounts are small (for example100 of age. May be implemented at 3 to 4 weeks of age and continued until 16 weeks Good day comparedtoa6/1oreverydayfeedingprogram. This programincreasesonfeeding the feedamountspresentedtobirds Birds arefedonthesamedayseachweekthroughout feed distributionoverthewholehouseareawithpansandchains. Feeding Programs(Cont.) uniformity as a larger feed amount is being distributed overthe production). feed distribution and feed Benefits Benefits cleanup time in rearing worldwide and servesasacompromisebetweendailyfeeding andskip-a-day feeding. Itisusedprimarilyto rearing worldwide uniformity. Typically, this program isused during the late part of the growingperiod,particularly if “feed impaction” feeder space. production is also faster. rearing period. density feed(>2900 kcal/kg; (12.08 Mj/kg)), or whenfeeding space islimited.Itensures a longer ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

feed shockoccurs, changethefeedingprogram to5/2program. day istoohigh leading toovereating, pendulous crops and even death. If feeding a on amount feed the if flock the for risk a is consumption Over program forafewweeksandthen changetodailyfeeding. weeks of age. At that time frame a change must be done to 4/3 or 5/2 amount of 82.5 g per day).Thatamountisbeingfedataround19to20 (for example 165 g in Cannot feed more on a feeding day than is being fed in Flocks displaymorestressrelatedbehaviorsonthenon-feeding days. Flocks displaymorestressrelatedbehaviorsonthenon-feedingdays. feed’ daysfollowedbyanoff-feedday. ‘on- 2 then and day off-feed an by followed days ‘on-feed’ 3 of period a Feeding program is not consistent during the week since there will be Visits should be done on non-feeding days only if vaccinations are done. the flockagitated. should conduct checks. Visiting the flock on non-feeding days can make staffessential only and days non-feeding on minimized be should Visits Challenges Challenges peak production means with skip-a-day a feed peak production scratch BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER MANAGEMENT

Calculating Feed Allocations for Feeding Programs

Example calculations for each feeding program using the female daily feed Example calculations for each feeding program using the female daily feed allowance allowance for week 6 is 47 g/bird/day and for week 7 is 49 g/bird/day. for week 6 is 10.4 lb/100 pullets/day and for week 7 is 10.8 lb/100 pullets/day

Every Day Feeding

Week 6 = 47 g/pullet/day Week 6 = 10.4 lb/100 pullets/day Week 7 = 49 g/pullet/day Week 7 = 10.8 lb/100 pullets/day

6/1 Feeding COBB BREEDER

Week 6 = (47 g X 7 day) /6 feed days = 54.8 g/pullet/feed day Week 6 = (10.4 lb/100 pullets/day X 7 day) /6 feed days = 12.1 lb/100 pullets/feed day Week 7 = (49 g X 7 day) /6 feed days = 57.2 g/pullet/feed day Week 7 = (10.8 lb/100 pullets/day X 7 day) /6 feed days = 12.6 lb/100 pullets/feed day

MANAGEMENT GUIDE 5/2 Feeding

Week 6 = (47 g X 7 day) /5 feed days = 65.8 g/pullet/feed day Week 6 = (10.4 lb/100 pullets/day X 7 day) /5 feed days = 14.6 lb/100 pullets/feed day Week 7 = (49 g X 7 day) /5 feed days = 68.6 g/pullet/feed day Week 7 = (10.8 lb/100 pullets/day X 7 day) /5 feed days = 15.1 lb/100 pullets/feed day

4/3 Feeding

Week 6 = (47 g X 7 day) /4 feed days = 82.3 g/pullet/feed day Week 6 = (10.4 lb/100 pullets/day X 7 day) /4 feed days = 18.2 lb/100 pullets/feed day Week 7 = (49 g X 7 day) /4 feed days = 85.8 g/pullet/feed day Week 7 = (10.8 lb/100 pullets/day X 7 day) /4 feed days = 18.9 lb/100 pullets/feed day

Skip-a-day

Week 6 = (47 g X 7 day) /4 feed days = 82.3 g/pullet/feed day Week 6 = (10.4 lb/100 pullets/day X 7 day) /4 feed days = 18.2 lb/100 pullets/feed day Week 7 = (49 g X 7 day) /3 feed days = 114.3 g/pullet/feed day Week 7 = (10.8 lb/100 pullets/day X 7 day) /3 feed days = 25.2 lb/100 pullets/feed day

Note: When using a skip-a-day feed program never exceed the anticipated “peak feed amount” at any time. For example, if the skip-a-day amount approaches 154 g/ bird (34 lb/100 birds) or equivalent of a daily feed amount of 77 g/bird (17 lb/100 birds), the flock should be carefully monitored for signs of feed impaction (feed shock). If this situation is encountered, consider switching to a 4/3 or 5/2 feed program which will provide extra feed days to reduce the calculated per feed day consumption. These calculations can be applied to male feeding programs. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 42 BREEDER MANAGEMENT gain, body composition,and the lights areturnedonagain, andwillenable thefarmertofixanyequipment problems before acceptable short periodwillalso enablethefarmertowalkflock tocheckfor To optimizefeeddigestion, birdhealthandtoreducerisk offeedshock,lightscan beturnedonandbirdscanencouragedtodrinkduringthe first15to30minutesofthe“on-feed” days.This ard if flock is above or below curve. period varyingfromanincreaseof1to3gperweekforfemales.PleasereferChapter8managebodyweightbackstand ard ifflockisaboveorbelowcurve. weeks continuestofocusonmeetingbodyweightand In the 4.3 condition aftereating. before feeding can add moisture to consumed feed. If impacted crops are noticed, health. A shift from a lower feed amount to a higher feed amount on feed day can lead to impaction. Providing the flock with an opportunity to drink 30 to 40 minutes of age or into the third week. When shifting between alternative Transitioning from daily feeding to an birds shouldhaveasmallamountoffeedinthe indicate if there is a may not have much to eat. A the birds more nervous since the more timid birdsmay not be able to eat or feeding program. Rapid in drop significant a is There Issue: Breeder Phase 3- rearing phase(4to8weeks),managementfocusedonachieving theCobbrecommendedbodyweightstandardsand help optimize bird behavior and distribution for feeding when condition. Then,lights canbeturnedofftoallowthefeed tobequicklyandefficiently distributedinthedark.Thishelpoptimizebird plan willbehavioranddistributionforfeeding when Animal WelfareTips feeding programscasestudy feed intake uniformity issue. A maximum of 2 % of the Maintenance( uniformity shouldbeusedthroughout the feed cleanup times will hurt crop check immediately after feed cleanup time when using an everyday alternative feeding program normally starts when the crop. 8 to12weeks) uniformity standards,butalsomaintainingframesize.Thisperiod hasthelowestweeklyfeedincreasesof uniformity and make mortality, to evaluate any birds that may need to be culled, and to verify that the house environment and equipment are in mortality, toevaluate anybirdsthatmayneedtobeculled, andtoverifythatthehouseenvironment andequipmentarein feed cleanup will rearing period tooptimize feeding programs, for example, shifting from 4/3 to 5/2, it is important to observe bird behavior and feed distribution occurs. Regardless of the feeding program used, an evaluation of gradual weight feed distribution occurs.Regardless ofthefeeding programused, anevaluationof gradualweight welfare outcomes ofthebreeder flock. crop checks after feeding can help the farm team members understand the bird’s Solution: pelleted rationswith of It is possible to continue with a 5/2 or 6/1 feeding program until the week 5/2 programuntil18to19weeks. After 19weeks, return todailyfeeding. Introduce a 6/1 program for 1 week and at 4 weeks (28 days), introduce a photo stimulation when feed amounts are very low or the birds are fed feed cleanup time is less than 4 hours, typically between 14 to 18 days feed cleanuptimesoflessthan30minutes. uniformity targets. Management from 8 to 12 uniformity targets.Managementfrom8to12 rearing rearing COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 43 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER 0 0 fat (%) >65 >75 >85 >90 Pelvic 30 60 90 95 (%) 100 100 Total #3 + #4 0 0 30 35 40 40 (%) fleshing scores Score 4 30 60 60 60 60 60 (%) Score 3 Fleshing Score culling. pelvic fat based on flock age pelvic fat 0 0 70 40 <5 and (%) <10 Score 2 condition over the life of the bird. 12 16 19 20 21 22 Age Explanation of female (weeks) FLESHING 5 FLESHING 4 FLESHING 3 Goals for flock percentage (females only) with fleshing score (females only) with flock percentage Goals for Oversized breast muscle. Breast fleshing shape at 19 to 25 weeks during preparation for lay. FLESHING 2 FLESHING 1 Breast fleshing shape at 16 to 25 weeks during earlyBreast fleshing shape at 16 to 25 weeks during preparation for lay Ideal breast shape at 12 weeks of age and the lowestIdeal breast shape at 12 weeks of age and the fleshing Substantially under the desired level of fleshing Substantially under the desired level of fleshing - very thin birds. Birds with this degree of fleshing need to be evaluated for fleshing pressure on pressure condition, female bodyfemale condition, 12 to 16 weeks) 12 to 16 fleshing scores. photo stimulation. If these targets fleshing scores and flock development flock and scores fleshing fleshingscores during this phase. The photo stimulation. uniformity at later ages. Controlled Growth ( Growth Controlled uniformity cannot be corrected past 20 weeks of age. uniformity cannot be corrected past 20 weeks production team make critical decisions for future management for future management critical decisions make production team photo stimulation the female’s body composition is as important as the photo stimulation the female’s Phase 4 - Phase At bird’s bodyweight - the pullet must have adequate fat reserve and fleshing at this point. Birds easily accumulate fleshing between 16 and 20 weeks of age. age, of weeks 17 at reserve; building fat with case the not is this However, pullets start depositing abdominal fat. bodyweight and towards interpretation of flock bodyweight and towards interpretation of the on concur members team all Having will help the including feeding, lighting, transfer age, etc. Condition or At 12 weeks of age, the feed management decisions should move away from move should decisions management feed the age, of weeks At 12

Achieving the early fleshing targets between 12 and 16 weeks will promote pelvic or at abdominal fat deposition that the females require are not achieved, it will be very difficult to correct the fleshing composition, or the flock beginning the fleshing evaluation at 12 weeks of age to development of the breast muscle. ensure progress and ideal As ages. specific these at weights pullet with combined be can evaluations fleshing The shown in the table, most of the females at 12 weeks of age have a fleshing score of 2. The percentage of pullets with a score of 2 is constantly reduced over the life of flock and, ideally, should be zero at drinker space is provided at all phases of growout. drinker space is provided The table (right) shows the fleshing objectives for females at different ages from 12 females need to beage. At 12 weeks of age, puberty starts, and through 22 weeks of on fleshing targetto achieve the fleshing objectives at subsequent ages. The table is only a guide but indicates the importance of regular fleshing and the importance of Emphasis transitions from bodyweight to from transitions Emphasis will resources so nutritional weeks % complete by 12 90 is essentially frame skeletal from increase should flock the point, this At fleshing. towards allocated be grow, to continue birds the as addition, In 3. of scores to 2 of scores and feed correct that critical is It will increase. systems delivery water and feed ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 4.4 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 44 BREEDER MANAGEMENT with a fleshing score of 2 at 20 weeks will experience delayed sexual maturity. Although these pullets may pullets these Although sexually mature,theytendtohave issueswithproduction. maturity. sexual delayed experience will weeks 20 at 2 of score fleshing a with deposition. Tissue maintenance and growth areahigherprioritythan initiation of puberty.Therefore, pullets have normally not will age of weeks 20 at 2 of score fleshing a with pullet A Extremes infleshingandfatdeposition ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Body fatmustbeattainedbefore of theacceleratedgrowthphaseistoprovideenoughfleshingandfatreserveslasthenthrough sexual and production and maintain post peak persistency. Although consistent weight gain is important during this phase, pullet fleshing desired the develop to females the allow will gain weight This needed. are gains weight consistent phase, this In 4.5 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Tips toachievedesiredbody

To preparethepullet foroptimalhealth, low good chickqualityandvitality high hatchabilityofeggsproducedearlyinthe high good sexual of theflock,andhence Uniformity of frame, fleshing, and (fleshing increase ofbodyweightbetween38and40%isneeded. conditioning, in delayed are females where situations some In #3 and#4(seetableonpreviouspage). Post 16 weeks, all females should move gradually towards fleshing #3, and at 21 weeks should be between conditions. Donotfeedinthisperiodbasedonbodyweight.Useafixedfeedingprofile. the feedmust be increasedaminimumof42%(or6higherthan the bodyweightincrease) under normal days) whenusing theCobbrecommended feed specifications. Toachieve thisgainof36%inbodyweight, A minimumfemale bodyweightincrease of 36 % isneededfrom16 weeks (112 days) to20 weeks (140 Phase 5- mortality infemalestheperiodleadingupto peak Animal WelfareTips production andpersistency synchronization ofthefemales AcceleratedGrowth( peak pelvic fat and bodyweight determines to a great extent, the sexual welfare andperformance results,werecommendachieving thedesiredbodycomposition (fleshingandfatcoverage)before production performanceandpersistency. condition photo stimulationtohave: production cycle peak 16 to20weeks) production pelvic fat or presence of a pelvic fat deposition) an uniformity peak fat vein production. fleshing scores are more important. The objective The important. more are scores fleshing uniformity to maximize peak egg photo stimulation occurs. photo stimulation occurs. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 45 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER feeder lines on feeder lines nest and cause and nest feeder should be a feeder should scratch area. Always area. scratch feeder lines should be feeder lines should nest entrance. No extra No nest entrance. ventilation. In tropical or tropical In ventilation. slats or slats slats do not cast a shadow over the slats nest must be 60 to 70 cm (23 1/2 to 1/2 (23 cm 70 to 60 be must nest nest are needed. drinker per 75 birds. slats. For a 12 m (40 ft) wide house, place 1 ft) wide house, m (40 For a 12 slats. bell nest entrance. The distance between the water line and distance between The entrance. nest scratch area should have uniform light distribution with light distribution with uniform should have scratch area slats. In a 14 m (46 ft) wide house, place 2 ft) wide house, m (46 In a 14 slats. ventilation, no air should go through the through go should air no ventilation, nipple or 1 drinker line in front of the of front in drinker line litter (scratch) area, so that the so that litter (scratch) area, scratch area for females. Drinkers should be installed at a rate of 8 to 8 rate of a at be installed Drinkers should for females. area scratch light intensity (minimum 50 to maximum 100 lux). The lights should be should lights The lux). 100 maximum to 50 (minimum intensity light feeder loop should be around 60 cm (23 1/2 in). Do not put water lines water put Do not in). 1/2 (23 cm 60 be around loop should feeder nipple slats. The distance from the slat stepup to the first draft which can be important when using cross- using when important be can which draft high excessively prevent to needed is system good cooling a climates, hot Overheating in the house and and thus nests. in the house temperatures the on eggs the lay to females will cause nests cold for R20 and tropical climates for R12 minimum with insulation roof use climates. Feeders line or loop of the female A minimum of a single the on or suspended above feeder line on the the in). minimum of 50 cm (20 Drinkers The in) from the 1/2 27 first in the 10 females per Lights start the above just and area slat the outside placed just be should Lights of the The scratch area. high of the located to allow 2 to 4 lux to reach the back lights inside or directly above the Ventilation to respect With nest slats. floor eggs and eggs floor production begins. floor eggs. A ratio slats need to extend 2.7 m 2.7 extend to need slats floor eggs when This system can cause can system This slats are preferred when starting with slats are preferred when slats of 1.2 m (4 ft) wide that have only slats of 1.2 m (4 ft) wide that have only nest on each side. Apply a slat slope of 7° with of slope slat Apply a side. each on nest drinker line. slats. Hardwood slats. slats are an integral part of preventing slats are an integral mortality, cleanness and whether eggs are rolling correctly rolling are whether eggs and cleanness mortality, slats need to extend 2 m (6.5 ft) from the front of the of front the from ft) (6.5 m 2 extend to need slats slats are also easier for the caretakers to cross when checking checking when cross to caretakers the for easier also are slats slats can help reduce the number of House Preparation for Transfer and Production and Production for Transfer Preparation House Wooden have improved grip to access the nests and are cleaner than plastic have improved grip and to access the nests Hardwood for nests the onto the belts. Do not use mini- single a for space enough have very inconsistent results. of 60 % floor area to 40 % slat area is normallyused. With a 12 m (40 ft) houses, wide houses, wide ft) (46 m 14 a With side. each on the of front the from ft) (8.8 hardwood or plastic females eggs, slat few to be very tends there because nests community Housing and equipment requirements for community nesting systems for community requirements and equipment Housing Slats Well-designed 4.6 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 46 BREEDER MANAGEMENT during theunloading process,calibrationoffeeding equipment,maintenanceof transferequipment,andbirdbehavior anddistributionaftertransfer. A processauditfor house configurationthatdonot offerthisfeature). is recommendedfortheCobbfemales incommunityhousesetups(notUSstyle then a second higher position of 45 cm used after 40 weeks of age. This concept positions, one of 35 cm (14 in) used in the first part of the bird movement to and from the consider usingsteps,rampsorbasketsplacedalongtheslatedge tofacilitate become dirtyandcontaminated.For come through the slats aretoolow,thedroppingsmaystarttotouchbottom ofthe isrecommended height 45cm The in). (18 because droppings that fall through the cm 45 is floor) concrete the to outcomes. Therecommended Slat heightisveryimportantfor of itemstoaudit include:housepreparationand setup(lighting, the concrete floor. the concretefloor. measured fromthetopof Slats shouldbe45cm (18 in) high, slats. If this happens, the welfare isagoodtooltouseduring thetransferprocesstoverifythatmanagement,handling,bird careand Animal WelfareTips welfare of the flock and for optimal performance slat height(measuredfromthetopof scratch area. Some slat designs have 2 height scratch area. Some slat designs have 2 height slats taller than 45 cm (not recommended) slats tallerthan45cm(notrecommended) Housing andequipmentrequirementsfor slats will accumulate over time. If the slats will accumulate over time. If the slats, nests, hen’s feet, and eggs can slats, nests, hen’s feet, and eggs can slats to slats to production period and production period and drinker and slats or slats or slats slats feeder equipment, slat ✓ ✓ ✓ outcomes. Forexample: a detailedaudittoensurethat During house preparation and before receiving birds in the house, conduct

Are entrapment andentryunderneaththe Are thefrontandbackboardssecurelyattachedto appropriate topreventlegorfootentrapment)? (attached to the braces underneath), and positioned correctly (spacing is Are condition, slats alignedcorrectlytoprevent gapsandunevenness? slats ingood production systems ventilation, etc.), bird birds accessthe Baskets or steps can be used to help condition (nocracked,brokenormissing slats aresetupcorrectlytooptimize biosecurity protocols are achieved. Examples biosecurity protocolsareachieved. Examples slats. slats. condition and slats? welfare quality, handling welfare quality, handling slats to prevent bird slats topreventbird slats), secure slats), secure welfare welfare COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 47 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER slats per bird). 2 nest system. (1.54 to 1.80 ft 2 nest nest for 4 for nest floor eggs. stocking densities significantly reduce hatching egg costs automatic nests placed in the central part of the house with with house the part of central the in placed nests automatic floor eggs which are the primary disadvantage of community nesting community of disadvantage primary the are which eggs floor nest systems stocking densities: 6 to 7 females per m nest system is highly efficient with a low percentage of floor and slat eggs. nest system is highly efficient with a low to the be very attractive must nests the be successful, to system For a females to prevent slat and The industry worldwide is adopting the European community The industry worldwide is adopting the European of line 1 extending out from either side of the nests. Female Higher female and pay for the higher investment costs due to higher financial return per square meter. community the correct is configuration equipment and design house the If

✓ Community ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ per 2 peak nest should be around 45 cm (18 in). Egg collection should be should collection Egg in). (18 cm 45 be around should nest (1.96 ft (1.96 2 scratch area in area scratch floor eggs. nest system). nest because this can induce pre-incubation and broken eggs. induce pre-incubation and broken eggs. nest because this can slats and 1/3 and slats feeder space can affect slats or 2 lines of nests per house. slats or 2 lines of nests slats (feeders, drinkers and nest. Overfilling the nests will make them lessattractive and hens will kick out the expensive density, a shortage of nest systems production persistency. nest should be bird friendly, have clean and dry bedding and provide environmental comfort for the hen. The ideal The hen. the for comfort provideenvironmental and dry bedding and clean have friendly, be bird should nest nest or automated egg collection density is limited to a maximum of 5.5 females per m females 5.5 of maximum a to limited is density mechanical nest boxes must have solid bottoms and be well-maintained so it is the most attractive place in the house for the birds the for house the in place attractive most it is the so be well-maintained and solid bottoms have must boxes nest nest systems Female bird). At this maximum production and Very popular in the USA house setup with 2/3 with setup USA house the in popular Very the center of the house. on each of the nests 1 line of mechanical of floor or slat eggs. The advantage of this design is a low percentage All the equipment is over the

There are very important house setup rules that need to be addressed to prevent problems with need that rules setup house are very important There systems. See Chapter 12 on egg handling for troubleshooting Key Point ✓ Individual ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Mechanical individual or community nests. egg gathering worldwide. The egg collection in the house can be automated with There is a strong movement to mechanize should be at least a 15 cm (6 in) high. Fill the nests with material that is a minimum 1/2 to a maximum 2/3 of the instep height instep the of 2/3 maximum a to 1/2 minimum a is that material with nests the Fill high. in) (6 cm 15 a least at be should concave a make to hen the for the into get to perches the to jump to height maximum The material. having more than 3 eggs per done frequently to prevent Nesting systems Nesting Manual provide 1 should systems These costs. labor lower world with the of regions in popular still are systems nesting Manual The hens. The lay eggs. to instep the addition, protected. In feel so females in) deep, cm (9 7/8 and 25 in) high 7/8 cm (11 30 in) long, 7/8 cm (9 is 25 size nest COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 48 BREEDER MANAGEMENT operation runswellandenoughofexperiencehasbeenobtained. nests. There isalwaysthepossibilitytoincrease the female conservative and can be used when beginning an operation with community unit of2.4mlengthwith83hens per linearmeterofhouse). This calculationis Most dimensions whenhousesare14morwider. larger the use Always eggs. slat or floor of percentage lowest the gives manufacturer or use the guidelinestoright. Installa on each side). Use the recommendations on birds per cm deep, by 240 cm long) with each With community Community nest types in the market do not exceed 200 females per Nest Design nest systems, there aregenerally 2 nest unit having 4 entrance holes, (2 nest sizes (40 or 45 nest hole from the nest system that density when the nest unit ( nest nest Example guidelinesofhensper an endorsement. *Manufacturers named here areforguidelinepurposesandshouldnotbeconsideredas 45 cmdeep 40 cmdeep * * * * the or 108femalesperlinearmeterofhouselength(54oneachside or 65femalesperhole nest perlinearmeterofhouselength) or 96 females per linear meter of house length (48 females on each side of the or 58femalesperhole nest -calculatemaximum260femalesper nest -calculatemaximum230femalesper nest per linear meter of house length) nest perlinearmeterofhouselength) nest holeforJansenandVanGentnests* nest unit (4 holes) nest unit(4holes) nest unit(4holes) COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 49 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER density scratch area -2.0 -4.5 -5.3 100 nesting space is adequate for adequate is space nesting feeder loop in the density will become: density will become: Cost reduction in hatching eggs (%) density expectations set by government and industry density (%) feeder loops the 127 100 109 120 production houses, verify the Increase in slats as it is easier to install an additional as it is easier slats feeder space. Another option is to start out with 3 loops and 5.7 hens / hens 5.7 loops and with 3 out to start option is Another space. feeder . 2 2 . rearing and 2 . 2 7.0 5.5 6.0 6.6 litter area. This provides: Cost reduction in hatching eggs based on increase in hen Cost reduction in hatching eggs Females / m feeder space/hen = 80 hens per linear meter house length linear meter house = 80 hens per feeder space/hen feeder space per hen = 107 hens per linear meter house feeder space per hen density for feeder lines on the feeder space per hen = 80 hens per linear meter house feeder space per hen = 80 hens per linear slats and 2 in the density. When considering the with good environmental conditions. When using only 3 conditions. When using only with good environmental humidity to keep the birds the keep to humidity 2 stocking feeder loops. This provides: feeder loops. feeder loops, 2 on the . In this case, always install the first 2 2 density, equipment will also need to need will also equipment density, feeder space per linear m house ÷ 15 cm feeder space per linear m house ÷ 15 cm feeder space per meter house length ÷15 cm per meter house feeder space meter house ÷ 15 cm feeder space per linear nesting space). As mentioned earlier, a earlier, As mentioned space). nesting feeder loops. production litter or shavings in good conditions. 80 hens per linear meter house ÷ 14 m wide house = 5.7 hens /m 80 hens per linear meter house ÷ 14 m wide 1600 cm of /m house ÷ 14 m wide house = 7.6 hens 107 hens per linear meter 1200 cm of 1200 cm of 1200 cm of hens/m house length ÷ 12 m wide house = 6.7 80 hens per linear meter drinker and density can be very beneficial in terms of cost (see table (see cost of terms in beneficial very be can density of house area and the cost of producing a hatching egg a hatching area and the cost of producing of house Animal Welfare Tips 2 ventilation system with pad cooling is very important to with pad cooling is very important to system ventilation density in density density is limited to 7 hens / m density is limited to feeder, feeder, density is low, it is better to install the 4th chain loop to have some flexibility with tunnel nest systems going from the front to the back of the house with only a cross over at both ends and one half-way in the house, the house, the in half-way one and ends both at over cross a only with house the of back the to front the from going systems nest and, later, expand to 7 hens /m and, later, expand to 7 hens Some countries have codes of practice that limit guidelines. 2 Because m when increasing from 3 to 4 In a 14 m wide house install 4 chain In a 14 m wide house Normally For 80 hens per linear meter. In a 12 m wide house install 3 chain wide house install 3 In a 12 m When increasing the female the increasing When ( increase good and temperatures correct ambient the have comfortable and the Increasing hen to right). This is the most cost-effective way to increase income per m the financial and chick. Female Female COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 50 BREEDER MANAGEMENT for mating. better space in the m per females 5.7 for space gives loops chain 3 with configuration This degrees. 8 Slats shouldbe45cmhigh(adjustable between35and45cm).Slatslopeof7to Community nestingsystemsdesigns 2 with 15 cm of condition than setups with2loopsinthe litter area where there is only 1 chain loop. This keeps the Half ofa14mwidehousewith3 feeder space. With 2 chain loops on the female chainfeeders Half ofa12mwidehouse female chainfeeders litter andprovides morespace feeder loops slats, there is a lot of male feeders male feeders litter in feeder spaceper female. (pad coolingand (temperate) climates and/or with good environmental controlled conditions females per m feeder space perfemale. However, inmost climates, the maximum of7 feeder loops, there is Slats should be45 cm high (adjustable between 35 and 45 cm). With 4 cm apart. females per m are 3 loops of chain feeders or 6 lines giving the potential 1 only has configuration the house, wide m Slats shouldbe45cmhigh(adjustablebetween35andcm).Fora12 Half ofa14mwidehousewith4 2 2 isused. Higher densities are onlyrecommended in cooler with15cmof tunnel feeder space for 7.6 females/m ventilation). With4chainloops,thereis16.3 cm of female chainfeeders feeder space per bird. Nipples are spaced20 Nipples feeder spaceperbird. feeder line on the feeder loops 2 with 15 cm of male feeders density of 6.7 slats. There COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE both first 51 After transfer day to encourage eating and prevent body condition loss In dark-out production houses, make sure the light intensity is slightly higher than in rearing Walk frequently through the houses encouraging birds to move around and find feed and water females and males to evaluate feed and water intake legs, pale combs, hard crops or those with no feed and water in the crop on the slats close to the drinkers • of standard) the Give extra feed (150% • • • The day after transfer, check crop fill in • on beaks, clear veins Place birds with dirty Body conformation Moment of transfer Ensure pullets and cockerels reach the standard and Ensure pullets weights and body conformation for their age. Refer to our newest Breeder Management Supplements to learn how to achieve the age standards 22 weeks Ideal age for transfer is between 20 and slatted houses The ratio of males should be 8 to 9% in and 9 to 10% in 100% deep litter houses before to open sided houses Don’t transfer birds 21 weeks in summer to ensure the birds aren’t exposed to light too early in hot or early morning at night Move birds weather conditions to prevent heat stress to before the females Move males 2-3 days acquaint them with their feeder system • • • • • • • not before arrival in production, Feed the birds after Unloading birds COBB-VANTRESS.COM Carefully remove birds from the crates and release them directly onto the slats Ensure you allocate the right number of birds in each pen/house • • production, Equipment Transfer plan BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER Preparing production house Use the same type of feeders and drinkers in rearing same type of feeders and drinkers Use the and production introduce some production feeders for training purposes beginning at week 4 or 5 at week 4 or 5 in rearing beginning Place jumping slats over the line of drinkers placed one full Ideally have slats, otherwise place some training slats all around the house (1 m²/500 birds – 45 cm high) and Cleaning disinfection in the production farm must be completed at least one week before transfer All equipment including feeders, drinkers and lighting must be tested and fully operational Production farms in cold areas should be equipped with heating systems Ensure there is a detailed and precise plan including and precise Ensure there is a detailed the correct number of crates, trucks, and well-trained personnel must be used for transfer Trucks and containers cleaned and disinfected thoroughly Crates/containers must be undamaged the transfer of pullets. Otherwise ensure 72 hours have passed since equipment and crews have been exposed to other birds • • different feeding system in If there is a • • • • • • • • • to Trucks, crates, and crews should be dedicated the transfer process, and the preparation of the production farm. the transfer process, and the preparation rearing and in WILL BURN THEIR FAT STORES FOR ENERGY AND LOSE WEIGHT CONDITION IF THEY DO NOT FIND WATER AND FEED BECAUSE THEY CONDITION IF THEY DO NOT FIND WATER AND FEED BECAUSE THEY BIRDS WITH GOOD FLESHING AND FAT RESERVES WILL RAPIDLY LOSE BIRDS WITH GOOD FLESHING AND FAT RESERVES WILL RAPIDLY LOSE After Before Rearing Farm Transfer Transfer Production Farm Operation Basic Transfer Rules to Achieve Better Breeder Performance Rules to Achieve Basic Transfer Transfer is one of the most critical moments in the life of our breeders. The success of transfer depends on rearing farm management, moments in the life of our breeders. The success of transfer Transfer is one of the most critical The Transfer litter since this process involves production farm manager manager production farm crop checks to make sure that they that sure make to crop checks Feed will provide a distraction, reduce reduce distraction, will provide a Feed production house. feeder equipment styles in drinker and rearing farm to ensure that birds are empty (no feed empty (no are birds that to ensure farm rearing transfer: feeder or nests). pelvic fat scorings View the Cobb Basic Transfer Rules poster Rules Transfer Basic Cobb the View at https://www.cobb-vantress.com/resource/ posters rearing and laying managers should meet to discuss the flock. A copy of the Ideally, use the same production. However, if equipment is different carefully observe feeding the first 3 days after transfer to correct any issues. The flock will redistribute the shavings or straw the next day over the whole scratch area. When taking birds out of crates or coops by hand, place them directly on the place them taking birdsor coops by hand, When out of crates birds to the with a loader or a pullet trailer to transfer modules If using slats. birds should be placed on the laying house, To prevent injury, never place birds directly on solid equipment. mechanical equipment (ex: tracks. the in provide feed arrival, After on Depending house. new the with familiar birds become the help and stress, by 20 % for 2 to can be increased feed amounts transportation and weather, 3 days after the move. perform and birds closely Observe the have had access to feed and water. area. slatted the to use birds encourage frequently to the house Walk through fleshing and and intensity rearing lighting program of feeding feed amounts and times to assist the information other relevant period during the transition

✓ ✓ Immediately post ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Prior to transfer, the transfer, to Prior scratch area production farm and include: production farm and vaccination programs synchronization is optimal between is optimal synchronization uniformity as a result of transfer. They must find feed and water quickly when they reach the production farms is determined mainly by the facilities available, bodyweight and the lighting program. The transfer can be a very stressful stressful very a be can transfer The program. lighting the and bodyweight available, facilities the by mainly determined is farms production condition or mortality, increased stress, and dirty crates. mortality, increased stress, and dirty crates. transfer: Flock Transfer Flock disease challenges, medication, and disease challenges, medication, nest boxes fully operational, one week before the planned transfer date. nest boxes fully operational, one week before records should be transferred with the flock to the records should be transferred Breeder Breeder Move the birds during at night or in the early morning, especially in summer hot weather. the clear a path along or coops with wheels, If using containers before removing the birds. reduce to moving prior to tracts digestive crops and empty Birds should have stress and keep the equipment cleaner. whole flock. The final selection and transfer of the males shouldif sexual transferred are females before bedone 2 to 3 days the sexes. meet do not birds that any and observed carefully should be females The transfer. quality standards should be removed during The laying house must be ready to receive the flock, with the feeders, drinkers, feeders, the with flock, the receive to ready be must house laying The and the to move coops or containers crates, clean are enough there that Ensure bodyweights as they relate to standard bodyweights as they water consumption details of transfer bird numbers

Birds should not lose weight, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ When planning the ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ when time the and feed extra of amount The transferred. been birds have the after and/or before days several feed additional give to necessary be may it cases, some In the be fed at not birds should moving, day of On the travelled. distance and the season the on will depend it is given in crops) to limit potential Age for transferring stock to the to stock transferring for Age birds carefully. the handle and detail in transfer the Plan birds. the for time rearing ✓ ✓ 4.7 Key Point COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 52 BREEDER MANAGEMENT occur in a breeder flock and to help prevent feather loss on the back of the hens during mating. Toe treatment will promote positive long-term health, Treatment of for theflock. the during thevaccinations are usuallyclearlyvisiblewhenmovingfemales to vaccination table todistinguish the sexerrors.Any sex errorsnotdetected the individualvaccinations when the sexing errorscanbedetectedandremovedat18weeks of age during to 4 lux; 0.2 to 0.4 fc) may not recognize sexing errors easily. In this case, Producers with good before 20weeksofage. errors sexing the all eliminate to important is it reasons, these For flocks. as well as poor feed conversion, processing yield and the offspring. It can also distort feather coloring and cause lower of potential bodyweight genetic the compromise will flock the in errors sexing Leaving and usuallyresultsinmoresexingerrors(between1to1.5%). slow feather cross must be sexed by the cloaca. This is more complicated sexable by wing feathers, is normally between 0.3 % to 0.5 %. However, the The a combearlierthanfemales. are not visible in the flock until 12 to 16 weeks of age as males will develop errors (sex slips) occurduringthe sexing process. However, these errors used inbroiler and males. The females are used as parent stock and the males are usually Sexing parent stock chicks is done in the 4.8 production houseandcanberemovedatthattime. sexing errorpercentage in the fast Sexing Errors(SexSlips) toes onday-oldchicks hasanet Animal WelfareTips production. Sexingchickscanbechallenging and somesex dark out rearing conditions and low light intensity is highenough on the welfare benefit for the rooster and the breeder flock. The back The flock. breeder the and rooster the for benefit welfare feathering parent stock, which are hatchery to separate the females uniformity in broiler light intensity (2 the nailsinmales. the 4thand5th 24 and weeks ofage). At thispoint,sexingerrorscanberecognizedbyexamining 22 between is flock the when done is (this flock the from errors sexing remaining any remove to collected are eggs hatching before flock After transfer, it is important for a minimum of 2 people to walk through the toes of the male chick are treated to reduce the risk of scratching injuries that can toes ofthemalechick aretreatedtoreducetheriskof scratchinginjuriesthatcan toes (also calleddewclaws)whicharetreatedto welfare, and breeder performance outcomes welfare, and breeder performance outcomes flock. should be removed from the most likely sexing errors and without conditioned in the photo). Any males remove the nail (as shown (dewclaws) conditioned to should have their that were sexed correctly is to inspect the errors inmales after transfer One waytoidentifysexing toes. Males condition toes are toes COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 53 BREEDER MANAGEMENT BREEDER photo condition (body condition welfare during the laying phase. photo stimulation. This change should transition from transition should change This photo stimulation. fat vein as an indicator of fat reserves after the females the after reserves fat indicator of an as vein fat Pelvic bones at 18 weeks of age without fat deposits on the Pelvic bones at 18 weeks of age without fat fat and tissue outside (left). Pelvic bones at 21 weeks with bone deposits on the outside depression of the pelvic (right). photo stimulation if the birds are not in the correct the in not birds are the if stimulation photo fat vein fat vein is vein fat feathering. pelvic fat. photo stimulation, use small feed increases of 2 to 4 g per female per week until the until week per female per g 4 to 2 of increases feed small use stimulation, photo fat vein. fat vein. The pelvic fat is normally deposited normally is fat pelvic production. It is always best to delay to best always is It production. fat vein begins to appear in pullets around pullets in appear to begins vein fat start health and composition), as this will improve their performance, earlier than the subcutaneous The the of Evaluation age. of weeks 21 when age, of weeks 25 after informative most pelvic production has started. At this point, the how of indicator good a longer no are bones abdominal being deposited in the is fat much to considerably widened have they because cavity pelvic the Once eggs. the of passage allow for the after will widen space pelvic the begin to separate, bones a width of less than 1 finger for a pullet at 21weeks old to a width of more than 2.5 to 3 fingers in fully producing the better to use why it is primary reason the is This hens. photo stimulation production). feathering pullets and 2500 to 2600 g (5.51 to 5.73 lb) for slow to 5.73 g (5.51 to 2600 pullets and 2500 feathering condition will have a prominent fat deposition under the wing. Parallel to this fat deposition under the a prominent condition will have photo stimulation beyond 161 days of age or if the hens are too heavy ( 2700 g; 5.95 lb). If hens are too heavy, the laying cycle will be negatively impacted.photo stimulation beyond 161 days of age or if the hens are too heavy ( 2700 g; 5.95 lb). fat vein is in indication of good production (around 5 % of production (around 5 Preparation for Photo Stimulation (20 to 24 weeks) (20 Stimulation for Photo Preparation Elevated body fat reserves at 25 weeks. Never delay Key Point A pullet in the correct A pullet in the referred to as the This combination is often fat deposit is a large blood vessel. However, deposition. fat subcutaneous determine to used be can Physiological readiness for Physiological readiness g 2600 to 2450 is bodyweight feeding) (before dry when stimulation photo for prepared is flock The lb) for fast to 5.73 (5.40 more and 85 % have pullets have a fleshing score of 3 or In addition, 95 % of the 4.9 Ideally, at the start of photostimulation, the ratio of pullets with a fleshingstimulation scoreshould be of between 147 and 3 maximum 154 days andof age. After 4 first should be 60 and 40 % of theonset of females respectively. The first COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 54 FEMALE FEEDMANAGEMENT from PhotoStimulationtoPeakProduction Female ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ production willhelpreduce: Using conservative week), considerincreasingthefeedamountsin2stepssuchasevery4dayswith3andg(0.660.44lb/100birds/week) increments. feed increases between 2 to 4 g/bird/week (0.44 to 0.88 lb/100 birds/week). If higher feed amounts are used, for example 4 or 5 g/week (0.88 to 1.10 lb/100 birds/ From 5.1 of moment the from period the flock, breeder any For how thispartitioningtakesplace. partition the available nutrients between maintenance, growth and the development of the reproductive system. A well-designed management program can influence Key Point to 100birds), calculate meanbodyweightand flock Observe andhandlethebirds,checking

Production persistencyrelatedissues Overweight pulletsbecauseweightgainwillbeeasiertocontrol mortality duetoprolapse,SDS,heartattacks,andfattyliver Egg peritonitis during the onset of Floor eggs,especiallywithcommunity Low The percentageof photo stimulation to onset of Female peak production issues Feed Management from Photo Stimulation to Onset of Lay Feed ManagementfromPhotoStimulationtoOnsetofLay feeding programs from double yolks Feed Management: production, feed is allocated based on bodyweight. Birds that are photo stimulated with the correct body crop fill crop nest systems peak uniformity to ensure that they are eating and drinking well. Check fleshing, weigh a sample of females weekly (1 to 2 % or 60 60 or % 2 to (1 weekly females of sample a weigh fleshing, Check well. drinking and eating are they that ensure to uniformity photo stimulation to onset of production as well as uniformity. uniformity. photo stimulation to spiking peak production is critical in terms of Immature pullet nutrition. After Pullet at23weeksofage photo stimulation, the female will condition, usually require 5 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 55 FEMALE FEED MANAGEMENT FEMALE production. The production. Timing stimulation feed increases Photo stimulation open sided houses in open sided houses Preparation for photo Preparation for photo 5% production, give small From light stimulation until From light stimulation 6 5 5 5 5 5 Aggressive 6 5 2 3 2 2 Normal Weekly feed increase (g) Weekly feed increase 24 25 20 21 22 23 mortality linked to egg peritonitis are a clear indicator of over stimulation. mortality linked to egg peritonitis are a clear Weekly feed increases in normal and aggressive feeding programs in normal and aggressive feeding Weekly feed increases Week of age feed intake should be reached by 75 to 80 % hen day egg day hen % 80 to by 75 reached be should intake feed 3 examples of maximum feed energy levels in kcal based on different housing, temperate climates. *Peak typically will depend on the feed form and energy value, feed amount maximum between 435 and 470 kcal (1.81 to 1.96 MJ/kg). Example 2: Use 445 to 455 kcal (1.85 to 1.90 MJ/kg) with crumbled or mash feed and with crumbled or mash MJ/kg) to 1.90 kcal (1.85 to 455 Example 2: Use 445 environmentally controlled houses. in MJ/kg) to 1.96 kcal (1.92 to 470 Example 3: Use 460 environmental conditions and feed forms or crumbled pelleted good with MJ/kg) 1.85 to (1.81 kcal 445 to 435 Use 1: Example feed and environmentally controlled houses. feeding production levels, from 70 % through > 80 %. It is important for each company to evaluate their dailyproduction levels, from 70 % through > 80 Feed hens for bodyweight until bodyweight for hens Feed production. production on Feed allowances Feed peak production. Birds production. peak production. production, a feeding program should be designed designed be should program feeding a production, production and 60 % of the feed allocation between allocation feed the of % 60 and production Peak feeds are given at varying daily feeding programs, similar to those used in the table to in the table used to those similar programs, feeding production from expected peak feed. Calculate the incremental incremental the feed. Calculate expected peak production from feed ingredients in terms of energy and protein feed production. production. Normally 40 % of the difference in total feed increase is mortality comparisons for aggressive versus conservative versus aggressive for comparisons mortality production through peak. This program can be developed by deducting This program peak. production through Feeding and Its Influence on Weekly Mortality Trends Weekly on and Its Influence Feeding production is reached. Thereafter feed, increases should be adjusted according be adjusted according should increases feed, Thereafter production is reached. lysine and 950 mg of digestible methionine + cysteine. Large variations in house temperature will influence the amount be ideally should temperatures House require. hens feed of °F). °C (72 22 °F) and °C (70 21 between held environmental accommodate to be adjusted to need may conditions outside of this range. ensure that the females maximize their egg egg their maximize females the that ensure Good quality to stress. susceptible more are peak into going birds, and for to give support to the are essential ingredients producing good quality chicks. sustaining be capable of should hens The mg of digestible to 1050 g of protein per day, 1000 24 to 25 the Ensure quality Ensure levels are being used for flocks going into Apply the latest Cobb recommended feed specifications to increases for each 10 % increase in egg in increase % 10 each for increases 5 % to daily egg daily % 45 until % 5 from given and 80 % 45 peak to see if they are over feeding. Weekly production and bodyweight increases through the right. daily % 5 reaches flock the When to lead % of 5 at feed actual Weekly higher weekly hen mortalities after photo stimulation, programs indicate, that aggressive occur with 5.2 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 56 FEMALE FEEDMANAGEMENT Percentage Production Percentage Production 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 5 25 15 75 65 55 45 35 5 within theirthermalneutralzone(ambienttemperaturesbetween20and22ºC;68to71.6ºF). The tables below exemplify feeding practices from 5 to 75 % daily 2900 kcal/kg (12.1 MJ/kg) lb/100 birds 1315 kcal/ Feed inpoundsper100birdsbasedoncrumblefeed 157 150 140 130 123 117 114 111 34.61 33.07 30.86 28.66 27.12 25.79 25.13 24.47 Feed ingramsbasedoncrumblefeed and at20to22⁰Chousetemperature at 68to71.6⁰Fhousetemperature 2800 kcal/kg (11.7 MJ/kg) lb/100 birds 1270 kcal/ 163 155 145 135 127 121 118 115 25.35 35.93 34.17 31.97 29.76 28.00 26.68 26.01 (11.25 MJ/kg) 2700 kcal/kg lb/100 birds 1225 kcal/ 169 161 150 140 132 125 122 119 37.26 35.49 33.07 30.86 29.10 27.56 26.90 26.23 2650 kcal/kg (11.0 MJ/kg) lb/100 birds 1202 kcal/ 172 164 153 143 134 128 125 122 37.92 36.16 33.73 31.53 29.54 28.22 27.56 26.90 production. The data are based on a worldwide average with hens on a crumble feed maintained Feed Increasein lb/100 birds/day Feed Increasein g/bird/day to max to max 10 10 2.20 2.20 1.76 1.32 0.66 0.66 0.66 8 6 3 3 3 454 (1.89) 434 (1.81) 378 (1.58) 356 (1.48) 339 (1.41) 330 (1.38) 322 (1.34) 406 (1.70) kcal/day kcal/day (MJ/day) 454 434 406 378 356 339 330 322 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ From thetable:

higher (>470kcal;>1.96MJ/kg) weather, thekcal(MJ)intakeat In naturallyventilated range (1.81to1.85MJ/kg). intake at higher thanthebirdsthermoneutralrange,kcal(MJ) In tropicalregionsandhousetemperaturessignificantly at Making dailyincreasesusuallyresultinoverweighthens and neverdaily. production topeak,feedincreasesaredoneevery3days To preventoverfeedingthehensfromonsetof peak amount willresultinconsiderablyoverweighthensat in the145g(31.9lb/100birds)range.Thishigherfeed to beinthe135g(29.7lb/100birds)rangeandnever 2800 kcal(11.7MJ/kg),theaveragefeedamountneeds At45%daily about 115g(25.3lb/100birds). average feedamountatthestartof is usuallyabout2800kcal(11.7MJ/kg).Atthislevelthe Worldwide theenergylevelinmost kcal (MJ)level. The feedamountat5%daily peak production andinmostcaseshigher production andbeyond. peak production andanenergylevelof production willbelower:435to445kcal open sidedhousesincold production dependsonthe peak production feeds production (5%)is production willbe mortality. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 57 FEMALE FEED MANAGEMENT FEMALE production 163 163 155 155 155 155 155 155 163 163 163 163 163 163 163 163 g of feed 83 84 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Prod. % production. The example below starts at 5 % daily below starts example production. The 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 145 155 155 155 155 135 135 145 g of feed 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 53 54 55 Prod. % 127 127 127 127 127 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 135 127 127 127 g of feed 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 37 38 39 production. The table automatically adjusts the feeding program based on daily adjusts the feeding program based on daily production. The table automatically Prod. % production percentage for the appropriate daily feed amount. This feed amount should be used This feed amount daily feed amount. production percentage for the appropriate 118 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 127 127 118 118 118 g of feed 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 21 22 23 production. Prod. % 115 115 118 118 118 118 118 118 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 g of feed 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 10 11 12 Prod. % production the maximum feed amount is given. production the maximum feed amount is At 75 % daily There are many different housing and environmental conditions making it impossible to give a definitive energy requirement. Alwaysenergy amounts with your local Cobb technical representative. discuss maximum feed Type in the amount of feed that the flock is consuming at 5 % daily assumptions until a peak feed at 75 % daily 75 %. lower for a particular operation, manually change the maximum feed amount at If the peak feed amount given is higher or be made every 3 days – use current daily should Feed increases for the following 3 days. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. Above is a copy of a spreadsheet used to calculate feed amounts from 5 % through peak, based upon daily peak, 5 % through from feed amounts to calculate used Above is a copy of a spreadsheet daily feed. This table in electronic form is available from your Cobb technical representative. production and 115 g (25.3 lb/100 birds) How to use this table: COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 58 FEMALE FEEDMANAGEMENT that the feed allocation is accurate with the actual feeding system allocation. that thefeedallocation isaccuratewiththeactualfeeding systemallocation. system areused,each shouldbecalibrated.Iffeedincreases donotseemtomatchtheexpected outcome(bodyweight,egg feeding female and male separate a If house. laying the in placed are birds before calibrated be should bin) weigh or (scale system feeding the flock, the underfeeding or overfeeding prevent To ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Key pointsoffemalefeedmanagement(

to bepresentduringfeeding. equipment needs to be well maintained. Old equipment requires staff Feeding canberunautomatically withoutpeoplepresent, but the has beendistributedbythechain Continue to run the feeding system until the entire day’s feed allowance when usinghighercorners. The slide gatesdailyforcorrectopening. Maximum feed levels in the troughs should be set at 1/3rd full. Check the returntofeedhoppers. Prevent feedwastage. Check forworn with thisamountbeingincludedinthedailyfeedamount. in the afternoon at the maximum rate of 0.5 kg (1.1 lb) per1000 birds, Scratch feed may be beneficial to maintain beneficial ataround35to40weeksofage. Breeder 2 feed containing higher levels of calcium and calories may be that have been specifically formulated for the Cobb females and males. specifications nutritional Cobb the use to recommended strongly is It immediately. to 2hours.Anysuddenchanges in production. Pellet or coarse crumble Mash = Birdsinitiallyhoused–cumulative number, not thenumberofbirdsinitiallyhoused. number (Actual bird Daily feed amounts must be calculatedbasedontheactualbird An accurate and regularly calibrated feed hopper feed cleanupshouldbe2.5 to 3 hours for hens in Animal WelfareTips inlet and outlet opening for the feed needs to be increased feeder. cleanup timeshouldbeinvestigated mortality and feed feeder troughsandspillageat weighing system is essential. fertility. It should be fed late cleanup time should be 1.5 culling). photo stimulationtoonsetoflay) peak ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

stress in scratches onthighs.Pelletedfeedisonlyagoodoptionunder heat affect negatively distribution and performance, and increasenervousbehaviorcausing may which times, cleanup fast very to due Cobb doesnotrecommendapelletedfeedduring month during Silos shouldalwaysbeemptiedbetweenfeedtypesandatleast once a feed willnotnormallyworkwellwithaugerpanfeedingsystems. systems work better with pelleted and/or crumbled feeds. Fine mash The same procedures apply for pan feeders – generally pan image above). trough and therefore, permit higher feed levels in the Chain feeders with high corners prevent feed from spilling out of the peak production levels, etc.), verify the calibration of the system to ensure production levels, etc.), verifythecalibrationofsystem toensure production tomaintaingoodfeedquality. production and/orwithlong feed cleanuptimes. production phase production phase trough (see feeder feed feed COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 59 FEMALE FEED MANAGEMENT FEMALE dark out dark feed distribution. The lights distribution. The feed production: production: eggshell quality, labor or high numbers of floor and slat eggs. slat and floor of numbers high or labor quality, eggshell morning hens will not leave the nests for feeding. morning hens will not leave the nests for When allows a later start time for farm personnel. Late morning feeding straight to egg collection. arriving in the morning, personnel can go if equipment are more likely to be present personnel feeding, With late malfunctions during feeding. allow 7 that systems nest community with is easier feeding morning Late on the central egg belt (50 to 8 hours of egg production to accumulate cm wide). Begin late morning feeding during rearing, so that birds are accustomed birds are that so rearing, during feeding morning late Begin is slowly moved time feeding Typically, during rearing, time. to the feeding of age. from 8 AM at 10 weeks to 11 AM at 16 weeks dry bodyweight to measure delivery allows producers feed Delaying (bodyweight before daily feed consumption). of % 90 than more on, turned are lights the after hours 8 flocks, young For early the in Thus, nests. the laid in been already production has daily the

✓ ✓ ✓ This is the preferred program when there are management issues such as such issues management are there when program preferred the is This feed distribution, Although this program is not as widely used, it is quite effective under certain heat is very important to prevent any control Good environmental conditions. part of the year without this program during the hottest – do not use stress conditions. good environmental in on turn lights the after hours 8 to 7 or morning late Feeding housing, is done by switching off the lights during feeders has been filled. are switched on when the first loop of chain Program 2: ✓ ✓ ✓ Program 2 (Late Morning Feeding) : Program 2 (Late There are 2 programs for feeding broiler breeders in feeding broiler 2 programs for There are Some key points to consider when deciding on a feeding program Some key points to consider when feed distribution. This program is used in good performing operations, with with operations, performing good in used is program This Feeding Hens after Transfer and in Production: Early and Late Morning Feeding Morning and Late Early and in Production: Transfer Hens after Feeding feed distribution starts to keep the birds calm and to get the best feed best the get to and birds calm keep the to starts distribution feed temperatures are cooler in the morning. with fewer interruptions. This program allows afternoon mating activity providing morning the in early detected be can malfunctions Equipment more time during the day for repairs. Reduces heat stress and metabolic issues when using early feeding in feeding early using when issues metabolic and stress Reduces heat or when houses months tropical regions, especially during hot summer do not have optimal environmental conditions. when time a stronger appetite with shorter consumption have hens The

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ and bird distribution over the length of the house. The chain feeding systems feeding chain The house. the of length the over bird distribution and lights are turned on. should make one complete round before Program 1: preferred with single hole mechanical nests or manual collections. These nest collections. These or manual nests hole mechanical preferred with single 4 of eggs and must be gathered large volumes cannot accumulate systems per day. times 5 to issues in terms of minimal mechanical If the birds are being fed 1 hour after the lights are on, switch off the lights when Program 1 (Early Feeding) : Program 1 (Early method, With this % of producers worldwide. to 90 program is used by 80 This the lights come before in the dark a few minutes feed distribution is initiated is program This on. turn lights the after hour 1 to or up morning, the in on 5.3 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 60 FEMALE FEEDMANAGEMENT Analysis of 3 flock scenarios: Analysis of3flockscenarios: week surpasses3%,feedamountscanbebasedontheaveragebodyweightfrombeforetoperformcalculation. bodyweight. standard the under or 5%over to up and standard increase of13to15%isusedwhenthebodyweightfemaleson is to measure the weight gain of females from the onset of lay to peak egg production andpost Monitoring bodyweight increases from onset to peak of 5.4 Key Point There shouldbe a13( Age 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 Bodyweight IncreasefromOnsetofLaytoPeakProduction increase of17% Bodyweight (g) 3440 (+100) 3340 (+100) 3240 (+120) 3600 (+70) 3530 (+90) 3700 (+40) 3660 (+60) Flock 1 3120 peak peak fast feather)to15 %( production persistency.Peak Feed must be increased faster toprovidemore kcal (MJ)support Bodyweight (g) increase isnot 3240 (+60) 3170 (+50) sufficient slow feather)increase infemalebodyweightfrom onsetoflayto Flock 2 3120 production isdeterminedby production is a good indicator of feeding program management, because it provides forecasting of of forecasting provides it production is a good indicator of feeding program management, because Excess hasbeengiven2to Bodyweight (g)increase 3 weeksearlier.Adjustin is toogreat young flocks 3520 (+200) 3320 (+200) Flock 3 production. Onset of lay being defined between 0.5 and 3.0 %weekly 3120 uniformity, bodyweightandfeedingprograminthe the over flock each for profile bodyweight standard the forecast to at 65 weeks. This data could beused by the poultry technician to 600g(1.1 to 1.3 lb) the forecast bodyweight of the females be at based on the onset of closed housing as an example. A poultrytechnician can forecast standards areonlyaguideanduse the Cobb500 Fast Feather in of flock manage to data performance are age, bodyweight, feed amount and percentage important most the (left), table the In 4 weeksthroughtheendofflock. then every 2 weeks from 35 to 50 weeks of age, and then every weights of females and males through 35 weeks of age, and production along with the timing of the first light increase. The peak production period. Optimum peak production. production. production and with the addition of a further 500 production what the bodyweight should rearing period. A good benchmark rearing period.Agoodbenchmark weighing programs include If the production. A bodyweight production. A bodyweight production in the first first the in production peak peak COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 61 FEMALE FEED MANAGEMENT FEMALE 9 D 88 88 85 88 70 45 0.9 3 C 88 88 87 60 80 30 0.3 production for the past Flock 2 B 87 88 85 50 75 20 0.2 Breeder 2 feeds. fertility. Being over weight could potentially weight over Being fertility. production above 87 %, add 1 g of feed to help 0 1 A 88 82 86 45 70 10 31 29 30 28 26 27 25 24 Week production is the point at which the average percentage of production is the point at which the average production nest boxes. Peak peak production by 10 production. Flocks with an production. Flocks with production performance. peak Feed Reduction production production 1 week earlier. In general, earlier. production 1 week peak production should increase production should production are recommended to remain on peak feed for an extra 1 or 2 weeks. For each 2 % production are recommended to remain on peak feed for an extra 1 or 2 weeks. For floor eggs due to difficulty in accessing the in accessing difficulty to due eggs floor s output. production performance. These flocks do not tend to become overweight because the females are converting feed into high egg mas Post Peak Feeding – Flocks peaking at 87 to 91 % sustain the high in feed is 7 to 10 %. (5 g per week = 1.10 lbs per 100 hens per week; 1 g per week = 0.22 lbs per 100 hens per week) in feed is 7 to 10 %. (5 g per week = 1.10 Correct feeding in peak: are possible based decreases is 5 to 7 %. More feed of 1 g per week until total drop in feed slowly with maximum for 2 to 3 weeks and decrease peak feed Maintain of the going from winter to summer periods and depending on the energy specifications on your local conditions including flocks week) (1 g per week = 0.22 lbs per 100 hens per 5 days begins to decrease. Reduction in the daily feed amount is important to maintain hen performance. 5 days begins to decrease. Reduction in the encountered in the field and examples of solutions: The following are 2 scenarios often Over feeding at peak: drop cumulative the until weeks 4 every week per g 1 decrease Finally, weeks. 40 through week per g 1 decrease Then, weeks. 2 over peak post g 5 by feed Decrease 5.5 Broiler breeder hens are predisposed to become over weight and over fleshed, which could affect persistency of lay and result in an increase in times the from the 1st to the 2nd week and double production from the 2nd to 2nd double production from the and week 2nd the to 1st the from the times (right) table the In flocks. in uniformity sexual good indicate will This week. 3rd the Flock A but Flock D starts Flock D resembles should be above 80 % weekly by 28 weeks, all flocks Production increase to increase Production of indicator good a are weeks 3 first the over increases Production and persistency. The table (right) gives an example of 4 high performing flocks The table demonstrates %. of 88 and with peaks synchronized are sexually that for good that are required production increases % weekly 1 to 3 at start average Key Point COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 62 FEMALE FEEDMANAGEMENT & distributionofthe flockwithinthehouse,socialinteraction ofmalesandfemales, physicalcharacteristics(eye, Welfare quality assessments can be conducted during routine visits to assess flock health: 5.6 Additional itemstoconsiderwhendeterminingthefeedreductionschedule: Periodic handlingofthehens,alongwith ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ reasons forrapidfeatherlossinbreederhens: Feather quality andcoverofthehens in

feed materials.Afasterpeak fine the of part be may these as intake mineral and vitamin reduce (egg numbers and female of loss a cause will This particles. fine to selectiveeating -birdsselectingcoarse particles andleaving the amounts in hours will result in overweightbirds, poor affect adversely could peak nutrients needed and may be hungry. Early consumes the daily ration in less time may not be receiving the that flock A normal. considered is feed mash for hours 3 to up and Cleanup time:A can showmorefeatherwearasearlyduring Low conditioning and fat reserves at tracks, inducingstressandinternallayoreggperitonitis. Feed distributingwithlightsonresults in hens running alongfeed in thighscratchesfromfemales. the house such as around distribution hoppers. This could also result in parts of Feed distributionwithlightson,resultinginovercrowding cleanup timeisveryfast. Insufficient amino acidprofilesinthepullet Feathering issues in Hen Animal WelfareTips Feathering During Production Feathering DuringProduction feeder space between 20 and 27 weeks when peak feed production. Extended rearing due to management or low essential cleanup timeof1.5hoursforcrumblefeed fertility). Furthermore, selective eating can production. Cleanup times of 3.5 to 4.0 feed withdrawalmaybeconsidered. grower feed. photo stimulation. These females production isaveryimportantindicatorof weighing, isnecessarytodeterminesubtlechangesinbodycomposition, uniformity andperformance cleanup timecanalsolead uniformity and excess feed feed withdrawal post peak production. feed feathering (coverage andquality),skin production persistence and high ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

bodyweight willnormally result in a higher Egg Mass: Chronic enteritisintheduodenum. nutrients. of theabsorption reducing diarrhea or flushing passage, feed Any Over matingbymales. syndrome orpneumo-virus. tight grill.Thisswellingshouldnotbeconfused with swollen head heads may experience feather loss and swellingbecause of the enough in feed leadingtoadrop females after 40 weeks. These females will have trouble consuming heavier the affect will in) 3/4 or mm (<45 grill restriction feed Tight produce andmaintainproductionofeggs. energy level as Breeder 1. Energy intake allows the females to Breeder 2 feed should always have the same or somewhat higher and bodyweight control to way efficient an be can females feather slow Breeder 2feedwhen beak, comb,feet,etc.), andcoloration(comb,legsofroosters). egg weight. Egg weight and bodyweight are directly correlated. A higher condition (foot pad quality, presence of scratches, etc.), behavior condition (footpad quality,presenceofscratches,etc.), behavior condition andfatreservesofthehens. egg weightisat60 g for fertility. Thefollowingaresome of theprimary production andeven molting. Their egg weight. Introducing fast feather and 62 g for COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 63 Light - production LIGHTING PROGRAM MANAGEMENT LIGHTING 6 LED lighting by LED lighting 1 COPYRIGHT © 2020 COBB-VANTRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. By AndrewBy Bourne, Technical World Services Specialist, Cobb-Vantress Efficiency - Lumen per Watt ofthe system? Watt Lumen per Efficiency - eggs. in floor result shadows and spots – Dark uniformity Light I expect the can product? from hours many – How Lifespan flicker? without to 2Lux down 80Lux – I dim Can from flexibility Dimming budget. your into costs installation factor to important is Ease Installation-It of and lifespan maintenance, efficiency, cost, Based costs- installation Operating on a source. by emitted light (lm): Visible Lumen a distance. at light of Measurement (fc): candle foot (Lx) or Lux 4,000K-5000K, while around is white neutral white), (bluish called cool colors (K): >5,000K are - Kelvin Temperature Colour rearing pullet best for spectrum) are 2700K (red light of colors Warm red). through white (yellowish called colors warm <3,000K are spectrum). /green high as 5000K (blue as colors of a range will equally perform over while broilers production, and consumed. power of every for Watt generated light Visible Watt: Per Lumen spots. dark or shadows no with light of levels even Good means uniformity Uniformity: it. through flows when a current light releases that source light Diode (LED): A semiconductor A Light-Emitting of initial light the 70% to it will depreciate to take hours is on basedthe lifespan LED determining for standard The Lifespan: LM70 output. e aim of this article is to give the reader a general overview of LED lighting systems, how they work and what differentiates vari the differentiates what and they work how systems, overview LED lighting a general the reader of give to this is article of e aim Th which when considering important is mechanics and the basic principles of A knowledge the in poultry industry. available systems ous needs. ones best suites system Key Points When Choosing and Installing a Breeder LED Lighting System suppler: the potential ask to questions key Some 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. terms: lighting key Some • • • • • • • Learn more about downloading our white paper at https://www.cobb-vantress.com/ resource/white-papers photo stimulation, the increase inincrease the stimulation, photo At mortality due to cannibalistic behavior. mortality. production at 24 weeks, show cumulative increases cumulative show weeks, 24 production at culling or photo stimulation at 21 to 22 21 at photo stimulation production with the advantage dimmer units (dusk to dawn) have dawn) to (dusk units dimmer light intensity. pressure sodium lights can reduce energy costs by 40 % 40 by costs energy reduce can lights sodium pressure photo stimulation occurs, birds should never experience a decrease in day length in the in day length a decrease experience occurs, birds should never photo stimulation production performance but can affect the sexual maturity of the males. Males are more sensitive to LED lights can reduce costs by 63 % and 73 % over a 5 year period, year 5 a over % 73 and % 63 by costs reduce can lights LED light intensity from 70 to 35 lux (7 to 3.5 fc) will light intensity from 70 to 35 lux (7 to 3.5 fc) help reduce humidity penetration). production. Once LED lamps/tubes or strings due to low energy consumption, long life span (>50,000 consumption, or strings due to low energy LED lamps/tubes light intensity outputs of 2 to 4 lux (0.2 to 0.4 fc) but still see well enough to manage to enough well see still but fc) 0.4 to (0.2 lux 4 to 2 of outputs intensity light rearing to keep the birds calm and better primed for birds calm the to keep rearing rearing with low with rearing photo stimulation, should not reduce photo stimulation, production is normally maintained to encourage bird activity and for caretakers to perform their routine house inspections and management of birds of management and inspections house routine their perform to caretakers for and bird activity encourage to maintained normally is production litter. As an emergency procedure, reducing the litter. As an emergency procedure, reducing in hatching eggs (HE) through week 30. These flocks are often the most productive flocks if they persist well with low LED lights have had a considerable impact on breeder management. The introduction of introduction The management. breeder on impact considerable a had have lights LED in work to possible it made in ability is important birds. Dimming the good to have (but be sure consumption impact on energy a big has at a lower intensity lights running Furthermore, of age. weeks light distribution over the entire house). over a 5 year period. However, compact fluorescent and respectively. are primarily Currently, new light installations Ingress a high and have and disinfect, clean to wash, easy are also They color output. ability, and adjustable dimming hrs), dust and Protection value (IP; related to the level of light intensity for correct sexual maturity. sources to bring parent stock into proven to work as well as the traditional light LED lighting has high lights, incandescent to Compared cost. energy lower much a of the amount of time birds are exposed to light is more important than the increase in the amount of time birds are exposed to in intensity Light and reduction, after intensity The response of chickens to light is a complex subject. Local conditions and housing types Cobb Technical Service representative. discussed with your may require the use of modified lighting programs, which should be Photo stimulation (increasing lighting time and intensity) should start at 21 weeks or between 147 and 154 days of age. It typically takes 14 to 16 days until the first 1 to 2 % daily 7 days to reach and another egg cycle. Artificial light shouldbe used to cover sunrise and sunset in clear curtain or open houses. Flocks that start Lighting Program Management Lighting LED lighting COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 64 LIGHTING PROGRAMMANAGEMENT Photo Stimulation * Seesection4.8onmoredetails regardingthepreparationofaflockfor 2. 1. At Time (hours) delay theonsetoflay,increase to reachthe full genetic potential ofreproduction.Hastening maturation by overfeeding and exposingyoung birds tolongphotoperiodsbeforethey are preparedwill (>12 hours) can stimulate the reproduction process given the birds are physically prepared. However, both the maturation period and physical weeks consisting of short days (approximately 8 hours) before reproduction can begin. After this maturation time frame, exposing the birdsto long periods of light Broiler breedersare seasonal reproducers and, as such, are highly dependent on lighting cues for daily and reproductive activity. These birds requireabout 20 to 21 photo stimulation,theflockshouldhave*: A majorityofthefemales(>95%) withthecorrectbodyweight, Uniform bodyweight,lowCoefficient ofVariation( hours 8 A graphicalrepresentationof Birds perceivelightinblocksorfractions. mortality and hours 12 double yolks,andgiveslowerincreasesofdaily Flock age CV 9to<10)andhigh hours 13 photo stimulation: pelvic fatand photo stimulation. uniformity >70%. condition. hours 14 production topeak(after31weeksofage). Lights on Lights off 14 to15hours=8%inlightduration 12 to14hours=17%increaseinlightduration 12 to13hours=8%increaseinlightduration 8 to12hours=50%increaseinlightduration condition are required COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 65 LIGHTING PROGRAM MANAGEMENT LIGHTING production production production and peak inlet must also be also must inlet production houses or in production houses ventilation considerations ventilation rearing and production. Housing should Housing production. rearing based on the natural day natural the on rearing based dark out production cycle. If light traps are used light traps are production cycle. If Light intensity should be a minimum of 70 lux of 70 lux should be a minimum Light intensity perimeter inlets and the tunnel the and inlets perimeter dark out conditions in uniformity at the start of start the at uniformity production. open sided houses are dictated by the natural light cycle and any artificial light artificial any and cycle light natural the by dictated are houses sided open fans, it may be necessary to remove them under very hot conditions. In this case, conditions. In this under very hot them to remove be necessary it may fans, production houses tunnel Lighting Considerations when Transitioning from Rearing to Production to Rearing from Transitioning when Considerations Lighting Open sided rearing houses Lighting programs in program should be adjusted based on the maximum light hours required. Normally only flocks with only natural managed be can - or south north 5° latitude, maximum equator - to the close light. one day length will be required for the duration of the duration of will be required for the day length one directly on natural light will enter the house and the artificial light program will need adjustmentscompromise can light natural in reduction Any length. light day natural maximum the towards persistency. Many operations worldwide operations worldwide good Many do not have degree high a to penetrates light natural outside the that means This configurations. out brown use into the house and the flock establishes their daylight length in hours, 13 and 11 between is day length natural where equator to the close regions In light cycle. supplementary lights are necessary. of use the hours, 16 to 15 is summer the during light natural where latitudes high at regions In and persistency and maintain the female’s sensitivity to the light duration. Less than 11 hours of 11 Less than to the light duration. sensitivity the female’s and persistency and maintain total light will have a negative effect on (7 fc) for good sexual stimulation of the males. Brown out rearing houses covered with adequate light traps. See Chapter 14 for more details on light traps. See Chapter 14 for more covered with adequate when using light traps. Dark out light in of hours to 14 12 of maximum a receive can Females will provide good This hours. 14 than less is length day natural the where regions Ideally broiler breeders should be reared in lightproof housing to prevent the birds from perceiving perceiving birds from the prevent to in lightproof housing be reared should Ideally broiler breeders sexual ensure and photoperiods seasonal Fans, off. are lights the when dark completely be 6.1 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 66 LIGHTING PROGRAMMANAGEMENT adjust themaximumlightto localhoursof transferred to open flocks but light, natural of hours 14 of maximum a only receive can latitude for Maximum natural light hours will always depend on the location’s average to 10 fc) during the system must provide a minimum of 50 and a maximum of 100 lux (5 light artificial The flocks. between time down the on based program will prevent over stimulation. It is not always possible to apply this days of age and given 15 to 16 hours of natural day light, which 154 at transferred are then Hens hours. 12 to 8 from light artificial in the more than13hours.Anotheroptionistophotostimulate the hens In photo stimulationbegins. everyday restrictedfeedin4hours or less - usually 14 to 15 days. The 8-hours of lightdaylength will continue until 21 to 22 weeks (147 to 154 days) ofage when The 8-hour daylength will beginwhen Dark out houses should provide total light control. Start chicks on 23 hours of light reducing to eight hours by two weeks of age (see section 2.3 in Dark out 3. 2. 1. There are3lightingprogramsbasedonhousingconfigurations: 6.2 rearing, 9 hours of light are used when the birds are beingtransferredrearing, 9hoursoflightareusedwhenthebirds to Natural daylight/brownout Dark out Dark out LightingPrograms rearing housebetween147 to154daysofagebyincreasing light intensityforfemalesandmales. open sidedhouses. Flocks being transferred in autumn rearing to rearing to rearing to production period,with 70 lux (7 fc) being a good production houses in the summer will need to dark out natural daylight natural daylight feed cleanuptimes and bodyweightsareonstandard. Generally, the 8-hour day length can startwhenthe birds consume their production. rearing to natural daylight. production. natural daylight production production production. open sided Age (Weeks) 2 to21 *If lightingsystemisnot 27 25 23 21 Recommended lightingprogramforflocksgoingfrom production houses during thesummer months with anaturallightdurationof to Age (Days) open sidedortransparentcurtainin up to146 189 175 161 147 LED, >14 (ornaturallight) 14 (ornaturallight) 13 (ornaturallight) 12 (ornaturallight) light intensity(lux;fc)canbeincreased 20to30%. (Hours) Light 8 Light intensity* production houses 2 to4 (lux) >50 >50 >50 >50 dark out brooding design). rearing Light intensity (foot candles) 0.2 to0.4 >5 >5 >5 >5 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 67 17 17 16 16 15 14 pelvic fat 161 days LIGHTING PROGRAM MANAGEMENT LIGHTING 17 16 15 14 14 13 154 days Lighting program 16 15 14 14 13 12 open sided housing according to 147 days photo stimulation starts between 147 and 154 147 between starts stimulation photo 9 10 14 13 12 11 140 days natural day length at 140 days (20 weeks) of age natural day length at 140 days (20 weeks) photo stimulation can be delayed to 161 days. photo stimulation can Slow feather females - 150 to 154 days. In extreme cases, when cases, In extreme to 154 days. - 150 females Slow feather Natural day length hours at Recommended lighting program for Fast feather females - females feather Fast days. females are under weight and under fleshed with insufficient reserves, rearing production rearing 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 5 to 10 0.2 to 0.4 (foot candles) Light intensity dark out natural daylight (lux) 2 to 4 >50 to 100 >50 to 100 >50 to 100 >50 to 100 Light intensity* ventilation. (See Ventilation Chapter 14). rearing to natural daylight houses. However, this However, daylight houses. natural production production, causing dramatic drops in hatching production, causing rearing. The challenge with this system is finding production houses 8 12 13 14 >14 Light (Hours) rearing the flocks can remain on natural light in all seasons light intensity (lux; fc) can be increased 20 to 30 %. light intensity (lux; fc) can be increased 20 dark out dark out dark out to LED, 175 147 154 161 up to 146 Age (Days) rearing to rearing rearing houses use a black shade cloth, plastic or combination of both placed both of combination or plastic cloth, shade black a use houses rearing rearing can be successful in housing situated in regions where the natural light natural the where regions in situated housing in successful be can rearing Recommended lighting program for flocks going from for flocks going from lighting program Recommended 21 22 23 25 photo stimulation. The program used will depend on natural day length when the day length when depend on natural photo stimulation. The program used will 2 to 21 Age (Weeks) variability will induce a delayed onset of variability will induce a delayed onset eggs. In open-sided and windowed houses, local day length conditions require that a specific program be adopted for each flock which can be optimized representative. with the technical services Brown out Brown the % of 80 blocks up to system This down. roof the from house the of the sides along out brown term the hence light, natural and the balance between darkening the house out Brown hours do not vary significantly. In regions outside 10º latitude north and south, day length until flock reaches 140 days of age. When the natural day length is insufficient, provide extra the that certain be to period light day natural the of end the and beginning the both at light to be 80 light added during this period must Additional is achieved. intended day length the birds are stimulated sufficiently. 100 lux (8 to 10 ft candles) to ensure that Natural daylight or brown out Natural daylight or brown out to rear breeders in It is not recommended natural in variation the where equator to the close in regions used is successfully system During minimal. is length day *If lighting system is not Dark out Dark out COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 68 LIGHTING PROGRAMMANAGEMENT increasing durationforanadditionalhour(seetablebelow details). increase should beaweek later toan intensity of 70 lux (7fc)as well as final The fc). (5 lux 50 of minimum a to intensity and day) per hours 13 to A week later, increase light durationforan additional 2hours (from 11 fc) andincrease light duration for 3 hours (from 8 to 11 hours per day). Increase first to recommended is it flocks, these For intensity. and duration light in increases incremental flock yolks, to lower be overstimulated. Photo stimulating birds that are not ready may lead little too fleshed, under weight, (under stimulation photo When obtained. Inthisway,mostoffemaleswillparticipatein sexual high a and stimulated be ensure will flock the will of most increases Simultaneous intensity. and hours) (+4 duration Flock 6.3 *If lightingsystemisnot Age (Weeks) 2 to21 FlockSexualUniformity uniformity is less than 70 %, the flock will require more and smaller and more require will flock the %, 70 than less is uniformity uniformity greater than 70 % allows simultaneous increases in light 27 25 23 22 21 floor eggs, egg peritonitis, egg eggs, floor uniformity is poor, the birds in the flock that are not yet ready for ready yet not are that flock the in birds the poor, is uniformity Recommended lightingprogramforflockswith peak production and persistency with higher numbers of Age (Days) up to146 189 175 161 154 147 LED, light intensity(lux;fc)canbeincreased 20to30%. Light (Hours) light intensity to 30 to 35 lux (3 to 3.5 mortality, andculls.Therefore, when 14 14 13 13 11 8 Light intensity* 30 to35 2 to4 (lux) 70 70 70 50 uniformity below70% uniformity can be peak pelvic fat) can production. double Light intensity (foot candles) 0.2 to0.4 3 to3.5 7 7 7 5 resource/product-supplements). for recommendations lighting each male line inoursupplements (https://www.cobb-vantress.com/ specific See used. line male the on depending females the from different be can males for program light program priortomixing. However, ifmales are reared separately, the Males and females can follow the same lighting and photo stimulation COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 69 WATER MANAGEMENT litter nipple rearing do production 7 production. rearing and rearing bell drinkers in bell drinkers production. The rearing. rearing and bell drinkers in rearing to rearing nipples in nipple spacing. In nipple spacing. Drip cup on left with lower profile most suitable for nipples in nipples rearing to rearing continue with continue rearing stress and acclimation problems. drinker capacity. It is important to promote breeder drinker capacity. It is important to promote drinker lines encourage lazy hens and can increase increase can and hens lazy encourage drinker lines bell drinkers in production. nipple with precision rearing house, 12 to 14 m (39.3 to 45.9 ft) wide, a maximum of 3 of maximum wide, a ft) to 45.9 (39.3 m 12 to 14 house, rearing bell drinkers are used in bell drinkers are used Nipple drinkers are the system of choice in most system Nipple drinkers are the and dryer cleanliness of operation, ease due to their houses condition. If Never go from from possible (going is opposite in system same the have to better always is It production). production to prevent a In in) (7.9 cm with a 20 should be installed lines not install too much not install many Too activity. floor eggs in Turned machining.

✓ ✓ ✓ feed intake and growth are maintained. feed intake and growth pressure. nipple line nipple nipples production nipple drinkers. nipples due to more precise nipples due to more bell or nipple type. Day old chicks need chicks old Day nipple type. pressure is too high or the high too is pressure pressure is correct and a dry drip cup dry a and correct is pressure nipples can only be pushed up to access access to up pushed be only can nipples nipples should be a 360º dynamic 360º be a should nipples production. nipple pin to activate. nipple configurations on the market, one with and one nipple. Static nipple. nipple lines in a 12 to 14 m (39 to 46 ft) wide nipple lines in a 12 to 14 nipple is not working. production. rearing and nipples with a pin that is long enough and easily activated - dynamic activated and easily is long enough nipples with a pin that nipples - less expensive and considerably lower in quality. More leaking expensive nipples - less nipples - higher quality than standard nipples - higher quality than In brood/grow/lay houses, the houses, brood/grow/lay In static a never and in the first week. water and are difficult for chicks to activate Nipples to be spaced at 20 cm (7 7/8 in) centers to ensure enough ensure to centers in) 7/8 (7 cm 20 at spaced be Nipples to when using only 2 house. correct the install to very important It is 360⁰ or sideways activation of 2 g of force. The primary drinking system may be either The primary drinking in females be installed at the rate of one per 75 Bell drinkers should rearing and per Nipple rate of 8 to 10 females at the drinkers should be installed nipple for

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ It is essential to provide easy access to fresh, clean water from day old so that easy access to fresh, clean water from It is essential to provide Water Management Water Turned machining and an easier Too much water in the drip cups indicates drip cups the in water much Too the indicates drip cup moist A low. too is indicates that the options: Nipple types have 2 different manufacturing Stamped by day old chicks. issues and often more difficult to activate There are currently 2 currently are There of assessment visual of advantage the offer cups Drip cups. drip without COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 70 WATER MANAGEMENT and birdbehavior in eachhouse.In are keytoprevent shortages.Alwaysperform Birds willconsume mostoftheirdailywaterrequirements 2to3hoursaftereating.Adrop inconsumptioncouldindicatearestrictionorsupply issue.Adequatewaterstorageandsupply capacity blockages, strayvoltage),water quality,andbird healthstatus. in daily water consumption, evaluate the reason(s). Possible items to investigate include: feed (quality and amount consumed), temperature, minerals in combination can formscaleordeposits that will compromise Calcium and magnesium in the water are measured by hardness. These 50 to 40 microns. Thefiltershouldbecheckedandcleanedatleastweekly. of a mesh with filter a using supply water the filter to advisable is It controls. effective are chlorination and systems filtration concern, a is iron consumption. In addition,these Iron and manganese tend to give water a bitter taste that may decrease and sodium, for example), they are very sensitive to the presence of others. Although breedersaretolerantofhigherlevelssome 7.1 should beabletodrinkwiththeirfeetflatonthefloor. drink. Birdsshouldneverhavetojumpreachwater.They neck slightlyandshouldneverhavetolowertheirheads Adjust Drinker heightrecommendations MineralContent drinker heightasthebirdsgrowsotheystretchtheir Animal WelfareTips rearing, birds will drink more on the “on-feed” days than the “off-feed” days. In days. “off-feed” the than days “on-feed” the on more drink will birds rearing, minerals support the growth of crop checkduring weekly minerals, ( weighing after feeding, to evaluate whether > 90 % of the birds have soft crops. Evaluate daily total water consumption weighing afterfeeding, toevaluatewhether>90%of thebirdshavesoftcrops.Evaluate daily totalwaterconsumption bacteria. If should beatchickeyelevel. At calcium placement, nipple pin levels mayindicatesewageorfertilizercontamination. from drinkingwater. Unfortunately, there are currently no cost-effective options for nitrate removal Breeder performance can be impededbyas little as 10 ppm of before asalt-based,watersoftenerproductisused. calcium and magnesium impacts. However, sodium levels should be assessed systems. a of effectiveness the Water softeners can be incorporated into a system to mitigate rearing and laying houses, if there are any dramatic and unexpected changes rearing andlaying houses,ifthereareanydramaticand unexpectedchanges 45-degree angletothe head isata At day2andbeyond,adjustheightsothatthebird’s Water shouldbetestedfor drinker system. This isespeciallytrueofclosed drinker maintenance ( nipple. nitrates because elevated pressure, flow rate, leaks, air air leaks, rate, flow nitrates. drinker COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 71 WATER MANAGEMENT pH chlorine 4 0 90 79 52 28 10 % Hypochlorite Ion - OCI The ORP meter can be a useful tool for tool useful a be can meter ORP The adequate and maintaining identifying overusing chlorine supplies without chlorine. chlorine and is the purest form of purest form chlorine and is the pH providing a good option as a water disinfection water program is between 5 to 6.5 10 21 48 72 90 96 chlorine include: 100 pH for a % Hypochlorus Acid - HOCI pH on the ratio of hypochlorus (HOCL) to chloric Ion (OCL) pH on the ratio of hypochlorus (HOCL) 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.0 8.5 pH Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, household bleach) increases water (NaOCl, household bleach) increases Sodium hypochlorite as a water sanitizer. so it is a poor option % available 90 which contains triazinetrione) Trichlor (trichoro-s slowly releases chlorine and is in the form of tablets and reduce water These over time. sanitizer. % 100 as is available Chlorine gas in its use. chlorine, but it can be dangerous and is restricted Impact of

The ideal drinking water The most common sources of The most common sources ✓ ✓ ✓ chlorine sanitizers to sanitizers chlorine pH bacteria and other organic material present, present, material organic other and bacteria pH without tainting chlorine. In this case, this In chlorine. pH of 5.0 to 6.5. This to 6.5. 5.0 pH of chlorine levels of 4 to 6 ppm, chlorine levels of 4 to pH value below 7.0 indicates below 7.0 pH value chlorine is present mainly as chloric ions, which have chlorine available to act as a sanitizer. chlorine test kits do not distinguish between free and bound free between distinguish not do kits test chlorine pH can be reduced by using inorganic acids. Without proper water Without acids. inorganic reduced by using be pH can chlorine residual levels are not considered useful as sanitizers unless sanitizers as useful considered not are levels residual chlorine chlorine to properly disinfect the water. chlorine to properly pH above 8.0, the chlorine. there is at least 85 % hypochlorous acid present. there is at least 85 % hypochlorous acid present. Chlorine is most effective when used in water with a with water in used when effective most is Chlorine which are a active hypochlorous ions percentage of in a greater level results strong sanitizer. reduce water sodium bisulfate Inorganic acids such as the water. Free Swimming pool Swimming indicate test kits might chlorine. Although these with bound could still be present organic load heavy a there is no free negatively affect water consumption and are discouraged. negatively affect water consumption and pH impacts water quality and the potential effectiveness of disinfectants such as At a very little sanitizing quality. on a scale of 1.0 to 14.0 with 7.0 being neutral. A neutral. being with 7.0 14.0 to 1.0 of scale a on an alkaline. an acid while numbers above 7.0 indicates water reducing thus bitterness, causing by taste impact can 8.0 pH above consumption. water High bacterial growth. Organic acids can also organic acids can promote sanitation, pH is the measure of how many hydrogen ions are in solution and is measured of how many pH is the measure

pH ✓ ✓ ✓ Chlorine ✓ Another important factor is the ORP value of the water which refers to the property of property the to refers which water the of ORP value the is factor important Another viruses, destroys and kills oxidizer strong A oxidizer. strong a be quality good indicates mV or greater 650 of range the in An ORP value microbiologically safe. water leaving will most likely overwhelm the organic load that mV, indicates a heavy such as 250 value, water. The lower the ability of Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) chlorination value chlorination Potential (ORP) Oxidation-Reduction ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 72 WATER MANAGEMENT into thetanktopreventmicrobialcontaminationandgrowth. growth of elements inthewater. (TDS), which are the total concentration of all dissolved of concentrations different with provides guidelines for the suitability for poultry water section in the table on the right.) The following table in poultry effects harmful causing for responsible contaminants High levelsofTDSarethemostcommonlyfound the primary components that contribute to TDS. in water. salinity, indicates levels of inorganic ions dissolved Measurement of 7.3 ✓ ✓ ✓ contamination can be introduced from the original water source and at any point in the water delivery system. If an effective water is important, as high levels can cause Chronically poorperformance may indicate contaminated water andrequiresimmediate testing. When testing water, evaluating the total coliform bacterialcount 7.2 Test thewaterifthereis(are)

premises a person oranimal that becomes sick from waterborne flooding thathasoccurrednearthewell a noticeablechangeincolor,odorortaste TotalDissolvedSolids MicrobialContamination Calcium, magnesium and sodium salts are bacteria willreadilyoccur. production (as shown in the comments total dissolvedsolids(TDS),or total dissolvedsolids Water storagetanks are commontoensure there isanadequate water supplyduringpeakusage. Treatthewaterbeforepouring disease. Assessing the total More than10,000 7,000 to10,000 5,000 to6,999 3,000 to4,999 1,000 to2,999 Less than1,000 TDS -ppm disease on the bacteria with a plate count will reflect the effectiveness of the water the of effectiveness the reflect will count plate a with bacteria Suitability ofwaterwithdifferentconcentrations Water shouldnotbeusedforany livestockorpoultry. Water unfitforpoultrybutmaybesuitableotherlivestock. production orincreased type ofproblem,especiallyattheupperlimits,wheredecreased growthand Water notsuitableforanyclassofpoultry.Willalmostalways cause some droppings, increased Water notsuitableforanyclassofpoultry.Cancausewatery (especially athigherlevels)butwithnoeffectonhealthorperformance. Water suitableforanyclassofpoultry.Itmaycausewaterydroppings Water suitableforanyclassofpoultry. Comments ✓ ✓ ✓

a majorlossofflowor flocks thathavepersistentlypoorperformance maintenance onthewatersupplysystem mortality, anddecreasedgrowth. mortality probablywilloccur. pressure inwatersystem total dissolvedsolids(TDS) sanitation programisnotinplace, sanitation program. Microbial COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 73 WATER MANAGEMENT biofilm sterilize drinker line Biofilms and organic material can build up in water lines over time leading to reduced water flow. drinker line. cleaning solution appears, then close the end tap. cleaning solution appears, drinker line drinker cleaning solution stand for at least 12 hours. cleaning solution stand cleaning chemical. Raise each fill the drinking system. Allow the solution to Let the After draining the system, flush the system thoroughly to remove and Turn on the tap at the end of the drinking line and let the water run through run water the let and line drinking the of end the at tap the on Turn until the bacteria and viruses and bacteria 7. 8. 9. 6. 10. biofilm. As a result, special attention to internal to attention special result, a As biofilm. cleaning program can provide protection against microbial against provide protection program can cleaning vaccination (doser) tanks. vaccination (doser) tanks. vaccination (doser) tank and scrub it clean. If using using If scrub it clean. and tank (doser) vaccination nipple by using an open flame for 10 seconds (always take extra precaution when using an open flame). Never use a chemical to a chemical use Never flame). open an using when precaution extra take (always seconds 10 for flame open an using by nipple cleaning solution into the water system. cleaning solution into cleaning solution to the manufacturer’s recommendation. recommendation. manufacturer’s the to solution cleaning sanitation and water line water and sanitation Water Testing Water Sanitation and System Cleanout Water Sanitation Drinking System Cleanout Between Flocks Cleanout Between System Drinking

Make sure protective clothing and eyewear are worn when using chemicals. using worn when are eyewear and clothing protective sure Make Introduce the Determine the capacity of the drinking system. the capacity of the drinking Determine and Drain drinking system remove possible, Where tank, drain and clean. a gravity fed header the Prepare nipple as it may affect the sample. In lieu of an open flame, run the water for a few minutes before taking the sample. nipple as it may affect the sample. In lieu of an open flame, run the water for a few 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 7.6 a of end the and at well house the both be collected at should Samples yearly. least but at periodic basis a on be performed should testing water General using a sterile container and analyzed at an accredited laboratory (see following page for specifications of mineral contents present inwater samples). When taking the sample. the water sample, it is important not to contaminate and probiotics) can all contribute to the growth of a of growth the to contribute all can probiotics) and of any of these products. cleanliness should be initiated after the use Products containing hydrogen peroxide are proven effective at removing biofilms in water lines. Potassium non- are caroate) potassium and monopersulfate, potassium KMPS, MPS, as known (also peroxymonosulfate against biofilms. chlorine oxidizers that are also effective A regular water source immediate an be not may biofilms While lines. water in biofilms slimy of buildup the and contamination of problems to birds, once established in water lines, biofilms provide protectionvarious of use The microorganisms. for source food a material, trap organic also can They disinfectants. from for antibiotics stabilizers, vaccine vaccines, acid, organic electrolytes, vitamins, (ex: poultry products in water lines 7.5 7.4 Water sampling technique tap or the end of Sterilize the a COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 74 WATER MANAGEMENT Contaminant, mineralorion Naturally occurringelements Total hardness(CaandMg) Acidity ( Bacteria Table provided byDr.Susan Watkins,Department ofPoultry Science,University ofArkansas. Manganese (Mn) Magnesium (Mg) pH) Coliform Total Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Chloride (Cl) Copper (Cu) Lead (Pb) Iron (Fe) Nitrate Sulfate Zinc bacteria bacteria Level Considered 60 to180mg/L 0.002 mg/L 0.01 mg/L 125 mg/L 6.8 to7.5 0 CFU/ml 0 CFU/ml Average 0.2 mg/L 32 mg/L 10 mg/L 14 mg/L 14 mg/L 60 mg/L N/A 0 Maximum Acceptable See comments 100 CFU/ml 0.05 mg/L 0.02 mg/L 250 mg/L 125 mg/L 250 mg/L 0 CFU/ml 1.5 mg/L 0.3 mg/L 0.6 mg/L 50 mg/L 25 mg/L Level N/A 7.6 alkalinity whichmaycausereducedwaterconsumptioninpoultrydueto“bitter”taste. exposure). pH below5canbeharmfulto Presence ofanyfecalcoliformmeanswaterisunfitforconsumptionbypoultryorhumans. resulting inreducedconsumptionbybirds. present butitincreasestheriskofpathogenicorganisms.High Total Bacteriaisanindicatorofsystemcleanliness,highnumbersdonotindicateharmful No knownissues. oxidation. levels, hydrogenperoxideispreferred sinceitrequiresanalmost2to1ratioofsanitizersulfate for treatment withhydrogenperoxide, of gooddailywater producing Sulfates cancauseflushingin birds. Ifrotteneggodorpresentinwater,thenhydrogensulfide as hydrogenperoxideoriodinetopreventmicrobialgrowth. lower dietarysaltlevels,blendingwithnon-salinewater.Keep watercleanandusedailysanitizerssuch damage reproductivetractinbreederbirdscausingshellquality issues.Treatment-reverseosmosis, Salty watercanpromotethegrowthof When combinedwithhighchloridelevels,createssalinewater thatcanactasalaxativecausingflushing. be removedwithreverseosmosis. blood hemoglobin.Presenceof If chlorine, bird, manganesemayinterferewithcopperuptakeandutilization. Treatmentincludesoxidationwith Can causeblackgrainyresidueonfiltersanddrinkers.Manganese canpromotebacterialgrowth.Inthe Higher levelsofMgmaycauseflushingduetolaxativeeffectparticularlyifhighsulfatearepresent. Long termexposurecancauseweakbonesand filtration. coli Birds tolerantofironmetallictastebuthighcausesleakingdrinkersandpromotesthegrowth as hydrogenperoxideoriodinetopreventmicrobialgrowth. lower dietarysaltlevels,blendingwithnon-salinewater.Keepwatercleanandusedailysanitizerssuch damage reproductivetractinbreederbirdscausingshellqualityissues.Treatment-reverseosmosis, Salty watercanpromotethegrowthof When combinedwithhighsodiumlevels,createssalinewaterthatcanactasalaxativecausingflushing. water softener,polyphosphatesoracidifiertopreventscaling. No upperlimitfor water; 121to180mg/L-hard;and>180veryhard. Hardness ofwaterisclassifiedasfollows:0to60mg/L-softwater;61120-moderatelyhard Hardness causesscalewhichcanreducepipevolumeandmakedrinkershardtotriggerorleak. nitrates converttonitrites,poorgrowthandfeedconversion can occurduetothenitritesbinding and Pseudomonas chlorine dioxideorozoneata bacteria arepresentandsystem willrequireshockchlorinationaswelltheestablishment pH above8impactstheeffectivenessofwatersanitizersandisalsoassociatedwithhigh calcium, birdsareverytolerantof sanitation program.Sulfatescan beremovedbyaeratingwaterintoaholdingtank, . Treatmentincludesoxidationwith drinker equipmentbycausingcorrosiontometalcomponents(longterm nitrates mayindicatefecalcontaminationsoalsotestfor chlorine or Comments andTreatments Enterococci Enterococci pH of8followedbyfiltration.Greensandfiltrationisanoption. chlorine dioxidethenfiltration. Withelevatedsulfate fertility problemsinbreeders. which maycauseentericissues.Salinewatercan which maycauseentericissues.Salinewatercan calcium. Ifvaluesareabove110mg/lmayrequire chlorine, bacteria levelscanimpacttasteofwater chlorine dioxideorozonefollowedby bacteria. Can bacteria are E. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 75 automatic 8 BODYWEIGHT CONTROL, WEIGHING AND ANALYSIS WEIGHING AND CONTROL, BODYWEIGHT rearing are based on bodyweight rearing are based on egg weight. Accurate feed amounts can only be amounts Accurate feed egg weight. scales (as shown in illustrations). uniformity. Bodyweight targets are achieved by controlling by controlling are achieved targets Bodyweight uniformity. Feed amounts during during Feed amounts production and rearing, chicks can be weighed in bulk by hand or by using In determined if the bodyweight is measured accurately every week. determined if the bodyweight is measured The objective of bodyweight control is to rear all the birds The objective of bodyweight to the target weight with good for age feed allowances. two factors these on based are they lay in whereas maintenance, and gain including egg production rearing and ensure that the that ensure and rearing uniformity. rearing. Once a good feeding profile is determined, the second the determined, is profile feeding good a Once rearing. condition at 20 weeks of age. condition at 20 weeks the birds’ bodyweights are kept between 98 and 102 % of the standard. If standard. the % of 102 and 98 between kept are birds’ bodyweights the amounts feed the standard the from much too deviates bodyweight the g 3 to 1 from ranging increments small or down in up adjusted be should 2 to 3 takes lb/100 birds). Again, be aware that feed change to 0.66 (0.22 weeks to be realized in feed restricted birds. bodyweight change. Therefore, frequent increases and decreases in feed in decreases and increases frequent Therefore, change. bodyweight can which bodyweights fluctuating in result and confusing be can change induce stress and affect flock with regime feeding proven and pre-determined a according to Feed specific feed specifications.The birds are fed based on a program and Feed according to the Cobb bodyweight profile that is specific in be detected to weeks 3 to 2 takes change feed a that aware breed. Be for the the first concept in which the feed amount is determined by thebodyweight development in Using both in general. it easier on management concept can be used making in meeting and success results will give more consistent methods targets. The two described feeding methods may be used together. Initially, follow Initially, together. used be may methods described feeding two The 2. There are 2 recommended ways to feed a flock in flock a feed to ways recommended 2 are There birds are in 1. Bodyweight Control, Weighing and Analysis Weighing and Control, Bodyweight COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 76 BODYWEIGHT CONTROL,WEIGHINGANDANALYSIS should becarefully placedonthe that so movement) minimal and flapping (no calm kept be should Birds developed). fully is structure If basis. Itisadvantageous to useelectronic The 8.1 % of the females and 10 % of the males or 50 birds as a minimum to guarantee a representative sample. To increase accuracy of the sampling, use a weighing birds by hand with a hanging scale, birds should be securely suspended by both legs (any age) or both wings (preferably only birds that are >11 to 12 weeks of age when the skeletal An illustrationofasuspendedplatformstyle scales used to measure bodyweight must have a capacity of maximum 5 kg (11.02 lb) and be accurate to +/- 20 g (0.05 lb). Scales must be calibrated on a regular HandWeighing Animal WelfareTips automatic scales. litter and not dropped directly from the suspended scale. litter andnotdropped directlyfromthesuspendedscale. scales with aprintoutcapability.Thiswillreducehuman error andassistthe 8.2 and keepingthebirdsclosetostandardbodyweight. also important to determine if the feeding program isworking average the bodyweight ontheappropriatechartanduse this datatocalculate thefeedamount for thefollowingdays. It is Plot distribution. weight flock the as well as weight average the calculate and weight each Record Continue and do not reject any weights, except for sexing errors. After each bird is weighed, release the bird into the house. birds, small morerepresentative including pen, catch the inside sample individually bird oftheflock. every Weigh for sample flock Forcing birds into the pen or selectively the main and back.Weeklysampleweightsmustberepresentative of thewholehouse. Do notplaceacatchframe near do not randomly pickupandweighbirds.Place bodyweight. mean population the of % 30 to 25 +/- between set normally but thereis no clear advantage for either. The scale range is automatic On average, 100 females will step on the scale per hour. The or 9AMwithfeedingstartingateither8:019:01AM. the lightsturnonat7AM,then are taken for 1to2hour(s) prior tofeeding. As anexample: if over a specific time period each day. Typically, measurements weighing equipmentandsoftware. They can beuseddailyand Automatic Automatic Weighing hopper areabecausebirdsinthistendtoweighaboveaverage fromeatingfeedthe weighing untilthepenisempty. scales are becoming more popular with improved scales are either a suspended or fixed platform, fixed or suspended a either are scales weighing. Instead, the catch frame should be placed to allow the birds to freely enter the pen for a weighing. Instead,thecatchframeshouldbeplacedtoallowbirdsfreelyenterpenfora scales operatefrom7to8AM weighing can be completed quickly and efficiently. Upon completion of completion Upon efficiently. and quickly completed be can weighing catching birds and placing them in a pen can result in a non-representative catching birds and placing them in apen can result in anon-representative catching frames at set locations across the barn –front, middle weighing team. At 3weeksandolder,weigh An illustrationofafixedstyle scales. weighing, the bird weighing, thebird catching pen, hopper. automatic COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 77 weighing weighing a mix slats will give a will give slats scales.

BODYWEIGHT CONTROL, WEIGHING AND ANALYSIS WEIGHING AND CONTROL, BODYWEIGHT Bodyweight (lb) Bodyweight 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 placement on the the on placement 21 20 weighing can cause misguided average misguided average weighing can cause scales: 19 18 production is important to prevent 17 weighing males. automatic 16 production heavier females tend to avoid 15 placement in placement 14 peak scales can be used until 30 to 35 weeks of age with good accuracy. with good accuracy. age of weeks to 35 30 until used be can scales 13 condition at 20 weeks of age. Scale Scale breeders. female and male of better representation of female weights. increase can systems scale with automated bird handling Less nervousness in a flock. Auto After and Will require personnel familiar with data collection, analyzing computing technology. Not suitable for weighing (green) data.

12 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Disadvantages of ✓ 11 10 Age in weeks 9 8 Bodyweight in Rearing 7 6 5 4 automatic daily (blue) and weekly hand 3 weighing. 2 uniformity. Auto Manual BW Standard biosecurity and labor cost. hopper and the bodyweight increased compared with the fixed position of the auto scale. The differences in bodyweight Example of 1 weighing data (blue dots) consistently follow the weekly bodyweight standard. At 16 and 17 weeks of age, hand age, of weeks 17 and At 16 standard. bodyweight weekly the follow consistently dots) (blue data weighing 0 0 600 400 200 800

2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 weighing was done near the auto scale. This is a clear example how location changes in hand how location changes is a clear example This scale. auto the weighing was done near Bodyweight (grams) Bodyweight automatic scales: scales located among several houses. automatic Ideal for houses without pens. deviations from the standard – indication of to any Quick response possible feeding equipment or distribution problems. Data is more consistent compared with hand Less labor – an advantage in terms of If using pens, calculate weighted average Daily weights available and graphically represented. Most modern house modern Most graphically represented. and available Daily weights data. bodyweight of analysis and collection for software have controllers Many suppliers offer stand-alone computer systems which can collect data from up to 8

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Advantages of ✓ ✓ bodyweights that result in changes in the feeding program, potentially affecting conditioning of the females. This is particularly important for flocks between 16and schedule is required to get the females in the right 20 weeks of age when a fixed development In the graph above, the daily, the above, graph the In feed main the near done was dots) (green hand the were corrected when COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 78 deviates 5gfromthestandard calculation,itisaquickandefficientestimate. 44 and67orbetween580 600g.Thenaveragetheseweights(590g).Althoughthis calculation ofthebirdnumbers (lastcolumnoftable)tofindbird#50whichisbetween middle ofthesample.(Inabove example,themiddlebirdwillbe#50).Makeacumulative Another waytoquicklycalculate theaverageflockbodyweightistofindbirdin Average weightperbird=595g(1.31lb) Total weightof100birds=59.5kg(131lb) Using thechartabove,averageweightwascalculated: Average Bodyweight BODYWEIGHT CONTROL,WEIGHINGANDANALYSIS outside 10%of outside 10%of average weight average weight Average Target +10 % -10 % 8.3 Analysis ofBreederBodyweight Below isanexampleofabodyweightrecordingchart

Date: Number Sampled: Number ofBirds/Pen: House/Pen Reference: Age: 720 700 680 660 640 620 600 580 560 540 520 500 480 460 g 1.59 1.54 1.50 1.46 1.41 1.37 1.32 1.28 1.23 1.19 1.15 1.10 1.06 1.01 lb X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X _/ 100 XX XX 35 days X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X . X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Percentagewithin+/-10%ofaverageweight: AverageWeight g(lb):

Coefficient of Variation( Target Weight g(lb): Standard Deviation coefficient ofvariationinbodyweight weight, expressed eitherintermsofaverage bird A low The coefficient of variation ( Coefficient ofVariation( band +/-twostandarddeviationseithersideoftheaveragebodyweight. a in fall will birds individual the of % 95 approximately flock, normal a In mean). (the value The Standard Deviation(SD) X X X X standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed around the average CV indicates a uniform flock. A high A flock. uniform a indicates CV X X X X (35.7 g÷595g)X100=6 (Standard deviation (g)÷averagebodyweight) X 100= Using thedataabove, X X X X X X X CV): X X X CV) CV) iscommonlyusedtodescribe variabilitywithinapopulation. X X CV wascalculated: X X X X CV indicates an uneven flock. Variation can be can Variation flock. uneven an indicates CV X 90% 35.7 595(1.31) 600(1.32) 6.0 X standard deviationofbodyweight, or X Number of birds 10 17 23 20 15 2 4 5 3 1 CV Cumulative Number of birds 100 98 94 84 67 44 24 9 4 1 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 79 Average Uniform Evaluation BODYWEIGHT CONTROL, WEIGHING AND ANALYSIS WEIGHING AND CONTROL, BODYWEIGHT Poor Uniformity uniformity results from careful careful from results uniformity 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 CV (%) uniformity) Coefficient of variation Coefficient cleanup time (less than 30 minutes) feeder height 85 79 56 52 50 47 90 73 68 64 58 95 stocking ventilation and extreme temperatures feed uniformity problems Poor Poor lighting (distribution or Over of the house Uneven bird distribution over the length Incorrect bird numbers or pen drift Disease or parasitic infections Incorrect same time) Irregular feeding times (always feed at the Fast % Uniformity

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ uniformity uniformity percentage. feed distribution (feed not distribution (feed feed Common factors leading to bodyweight Common factors leading to bodyweight uniformity nipples for bird age Maintaining Good Uniformity Too high or too low energy feeds and not balanced with protein and Too high or too low energy amino acid profile Incorrect or variable pellet size Mixing day old chicks sourced from parents with extreme age differences age extreme with parents from sourced chicks old day Mixing Incorrect Insufficient water supply or availability standard Beak conditioning, if not performed at a high or poor amounts feed space, Incorrect feeding making a complete loop) Subtract the total number of birds that are outside the 10 % range from the from % range 10 the outside are that birds of total number the Subtract number is expressed as flock 100 birds sampled. This Count the number of birds that are in the 10 % range on either side of the side of either on % range 10 are in the birds that number of the Count of the 100-bird sample. average bodyweight

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ A uniform parent breeder flock will be easier to manage and will produce more chicks per hen housed than an uneven flock. Good attention to detail. 100 birds sampled - 10 birds total outside the 10 % range = 90 % 100 birds sampled - 10 birds total outside 8.4 2. the previous page as an example: Using the data from total outside the 10 % range 6 birds (+ 10 %) + 4 birds (- 10 %) = 10 birds Uniformity Uniformity is a measure of the variability of bird weight in a flock and is measured of variation. the average bodyweight and/or by coefficient by weight +/- 10 % of To calculate flock 1. Uniformity COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 80 BODYWEIGHT CONTROL,WEIGHINGANDANALYSIS Bodyweight (grams) Bodyweight (grams) 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 200 400 600 800 0 0 situations: Prevent frequent feed change that creates a jagged growth curve. The following examples illustrate the way in which corrective action should be taken in four different but also maximize to the growth rate of the flock must ensure that the females will still achieve the necessary body There will be occasions when flocks are not on the bodyweight target. Any corrective actions should be done with long term rather than short term goals. Adjustments 8.5 1 1 Troubleshooting BodyweightControl 2 2 3 3 4 4 peak 5 5 6 6 production and persist for the life of the flock. Adjustments in feed allocations take several days to be realized as change in flock weight. flock in change as realized be to days several take allocations feed in Adjustments flock. the of life the for persist and production 7 7 8 8 Flockweight off target after 10 weeks Flock weight off target at 5 weeks 5 at target off weight Flock 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 Age in weeksAge in Age in weeksAge in 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 condition and weight gains to allow them to not only sexually mature 24 24 25 25 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 7.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Bodyweight (lb) Bodyweight (lb) standard targetby70days(10weeks)ofage. Action (0.25 lb). Problem standard targetby8weeksofage. Action lb). Problem standard targetby84days(12weeks)ofage. Action weight. Problem standard targetby63days(9weeks)ofage. Action Problem of age. of age. Bodyweight shouldreturntostandard by25weeks to standardtargetweightsthrough 21weeks. Action Problem achieve standardtargetby16weeksofage. Action Problem Flock weightofftargetat10weeks Flock weightofftargetat5weeks -Redrawtargetbodyweighttograduallyachieve - Redraw target bodyweight to gradually achieve - Redrawtargetbodyweighttograduallyachieve - Redrawtargetbodyweighttograduallyachieve - Redrawtargetbodyweighttograduallyachieve - Redraw target bodyweight parallel - Redrawtargetbodyweightparallel - Redraw target bodyweight to gradually - Redrawtargetbodyweighttogradually - Birds are over weight by less than 100 g (0.25 -Birdsareoverweightbylessthan100g(0.25 -Birdsaremorethan100g(0.22lb)under -Birds100g(0.22lb)orlessunderweight. -Birdsareoverweight100g(0.22 lb). - Birds are 100 g (0.22 lb) under weight. -Birdsare100g(0.22lb)underweight. - Birds are over weight by more than 100 g - Birdsareoverweightbymorethan100g COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 81 - - - production, there production. photo stimulation by 1 week. BODYWEIGHT CONTROL, WEIGHING AND ANALYSIS WEIGHING AND CONTROL, BODYWEIGHT - Birds are 100 g (0.22 lb) under - Birds are over weight 100 g (0.25 - Birds are over weight 100 g (0.25- Birds are over weight - Birds are 100 g (0.22 lb) under - Birds are 100 g (0.22 - Delay - Redraw target bodyweight parallel to - Redraw target bodyweight to grad - Redraw target bodyweight - Redraw target bodyweight parallel to - Redraw target bodyweight

Flock weight off target at 20 weeks Problem weight. Action Redraw target bodyweight parallel to stan dard target until 5 % daily after bodyweight will progress in response to feed increases for Problem lb). Action standard target weights throughout.

Flock weight off target at 15 weeks off target at Flock weight Problem weight. Action target by 133 to 140ually achieve standard age. days (19 to 20 weeks) of Problem lb). Action through 22 weeks.standard targets weights

Bodyweight (lb) Bodyweight Bodyweight (lb) Bodyweight 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 25 25 24 24 23 23 22 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 13 13 Age in in Age weeks Age in in Age weeks 12 12 11 11 10 10 9 9 Flock weight off target at 20 weeks Flock weight off target at 15 weeks 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 200 800 600 400

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 200 800 600 400

1600 1400 1200 1000 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800

Bodyweight (grams) Bodyweight Bodyweight (grams) Bodyweight COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 82 METHODS FORGRADINGBREEDERS should beclassifiedinheavy,mediumandlightweightcomparedtotheaverageweight.Donotdelay competition for feed from a very early age. The subsequent 100 % flock gradings should take place at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of age or when Perform a 100 % deviations. categories can bemanaged back tostandard.Sortingbirdsintocategories can bedoneafter taking individual weights and calculating is uniformity at 4 weeks of age will prevent severe feed restrictions or increasing feed amounts during the maintenance period. An important tool to improve and weight correct the at flock the have to important very is It of theoffspring. % 50 for responsible are but flock the of % 10 only represent Males and, ingeneral, should be 5%higherin water weekly basisandenough drinking wateravailablewiththecorrect distribution overthe whole house, constant feed increases on a enough important to have the basic management criteria correct including: Regardless ofthenumbergradingsdonein more timetocorrectany and 28 days of age. Performing a markets, if only1 some regions,thecostoflaborprohibitsmultiplegradings.In these to obtain and maintain age. It is clear that if gradings are performed early, it is possible performed at an earlier age, for example, at 3, 7 and 11 weeks of be diminished. It may be helpful to evaluate the results of Methods forGradingBreeders grading. Gradingistheprocessof pressure. Males follow the same feeder space,fast weighing and grading can be done, the best ageisbetween 21 uniformity equal to or greater than 80 %. In uniformity issues. feed distribution (in the dark), good bird feed distribution(inthedark),goodbird grading when the flock is 7 to 14 days old. This allows the birds to be grouped by weights and feed consumption, which controls which consumption, feed and weights by grouped be to birds the allows This old. days 14 to 7 is flock the when grading grading at this age will provide sorting individual birds into categoriesbasedonbodyweight(superlight,average, sorting individualbirds heavy) withinrespective so thatbirds uniformity than the females. grading conceptas females rearing, itisvery grading uniformity by 4 weeks with a maximum of 5 % above or belowthe standard. Correct weights and high

Uniformity percentage (%) 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 72 75 3 Fieldresultsof 72 77 4 70 72 80 5 68 73 79 6 grading agesortheadvantageobtainedinfirst 65 73 81 7 Grading done Grading 74 63 82 8 uniformity curveswithandwithout 66 74 81 9 Age inweeks 10 74 64 80 11 62 73 83 No grading 12 74 59 84 13 54 73 85 uniformity is below65 %. Birds uniformity, 14 56 74 85 15 57 74 84 Feeding issues Feeding grading 16 55 75 86 CV andstandard 17 54 75 87 grading will 9 uniformity 18 87 56 74 19 58 75 88 20 56 75 89 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 83 METHODS FOR GRADING BREEDERS FOR GRADING METHODS cleaning. These smaller models are smaller These cleaning. grading) uniformity should be maintained fairly should be maintained uniformity feed intake issues and the flock is not uniform. Being sorting weighing and grading with machines is recommended for 2 gradings at 3 to 4 and 10 to 12 weeks of age, to for 2 gradings at 3 to 4 and 10 to 12 weeks is recommended grading with machines scales can record and store weights can record and store scales rearing period. Uniformity below 70 % indicates there are there % indicates 70 below Uniformity period. rearing grading by hand. Many digital Many grading by hand. rearing should be above 70 % (± 10 % variation of the mean) from 3 to 20 weeks. This weeks. 3 to 20 from mean) of the % variation (± 10 % be above 70 rearing should scales can also count the number of birds that were weighed and scales can also count the number of birds rearing well above 75%. rearing well above 75%. grading and typically requires less personnel grading include: uniformity in uniformity sorting the flock into groups can be programed to make grading by hand uniformity in grading machines scales are available for are available scales automatic grading chicks and birds grading chicks and birds age. In general, up to 20 weeks of Can be faster than hand 1500 to 3000 birds per hour Capacity based on models can grade from no mistakes with counting birds that are sorted into groups (a main issue of hand Sorts birds with exact weight ranges and

calculated. to the nearest gram, calculate an average weight, and display histograms of the weight distributions. to the nearest gram, calculate an average The cutoff values for Finally, digital and easier. faster the final number of birds in each group can be displayed on the scale. It is importantbe accurately cannot feed allocations the tothen accurate, is not group birds in each of number if the note that, If more information is needed, contact your Cobb representative to get information on the latest developments. If more information is needed, contact your Weighing and Digital hanging Advantages of ✓ ✓ ✓ There are a range of models on the market. A larger model is available and is suitable for companies with flocksof more than 300,000. This machine can vaccinate for easy steel of stainless models are readily mobile and constructed other smaller In contrast, to move. pullets but is not easy limited to maintain average constant or should increase towards the end of the of end towards the increase or should constant present at feeding is one of the most important times of the day. It is then that errors can be identified, and immediate adjustments can be made so that the flock continues to grow uniformly. Automatic The average minimum average The COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 84 METHODS FORGRADINGBREEDERS Grading procedure requirements withinthepens, floor, If bird. each for required space drinker floor, on based areas these of size the adjust partitions, and pens adjustable for Likewise, floor, on based pen per birds of number maximum the calculate to used be the cyclingofcoccidiavaccine. pen during placement for the Some houses have fixed pens or partitions, and in these houses, at least one pen should be left empty at CV, a4thgroup(superlight)canbeused. Cobb recommends CV or sample weight even if 1. Prior to Grading and be usedtoadjustthefeedallocationseachpen. Each pen should have an independent feeding system. If this is not possible, supplementary feeders can 600 to800birdsperpenbeingideal.Inhouseswith8,00010,000birds,smallpensarenotpractical. prepared. In this case, it is recommended that the number of birds per pen not exceed 1,000 birds with uniformity can diminish. In some settings where labor is readily available, multiple small pens can be Stocking working with+/- 1SDwillbemorenaturalforflock management conditions and without gradings the works with all flocks but can be very effective for flocks with poor 2000 would be average weight, while 500 would be light and 500 would be heavy. This approach the of % 16 remaining The flock will be + 1 SD and belong to the heavy group. Forflock. example, if there are 3,000 birds in a flock, the of % 16 contain will SD) 1 (- group light the and category, A. Use uniformity (seepage78).Therearetwowaystodeterminethe density is important for grading, a portion the flock (3 to 5 %) should be weighed. (It is recommended to collect a collect to recommended is (It weighed. be should %) 5 to (3 flock the portion a grading, sorting totransfersomeofthe standard deviation as a cutoff. In this way, 68 % of the flock will be placed in the average the in placed be will flock the of % 68 way, this In cutoff. a as deviation standard sorting process sorting process. sorting birds into 3 groups: heavy, average, and light. Depending on automatic sorting birdscanactuallycausemoreproblems! scales are being used). Determine the average, welfare and It isimportanttorememberthatifbirdsaremovedanempty If fixedpenorpartitionsarebeingused,thesizeofshould litter from the usedpentounusedfacilitate drinker and uniformity reasons. If pen uniformity will bearound 70 to 72 %. Therefore, uniformity. feeder space isnotadjustedtomeet bird sorting weights: uniformity. Normally, under good density levels are too high, feeder and standard deviation and uniformity and drinker space. feeder, and

Increasing Bird Numbers Increasing Bird Numbers variable amongthepopulation. and the weights of the birds are widely curve, In thebottom flock. uniform the in birds the among top curve, the weights areverysimilar Examples of Increasing BirdWeight Increasing BirdWeight 1 SD -1 NON- UNIFORMFLOCK UNIFORM FLOCK 1 SD -1 uniformity curves.Inthe MEAN MEAN uniformity ispoor, +1 SD +1 SD COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 85 MALE BREEDER MANAGEMENT MALE BREEDER >220 <180 <160 of 200 g) Example 220 to 180 (average weight (average grading. However, soon uniformity causes. Some producers Some causes. uniformity weighing. rearing as part of a standard protocol. For Compared to Compared uniformity above 90 % after average weight grading should be performed. In addition, determine addition, In performed. be should grading grading Less than 10 % of average weight Less than 10 % of average weight Less than 20 % of average More than 10 % of average weight More than 10 % of average Between +/- 10 % of average weight Between +/- 10 % of uniformity of the population across all pens drops to 65 % or 65 drops to all pens population across the of uniformity uniformity to decline to a typical level of 70 to 72 % as pecking % as to 72 70 of typical level to decline to a uniformity sorting and sorting sorting the flock. grading and sortings during grading and sortings sorting, grading and sortings, follow the same protocol as described. Heavy weight crop check can also help determine poor can also crop check Weight Average uniformity continues to decrease. Normally feed management issues are issues management Normally feed to decrease. continues uniformity category Super light Light weight grading, expect Feed allocations should never be reduced! Feed allocations should never be reduced! Keep in mind, that should be done conservatively. in feed amounts Any increases as competition for feed will be to increase feed amounts it may not be necessary reduced after Continue monitoring bodyweights with weekly

after re-established within sorted pens. (social) order and feed competition become If after the first additional an below, why the involved. A perform multiple subsequent Flock management after for each group based on number of birds and average allocations feed Calculate in correction curves bodyweight (see target bodyweight to bring bodyweight back on chapter 8). ✓ ✓ ✓ weight noted, As birds’ lives. the throughout present always is feed for Competition the separating by of feed consumption management enhances grading at an early age flock into specific weight categories and feeding back to standard bodyweight. Within sorted groups, it is common to see sorting. Light scales can sorting faster Average uniformity. Use this Use uniformity. Heavy CV), and Weighing Area weighing. scales can also count the number of birds scales can also count being sorted weighing, re-weigh a sample of birds from each pen after of birdseach sample from weighing, re-weigh a and sort birds into groups according to the table (right). to the table (right). into groups according and sort birds B. Using a plus or minus 10 % calculation can also be used to grade to be used also can % calculation 10 plus or minus a Using B. grading. Wrong bird numbers per pen are considered one of the major the of considered one per pen are Wrong bird numbers grading. errors seen with hand into each group. hand If 3. ( variation bodyweight, the average Calculate bodyweight bring the to allocations to feed adjustments data to determine birds per pen the recount practice to good a also is It target. the to back the correct feed allocation after to be sure the correct number of birds get 2. After the cutoff value has been calculated. Each bird should be weighed be should bird Each calculated. been has value cutoff the After 2. group (see diagram below). Digital and sorted into the correct be used to program cutoff values for each group tomake The and easier. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 86 MALE BREEDERMANAGEMENT housing ataround20weeksofage. important that the males achieve bodyweight targets according to the Cobb standard. For best results, the males should be reared separately from the females until A goodstartwhen 10.1 correlates withflock that factor important most single the is profile growth male The muscle. breast deposit to capacity and potential growth their controlling while system reproductive The key to obtaining good hatchability from today’s broiler breeders is to develop feeding and management programs that allow a correct development of the male’s Male BreederManagement Male Rearing rearing males is crucialforweight fertility. Malesshouldbeweighedatleastweeklyfromoneto30weeksofageandeveryotherweekthereafter. uniformity aswellgoodorganandskeletal development, which arecorrelatedwithfuture male abnormalities. crooked or bent faults that do not meet quality standards, including and removeanywithobvious visual (phenotypic) in the males/m² (2.5 to 3.0 ft²/male). Apply Male sexual development. will help to prevent oversized males and control their the bodyweight gain from 12 (puberty) to 20 weeks but male bodyweight can be overlooked. Controlling age. Grading males is more important than females, males back on standard bodyweight by 8 weeks of lightest males at 3to4weeks. Attempt togetthese to 0.33 lb) on bodyweight targetformales is 145 to 150 g (0.32 development occurring in the first 12 weeks. The 7-day growth curveoverthe Male frame size is strongly influenced by the bodyweight daily feed intake per bird. Separate the heaviest and density in hatchery. At8weeks of age, handle all males ad libitum rearing should be around 3.6 to 4.3 toes, skeletal abnormalities, and rearing period,withmostframe feed but monitor average 10 beak conditioning fertility. Itis beak COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 87 MALE BREEDER MANAGEMENT MALE BREEDER dominant with catching by the back, gently grasp the birds catching by the back, gently grasp the birds by the sides, that the heads and wings are not caught when the container is that the heads and wings are not caught closed. When wrap bird’s body and the against secure are wings sure making fingers on the sides of the bird’s breasts. Place the birds into the When damage. wing prevent to secured wings the keeping coops, and only feet birds by the grab should catchers feet, by the catching of the legs. to prevent bruising of the hock areas not the drumsticks leg, one wing, by the carried, or dragged lifted, be never Birds must be conducted in must Catching be thrown. never Birds must or neck. bird bird and does not cause injury. that minimizes stress a manner be taken care must illustration), in the shown If coops are used (as to prevent bird injury. Sliding coops along the floor may cause toe ensure coop to the top or lid of the closing care when Take injuries. dominant males. grading males and breaking the social order, the smaller and more timid males are provided with thegrading males and breaking the social order, the smaller and more timid males are provided with grading fleshing condition. pressure from the more automatic grading. Separate all grading. Separate fertility outcomes for all males. By dominant males at the top of the social order. These top males are not only larger (weight and fleshing) but tend to be socially be to tend but fleshing) and (weight larger only not are males top These order. social the of top the at males dominant synchronization and breed of males. In males. breed of and synchronization slats. Select only healthy males for the for males Select only healthy slats. welfare and future uniformity spiking programs. In floor operations a somewhat larger feeder system. This will reduce males stealing female feed and feed female stealing will reduce males This system. feeder Animal Welfare Tips production house 2 to 3 days earlier than the females to help familiarize help to females the than earlier days 3 to 2 production house uniformity and to optimize Transferring Males to Production HousesTransferring Males to slats, and 9 to 10 % in houses without and 9 to 10 % in houses slats, to maintain opportunity to grow and develop with additional feed and will have less hierarchical Hierarchy in a chicken flock often involves larger, more larger, involves often flock chicken a in Hierarchy their behavior. This is particularly apparent during feeding time. Observing flock behavior, evaluating breast fleshing, and assessing wing resistance on males from 16 to 20 weeks are important Maintaining male Maintaining will be mixed and the social order is changed again. Consider using Consider again. order is changed social will be mixed and the It is quicker and often more exact. machines to grade males. From 16 to 20 weeks the social order is established, and male flocks order and recover in order to break the social 16 weeks, uniformity quickly. At tend to lose fleshing additional an consider males, lighter the with uniformity the males that have a fleshing of 2 or lower and adjust the feed to increase flocks female and male the age of weeks 21 to 20 At age. of weeks 20 by 2.5 to scores severely overweight should not be transferred and should be removed and humanely severely overweight should not be transferred heavy moderately and population weight average remaining the Keep euthanized. in use future for males stability and create which can oversized, is not muscle breast if the be used can male fertility problems. The male to female ratio will depend on sexual ratio will depend on to female male The ratio of 8 to 9 % in houses for a female/male males select enough at transfer, general, with ideal bodyweight and body the have should males These matings. initial or extremely are etc.), skeletal, (developmental, defects quality have that males Any For males reared in environmentally controlled houses it is a good practice to transfer it is a good practice controlled houses reared in environmentally For males the to males with their males the improve bodyweight control. 10.2 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 88 MALE BREEDERMANAGEMENT in lowerinitialhatches andpossible Any severestress ordropinbodyweight,even stagnationofgrowthfrom16to 22weeksofage,willresultinunderdeveloped andlessuniform testesinthemalesandresult ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ To controlandpreventmale while malesarealreadyexhibitingmatingbehaviorat23to24weeksofage. Poor sexual Managing malesthatexhibitdomination(aggressive)behaviors Key Point

female sexual development and comb size allowing them to steal feed from the light intensity used in If males are transferred early to the rearing andoptimizesexual intensity to 5 lux (0.5 fc) to help slowdownsexual maturation during If malesarebeingrearedonhigher bodyweight gapwiththefemales. correct Oversized males (long shanks) will needmorebodyweighttoattain the light themales. Photo stimulate the males at the same time as the females – donotpre- 4 weekstopreventmalesfrombecomingoversizedat1220weeks. first the in bodyweight male control strictly example, For age. of weeks sexual evaluating means to correctthe male bodyweight curvefrom12 to 20 toimprove how consider flocks future For increase themaleratioby1%perweekthereafter. Gradually introduce males after start of house conditions. Reduce the male ratio to5%andkeepthe remaining males in darker to ahouseaftertransferwithfemalesalreadypresent. extra timetomature, butmales will needanadditional weektoacclimate ahead of the females in terms of sexual maturity. This will givethe females Males can be transferred a few days after females if they are considerably feeder. synchronization is theprimaryreason for displaysofovertmaledominance behavior (aggression). These females tend tostart condition after 16 weeks of age which can further increase the rearing. However, early transfer can delay male synchronization withfemales. dominant (aggressive)behaviors fertility challenges throughoutthe production house maintain the same light intensity(10lux;1fc),reduce production (> 10 %) and gradually synchronization by production period. surrounded bymalesorstayonthe When males exhibit Males and females should be distributed around the house (as seen in the photo). ✓

Prevent delaysin production, themoreaggressivemalesmaybe. production at 24 weeks. The longer the females delay dominant behavior, the hens congregate in the production startwithagoalofattaining 1 to3% slats whichwillnegativelyaffectthe production at25weeks the start of egg scratch area fertility. COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 89 Prot 12.7 fertility MALE BREEDER MANAGEMENT MALE BREEDER MJ 11.25 fertility and fertility kcal 2700 production. The Cobb production. The fertility and hatchability hatchability and fertility g Feed condition by maintaining a fleshing Real Dry BW Wet BW spiking success. Hatch/Fert. fertility indicates a good balance between fertility indicates a Std fleshing scores for the sample population and the 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 considerably, enhancing both enhancing considerably, example, an is (left) table The levels. hatchability at different ages, table The of what females. and males between is differential the ideal bodyweight for estimates includes also are achieved. rates when these values High and and vascularization) (size development testicular excellent have can ability. Heavy males mating male Over the last 10 years, the bodyweight differential reduced been has females and males between Fleshing fertility. Maintain male fertility. Maintain Std BW 2795 2925 3105 3395 3535

BW 77.2 86.4 89.0 85.1 80.1 Real 2900 Females are more receptive to mating, resulting in higher in resulting mating, to receptive more are Females rates. Reduces bodyweight differential between themales, which improves male primary and spike % Hatch

✓ ✓ Average

90.5 96.0 96.5 95.0 90.8 5 % Fertility 4 3 22 17 16 17 16 17 hatch in Cobb Fast Feather females Fast Feather females hatch in Cobb % Difference Difference % 2.5 2 Weighted average fleshing scoring 6.16 8.10 9.23 10.06 10.51 10.84 1 fertility and fertility and g lb Bodyweight 4565 4765 4915 2795 3675 4185 Total males (MV Male) production period. Using primary males that are 11 to 12 % heavier than females provides: production period. Using primary males that 5 when mixed with Cobb MV males when mixed 4 lb 8.60 9.03 9.28 5.07 6.90 7.94 culling due to fewer leg, toe or bumblefoot culling due to fewer leg, toe or bumblefoot 3 production is not common but has some unique advantages that can help to establish the correct bodyweight profile in 2.5 (Cobb 500 FF) g 3900 4095 4210 2300 3130 3600 Bodyweight females Bodyweight females mortality and 2 Crude numbers (Fleshing Scores) Male Fleshing or Breast Conformation Male Fleshing or Breast 1 25 30 40 50 60 20 Fast and easier mating allowing females to retain feather cover on cover feather retain to females allowing mating easier and Fast their backs. Reduced problems. Examples of ideal bodyweight in terms of of ideal bodyweight Examples Weeks

Fleshing of males in males of Fleshing male fleshing spreadsheet is a tool used to record fleshing values with from along displayed 1 to graphically be will 5 (example score above).flesh Theaverage user weighted inputs The group. each for average weighted corresponding the and percentages calculates spreadsheet Representative for an electronic copy of this spreadsheet. the bodyweight. Contact your Cobb Technical 10.3 testicle size but if they cannot complete more than 75 % of the tentative matings there will be a decline in there matings tentative the % of 75 complete more than cannot but if they size testicle score between 2.0 and 3.0 during the Managing weight differences between males and females males and between weight differences Managing 20 21 22 23 24 Age ✓ ✓ COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 90 MALE BREEDERMANAGEMENT during the house breeder a entering when for look to signs first the of around theeyes indicative ofasexually active male. Thisisone A good example of the coloring of the comb, wattles and area libido andaveryactivematingpattern. breast skin color is normal and indicates a male with good keel iscommonly seen in active,healthy roosters. The pink the the along wear feather day, each mating to during Due fleshed. over score fleshing 3 to 2.5 production period- the keel is stillvisibleand the male is not a of example good A production phase. Explanation ofmale wing resistance.Unacceptablemale. Severely underconditionedbreastandverythin.No after 50 weeks. after 50weeks. the keel.This Wide breastontop(wingarea)anddowntoendof the fleshing 3isgoodandpreferredformalesduring on thesideofkeel.(Similartofleshing2.5, More roundedbreastwithmoredeposition negatively affected. fleshed malefor allthemalelines.Fertilitywould be Very widebreast(dimpleinkeelarea). Severelyover minimum part nearthewings.Strongerwingresistanceand V shapedbreastwithmorefleshinginupper bone exposed.Flaccidwingresistance. Thin breastfromtop(wingarea)down.Morekeel FLESHING 1 FLESHING 5 FLESHING 4 FLESHING 3 FLESHING 2.5 FLESHING 2 production period.) condition formostmalesgood condition will become more noticeable condition willbecomemorenoticeable fleshing scores fertility. Not Acceptable Too Heavy Excessive Lean Ok Ok COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 91 50 mm (2 in) feeder MALE BREEDER MANAGEMENT MALE BREEDER feeder feeder first feeder system feeder trough or tube or trough production and finally to 50 peak feed distribution in the dark, delivering feed distribution in the feeder - grill on the left and a roller fertility. Male rations with lower protein rations fertility. Male production house, start the female the start house, production feeder. feed distribution. With feed distribution. With 46 mm (1 13/16 in) feed can be simultaneous but give females access to their feeders about 1 about feeders their to access females but give can be simultaneous feed minute ahead of males. diets Male rations. male special of use the allows (SSF) feeding sex Separate are widely used in the industry. Furthermore, research confirm and that male field diets results improve % available energy level and 0.50 MJ/kg) kcal (11.25 levels (13 %), a 2700 lysine, control male bodyweight and breast muscle growth. prevents females SSF system the that important more even it is rations, male With specific from eating out of the male feed and the female to access should not have males True SSF implies that the female placed on exclusion system vice versa. SSF includes a male pans, of line separate and a illustration) see (grill, roller bar, (60 both a vertical exclusion grill should create The males. for the feeders In systems in) restriction. or 1 13/16 mm (46 and horizontal in) 3/8 or 2 mm vertical restriction. the adjust board – plank roller bar or wooden with a Often, planks have three different height settings: 42 mm (1 11/16in), 46 (1 11/16 mm with 42 weeks 21 at in). Begin (2 mm in) and 50 13/16 (1 mm in in) 13/16 (1 mm 46 to increase then in), mm (2 in) at about 50 weeks of age. After both sexes are in the in are sexes both After male lower the themselves, position females all when and or start male Exclusion systems on a female track bar on the right. 60 mm (2 3/8 in) feeder. The feeder. production. production. feeder should always feeder line reaches the reaches line feeder rearing and rearing crop height of the males. the of crop height rearing. For example, if the males rearing. For example, feeder line can help to drop, each drop, to help can line feeder feeder in feeder production, place a few pans in the feeder space with a track system, 8 to 10 8 to track system, feeder space with a trough feeders are becoming more popular trough feeders are becoming more popular production house. feeder and 10 to 12 males with an oval pan oval an with males 12 to 10 and feeder feeder at a height that makes the males stretch slightly to stretch the males makes that height a feeder at feeder system is important for all the males to eat comfortably. to eat males for all the is important feeder system feeder line to the correct height so that all males can access the can access all males that so correct height line to the feeder Male Feeding - Separate Sex Feeding Sex Feeding - Separate Male feeder line so that it is activated when the when activated it is that so line feeder feed distribution and visibility. adjusted by observing feeding behavior at least once a week up to 30 weeks weeks 30 to up week a once least at behavior feeding by observing adjusted Chain or mechanical of age. including They have some additional advantages than pan feeders for males. better predetermined height when lowered. male Keep the A male from reaching. the females and prevents eat to be frequently needs height The be allowed to swing. not be stable and to the to height of the of height upper the to close is that Normally apply a height male the to fixed is that stick measuring A day, the to tools other many are There interference. female without feeders pan attached be may switch limit A correct. feeders male the of height the keep One challenge for the farm manager and the feeding system selected is to is selected system feeding the and manager farm for the challenge One and keep possible as uniformly as per male feed of small amount distribute a growth and activity level. all males with a uniform (7 7/8 in) of For males, use 20 cm per round males are fed on a chain but will use pans in identify to will learn males The feed. some add and manually house rearing a few days earlier (2 to 5 the males Transfer the pans as a feed source. the before feeders new their from eat to trained specifically are they so days) females arrive to the Separate sex feeding (SSF) Sex Feeding (SSF) in It is highly recommended to use Separate Sex Feeding (SSF). of Separate success is key to the males Training the The males need to quickly identify and use their specific feeders. The best male of type same the have to is option can be used in decoy feeders Alternatively, 10.4 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 92 MALE BREEDERMANAGEMENT eat fromfemalefeeders.Addthemalefeedincreasetofeedersuntilmalescannot Females will nothaveenough feed andlimittheirdevelopment. Consider keepingmale feed allocations constant until thecombsdeveloptopointthattheycannot Problems will occur if males are able to eat from female feeders after transfer. Males will gain excess weight and will need more energy for bodyweight maintenance. attempting tomate. fleshing score) may have reduced mating efficiency due to incomplete mating. As males get too heavy their breast shape flattens, and they become unbalanced when losing males many in results thereafter growth insufficient but age of weeks 30 through growth Normal during the first 4 weeks after from 30 weeks to more than4kg(8.8 lb) at30 weeks andhave a consistent growth maximum of 25 g (0.06 lb) perweek The Cobbstandardformalebodyweightisdesignedtokeepthelightearlyin 10.5 Key Point d amounts for males as an emergency procedure. males/week) and monitorfor3to4weeksuntilweight gainstabilizesThisisone of themostimportantperiodsto decreasefeedamountsformales asanemergencyprocedure. feed accordingly. Normallyfeedamountsarenot decreasedinmales.However, ifafter30weeks,themalebodyweight increasestoofast,reducethe feedby5g/male(1.1lb/100 Males shouldneverloseweightin Notes 35 to50weeks After 30weeks 28 to30weeks Transfer to28weeks Male feedamountsandbodyweight Male Weight Trends During Production Male WeightTrendsDuringProduction depletion (approximately 4.7 kg (10.3 lb) at 60 weeks). Consistent, positive growth Testes weight(g) Age (weeks) Feed increasesareparticularly importantinslatoperations,especiallyafter40weeksofage. compared tomashfeed. 50 kcal more than mash feed. Therefore, for crumbled feed, calculate about 5 g (1.1 lb/100 birds/week) less feed over the entire The heat treatment processforcrumbledfeed liberatesmorecarbohydratesandfacilitates digestion. As aresult, crumbled feedprovidesabout male/day –mashfeed. The adult male can be kept very active and in good Feed allocationsshouldbemodifiedaccordingtoweighttrends –1to2g/weekor0.220.44lb/100/weekevery34weeks. stimulated andactive. Small amountsoffeedshouldbegiventoallowslightbodyweight increaseswhichwillmaintaincorrectweightgainsandkeepthemales Small feed increases 2 g/week or 0.44 lb/100/week. Larger feed increases are possible based on the male line used. Avoid males with fleshing #1. Guidelines fortesticleweightsbasedonage photo stimulation, is importantfortestes development (see table below). production. Alossinbodyweight of>100gmaycauseareductioninspermqualitybasedonthemales’ 0.5 21 22 2 18 23 24 24 43 26 47 28 condition with 330 to 350 Kcal/male/day (1.38 to 1.46 MJ/kg) and 16 to 17 g crude protein/ production -not condition, comb and wattle color. Over fleshed males (> 4 (> males fleshed Over color. wattle and comb condition, • Common reasonsforpoormale • higher at 50 weeks of age. higher at50weeksofage. continuing toincreasereaching5.0kg(11.0lb)or Excessive growththrough30weeks,andbodyweight will lose feed amounts. In these flocks a number of the males insufficient to due weeks 30 after growth poor and Excessive growththrough30weeks(4.4kg;9.7lb) condition. condition. Monitor weights weekly and adjust condition. Monitorweightsweekly andadjust fertility relatedtoweight: production period COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 93 MALE BREEDER MANAGEMENT MALE BREEDER dominant Option 3 culling males weekly that are not weekly culling males spiking can be done with normally scheduled spiking can be done fertility declines associated with: fertility declines fertility that generally occurs post 45 weeks of age. age. of weeks 45 post occurs generally that fertility Heavier males are removed from a young parent young a from removed are males Heavier stock flock at 26 weeks of age. (These males know Mix these mate). to how drink and and to eat where males in a flock with primary males or in a house program This removed. were primary males where operations, floor % 100 have that farms in popular is weeks. 26 through males of percentages higher and without % males 11 to 10 to house Expect male behavior. mortality resulting in a reduced male to female ratio mortality resulting in a reduced male to female Decline in mating interest – common after 35 to 40 weeks Decline in mating interest - common after 55 weeks Reduction in sperm quality Lower mating efficiency due poorly to managedissues. birds with mobility remove and identify basis daily On a condition. males in poor physical good quality primary males by Maintain male results are being achieved when comprehensive The best able to mate. of age. selections are done at 25, 35, 45 and 55 weeks Excessive male

Spiking can compensate for Spiking can compensate ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ fertility decrease produces the best results. Many times, historical flock data can help can data flock historical times, Many results. best the produces decrease fertility Option 2 Spiking Methods To each house, add a minimum of 20 % new add a minimum To each house, with of age, weeks 25 are at least that males young lb). This kg (8.8 approximately 4.0 bodyweight of bodyweight % <10 is there when well works program difference between the primaryspiking males. males and the spiking program in place prior to place in program spiking spiking spiking. Carefully

spiking males spiking fertility and hatchability hatchability and fertility ) Remove all the high ) Remove all the Option 1 spiking can result in a drop in drop a in result can spiking Spiking Males During Production Males During Spiking Recommended method Recommended primary males removed will receive the primary males This procedure will not induce competition males. is a very and between primary and spiked males effective way to preserve and use the for Intra-Spiking on section (see extent full their to more details). ( or house from a single quality primary males houses other the with and intra-spike compartment, the with house The farm. the on or compartments record removal of primary males and monitor the remaining the monitor and primary males of record removal at added be then can males spike that so ratio primary male males to eliminate the appropriate time. It is a good practice highly the only keep and mate to unable are that week every productive and active males in the flock. Incorrect Poor a new social hierarchy. attempt to establish as males loss total a in result can procedures management spiking of the spiked males several weeks after Spiking is the addition of young broiler breeder males into an older primary flock to compensate for the decline in decline the for compensate to flock primary older an into males breeder broiler young of addition the is Spiking a having that shown repeatedly has data Flock guide when a flock should be spiked. For optimal results, the hen flock should be between 35 to 40 weeks of age and management procedures. Spiking once in the life of the flock is normallysufficient. Flocks spiked twice in an 8 10-weekto interval also produce good results but is the flock are beyond 55 weeks of age. not economical when the females in of the primary males. Spiking is usually dependent on the quality 10.6 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 94 MALE BREEDERMANAGEMENT ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Biosecure ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Use anenclosedvehicletotransport birdsifpossible. other poultry. Plan thetimeandpathwayof themove to minimize contact with delayed. In the case of a positive or suspect result, the move should be cholera). and TRT Check for parasites ( Influenza, (Avian appropriate environmental as diseases other and The source flock should be tested using a PCR assay for Males shouldcomefromasinglesourceflock. spike. Biosecurity risk is the main reason some producers choose not to for house designated a use Alternatively, flock. but housedinapen(3birdsperm Spike males may be transferred to the same facility as the primary males primary maledominanceresultinginhigh Spiking with an insufficient number of males is generally ineffective due to goes below7%. Spike males back to9%inslatted before Allow the male to female ratio to decrease to 7.5 % by40 weeks of age In culling. back to9%iftheprimarymalenumbershavebeenreducedthrough Spike withaminimum of 20%additionalmales to increase the maleratio receive afixednumberofmaledeliveriesforspecific When usingseparatespikemale introduced to3540-weekoldhenflocks. production houses without spiking backto9%. spiking Salmonella) worms and mites) and any signs of 5to7daysbeforetransfer. slats, house 9 to 10 % males at transfer. production houses when themaleratio rearing farms, the 2; ; 3.6 ft Important criteriaforeffective mortality ofspikemales. 2 per bird)separate from the rearing spike males to be spiking program. disease (fowl spiking farms will Mycoplasma

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ spiking programs will be used. The bodyweight differential between spike It is common practice to use a heavier bodyweight standard in males if Spiked malesshouldalwaysbegoodqualityandfreeofphysicaldefects. enrichments. In theholdingpens, maintain plenty ofdrinkers,feedersandbarrier the longertheyarewithoutfemales, males will begintodeteriorate. Keeping males in reserve in good mating activity. lb/100/day) should be beneficial since A slight feed increase just after will improvefemalereceptivityandmixingofsexes. housing conditions andlevelsof increase the male ratio to 9 to 10 %. This decision must be based on be placed at 21 to 22 weeks. Over time, more males can be addedto If early success rate. males and primarymales should be as low as possible toensure a high spiking outcomes

Expected resultsof males, whichareessentiallythe mostimportant. Relying ona primary males,andpoormixing. Spiking doesnotsolvepre-existing problemssuchasoverweight correct bodyweightand can increase slightly but not dramatically if the males have the weeks after the introduction of young spike males. Male Male dominance and mating interference usually increases for 2 and lastsabout6to8weeks. males primary the in significantly activity mating stimulates Spiking in overallhatchability. after Peak spiking is practiced (30 to 32 weeks), then fewer males (7 %) can spiking. Generally, fertility response should be seen approximately 2 to 3 weeks spiking programcouldresult in poorlymanaged primary spiking should result in a 2 to 3 % increase condition whenadded. spiking spiking 2 to 3 g/bird/day (0.44 to 0.66 condition is challenging. After 23 weeks, dominant male behavior.Thismethod spiking significantly increases male mortality COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 95 60 58 MALE BREEDER MANAGEMENT MALE BREEDER 56 54 52 50 spiking on percentage of of percentage on spiking 48 46 44 42 Age Age in weeks 40 38 spiking on flock percentage of hatchability spiking on flock percentage 36 transfer: 34 32 Non-Spiked (84.5%) Non-Spiked (85.8%) weeks 40/48 at Intra-Spiked (87.4%) weeks 40 at Spiked 30 28 The impact of male 26 24 spiking). This practice will enable farm staff to easily identify the new males within the breeder flock breeder the within males new the identify easily to staff farm enable will practice This spiking).

94 92 90 88 86 84 82 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 66 flock was 85.8 % and the flock spiked at 40 weeks was highest at 87.4 %. the flock spiked at 40 weeks was highest flock was 85.8 % and The graph below illustrates the beneficial effects of flock hatchability to 60 weeks of age. For this example, a flock spiked at 40 weeks and a The flock. non-spiked a to compared are age of weeks 48 and 40 at intra-spiked flock average flock hatchability for the non-spiked flock was 84.5 % while the intra-spiked Hatchability % Hatchability litter in the new house. litter in the new house. spiking or full- spiking, spiking, mortality. spiking and last between last and spiking spiking between 40 and 48 and 40 between spiking biosecurity risk. dominant behavior for two weeks weeks two for behavior dominant Animal Welfare Tips welfare guidelines or codes of practice) and should be placed gently on the spiking is inexpensive, easy-to-practice and, most and, easy-to-practice inexpensive, is spiking spiking increases male increases spiking spiking involves the exchange of 25 to 30 % of primary of 25 to 30 % of primary the exchange spiking involves spiking procedure, expect an increase between 1 and 1 between increase an expect procedure, spiking spiking has better results when done early in the better results when done spiking has spiking During winter (cold months): if using open-sided trailers, move males during daylight hours with appropriate boards/tarps to prevent exposure to extreme cold weather.During winter (cold months): if using open-sided trailers, move males during daylight hours with stress.During summer (hotter months): move males early in the morning or late evening to prevent thermal If possible, move males in an enclosed trailer to minimize thermal discomfort and to optimize the ability to transfer the males in late evening or early morning when the rest of the flock is likely resting. 1.5 % in the overall hatchability of the flock. 1.5 % in the overall hatchability of the flock. Intra- importantly, rarely presents a Intra- are There reestablished. social order is the mixing as after usually no problems with male or female intra- after dramatically increase not does Hatchability double hatchability is improved. With a persistency of but the intra- 6 and 8 weeks. exchanged are already trained the males An advantage is that as maturity and weight similar have usually and mating in to compete chances improving their original males, the successfully. males between houses on the same farm, without importing farm, without the same on houses between males As with mating. to stimulate males, any new young intra- Intra- weeks). (<45 production cycle should activity Mating results. best produces the always weeks increase very significantly after intra- Intra-

(depending on Before the transfer, consider using a food-based dye to mark the new males (intra- dye will fade and males should be fully acclimated to the new house. and to verify that males find water and feed, are adjusting to the house and are mixing with the hens. After 3 to 5 weeks, the To optimize male comfort, behavior and quality during spikes, these recommendations can be considered when planning the To optimize male comfort, behavior and quality ✓ ✓ ✓ legs both or wings both by handled be should males Ideally, birds. the to potential injury reduce to hand per birds two of maximum a handle should Staff males. spike the handling when care Take Intra- ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 96 RECORD KEEPING with thetechnicalresults.Cobbhasthissummarytemplatein spreadsheetformsforfemalesandmalesitishighlyrecommendedtoconsolidatethedata. In addition to individual weight andflockbodyweight.These Keeping complete andaccurate Record Keeping ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

under Cobb BreederManagementcharts areavailableonline Feed Water consumption Temperature Feed Culls Total cleanup time mortality Resources >Product-Supplements Daily records per house or per flock, it is important to accumulate the data in a summary template that integrates the basic management procedures Rearing records isan essential part of managing Cobb parent stock. For example, feeding during ✓ ✓ ✓

records mustbeaccurateanduptodateinordermakecorrectmanagementdecisionsachievegood Ventilation settings Uniformity Bodyweight Weekly ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Feed Water consumption Temperature Feed Culls Total cleanup time mortality ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Daily

Egg classifications Fertility Floor eggs Hatching eggnumber Egg weight Total eggnumber Production production isbasedonthe rate-of-lay, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Culling Male selection each house Fertility at Uniformity Bodyweight Weekly 11 hatch of production. egg COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 97 EGG HANDLING floor eggs production nest conditions. peak floor eggs. 12 nest, open the nests 1 hour before the the before hour 1 nests the open nest, floor eggs will be incubated, they should be should they incubated, be will eggs floor nest to help maintain cleaner nest eggs. If nest boxes. Collect, pack and clearly identify floor eggs decreases hatchability and is a hygiene risk. Never put With the mechanical community mechanical the With are lights the after hours 12 nests the close and turned on are lights turned on. of Use floor eggs into separately from incubated and hatched in machines dedicated for periods six collections are recommended. periods six collections are recommended. should be collected cracks. Eggs Always handle eggs carefully to prevent in plastic or fiber trays. When carrying high. stacked and carried at a maximum of 3 tiers by hand, egg trays should be and contaminated cracked cause they as or buckets baskets Do not use eggs. collection on to accumulate allow eggs do not systems, With mechanical work to collectors egg allows that speed a to system the Adjust tables. comfortably. before the lower nests close the when collecting eggs, nests, In manual At the last open. upper nests last round of egg collection and leave the collection, close the upper Hand collect eggs at least four times daily and during times four least at Hand collect eggs

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ litter or in the in or litter nest boxes. nest more inviting for inviting more nest nest material. In early nest material. floor eggs. Walking the flock nest shape which can be done which can shape nest nest, particularly during hot weather, may during hot particularly nest, mortality and improve hatchability. floor eggs. Egg Collection of pre-incubation. The morning should be used to collect hatching eggs, hatching collect to used be should morning The pre-incubation. of as well bird management, and for house be used can afternoon the and as repairs/maintenance. after and before and collection, egg each after and before hands Wash handling Egg temperatures within the temperatures Egg regularly be must eggs Therefore, incubator. an in those similar to be to °C ; 70 to 25 (21 temperatures collected and cooled down to storage This will reduce development. 77 °F) to slow pre-incubation and embryo embryonic risk the prevent to timed be should nests mechanical from collection Egg the hens. Frequent walking through the flock after onset of lay (point of lay)minimize to technique management good is a the on sites nesting for looking are will disturb birds that to use the corners of the house and encourage them Manual nests should be well maintained with clean shavings. Any Any with clean shavings. should be well maintained nests Manual promptly be removed must and soiled material droppings, broken eggs and replaced with clean fresh from the nests are over if nests out shavings tend to scratch the will production hens type concave a make to prefer Hens filled. the will make and placed inside are shavings when

Egg Handling ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 12.1 laid, Once incubator. the in setting and laying between conditions optimum under held is egg the when achieved be only can quality chick and hatchability Maximum deteriorate. If mishandled, hatching potential will quickly can at best be maintained, not improved. its hatching potential COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 98 EGG HANDLING Automatic eggpackers-Keypointsandconsiderations ✓ ✓ automating thefarmsbyconnectinghouseswithacentralized Many large parentstockoperationswithcommunity

placed directlyintheeggstorageroom. micro fractures. In this case, eggs should be packed 2 to 3 times a day and as aminimum, 2 to3eggcollectionsperdayreduce eggshellcracksand If the egg belts are not separated and are smaller (only 20 cm wide) consider, belts total 50 cm in width and there is a separation between the 2 egg belts. Use theeggpackeronlyonceperdaytominimize system wear iftheegg All egg packing work should be completed in around 4 to 5 hours every day. as sufficientcapacityfora60,000to70,000parentstockfarm. 30,000 to 40,000 parent stock farm. A 15,000 HE/hour machine is regarded a for capacity sufficient considered is machine HE/hour 10,000 A capacities. Centralized egg packermachines have a range ofhatching egg (HE)collection nest systems arefurther egg packer. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Work areasshould alwaysbekeptclean. Maintenance teams needtolubricateallmoving partsonaweeklybasis. cracks areremoved. Use a good lightsource (warm light)at the packer toensure all hairline not closingortoolate. The presence of many small feathers and dirty eggs indicates the nests are during thepackingprocess. room fortheeasyseparation and storedinadry Paper eggtraysmustbedry Egg packersmayoperatewithorwithouteggtraystacking. Egg trays(30to150eggs)canbefilledonsite(eggtraystacking). for especially export products. available, are stamps identification egg correct the Ensure trays, dependingonthelevelofautomation. The egg packer machine can place the eggs in a carton or directly on hatchery COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 99 EGG HANDLING Egg Packer Capacities 10,000 HE - 35,000 Hens 15,000 HE - 60,000 Hens Egg packer Location should be in the middle. Here half of an 8-house complex is illustrated egg packer). 12:30 PM belt in house #4 is #4 belt in house belt as a result of the timing. belt as a result of the Egg turned on at belt run has completed. 90 m (295 ft) in 20 minutes the top of on exit house the at A camera when visualize to be used can belt area the last eggs pass. Place a large colored to indicate egg at the end of the house that the 11:40 AM production will be on the production will be on egg packer set up and timing belt in house #3 is #3 belt in house Egg turned on at belt speeds are adjustable and the manufacturer of the egg collection equipment can provide more provide can equipment collection egg the of manufacturer the and adjustable are speeds belt An example of 10:50 AM production should be collected. Since the first house was collected before all eggs were laid, a second round of collection can collection of round second a laid, were eggs all before collected was house first the Since collected. be should production belt in house #2 is #2 belt in house and belts are turned on 7 hours later beginning with house #1 (furthest from the and belts are turned on 7 hours later beginning Egg turned on at

belt speeds and timing. belt speeds belt speed to collect all eggs in 10 to12 minutes. belt speed to collect 3:00 AM

house #2. for all hatching hatching all for 10:00 AM belt to move past the next house (i.e. 7 h 50 min after lights on). When the third house starts collecting eggs, the total time from the start of lights turned the total time from the start eggs, collecting starts on). When the third house 7 h 50 min after lights (i.e. next house belt to move past the 5 additional minutes 5 to the front of the egg 45 minutes 45 belt in house #1 is #1 belt in house It takes It of end the from move to eggs house #1 with belt for eggs to move past Lights are turned on at Egg collection timing Egg collection Egg turned on at on is now 8 h and 40 min. For successive houses, close to 100 % of the daily min. For successive houses, close to 100 on is now 8 h and 40 Normally, eggs in the firstand second houses are being collected while production continues. In this case,production theseafter the housesfirst can collection. Therefore, still after the contain firstcollection up from all to the 10 houses, %a second collection of begins with the the first daily and second house.During this of the daily egg second collection, most the be done by increasing Egg collection timing given here is shown as an example. Egg example. an as shown is here given timing collection Egg on adjusting egg information house each Since belts. egg the on eggs of pre-incubation prevent to ºF) (72 ºC 22 below is temperature house the when used be only can concept following The below). For illustration (see the previous house to collect delayed by the time necessary is houses in successive starts the time collection is collected in sequence, that eggs for minutes 5 additional an with later minutes 45 collection will begin house second The on. lights after hours 7 starts collection house furthest the example, are on the COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 100 EGG HANDLING 12.2 ✓ ✓ ✓ Egg immediately. graph, will give an indication of potential problems that should be investigated misshapen, very small andcrackedeggs. Daily eggweights, when plotted ona which usually occurs around mid-morning. Make sure to exclude double yolks, room, bulk weigh at least 90 eggs immediately after the second egg collection, collection egg the In followed. are specifications feed and levels feed bodyweight, for recommendations our when flocks parent normal from expected be should The egg weights shown inthe Cobb supplements (available at Cobb-Vantress.com) This islikelythereasonforamorerapiddeclinein have a poor to tend g 70 over Eggs flock. the of life the throughout and initially eggs larger in become overweightafter the developmentbetween21and25weeksofage, and theextent to whichfemales Egg size is partly determined by the bodyweight of the females at flock performanceandwillgiveanearlyindicationofproblems. establish the trend in There are considerable advantages in

the eggstoacentralpackerwhenallbeltsareatfixedspeed. A 100 m (330 ft) corridor collector connector ft) long house will requireabout 45 minutes to bring allthe eggs to the Always start collection of the HE with the furthest house. A 100 m (330 and aseparationbetweenthebeltstominimizehairlinecracks. feasible withcommunityneststhathave2beltsof25cm(10in)wide the lights come on andmost of the incubation of eggs on the egg belts) start the When the house temperature is below 22 ºC (72 ºF) (to prevent pre- belt speeds Egg Weighing hatch and can considerably affect the average hatchability of the flock. belt. egg weight. The analysis of this trend is a useful guide for

peak production. Delays of belt will require±20 minutes to bring all production isonthe weighing a sample of eggs each day to hatch after50weeksofage. egg packer 7 hours after photo stimulation will result belt. photo stimulation, This isonly ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

eggs ofthefollowinghousetotrackindividual first the and house one of eggs last the between meters several Keep n h frt hus fe te ihs oe n mr ta 90%ofthe than more on, come hatching eggswillhavebeenproducedbythebirds. thelights after 8 hours first the In collected (>99%). belts. During the second collection, most of the daily egg house the on left eggs some have still that houses first the with begins collection second as houses, the all from collection first the After on theconnector Installation of an egg counter at each house Please refer totheBreeder Management Supplement for 700 fastandslow standards of each product (Cobb500 fast and slow online under Cobb BreederManagement Supplementsareavailable belt, isagoodpractice. feathering). Resources >Product-Supplements belt exit, before the eggs go production should be feathering, and Cobb production. egg weight COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 101 EGG HANDLING production Over feeding Low Over weight hens Over weight eggs High enery or protein feeds High enery or protein Causes of Causes production Disease Under feeding High Insufficient water Under weight hens Under weight eggs Low energy or protein feeds Low energy or protein Extreme house temperatures egg weight when mortality when not when mortality egg weight below 70 g egg weight at 30 weeks 30 at weight egg production. This involves egg weight should be close production period as weights period as production peak double yolks. A 1 g A 1 double yolks. Try to maintain an average production and after hatchery. production but should be controlled to increases of increases to controlled be should production but peak egg weight will be lower at 40 and often 50 weeks of age. hatch less and have more late embryonic late more have and less hatch weighing egg weight production on time. It will take a hen longer to reach a 60 g average production on time. eggshell quality, hatchability and chick quality. Investigations and field experiences controlled. Start A lower weeks. compared to 25 weeks 24 at production begins indicates, in general, that the adjusting and optimizing peak feed amounts and reducing the feed after peak correctly. adjusting and optimizing peak feed amounts feed when the egg weights reach 60 g in to breeder-2 (B-2) from breeder-1 (B-1) Change because, used be feed B-2 a and B-1 only recommends Cobb Cobb SF. in g 62 and Cobb FF the hen weight and egg weights should be with the proper reduction in feed amounts, Control female bodyweights into Control female

✓ ✓ ✓ Typically, egg weights will increase during will increase weights egg Typically, Ideally, average of age. weeks 35 after to 3 weeks every 2.5 1 gram to 70 g between 55 and 60 weeks of age. to control egg weights: The following recommendations can be used Egg weights are important to maintain in the latter part of the of part latter the in maintain to important are weights Egg impact to tend g over 70 eggs report that hatchers. in the cooling is available enough for as long as possible! set the minimum weight requested by the set the minimum weight Managing Automatic egg Automatic calibration Regular eggs. the all weigh machines packing egg Many of the scale is necessary to prevent hatching eggs loss. In first 8 weekly weight needs to be adjusted twice the maximum weeks, for being mistaken to prevent larger eggs difference in maximum weight can have a large impact. Always COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 102 EGG HANDLING 12.4 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ hatching including: to hatching eggs. Remove and discardeggs that are unsuitable for Egg 12.3 hatchery assoontheyarereceived. disinfection on the farm is not possible, eggs should be sanitized at the the eggs should besanitized as soon as possible. Thus, if fumigation or after 24 hours and makes the eggs more susceptible to bacterial invasion, tool to reduce contamination. Only underlow antimicrobial barrier. washing the be treated with chemical-based antimicrobials — scraping,rubbing,or prevent bacterial penetration before the cuticle matures. Eggs should of hatching eggs onthefarmshouldbeappliedassoonpossibleto Peracetic acidcanbeusedas an alternative. Fumigation or eggs. hatching sanitize to beneficial be may it conditions, certain Under

grading should bedonewithcaretopreventmechanical damage grossly misshapen poor shellquality very largeordoubleyolk small -dependingon cracked dirty orstainedasdefinedbycompanypolicy EggGrading EggHygiene eggshell willdamagethecuticleandremove the physicaland humidity conditions will this procedure be an acceptable humidity conditionswillthisprocedurebeanacceptable Do not wet hatching eggs with liquid sanitizers. Do notwethatchingeggswithliquidsanitizers. hatchery policy Since the eggshell permeability increases disinfection ✓ ✓ Important managementpractices: ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

It isessential to placehatching eggs carefully intothetransporttraywith Rejected eggsshouldbestoredwellawayfromhatchingeggs. The egg handling room is the first stage of egg cooling and itis and the eggstorageroom. egg cooling of stage first advantageous to keep it cooler than the laying house, but warmer than the is room handling egg The Maintain goodvermincontrolintheeggstore. older flocks. Nest padsin The egghandlingroommustbekeptcleanandneat. the small(pointed)endfacingdown. mechanical nests should bekeptclean especially with COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 103 EGG HANDLING SMALL DOUBLE YOLK STAINED DIRTY SLAB SIDED ELONGATED CRACKED ROUND HAIRLINE CRACK GRADING GUIDE GRADING BLOOD STAINED WRINKLED HATCHING EGG EGG HATCHING MEMBRANE Eggs with defects (described with red text) should be discarded and never incubated Eggs with defects (described with red text) should be discarded and never incubated CALCIUM DEPOSIT YOLK STAINED TOE PUNCHED THIN SHELL IDEAL EGG shape, within acceptable shape, within acceptable weight range Clean, free of cracks, correct correct Clean, free of cracks, COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 104 EGG HANDLING 12.6 12.5 Eggs should beallowedtocooldowngraduallybeforeputting them into egg storage (refer tothe Optimum Temperature Range for Egg Storage chart). Store the eggs (in themorning,mid-dayandinevening).Itisimportanttotakemeasurementsatsametimeseachday. Always keepdaily in anenvironmentallycontrolledeggstorewitharelative Key pointsoneggstorage is flock per eggs 30 of sample A site. on measured readily be can thickness and weight recommended. Userelativelyclean Shell thickness. and weight shell strength, breaking include methods Shell thickness and strength are critical factors and should be monitored over the life of a flock. There are a variety of tests that can evaluate shell quality. Destructive eggshell qualityissuesareduetoprematureoviposition. pale eggs, it is likely that cuticle deposition and poor of indication first the be can color white or brown pale A issues. quality shell to due are eggs discarded of 50% Almost ✓ ✓ ✓

environmentally controlledegg transport. from thefarm to the environment. This is often overlooked wheneggsarebeingtransported Condensation will form when cold eggs are placedinawarmer becoming chilledorover-heated. and situations as closely possible topreventsharpchanges in temperature egg room.Itisimportanttomatchthe conditions ineach of these There are three storage areas: farm egg room, transport, and at leasttwiceaweek. Eggs should be collectedfrom the farms and transportedtothe EggStorage Eggshell Quality humidity, which can lead to condensation (sweating) on eggs, or eggs records ofthemaximum and minimum temperatures andtherelative hatchery andcanbeprevented byusing floor eggsinsteadof calcium accumulation are decreasing or not complete which could be a result of humidity of70%.Forlong-termeggstorage,refertoCobbHatcheryManagementGuide. nest eggssince hatchery hatchery floor eggsarelikelytobediscarded. ✓ ✓ humidity intheeggstore.Measurements should betaken three times a day

eggs. very uniform which willpromote uniform temperatures of the hatching Slow mortality andpoorerqualitychicks. embryonic early higher a cause will time storage egg during fluctuations room, which should be the coolest point for the egg. Temperature Eggs should begraduallycooledfromlayingtothe circulation fans must be placedso that the room temperature is eggshell quality for broiler breeders. In nutrition and disease. In some cases, hatchery eggstorage COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 105 EGG HANDLING hatchery is 99.5 - 100 ºF 37.5 - 37.8 ºC Incubator Machine * Lower temperature for farm.the at stored eggs Higher temperature for eggs transported to the daily. 75 - 80 ºF 24 - 27 ºC Preheating Area 59 - 66 ºF 15 - 19 ºC Hatchery Egg Room 68 - 73 ºF 20 - 23 ºC Egg Transportation Truck 70 - 77 ºF 21 - 25 ºC reached with no elevation of temperature until preheating. no elevation of temperature reached with On Farm Egg Room* 75 - 85 ºF 24 - 29 ºC Hen House The ideal temperature curve for eggs after laying through storage. laying through eggs after curve for temperature The ideal The reduction of temperature occurs gradually until the storage temperature storage temperature gradually until the of temperature occurs The reduction 40 - 41 ºC Resources > Guides 104 - 106 ºF Hen’s Body Cobb Hatchery Management Guide is available online under COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 106 EGG HANDLING Too much Incorrect ventilation creatingdraftsinnestsor excessiveheat enter thenests Red miteinfestationscanirritate thehenssomuchthattheywillnot Overweight henshavingissues accessingthe Incorrect Feed cleanuptimesaretoolong Running the Incorrect Use ofpanoropenaugersystemforfemalesin Uneven birddistributionoverhouse Incorrect feedingtime Incorrect lightdistributionoverfloorarea Hens nottrainedin Opening neststooearly/before floor tocreatenests Using flooringotherthanconcretemayresultinfemalesdiggingdirt Excessive maleactivitycausingslattingoffemales pass undertoaccessdrinkersandnests Chain Floor eggscollectedtooinfrequently abnormal nestingbehaviors Hens notfullyconditionedbefore Wrong houseconfiguration,equipmentandslat-nestingsystem feeder linesin drinker space/ nest designanddirtynests litter placedinthefloorarea belt systeminthefirstweekof rearing tobemobileandactive production aretoolow;femalescannoteasily nipple drinkers Causes production starts photo stimulationmayshow production nest production Causes andpossiblesolutionsfor Use sufficient the chain Walk throughtheflockfrequentlytoencourageactivity,adjust Measure the Check ventilation systems. Ensure there are no drafts into the nests. Check temperature settings. Check ventilation systems.Ensuretherearenodrafts intothenests.Checktemperature settings. Treat thenestswithantiparasitics, improvetheclean-outprotocolandapplyamitecontrolprogram. Use astep,basketorrampforfemales toaccessthenests.Evaluatefeedingprogramandadjust ifneeded. Evaluate thefeedingprogram,feed consistencyandpresentation, Do notrunthe Nests thataretoosmall,havemuchbedding,wornout system downwillcreateshadowedareas(belowthepanson These systemsarenotrecommended.However,ifused,raisethe feedingsystemafterfeedisconsumed.Leavingthe overcrowded. Usingpartitionsinthehousecanimproveflockdis tribution andpreventovercrowdingofnests. If birdscongregateinoneareaofthehouse(typicallyaroundpersonnel doors),thenestsinthatareawillbecome 3 hoursafterlightsareon,henswillleavenestsincreasingtheprobability of 30 minutesafterlightsareon(switchoffforseveralminutesgood Distribute feedafewminutesbeforethelightscomeon(thetimeittakesforchaintocycle)maximumof outside ofthe Aim for>75% resting place,andheavysoilinginthe Open the slab, placeaplasticcovertopreventwetconcretebycapillaryactionofwater. exports. Ensurethattheconcreteispouredcorrectlyandatleast6to7cm(23/823/4in)thick.Under Most companiesaremovingtowardsusingconcretefloorsfor Adjust maletofemaleratio,controlbodyweightand/orsexualmaturityinyoungerflocks. Raise day tocollect. Collect eggs andstimulatesthemalesfemalestoeateggs. Check houseconfigurationincluding This canincludehensdroppingeggsfromastandingorevenwalkingposition,whichcausecracked,slatand feeder lines.Thelipofthe floor eggsonaveryregularbasisforthefirst3to4weeksof feeder height correctly. feeder heightcorrectly. nest whenthefirsteggislaid.Opening litter depth and reduce to 2 to 3 cm (3/4 to 1 in). litter depthandreduceto23cm(3/41in). drinker spacesohenswillnothave towaitdrinkanddropeggson nest willencourage uniformity oflightingaroundnon-nestingareasthehouseand belt too often or on an irregular schedule as this can scare hens out of nests. belt toooftenoronanirregularscheduleasthiscanscarehens outofnests. feeder lineshouldbeevenwiththebird’supper floor eggs. floor eggs. slats, nest (whichwillrequiretimeandlabortoclean). feeder andwaterplacements.Seesection4.6fordetails. floor eggs Possible Solutions nest too early will cause hens to lose interest, use nests as a nest tooearlywillcausehenstoloseinterest,usenestsasa slats and biosecurity reasons as well as regulatory issues within biosecurity reasonsaswellregulatoryissueswithin nest pads, or are dirty will not be attractive to hens. nest pads,oraredirtywillnotbeattractivetohens. ventilation and water system. ventilation andwatersystem. rearing facilitieswithtraining production andneverleave litter) wherehenstendtolaymoreeggs. feed distribution). If feed is distributed 2 to feed distribution).Ifisdistributed2to floor eggs. floor eggs. litter area particularly. Shadowed areas litter areaparticularly.Shadowedareas crop. crop. slats while waiting. slats whilewaiting. floor eggs for the next floor eggsforthenext slats and / or manage slats and/ormanage floor floor COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 107 DEPLETION catching, catching, scratch area. scratch area. nest boxes remain remain boxes nest 13 slats and and slats catching, by the legs or back. Both methods catching, by the legs or back. Both methods catching begins. Typically, Typically, begins. catching catching process. To prevent piling and crowding, barriers are are barriers crowding, and piling prevent To process. catching Management Guide is available online under Resources > Guides at Cobb-Vantress.com The Cobb Processing to minimize tears and breaks during processing and to minimize the risk of minimize to and processing during breaks and tears minimize to are fasting of hours 12 If process. evisceration the during contamination can easily break, posing a higher and begin to weaken exceeded, intestines of carcasses with intestinal contents. risk of contamination Feeders, drinkers and removable any equipment should be raised or before removed the during used to congregate birds into smaller groups within the There are two methods for detailed information on are described in detail, along with other Processing Guide available at: transportation and processing, in our Cobb https://www.cobb-vantress.com/resource/management-guides. rearing or production house, house, production depletion time is also based depletion time is also production unit is fixed. This rearing, and laying, the timing timing the laying, and rearing, rearing or rearing Feed is withdrawn on the processing day Feed is withdrawn on the brooding, catching crew arrives. Under normal conditions, normal Under arrives. crew catching feed withdrawal period of 8 to 12 hours can can feed withdrawal period of 8 to 12 hours crop through the vent) while the intestines retain intestines while the the vent) crop through hatch percentage. The hatch percentage. rearing are separated from the the from separated are rearing production unit can be supplied with flocks originating depletion can be delayed if the flock is still producing very fertility and biosecurity risk is reduced since the flock is not moved which also which moved not is flock the since reduced is risk biosecurity rearing units. brooding and and brooding depletion is more flexible than with a rotation program. With the single Flock Depletion empty the intestinal tract ( strength and integrity. Maintaining intestinal integrity is critically important eliminates the stress caused by a move. normally will birds the depleted be must flocks the that determined is it Once plant. be brought to a processing the until available is water but best practices show that a When a single house is used for used is house single a When of house system, with this Additionally, eggs. hatching for demand high a well and/or there is system the the time that the flock stays in the disinfected and cleaned are houses the that require will program rotation before a new flock is placed. The rotation program provides the lowest investment cost in housing, allows staff to be dedicated to either one production and from two The The life of a parent stock flock isnormally between60 and 65 weeks of age and depends on various factors including market conditions, flock production, of the flock. will consider the cost and potential profit on economics which When COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 108 DEPLETION for thenextflock of breedersplacedinthehouse. equipment should berepairedorreplacedsothatitcan bedisinfectedinlaterstagesofhouse All equipment( 3. 2. 1. House preparationandpre- 13.1 hazards forthenextbreedersplaced. by water and detergent. Finally, when all surfaces are free of debris and clean, the poultry house is disinfected to reduce and eliminate microorganisms that could be health using equipment such as tractors, blowers and brooms. Wet There areseveralstepstothe is importanttoaudittheentirefacilityensurecompliancewithcompanyexpectationsfor The house should remain empty for a minimum of 28 days from last disease-free chicks.Therefore,farm hygienic and flocks parent Healthy hygiene. good maintaining is healthy poultry keeping in factor important most The during the and outside the poultry houses. Maintain the attract rodentstothe bait stations. Bait stations should beplacedinside death after a single dose. All feedshould be removed from feeders to After house depopulation, use bait stations and rodenticides that cause process iscompleted. may require an additional insecticide applicationafter the three to four days after insecticide treatment. Heavy insect infestations cools making eradication more difficult. The building should be closed for because insects will look for places to hide and hibernate as the building wide areaaroundthe house). The outside application isimportant Sprayanapproved warm. still insecticide bothinsideandoutsidethebuilding(includinga6m(20ft) but empty is house the ismost once effective program and control eradication insect andspread effective carry An diseases. andcockroaches) beetles ticks, mites, (flies, Insects Ensure thatthehouseiscompletelyemptybefore Breeder FarmCleaningandDisinfection slats, feeders,drinkers, nests,etc.)shouldbethoroughly evaluatedduringthepre- Animal WelfareTips cleaning process. cleaning and sanitation iscriticallyimportanttoestablishingandmaintainingahealthybreederflockthroughoutthe disinfection process.First,dry cleaning rodent control program cleaning. cleaning is then done to reduce or eliminate debris adhered to surfaces and in difficult to reach places facilitated disinfection to first disinfection cleaning isperformedwhichinvolvesthephysicalremovalofdebrisincludingdirt,dustand cleaning. The goal of this proactive maintenance process is to limit injury and entrapment hazards cleaning. Thegoal of thisproactivemaintenanceprocess istolimitinjuryandentrapment hazards cleaning processfrom a placement of birds in the house. Conduct frequent 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. cleaning, vacuum cleaner. Clean thecontrolroomelectricalpanelsusingpowerair blowers or completely toprotectitfromthewashingprocess. and cover it Dry cleananyequipmentthatcannotbewasheddirectly growth. mold and caking prevent to refilling before dry completely are bins feed Feed silos/bins should bethoroughlycleaned and fumigated. Ensure augers. Removeallbaggedfeedfromsite. Bag allunused feed fromthe frames, damagedpanels, door cracks, floor including surfaces of repair and maintenance Perform litter ifthepreviousflockhasexperienceda Collect and remove disinfection and welfare and maintenance perspective. Any defective or broken welfare andmaintenance perspective.Anydefectiveor broken litter from the flock in sealed trucks. Bury or burn the biosecurity. hatchery conditions contribute greatly to starting with hatchery conditions contribute greatly to starting with slats andequipment. feeder lines/tracks, feed binsandcross biosecurity audits at each farm. It biosecurity audits at each farm. It production period. production period. disease orinsectoutbreak. litter litter COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 109 DEPLETION nipples cleaning pressure. cleaning both disinfectant is fans and air inlets, biofilm, followed by a high pressure water can potentiallycan water pressure inlet and fan end will need special attentionspecial need will end fan and inlet pressure flush. During both procedures all procedures both During flush. pressure cleaning, pay special attention to the cleaning, pay special pressure cautiously. Wooden community nests cannot becannot nests community Wooden cautiously. pressure Light traps at the at traps Light pressure-washer on the house exterior to clean the fan shaftsfan to clean the house exterior on the pressure-washer pressure washed and can be damaged with excessive water pressure washed and can be damaged with cleaning (i.e. brushing, scraping, vacuum cleaners, air blowers etc.) should etc.) blowers air cleaners, vacuum scraping, brushing, (i.e. cleaning the inside and outside of the curtains and preventing dirt collecting in thein collecting dirt preventing and curtains the of outside and inside the pocket. curtain ribs or fins.to remove all organic material between the the Use and air inlets. It is advisable to wash off the dust that accumulates on the high that aware Be gutters. the in and roof other soft materials. Use highdamage blades, aluminum shutters, and water pressure high solution. then primed with an approvedDrinking systems should be drained and any dissolve to solution peroxide hydrogen pressure flush. Apply an acid followed again by a high solutionbase to dissolve scale deposits whole the flush Finally, accumulation. debris prevent to activated be should solution. Make sure that any trace of with a sanitizing system removed as it can impair the use of live vaccines. In curtain sided houses, special attention should be given to In curtain sided houses, special attention should with a detergent. DrainWater storage or header tanks must be cleaned adding before completely tank header and system drinking the light system, beams (especially in corners) heating system and electrical(especially in corners) heating system and light system, beams equipment which cannot be removed (e.g. motors, switches). These difficult by blowing with compressed air. areas should be dry cleaned eggAll removed. belts egg and opened be should equipment collection Egg be swept away.debris, dust and dirt should Dry egg storage, and farm house, poultry the outside and inside performed be rooms. While dry 8. 10. 7. 9. 4. 3. cleaning. In some fans are present, they should be washed first. pressure washer. pressure washer. litter and droppings have been removed. Movable communitylitter and droppings have slats and fittings,remove them from the building and collect cleaning should begin with the uppermost surfaces and proceedcleaning should begin with the uppermost cleaning should begin with the uppermost surfaces and proceed uppermost surfaces begin with the cleaning should cleaning cleaning have adequate drainage and dirty water collection tanks that meet localmeet that tanks collection water dirty and drainage adequate have environmental regulations. All outside concrete areas and ends of the house should be washed completely. along the slope of the floor. the recommended soak time soApply the foam or gel detergent and allow Always wash from the ceiling tothat the product has adequate time to work. the floor – if ceiling house - each farm shouldPrevent standing water around the poultry and soaked in clean water in a tank or pit. After soaking they should beshould they soaking After pit. or tank a in water clean in soaked and cleaned with a All cleanedpreviously of re-contamination possible minimize to downwards direction of the best drainage orareas. The house should be washed in the Open any drainage covers and water runoff pathways and wash down all detergent general a with equipment fixed and house the of surfaces interior applied by a All removable equipment and fittings should be taken out of the building equipment, them in a specific area outside the poultry during the can be cleaned inside the house locations, part of the equipment house for winter after cleaned and disinfected inside the house. nests parts are normally All cleaned possible re-contamination of previously downwards to minimize areas. Remove and discard all paper products associated with the previous flock. These items cannot be disinfected effectively. Dismantle all removable 6. 4. 5. 3. 1. 2. Wet 1. 2. Dry COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 110 DEPLETION the newflockofbreeders isplaced. that theinfrastructure isconfiguredcorrectlyforbird safety(ex: After thehousehas beendisinfected,allequipmentshould besetup(ex: 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Sanitizing anddisinfecting speed thisprocess. Drying downafter rate asrecommendedbythemanufacturer. removed, they should besoaked in a For removable equipment and fittings, once all organic material has been rooms andshowersduringthe Include the egg handling and storage rooms, feed storage area, changing disinfectant solution. Spray a6m(20 ft) widebandaroundthe perimeter of the house with the Disinfect the areas of theroofsurroundingfan shafts and thegutters. attention. equipment. Fan boxes, inlets, support beams and posts require special to the front of the house.and surfaces interior the all soak Thoroughly the toptosidesandthenbottomofhousefromback through a When the surfaces are dry, apply an effective broad-spectrum should be done in good light and after the house and equipment have dried. Visually inspecteverypartofthefarmfacilitiesforcleanliness.Thisinspection drainage openings. Perform any equipment or facility repairs and replace or plug any Animal WelfareTips pressure washer with a fan jet nozzle. Disinfect by moving from disinfection is advantageous. Heat and cleaning and disinfectant solution per the dilution disinfection process. ore slats andpendividers areinstalledcorrectlytoprevent birdentrapment)andtoensureall equipmentwillworkcorrectlybefore slats) andtestedto ensurefunctionality(ex:controller, ventilation will disinfectant 12. 11. 10. 9. hygiene program. of the efficacy the increases always flocks between downtime Adequate reinstated. After All footwearandclothingmustbewasheddisinfected. mustbethoroughly cleaned anddisinfected. offices and areas changing canteens, areas, Staff disinfection, fans, light, feeding system, etc.). The goal of this test is to ensure fans, light,feeding system,etc.).Thegoalofthistestis toensure biosecurity controls at house entrances must be COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 111 DEPLETION humidity disinfectant. disinfectant. However, formaldehyde is disinfectant cleaning disinfection depends on: disinfection depends quality of hardness of water of quality and suitability correct dilution and application and chlorines) halogens (iodophors alcohols oxidizing agents (hydrogen-peroxide) phenols aldehydes (formalin) quaternary ammonium compound

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ The efficacy of based on their chemical structure: Disinfectants are grouped Formaldehyde can be a very carcinogenic and not all countries and regions permit the use of this chemical. Check effective with your local regulations before you consider using formaldehyde as a There are also several very effective disinfectants that are available (see proceeding page). table on Chemical storage ranges. Check the manufacturers’ label for these storage requirements.ranges. Check the manufacturers’ label for Formaldehyde Segregate chemicals in storage according to hazard class to prevent reactions.prevent to class hazard to according storage in chemicals Segregate alcoholsas such chemicals Flammable cabinets. separate in chemicals store Ideally, should be stored in a flammable storage cabinet. Chemicals should and inactivation. Store chemicals underappropriate containers to prevent leakage be stored in including temperature and the appropriate environmental conditions disinfectant is not pH extremes, soap residues andresidues soap extremes, pH disinfectant is extended. Cleaning extended. is disinfectant disinfectant solutions penetrate and disinfect better than colddisinfectant solutions disinfectant works for all purposes. The product chosen should have provendisinfectant works for all purposes. The product Disinfectants have the original manufacturer’s label and chemicals should never be poured intohave the original manufacturer’s label and (toxic and non-toxic) should benon-labelled containers for storage. All chemicals treated as though they were toxic. Training should deliver information so that workers are aware of the properties ofTraining should deliver information so that and chemicalterminology of chemicals every chemical used and they understand (PPE),equipment protective personal of use the including measures, Control safety. Safetyexposure. against protect to chemicals with working when mandatory are Data Sheets (SDS’s), and compatibility charts should be available for finding hazard chemicals. All chemical containers shouldinformation about disinfectants and other Chemical safety disinfectants may pose. PersonnelPersonnel must be aware of any chemical hazards applications.chemical in involved equipment any use to correctly trained be must solutions. This is especially important with porous surfaces.solutions. This is especially important with porous No single effectiveness in tests against the relevant organisms in the region. Disinfectants can by inactivated and matter organic by inactivated be to ensure that the minerals in the water. Care should be taken corrosive to the target surface. microbial load by an additional 20%. However, disinfectants will not be effective on must be clean prior to applying disinfectants.dirty surfaces. All surfaces (68 °F), but follow best at temperatures above 20 °C Most disinfectants work waterdiluent the and rate dilution the for recommendation manufacturer’s the temperature. Hot 13.2 the applied solution dissolved in water and contact lasts until Most disinfectants are takes longer to dry, can increase the contact time as it is dry. Foaming disinfectants the of activity antimicrobial the consequently and can reduce the the microbial load by 80%. Disinfectants with detergents can reduce COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 112 DEPLETION Effectiveness Factors Affecting Sporicidal Fungicidal Virucidal Bactericidal Precautions Characteristics Mechanisms Trade Names* ingredients Active Category Table sourcedfromIowa StateUniversity,CenterforFoodSecurityand PublicHealthavailableat:http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Disinfection/Assets/CharacteristicsSelectedDisinfectants.pdf This tableprovidesgeneral informationforeach *Disclaimer: Theuseoftradenamesservesonly asexamplesanddoesnotinanywaysignifyendorsementofaparticularproduct. a -slowactingagainstnon-envelopedviruses (e.g., norovirus) + =effective;±variableorlimitedactivity;– =noteffective matter Inactivated byorganic Flammable rubber andplastics Can swellorharden Leaves noresidue Rapid evaporation Fast acting denatures lipids Precipitates proteins; ethanol, isopropanol Alcohols +a + + - Variable Very caustic mental hazard irritation Environ mucous membrane Severe skinburns; Corrosive tometals Best athightemps Affected by Slow acting fatsaponification hydroxyl ions; Alters calcium oxide sodium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, pH through Alkalis + + + + pH disinfectant chemicalclasses. Antimicrobialactivitymayvarywithformulation andconcentration.Alwaysread follow theproductlabelforproper preparationandapplicationdirections. - soaps anddetergents matter, hardwater, Inactivated byorganic Carcinogenic Noncorrosive areas pungentodor use inwellventilated cous membraneOnly Irritation ofskin/mu temperature Affected by Slow acting alkylates nucleicacids Denatures proteins; Synergize® dehyde dehyde, ortho-phthalal formaldehyde, glutaral Aldehydes Characteristics ofSelectedDisinfectants + + + + pH and - - - organic matter Rapidly inactivatedby chlorine dioxide calcium hypochlorite, (bleach) sodium hypochlorite ammonia mixed withstrongacidor Toxic gasreleasedif irritation Mucous membrane fabrics, Corrodes metals,rubber, UV radiation application Inactivatedby Affected by Fast acting Denatures proteins Clorox®, Wysiwash® Halogens: Chlorine pH Frequent + + + + organic matter Rapidly inactivatedby povidone-iodine treated surfaces Stains clothesand Corrosive frequent application Affected by Stable instorage Denatures proteins Halogens: Iodine pH Requires +- + + + detergents hard water,soapsand of organicmatter, Effective inthepresence monosulfate acid, potassiumperoxy accelerated HP,peracetic hydrogen peroxide/ Peroxygen Compounds mentally friendly concentrations. Environ Low toxicityatlower membrane irritation. form maycausemucous brass, zinc)Powdered als (e.g.,lead,copper, May damagesomemet Fast acting lipids Denatures proteinsand Ecocid®, VirkonH20® 333®, Virkon-S®, Rescue®, Oxy-Sept + + + + - - - detergents hard water,soapsand of organicmatter, Effective inthepresence especially catsandpigs May betoxictoanimals, and eyes storage Irritationtoskin non-corrosiveStablein plastic; Can damagerubber, on surfaces Can leaveresidualfilm disrupts cellwalls Denatures proteins& Trol®, Lysol® Pheno-Tek II®,Tek- One-Stroke Environ®, rophenol orthobenzylpara- chlo ortho-phenylphenol, Phenols + + + - - and detergents matter, hardwater,soaps Inactivated byorganic respiratory tract Irritation toskin,eyes,and sive tometals High concentrationscorro Effective athightemps neutral oralkaline Stable instorageBestat membrane phospholipids ofcell Denatures protein;binds Roccal-D, DiQuat,D-256 chloride alkyldimethyl ammonium benzalkonium chloride, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds + enveloped + + + pH pH - COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 113 DEPLETION bacteria loads Salmonella. cleaning and disinfecting of houses by sampling and culturing for cleaning and disinfecting of houses by sampling Validate the and target pathogens including

rodent sanitation Salmonella Salmonella biosecurity of the flock. sanitation program. Some keysanitation program. Some sanitation program, a visual inspectionvisual a program, sanitation cleaning. sterilize a house, but it is possible to reduce thesterilize a house, but it is possible to reduce cleaning procedures. The maximum total viable count incount viable total maximum The procedures. cleaning sanitation monitoring program are listed below: sanitation monitoring Sanitation Program Monitoring Program Sanitation barrier against the outside house or unit perimeter. of verminAlways keep the doors shut to prevent re-introduction walls.and doors in cracks or gaps any Seal contaminants. other and rodents and insectsOpenings around doors and walls can give access into the houses, compromising the house colony forming units per cm² of floor area should not exceed1,000 surfaces. No (TVC) and maximum 100 (TVC) for all other should be isolated after including an anti- Maintain a rigorous vermin control policy A minimum of ten swabs per house should be taken for laboratoryA minimum of ten swabs per house should analysis. It is impossible to viabletotal counts or bacterial number of microorganisms. The count (TVC), are used as an indicator for the effectiveness of the

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ tests. Sterilization of the facilities is not realistic but microbiologicaltests. Sterilization of testing can confirm that all undesirable organisms including and A documented audit including both visual have been eliminated. subsequentof performance the to attention and testing microbiological the of effectiveness the support can flocks points for a To monitor the effectiveness of the the of effectiveness the monitor To the of effectiveness The suggested. is microbes for sampling and using quantitative and qualitative laboratoryprogram can be measured 13.3 - pH + + + + enveloped Compounds Quaternary Ammonium Ammonium Quaternary and detergents Inactivated by organic Inactivated by organic matter, hard water, soaps Stable in storage Best at Stable in storage Best at neutral or alkaline Effective at high temps High concentrations corro sive to metals Irritation to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract Denatures protein; binds Denatures protein; binds phospholipids of cell membrane benzalkonium chloride, chloride, benzalkonium alkyldimethyl ammonium chloride Roccal-D, DiQuat, D-256 - - + + + Phenols especially cats and pigs Effective in the presence of organic matter, hard water, soaps and detergents disrupts cell walls Can leave residual film on surfaces Can damage rubber, plastic; non-corrosive Stable in storage Irritation to skin and eyes May be toxic to animals, ortho-phenylphenol, ortho-phenylphenol, orthobenzylpara- chlo rophenol One-Stroke Environ®, Pheno-Tek II®, Tek- Trol®, Lysol® Denatures proteins & - - - + + + + Effective in the presence Effective in the presence of organic matter, hard water, soaps and detergents Rescue®, Oxy-Sept Rescue®, Oxy-Sept 333®, Virkon-S®, Ecocid®, Virkon H20® Denatures proteins and lipids Fast acting May damage some met als (e.g., lead, copper, brass, zinc) Powdered form may cause mucous membrane irritation. Low toxicity at lower concentrations. Environ mentally friendly Peroxygen Compounds hydrogen peroxide/ peracetic accelerated HP, acid, potassium peroxy monosulfate + + + +- pH Requires pH Requires Iodine Halogens: Rapidly inactivated by Rapidly inactivated by organic matter Denatures proteins Stable in storage Affected by frequent application Corrosive Stains clothes and treated surfaces povidone-iodine + + + + pH Frequent pH Frequent Chlorine Halogens: Rapidly inactivated by Rapidly inactivated by organic matter Clorox®, Wysiwash® Denatures proteins Fast acting Affected by application Inactivated by UV radiation Corrodes metals, rubber, fabrics, Mucous membrane irritation Toxic gas released if mixed with strong acid or ammonia sodium hypochlorite sodium hypochlorite (bleach) calcium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide - - - pH and pH and + + + + Aldehydes cous membrane Only cous membrane Only use in well ventilated areas pungent odor Noncorrosive Carcinogenic Inactivated by organic matter, hard water, soaps and detergents formaldehyde, glutaral formaldehyde, dehyde, ortho-phthalal dehyde Synergize® Denatures proteins; alkylates nucleic acids Slow acting Affected by temperature Irritation of skin/ mu - pH + + + + Alkalis pH through pH through Severe skin burns; Severe skin burns; mucous membrane irritation Environ mental hazard Very caustic Variable calcium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium oxide Alters hydroxyl ions; fat saponification Slow acting Affected by Best at high temps Corrosive to metals - + + +a Alcohols Leaves no residue Can swell or harden rubber and plastics Flammable Inactivated by organic matter ethanol, isopropanol Precipitates proteins; denatures lipids Fast acting Rapid evaporation Characteristics Precautions Bactericidal Virucidal Fungicidal Sporicidal Factors Affecting Effectiveness Category Active ingredients Trade Names* Mechanisms COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 114 VENTILATION Ventilation Management litter moisture. with along stratification natural to due level During cold weather the challenge is to produce twochallenges; thermoregulation it reducesthebirds ability through Managing poultry house quality and sufficient cooling capacity to keep the birds as comfortable as possible. However, the house environment is a dynamic environment with fluctuating temperatures, the system must controlmoisture and the performance flock optimal achieve To humidity levelswhichrequiresconstantmonitoringandadjustmentsto humidity and litter moisture are two of the greatest challenges a producer may face. High house condition the incoming cold air before it circulates to bird level. Mixing the incoming cold airwith the heat trapped at ceiling air qualitywhilealsoensuring uniform and stabletemperatures. During hotweatherthe ventilation system must provide optimalconditions inbothcoldandhotconditions. In coldweather and during circulation fans are the two most important concepts the producer needs to master for the successful management of evaporative coolingandmakes the management of pressure, fan operation ofthe remain active.Ifbirds aremigratingtoonearea,orstill showingsignsofheatstress,evaluate the they arecomfortable(ornot).Ideally, birdsshouldbeuniformlydistributedinthehouseand of stages different to transitioning when behavior bird and comfortable temperature for the flock. From a Airspeed and ventilation. condition, etc.)and thenfixanyproblems. ventilation are very important tools to help maintain an ideal environment and a ventilation areveryimportanttools tohelpmaintainanidealenvironmentanda ventilation system (incomingairspeed,airspeedinthe centerofthehouse, Animal WelfareTips welfare viewpoint, always observe flock distribution humidity conditions during hot weather litter moisture conditions challenging. ventilation system must provide ventilation. The birds will ‘indicate’ if if ‘indicate’ will birds The ventilation. 14 brooding, air inlet inlet COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 115

VENTILATION

) ) ft 500 ( m 150

) 40 ft 17.5 m (55 ft) 17.5 m (55 ft) 17.5 m (55 ft) 17.5 m (55 ft) 10.0 m (30 ft) 17.5 m (55 ft) 17.5 m (55 ft) 17.5 m (55 ft) 17.5 m (55 ft) 12 m ( 12 m 50 litter is important for maintaining good footpad health, providing fans. ). circulation 2500 cfm 2500 fans with a with fans litter throughout the house. Dry circulation ) 24 in 24 ) 3 fans with capacity of 70 m³/min ( m³/min 70 of capacity with fans fans ) ) average height stir fan capacity ) 18 in 18 190,000 ft 9.5 ft ( 3 ) = 7.6 or 8 litter. 19,000 cfm fans are needed: litter. There are many different designs and setups for litter. There are many are being used. ) = 5472 m

) 2,500 cfm length; 3 m ( /min ( 3 9.5 ft /min ( 500 ft) 3 5000 cfm x 3 m ( ) ÷ 70 m 500 ft) ) × 10 % = 547 m 3 Animal Welfare Tips 19,000 cfm ) wide house; 150 m ( ) x 150 m ( ), removing moisture from the ), removing moisture fans help with air mixing in the house and are important tools to help maintain dry 190,000 ft ( Circulation Fan Installation Options Fan Installation Circulation 3 /min ( 3 40 ft 40 ft Capacity: approximately 10 to 20 % house volume. Capacity: approximately ( mm 450 capacity: and size fan Typical circulation ( mm 600 larger houses, ventilated tunnel new and ceilings high In ( capacity of 140 m³/min

547 m Circulation pullets and breeders with a comfortable environment and promoting positive bird behavior. 5472 m 12 m ( 12 m ( The large red arrows indicate high velocity movement at ceiling level, while the smaller the while level, ceiling at movement velocity high arrows indicate red large The created at floor level. yellow arrows indicate the low velocity return As level. floor at movement air “return” the increase will capacity fan circulation Increasing air does not constitute as a draft! long as the return is warm, moving warm the The more circulation capacity, the dryer ✓ ✓ ✓ Circulation fan requirements: 14.1 Example calculation of how many Example calculation of how many The primary function of a circulation fan system is to disperse the natural heat stratification in the house. It is not unusual to see up to 5 °C (25 °F) difference between the ceiling and floor level. These systems are designed to mix the air from the floor to ceiling by producing air movement at floor level of between 0.25 to 0.76 m/s ( to 150 fpm COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 116 VENTILATION % O ppm. If the house environment exceeds 3,000 ppm of CO *The maximum level of CO 3. 2. 1. There are3keyfunctionsof 14.2 potentially creatinga High levels conditions, maintaininggoodmoisturecontrolshouldensure the minimum air exchange is linkedtotheamount of moisture added tothehouse by thebirds,aswelldrinking,heating, and Minimum evaluate flockbehavior andadjustthe With increasedCO 2 Maintenance ofgood Provide oxygentomeetthebird’smetabolicdemand Moisture and thenthe Minimum Ventilation ventilation systems are designedtomanage moisture and ammonia are alwayslinkedtohighhouse Animal WelfareTips ventilation ratemustbeincreased. 2 humidity control impact bird growth and feed consumption. Always levels (>3,000ppm), birdbehaviorandactivitywillbereduced. Ifnotcorrected,thisreduced activitylevelcannegativelyimpactbirdgrowth andfeedconsumption.Always welfare issue.Additionally,birdsraisedinwet litter conditions 2 allowedat any time in the chicken house is 3,000 minimum ventilation system to keep the birds comfortable. ventilation system tokeepthebirdscomfortable. ventilation: humidity and 2 orless than 19.6 carbon dioxideand litter conditionscanhavearapiddeclineinfoothealthandmayleadtopododermatitis. air qualityusing litter moisture. High levelsof ammonia levelsarekeptbelow3000and10ppm,respectively. fans on acycletimer.Thissystem is independentofthetemperature control and Air exchange(withminimalair movement atchicklevel) Carbon Dioxide(CO ammonia susceptibility to can increasethebirds Carbon Monoxide Relative Humidity Respirable Dust Oxygen % Ammonia Air qualityguidelines 2 ) ventilation systems. Under most < 0.3%/3,000ppm <0.30 m/s( < 3.4mg/m³ 45 to65% < 10ppm < 10ppm > 19.6% 60 fpm disease and ) COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 117 VENTILATION 180 165 150 135 120 240 240 225 210 195 Off (seconds) 60 75 90 120 135 150 165 105 60 (20 %) 180 (60 %) On (seconds) ventilation timer settings (5 min (300 sec) timer) Minimum 1 3 5 8 11 14 18 22 25 30 Day ventilation. ventilation minimum of floor area (1 to 2 cfm 2 minimum minimum perimeter inlets is vital in achieving good air achieving in vital is inlets perimeter air quality begins to deteriorate, the ON time must be must ON time the air quality begins to deteriorate, fans should be cycled for approximately 30 to 60 seconds 60 to 30 approximately cycled for be should fans air quality in the bird space can result in more active, uniformly distributed, and comfortable birds. fans should provide an air exchange capability of approximately capability of approximately an air exchange should provide fans Animal Welfare Tips of floor area). inlet capacity should match the fan capacity at the required working the at capacity fan the should match capacity inlet 1 ft²

placement, seconds and monitored for 24 hours. the of Correct operation distribution and moisture control. The pressure based on the width of the house. The cycle should never exceed 10 minutes. Any time the remains constant. increased - but the total cycle time always to 65 % where possible. Humidity should be maintained below 60 15 to 10 – increments small in made be should ON times in Increases Always match fan capacity as close to requirement as possible. Always match fan capacity At air (see mixing of cold incoming and warm internal to ensure adequate table right). for preferred is cycle on/off (300-second) 5-minute A The timer per m m³/min to 0.61 0.3 of % or a capacity 12.5 per

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ e timer so that air exchanges are increased. Increasing the fresh airIf the flock is inactive, appears uncomfortable, or noisy due to thermal stress, consider increasing the time “on” for the cycl and improving the ✓ ✓ ✓ 5-minute timer cycle to control timer cycle 5-minute ✓ COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 118 VENTILATION 14.3 of required. The Number of Number of (House floorareaXAirexchangerate) ventilation inatypicaltunnelhouse Calculations for the minimum number of The 2cfmperft²offloorareafancapacityisonlyneededincoldclimates. Notes: Ideallythese ✓ ✓ ✓ Sample FansRequiredforMinimumVentilation fans tobeusedforcycle

minimum 23,000 cfmto46,000÷12,000 cfm=1.91to3.83or 23,000 ft²×1to2cfmperoffloorarea=46,000 cfm 630 to1260÷340m³/min=1.853.70or 2,100 m²×0.3to0.6m³/minperoffloorarea=6301260 m³/min per ft² of m² per m³/min 0.60 to 0.3 range: exchange Air min ( Exhaust or sidewall Fans capacitiesusedintheexamplesareratedat25pa( fans The 12,000 cfm fans requiredforairexchangerange:1to2cfm/ft² fans requiredforairexchangerangeof0.3to0.6m³/minper m²

of floorarea minimum ventilation system must have sufficient capacity to operate for the full life of the flock. The following is an example calculation of the number of number of the calculation an example is following The flock. the of life full the for operate to capacity sufficient have must system ventilation fans shouldbefixedvolumeandnotvariablespeed. ). ). ventilation calculations are onlyguidelines fans: 900 mm ( ventilation willincreaseovertimeuntilallinstalled 36 in ÷ Workingcapacity=Numberof ), workingcapacityof340 m³/ 2to4 fans oor area ( area floor fans required for 2 to4 0.1in wc 1 to 2 cfm fans ) . Dailyadjustments should bemadebasedon fans required minimum ventilation Sample housedimensions 0.75 m( 2.5 m fans areused. House floorarea:500ft×46=23,000ft² House floorarea:150m×15=2,100m² Average height=8ft+(0.5x2.5ft)9.25 Average height=2.5m+(0.5x0.75m)2.88 House dimensions:500ftlong,46wideand9.25averageheight House dimensions:150mlong,14wideand2.88averageheight (8 ft) 2.5 ft 14 m( ) 46 ft air qualityand ) humidity. Therangeandcapacity 150 m( fans 500 ft ) COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 119 VENTILATION 16 20 25 30 35 40 travels pressure drop m ft 5.0 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 Distance air Distance air 1,112 1,280 1,417 1,535 1,654 1,772 Airspeed 5.7 6.5 7.2 7.8 8.4 9.0 pressure difference pressure m/s fpm F). ⁰ inlet. The gradual increase in ceiling in ceiling increase gradual The inlet. C (40 ⁰ 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.20 the incoming air needs to travel, a air needs the incoming water ) Inches of 2 ft 2 inlet airspeed and inlet airspeed 20 25 31 37 43 49 (Pa) ) is required. This will need to be significantly increased when Pascals Required 30 40 50 60 70 80 0.01 in wc in 0.01 Spot 1 11.78 °C (53.2 °F) Spot 2 17.22°C (63.0 °F) Spot 3 23.00 °C (73.4 °F) Spot 4 24.28 °C (75.7 °F) The infrared image shows the via a perimeter the house correct flow of coldcenter the reaches air the as 4 to 1 spots in noted is temperatures air entering of the house. m ft 10 12 15 18 21 24 House width of 2.5 Pa ( 2.5 of outside temperatures drop below 5 Guideline: For every 61 cm ( 61 For every Guideline: ventilation ventilation minimum pressure drop across pressure perimeter inlets. ventilation system. The system. ventilation inlet openings need to be increased accordingly inlet openings need inlet is opened should be adjusted to ensure that that ensure to be adjusted should opened is inlet pressure drop selected will depend on the house the will depend on pressure drop selected pressure Animal Welfare Tips pressure drop and opening size will need to be increased. The ability ability The be increased. to will need size opening drop and pressure Negative Pressure - Key Requirement for Minimum Ventilation for Minimum - Key Requirement Pressure Negative pressure drop. The The drop. pressure inlet hot or chilled, they will behave differently than birds that areIn addition to daily temperature monitoring, evaluate bird behavior, activity and distribution within the house. If birds are l preferentially move away from this cooler area and may huddle orcomfortable. For example, if cool air enters via inlets, does not mix at the ceiling and drops directly to the floor, birds wil congregate in a more central location in the house. Note: In houses with side wall (perimeter) inlets that are positioned lower on (perimeter) inlets side wall houses with Note: In the wall, the pressures and the center of the house. This is to ensure the incoming air jet reaches into especially important with low outside temperatures. In houses with obstructions such as purloins or electrical conduit which can as such with obstructions In houses in) smooth solid ramps of about 3 m (9 ft 10 air jet, incoming interrupt the need to be installed in front of the of the incoming air jet to attach to the ceiling depends on the temperature ceiling depends on to the incoming air jet to attach of the test smoke a use Always house. the inside and outside between differentials tests Smoke house. the of center the reaches air incoming the that ensure to should only be done when the outside temperatures are significantly colder than inside, and when there is no wind. The table (right) can be used as a reference guide to determine the required the determine to guide reference a as used be can (right) table The inlet and house, air jet must travel once it enters the width, how far the incoming ⁰F) (40 ⁰C 5 below are temperatures outside When temperature. outside the the cient way to accomplish air distribution for distribution air accomplish to way efficient most The negative is by using a the amount and inlets the house the of peak the reaches and the ceiling to attaches air jet incoming the where the heat has accumulated. 14.4 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 120 VENTILATION air tothefloor,resultinginchilledbirdsandcondensation. base of the air shouldonlyenteroverthe top ofthe inlet shouldcloseandseal completely when the and compactionofthe The most common consequence of poorly managed inlets is the humidification relative the humidity willbehalved. temperature in increase ⁰F 20 or ⁰C 11 every For house. the of allows theairtogainheat and decrease manage the incoming air. With these, the airflow can be directed in a way that and level of the birds. While mixing, the temperature of the incoming air increases the heavier) that enters the house mixes with warm, dry air before reaching the impact significantly will inlets the direction oftheincomingcoldair.Duringcoolseasons, fresh air(coolerand of design and Positioning system. Perimeter inlets are arguablythe most important partofthe house 14. 5 4 °C( H10 % RH-100 humidity decreases. The 39.2 °F

Perimeter inlet. Inlets that leak air through the sides and base will direct cold ) Fresh airatbird level,dry ( 10 °C RH-75 %, 50.0 °F Ideal airflowandmixing litter, primarilyalongthesidewalls.Awell-designed

) Inlet ManagementandInstallation perimeter inlets are one tool that can initially 27°C ( RH-25 % litter andlowheating costs. humidity as it flows into the center the into flows it as humidity inlet andnot from the sides or the 80.6°F fans are off. When open, the open, When off. are fans ) ( 16 °C RH-50 % 60.8 °F ) the house Hottest airin ventilation special attention needs to be given to the nylon cords which are closing the inlets, the operate to used being are cables When capacities. fan different at Inlet openings should be The inlets used for installing theinlets. windy conditions.An8mm steel rod isthe preferred material to beusedwhen do notclosecompletelywillcause heat and energylosses, especially under inlets. Cables canstretchandarepronetocause uneven openings. Inlets that close tothecontrolroomforeasyobservation. in front of the house in cold weather or attach a series of ribbon tapes to the ceiling from jets attach to the ceiling and detach near the center. Always smoke test the opening of 2.5 cm to 5 cm ( required static 4 °C( RH-100 % 39.2 °F inlet to the center of the house. Place these ribbons at an pressure andairjet.Dependingonthe ) higher energycosts, higherfeedconversion Poor minimum litter, coldbirds, morestress, pressure controlled to maintain a constant airflow constant a maintain to controlled pressure 1 to 2 in ventilation need to open enough to achieve the Poor airflowandmixing ) is required to ensure cold incoming air ( 10 °C RH-75 % 50.0 °F ) inlet design, a minimum mortality, inlet COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 121 VENTILATION tunnel pressure. fans through through fans ) should be recorded ) should be recorded inlet opens to balance opens inlet fans and the staging of staging and the fans ventilation, the outside the ventilation, ventilation stage and stage ventilation 0.15 in wc production houses that do not that production houses tunnel inlet at a specific static minimum uniformity always starts in the 1st week uniformity production houses, the curtains are usually are curtains the production houses, inlet or door. Turn on the equivalent of 0.30 of equivalent the on Turn door. or inlet ventilation system will use perimeter wall inlets for inlets wall perimeter will use system ventilation rearing. Flock rearing and rearing ventilation. These houses should have a maximum air maximum a have should houses These ventilation. ventilation capacity in modern tunnel ventilated houses. It is houses. ventilated capacity in modern tunnel ventilation tunnel ventilation can be delayed by operating more ventilation pressure in excess of 37.5 Pa ( 37.5 pressure in excess of pressure. tunnel During the final stageof transition the tunnel static Tunnel further stages, These inlets. both the perimeter wall and tunnel sometimes referred to as tunnel airspeeds in increases dramatic without exchange air in increases assist mode, allow significant at floor level. to transition to house the For temperature needs to be warm – above 25 °C (77 °F). all levels of conditions. hot with cope to minute 1 than less of capacity exchange Depends on - capacity of a single in full transition mode. Depends on - the air exchange requirement breeder and pullet cold climates, In a have pressure drop across any drop across pressure

✓ ✓ ✓ How many inlets for full transition? ✓ ✓ ✓ oor area. A area. floor production house, the house needs to be as airtight as possible. Typically, possible. as airtight as be to needs house the house, production feed intake, especially in feed intake, rearing or or rearing of floor of 2 pressure. ) of fan capacity per the the per capacity fan of ) ventilation is the temperature control stage between the control stage temperature is the ventilation ventilation system 4 to 5 cfm per ft 5 to 4 fans, around doors and along stem walls. In curtain sided curtain In walls. stem along and doors around fans, ventilation system. ), indicates the house is poorly sealed. ), indicates the house inlet will open to provide additional to will open inlet of floor area ( area floor of ventilation capacity. In colder climates, capacity. In ventilation 2 (1 cfm per ft² of floor area floor of ft² per cfm (1 ventilation is to increase house air exchange and manage temperature without creating high airspeeds or velocity at bird or velocity at airspeeds high creating without temperature manage and air exchange house increase is to ventilation ventilation (full transition), the inlets are in (full transition), ventilation 0.10 in wc tunnel pressure system in a controlled environment environment controlled a in system pressure /min per m transition 3 transition fans to control temperature. Transition to control temperature. fans feed intake and temperature management. production tunnel houses, the transitional production tunnel houses, final stage of ventilation in tunnel ventilated houses to ensure bird to ensure comfort and early ventilated houses in tunnel ventilation fans use perimeter wall inlets that are evenly distributed lengthwise use perimeter fans ventilation begins to operate when the house thermostat overrides the cycle timer to allow continuous running of the cycle of the running cycle timer to allow continuous overrides the thermostat house when the ventilation begins to operate 18 m³/hr per m² of floor area) or area) floor of m² per m³/hr 18 Simple Negative Pressure Test Negative Simple Transition Ventilation Transition chilling the birds, and is a valuable part of any chilling the birds, and is a valuable part of During the tunnel the and position opened fully their incoming air to match the fan requirement and balance the static These down the house. The inlets are most efficient when controlled by control, reduces the risk of This system gives excellent temperature pressure. negative ) or air exchange rates of 2 to 3-minutes when in full transition. ) or air exchange rates of 2 to 3-minutes

m³/min ( m³/min < 25 Pa ( across the opening. Pressure To effectively generate a negative the to close ridge, roof the along located are leaks leaks. the largest source of the measure then inlets, the all closing by sealed is house the well how of effectiveness the Test ✓ terms of floor area: 1.2 to 1.8 m 1.8 to 1.2 area: floor of terms area ✓ Fan capacity requirement for full transition Fan capacity requirement for full In typical pullet and total the % of to 50 30 typically uses in expressed be also can capacity The beneficial. is capacity transition more having the remaining transition remaining the of function key The ventilation. % of full mode, can range from 25 to 50 in full transition airspeeds, generated maximum level. The of a vital stage and is driven by early 14.7 Transition 14.6 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 122 VENTILATION Fan requirementbasedonhousefloorarea:1.2to1.8m³/min/m²( Fan capacitiesusedintheexamplesareratedat25Pa( Sample How manyinletsneededfor Calculating Example calculationsofhowmanyinletsareneededusingan Step 2: Step 1: Note: If 108inletsor54per side 3,400m³/min( 3,400m³/minor 5×680m³/min( fans Numberofinlets=TotalTransition FanCapacity÷Inlet TotalTransitionFanCapacity=Numberof 1,270 mm( 900 mm( inlet capacityisunknown Standard inlet use thefollowing capacity =7229 assumptions: m³/min per m²( transition 36 in 50 in 120,000 cfm ), workingcapacityof340m³/min( 24,000 cfm ), workingcapacityof680m³/min( 120,000 cfm ventilation ) ÷34.5m³/min( ) = transition Example calculationofhowmany (common practicetoaddextra 10% 23,000 ft²×4to5cfm/ft 2,100 m²×1.2to1.8m³/min=2,5203,780 Floor area×1.2to1.8m³/minperm²( inlet capacity ventilation? fans neededXFancapacity 1,218 cfm 0.1 inwc 12,000 cfm 24,000 cfm ) = inlet capacityof34.5m³/min( ) 4 to ) 2 =92,000to115,000cfm

) 5 cfm/ft² fans areneededusingfancapacityof680m inlet capacity) ) 4 to5cfmperft 1,218 cfm

Sample housedimensions 4 to5 2 ) =numberof 4 to5 ) at25Pa House dimensions:150mlong,14wideand2.88averageheight House floorarea:150m×15=2,100m² Average height=8ft+(0.5x2.5ft)9.25 Average height=2.5m+(0.5x0.75m)2.88 House dimensions:500ftlong,46wideand9.25averageheight House floorarea:500ft×46=23,000ft² fans needed fans needed fans needed 750 cfm perft² 3 /min ( 24,000 cfm ) of inlet opening at 25 Pa ( ) 0.10 in wc ). COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 123 ) VENTILATION ) 0.20 in wc 0.06 in wc Light trap 15 Pa ( Total 49 Pa ( ) 0 to 60 60 to 100 100 to 350 400 to 500 500 to 600 Max Airspeed (fpm) pressure 6 Pa 0.025 in wc ( Pipe 0 to 0.3 0.3 to 0.5 0.5 to 1.8 2.0 to 2.5 2.5 to 3.0 evaporative cooling Max Airspeed (m/s) ) ) 7.5 Pa 0 to 5 pullets 0.03 in wc Transistion 5 to 14 ( 14 to 21 breeders Age (days) 0.05 in wc ) pressure drops: pressure reading at the extraction end is an indication of the amount of amount the of indication an is end extraction the at reading pressure Pad 12.5 Pa ( light trap 0.03 in wc Light trap 8 Pa ( nest boxes and feed hoppers pressure, which includes resistance created by objects created resistance includes which pressure, dark out pullet house with Pipe such as Tunnel fan 5. 6. pressure in 0.20 in wc brooding and the first fewweeks of the fans are placed at one end of the house end of the house one are placed at fans flow creates a wind-chill effect, which produces light trap ventilation humidity and numerous other factors and can range from range can and factors other numerous and humidity feed intake, during during feed intake, tunnel 49 Pa pressure measurements in full tunnel mode pressure measurements in full tunnel pressure drop pressure Estimated fan operating light trap + transition + pipe + fan inlet curtain or door fans must do to move the air down the length of the house. It is a sum of the following fans must do to move the air down the length inlet light trap pressure ventilation is used in hot weather for cooling - the process of removing metabolic heat heat metabolic removing process of the - cooling for weather hot in used is ventilation Tunnel Ventilation Tunnel pressure readings will increase from the front to the extraction end of the house. The The house. the of end extraction the to front the from will increase readings pressure Pad Inlet Tunnel Transition or “squeeze” Understanding negative The work the of 2.8°C (5 °F) from the front to the end of the house on the hottest day. of 2.8°C (5 °F) from the front to the end of 30°C (86°F). bird maximum activity and To ensure air temperatures table below, unless airspeeds within the limits given in the keep rearing phases, exchange air or capacity fan Tunnel ages. specific the for temperatures target of excess in well are rate should be sufficient to ensure an absolutemaximum temperature pickup or differential (ΔT) Tunnel pullets and breeders. The from the with the air intake at the opposite end. The air the effective temperature experienced by the bird. The effective temperature experienced will relative bird age, airspeed, on depend 1 to 8 °C below ambient temperatures. Bird effective temperatures should be maintained below 14.8 1. 2. 3. 4. pressure + = 0.05 in wc + 0.03 in wc + 0.03 in wc + 0.025 in wc + 0.06 in wc = wc in 0.06 + wc in 0.025 + wc in 0.03 + wc in 0.03 + wc in 0.05 = Pad = 12.5 Pa + 8 Pa + 7.5 Pa + 6 Pa + 15 Pa = COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 124 VENTILATION houses on the speeds and The diagrams (below) illustrate the importance of maintaining the correctairspeedandnegative If airspeedsarenotimprovedtemperatureswillbehigherintheseareasandtheflockcouldsubjecttoheatstress. CORRECT PRESSURE Adjusting tunnel CORRECT PRESSURE ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Key pointswhenchoosingorcomparing

Fans shouldbepurchasedonefficiencyandbuildquality–notprice Fans shouldbesealedtopreventairleakswhennotoperational pressures 12.5to50Pa( Air Energy efficiencyshouldbe0.0109m³/s( All ratingsmustbeataminimum more fans with minimum diameters ranging from1.27 m ( The ow ratio: > 0.75 indicator of how well the fan holds up under high static high under up holds fan the well how of indicator 0.75 > ratio: flow fans most suitable for a pressure dropswillresultinincreased“deadspots” (this referstoareasinthehouse near thewallsthathave minimal airspeed orinUSstyle slats betweenthe inlet forcorrectairdistribution 0.05 to0.2inwc nest boxandthesidewallcurtain).Thetunnel tunnel Even AirDistribution pressure of25Pa( ventilation system are high capacity cone 23 cfm ) ) perWatt tunnel 50 in 0.10 inwc ) to1.42 m ( fans ) 6 in ) or inlet doororcurtain LOW PRESSURE and AIRSPEED

LOW PRESSURE and AIRSPEED Still air Still pressure dropatthetunnel pressure drop must beadjustedtohelpreducethisphenomenon. pressure drop HIGH AIRSPEED Still air Still air inlet curtainordoor.Verylow Uneven AirDistribution DEAD SPOTS production inlet air - COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 125 VENTILATION ). ). 0.1in wc 24,000 cfm 620 fpm 186.0 m/min or 3.00 m/s , working capacity of 680 m³/min ( production house: 3 m/s (600 fpm) production house: 3 50 in Airspeed = Total Fan Capacity (m³/min) ÷ Cross Section Area (m²) Airspeed = Total Fan Capacity (m³/min) ÷ (11 x 680 m³/min) ÷ 40.32 m² = (11 x 24,000 ft³/min) ÷ 425 ft² = Is the airspeed adequate? Breeders fans Step 3: 9 to 10 cfm per ft² Example for rated at 25 Pa ( Fans capacities used in the examples are 1,270 mm ( (165 to 183 m³/h per m²) (165 to 183 m³/h per 2.75 to 3.05 m³/min per m² 2.75 to 3.05 m³/min Sample ) 0.10 in wc 49 seconds 49 49 seconds ) at 25 Pa ( 600 fpm Pullets 8 to 9 cfm per ft² (150 to 165 m³/h per m²) (150 to 165 m³/h per 2.5 to 2.75 m³/min per m² 2.5 to 2.75 m³/min per fans General tunnel fan requirements for an insulated and sealed tunnel house and sealed tunnel for an insulated fan requirements General tunnel fans 11 11 ventilation rates ventilation fans required: ) 255,300 cfm 120.96 m³/s or 7,257 m³/min tunnel (50 in Air Exchange = House Volume ÷ Total Fan Capacity 6,048 m³ ÷ (11 x 680 m³/min) = 6,048 m³ ÷ 7,480 m³/min = 0.80 min or or min 0.80 = cfm 264,000 ÷ cfm 212,750 = cfm) 24,000 × (11 ÷ ft³ 212,750 40.32 m² x 3.0 m/s = 425.5 ft² × 600 fpm = Number of 1.27 m 7,257 m³/min ÷ 680 m³/min = 10.67 or 255,300 cfm ÷ 24,000 cfm = 10.63 or Required fan capacity = Cross section × Airspeed House air exchange should be between 40 and 50 seconds House air exchange should be between 40 Fan capacity required to achieve an airspeed of 3.0 m/s ( Fan capacity required to achieve an airspeed Cross section: 14 m wide x 2.88 m average height = 40.32 m² Cross section: 14 m wide x 2.88 m average height = 425.5 ft² Cross section: 46 ft wide × 9.25 ft average 2.88 m average height = 6048 m³ House volume: 150 m long x 14 m wide x ft² 212,750 = height average ft 9.25 x wide ft 46 x long ft 500 volume: House House dimensions: 150 m long, 14 m wide and 2.88 m average height m long, 14 m wide and 2.88 m average House dimensions: 150 height ft long, 46 ft wide and 9.25 ft average House dimensions: 500 Calculations for Calculations Sample house dimensions Step 2: Step 1: COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 126 VENTILATION The diagramrepresents halfofa14m(46ft). community a for distribution airspeed typical of example An Airspeed Distribution-Mechanical Improving airspeeddistributioninbreederhouses ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ in airspeed of in breeder always find the path of least resistance. Airspeed distribution can be challenging In full

feed distributionhoppersand the orientation of walls insteadofcurtainswillimproveslatairspeeds. Prevent using exposed structural posts on the side walls. Smooth, solid side Airspeeds arealwaysthelowestagainstsidewalls. seen inthe velocity will increase this differential, with the greatest improvements always or capacity fan tunnel increasing Further, cooler. significantly be can areas Scratch removal. bird-heat less significantly in result velocities air slat Low scratch area. on the In USA type breeder houses, with a central tunnel 2.16 m/s (426 fpm) production houses due tothe presence of equipment. The uniformity acrossthehousecrosssection. slats are typically 15 to 25 % lower than the center air velocity in the Community ventilation mode, the air moving down the scratch area. Nest SetupAirspeedDistribution 2.66 m/s (524 fpm) Nest Boxes scratch area, the air velocities nest boxes playsa major role production house will nest 2.66 m/s (524 fpm) production house. placement An exampleoftypicalairspeeddistributionforaUSstyle scratch areaand theceiling(B). the with compared (A) ceiling the and slat between height in differences the drop ceilingorroofandthe scratch andslat areas. Prevent large Airspeed (450 fpm) 2.3 m/s uniformity is also affected by the height differential between differential height the by affected also is uniformity (510 fpm) 2.6 m/s (600 fpm) 3.0 m/s (510 fpm) 2.6 m/s A (450 fpm) 2.3 m/s production house B COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 127 VENTILATION evaporative cooling before 25 days of age. Only during before 25 days of age. evaporative cooling Do not use pads on a timer cycle to prevent excessive scale buildup on buildup on scale excessive prevent to cycle timer a on pads use not Do the pad surface. Do not use with chicks in the pads be used should temperatures, high extremely first two weeks. Wetting of the pads must be limited with only to temper the incoming air. timer. Pads are used an interval the ground with high levels of salt in Do not cycle the pumps in areas rapid in will result pads the of surfaces the drying of Continuous water. formation of scale on the pad surfaces. manufacturer. Only use chemicals recommended by the DO NOT ADD CHLORINE OR BROMINE. Refer to manufactures guidelines.

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ humidity humidity humidity humidity outside the outside humidity evaporative cooling system, the % RH of the air will increase approximately 4.5 %. (1 °F = 2.5 % RH increase). RH % 2.5 = °F (1 %. 4.5 approximately increase will air the of RH % the system, cooling evaporative litter and high litter and pH. Maintain hardness levels below 110 ppm 110 below levels hardness pH. Maintain For every 1 °C cooling due to the For every 1 °C cooling

evaporative cooling system is to maintain house temperature below 28.0 °C (82.4 °F). Enough pad area needs to be installed so fan performance fan so installed be to needs pad area Enough °F). °C (82.4 below 28.0 temperature house maintain to is system cooling evaporative fans should be on. evaporative cooling should be evaluated for its effectiveness tunnel ventilation causes of wet of causes ventilation humidity not to exceed 85 to 90 %. tocking densities due to bird migration – too many birds in the cool pad area. birds in the due to bird– too many migration densities tocking s the system continuously system the off Bleed 9. and 7 between sump the in pH fans should be on before operating cooling pads! fans should be on before Evaporative Cooling Evaporative (82.4 °F). relative when pumps cell) (cool evaporative the Running house is above 75 %. High (cool cell) pumps with too low air exchange evaporative the of running Excessive rates – all °C 28.0 below is temperature when pumps cell) (cool evaporative the Running and will salts of Higher levels recommendations. per manufacturers as require more frequent bleed-off. Do not use fogging in conjunction with pads if RH is above 75 %. Do not use fogging in conjunction with pads daily due to natural Generally, pads are used from 9 AM to 6 PM heat stress. cycles – Nighttime operation will increase Pad system should be flushed weekly. and quality water Monitor The use of use The 75 %. when outside RH is above used at temperatures below 28 to 29 °C Pads should not be to 84 (82 °F). House All

✓ Common ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ The primary role of the of role primary The is not severely reduced. management Evaporative pad ✓ 14.9 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 128 Evaporative padcoolingpotential VENTILATION New combinedinsde Added Potential reductioninhousetemperature is4.7°C 32 °Cand60%RH: B New combinedinside Added Potential reductioninhousetemperatureis9.4°C 32 °Cand30%RH: A. relative Two Examples –external ambient temperature 32°C and external = 2.5%RHincrease system, the %RHofairwillincrease approximately 4.5 % ( For every1°Cofcoolingproducedbythe Red -insufficientcooling Yellow -marginalcooling Blue -acceptablecooling the table(right),coloredcellsindicatecoolingpotentialasfollows: a rangeofoutsidetemperatures and relative over capacity cooling potential it’s % and 75 at rating efficiency The tableisanexampleof .

humidity: 4.5%×4.7°C=21 humidity: 4.5%×9.4°C=42 humidity at30and60%. ). humidity: 60%(outside)+21 =81% humidity: 30%(outside)+42%=72 evaporative cool padwithan evaporative cooling humidity levels. In 1 °F Outside % RH 100 85 90 95 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 0 5 25 26 26 27 14 14 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 27 26 27 27 28 14 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 26 28 Expected CoolingProducedby15cm 27 28 28 29 29 16 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 26 27 28 29 29 30 30 16 17 18 19 19 21 21 22 23 23 24 24 26 26 27 27 28 22 26 29 30 31 31 31 17 18 19 19 21 21 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 29 Outside Temperature°C A B

32 18 19 19 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32

33 19 19 21 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 29 31 31 32 32 33 33 24 28 (6 in) 34 19 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 27 28 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 34 Pad System 36 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 29 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 36 37 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 22 23 24 24 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 23 23 24 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 38 39 40 23 24 26 27 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 33 34 35 36 37 37 38 39 39 40 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 129 VENTILATION pressure regulator 25 mm (1 in) 25 mm (1 in) water meter 25 mm (1 in) medicator valves Water Water Water consumption consumption Water 24 hours. Any substantial substantial Any hours. 24 flow rate. included in the daily water intake reading. in water consumption is often the first indicator of a flock problem. waterbypass,metera Installused Note: during used water – flushing during regular flushing procedures should not be trends and bird well-being. be bird should per consumption Water every recorded be should usage water in change water a indicate may this investigatedas drop A issue. feed or challenge health leak, relevant during the 1st few weeks. weeks. few 1st the during relevant the as same the sized be should meters incoming water supplyto ensure line adequate at the same time eachshould be evaluated performance general determine to day Monitoring water consumption with water water with consumption water Monitoring means of gauging meters is an excellent highly are two the as consumption, feed meters oversized use not Do correlated. flow rates to that require significant especially is which consumption, register Water Meters COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 130 VENTILATION Drinkers: 2bar(30psi) Control room:2.8bar(40psi)-minimum C =40mm(1.5in)pipediameterand75l/min B =50mm(2in)pipediameterand150l/min A =75mm(3in)pipediameterand300l/min Pump for a4housefarm The diagram to the right is an example of the water supply layout Water StorageTanks needs ofthefoggingand/or and insulated. If the source of water isa well orholdingtank, the supply pumpcapacityshould match the birds’ maximum water consumption and also the maximum peak drinkingdemandrequirementsand understanding water supplyandlayoutiscritical.Separate water suppliesforthebirdsandcoolingsystems should beinstalledineach house. Take into accountthe ideal. Thestorage capacityisbasedonthevolume of waterforthenumberbirdsrequired Adequate water storage should be providedon the farm in the event that the main system fails. A farm supply of water equaltothe maximum 48 hour demand is pressure atsource:3.5to4bar(5060psi) evaporative coolingsystems. evaporative cooling system demand. Storage tanks should be housed in a separate insulated building, or alternatively shaded evaporative coolingsystemdemand.Storagetanksshouldbehousedinaseparateinsulatedbuilding,oralternativelyshaded Evap. CoolingSupply Drinker Supply evaporative cooling system. When designing or upgradingafarm, Storage and Pump Station Well Line or Main Water COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 131 VENTILATION ). 600 fpm 11.9 14.0 16.9 19.0 45 53 64 72 300 79.3 l/min gal/min Pad Requirement 75 mm (3.0 in) 230 60.8 8 10 12 13 17 4.5 No Fans 65 mm (2.5 in) 20 % (790 m³/min or 28,000 cfm) 150 40.0 14 3.7 30 % 50 mm (2.0 in) humidity. The table (below) is an example of how evaporative pad water how evaporative of example (below) is an table The humidity. Water Requirement 285,800 342,000 376,200 228,000 12 3.2 40 % 76 20.0 Water Requirement at 35 °C (95 °F) 40 mm (1.5 in) /min cfm Tunnel Fan Capacity 3 10 2.6 8093 9684 6456 50 % m 10653 per 2832 m³/min (100,000 cfm) 38 10.0 Estimated flow rates for different pipe sizes flow rates for different Estimated 15 cm (6 in) Evaporative Pad 25 mm (1.0 in) 600 600 600 600 15 cm (6 in) Evaporative Pad Humidity humidity at 35 °C (95 °F). humidity at 35 °C (95 Flow rate (l/min) 20 5.3 Air Flow rate (gal/min) Speed 20 mm (0.75 in) 3 3 3 3 m/s fpm Pads evaporate 10 l/min per 100,000 cfm (2.6 gal) or 170,000m³/hour at 35°C (95°F) at 50 % RH Pads evaporate 10 l/min per 100,000 cfm 60 66 40 50 Pipe Diameter Flow rate (l/min) Flow rate (gal/min) Width House m ft 18 20 12 15 Evaporative cooling pad water requirements will depend on outside temperature and relative will depend on outside temperature cooling pad water requirements Evaporative with a drop in relative requirements increase The following table is an example of the maximum cooling pad water requirement of a modern tunnel ventilated house operating at an airspeed of 3 m/s ( cooling pad water requirement of a modern tunnel ventilated house operating The following table is an example of the maximum COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 132 VENTILATION ✓ ✓ ✓ Some general An excellentreferencecanbefoundat The When comparingdifferentlighttraps/filters,thehigherreductionfactor,greaterresistancetotransmission. traps. Thelightreductionfactoriscalculatedbydividingtheoutside Test facilities willplacehigh wattage lamps outside the light trapstosimulate direct sunlight. 2. Resistancetolighttransmission: When comparinglighttrapsatagivenfacevelocity,lowerstatic Resistance toairflowispresentedingraphicalformatwithstatic 1. Resistancetoairflow: Light trapsorlightfilterscanbecomparedintermsoftwocriteria: traps haveverylowairflowrestrictions.Therequiredhousevelocityandthefancapacitywilldictateareaof reducing light high very Some factor. reduction light the with correspond necessarily not does restriction flow air The capacities. restriction light different with each Designing a 14.10

light trapshouldhaveareductionfactorofatleast2,000,000 toone.Ideallyitshouldbeinexcessof10,000,000 of facevelocities(fpmorm/s). The of theflock. trap, to ensure the correct fan capacity is installed to meet the air velocity requirements When installing light traps, it is very important to know the Light trapsareusuallyavailableincellularorbladetype(photo rightbladetype). light trapsupplierwillsupplythe expected

Light TrapFunctionandInstallation ventilation system for a light trapinstallationandmanagementtips: dark out tunnel ventilated http://bess.illinois.edu/pdf/Lighttraps.pdf pressure drops(inwcorPa)over arange rearing house can be challenging. There are many different models and designs of light traps available, pressure drop across the pressure (pascalorincheswater)plottedagainst pressure willindicatealowerairflowresistance. light intensitybytheinside light Light intensity is measured at the outside and insidesurfaces of the light light intensity. light trapfacevelocityinm/sorfpm. light trapneeded. Photo courtesy of BigDutchman COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 133 VENTILATION fans. fans can reduce fan reduce can fans tunnel Light trap in a false wall in false Light trap in a front of light trap. Light traps mounted over mounted traps Light high- option in a best the are not and performance, speed tunnel houses. inlet Tunnel light trap light light trap rearing house, the house, rearing rearing houses usually require usually houses rearing pressure drop is not in full tunnel when the house light trap false walls (image below left). This is by far the most This is by far the most below left). walls (image light trap false fans on the sides of the house, each with a plenum type room the house, on the sides of fans fans will cause a significant drop in thus they are fan performance, tunnel tunnel inlet light traps and evaporative pads in a pullet a in pads evaporative and traps light inlet light trap (face velocity) will always depend on the area of the area depend on the velocity) will always light trap (face fans installed on the sides of the light trap area requirements in high speed high in requirements trap area light tunnel light trap false wall installed in “dog house” or inlet light traps can have a lower light reduction factor and lower air flow resistance than light trap area than can fit into the house cross section. light trap area than can fit into the house house. Tunnel fan plenum in front of (doghouse) for the installation of the for the installation (doghouse) efficient, since fan and more An efficient installation option for the tunnel right). This allows fan end (image m (5 ft) from the tunnel incorporates the light traps, placed 1.5 fan light traps, is to construct a the air to pass through all light traps reducing false wall that mode. install the is to An alternative can be placed directly over a standard 120 cm fan (48 in). can be placed directly tunnel both installing When tunnel those installed at the tunnel fan end, due to the light reduction factor offered by the evaporative cloth). dog house (painted black or the use of shade pads and a darkened The airspeed through the through airspeed The installed. over Light traps placed directly a high-speed tunnel houses (image right). not the best option in ft²) or 25 in x 60 in (60 m² or 2.25 cm 150 × cm 150 a pullet house, ventilated cross a In

Light trap installation and management (cont.) and management installation Light trap ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 134 APPENDICES Egg Production and Quality Checklist Quality and Production Egg Measurements and Conversions Appendices Female Production Checklist Production Female Male Production Checklist Male Production Female Rearing Checklist Rearing Female Breeding Farm Contacts Farm Breeding Male Rearing Checklist Rearing Male Abbreviations COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 135 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 136 stimulation? in thecorrect Are themalescorrectageand reserved for Are enoughmalesina met? space andwaterqualitystandards Are theCobbmale weeks? Is Is male Is feed important from12weeksofage)? (males/m Are male Cobb Are malesmeetingandmaintaining weeks? during Are malesmeetingbodyweighttargets on standardat7daysofage? Are malebodyweightsand feeder heightcorrectfrom5to16 uniformity targets? grading at4,8,12and16 weighing accurate? feeder spacecorrect? 2 rearing ) onCobbstandard(very spiking? Question condition at stocking densities rearing rearing flock photo drinker uniformity of each parentstockflockcomingout per comfortably. important forallthemalestoeat rearing page36. feeder spacetableforCobbmalesin See therecommendedprogressive feed An accurateandregularlycalibrated ft²/male. Dark out 4.3 ft²/male. Open sided compared tothe4-weekstandard. Bodyweights canvary+5% weight curve. Males shouldfollowCobb'sstandard 150 g. Target bodyweightrange:145to bodyweight of4.0kg. an ageofminimum25weeksand Fleshing scoreof2.5to3.0with females, arereservedfor 12 to14%ofmales,compared 8 to10birdsper The heightofthe rearing. bell weighing systemisessential. drinker. rearing: 3.0males/m²or3.6 rearing: 2.5males/m²or Target nipple or75birds feeder systemis spiking in Male RearingChecklist Select malesforminimumbodyweightat7daysand4,8,12,16 old. Perform a100% day tomakedecisiononwhen to photostimulate. Focus onbreast Adjust numbersofmalesretainedfor and correctheight.Testwateratleastannually. Monitor drinkersforsignsoflowwaterpressuresorblocked Adjust toaheightsothatsmallermalescanstilleat. specifically designedformales. representative for feeder panhasadifferentdiameter,pleasecheckwithCobbtechnical Calculation basedondiameterandcircumferenceofpan.Ifyour procedure and Scales mustbecalibratedbeforeeachnewflock.Monitor Adjust Attempt togetmalesbackonstandardbodyweightby8weeksofage. standards. At 8weeks,handleallmalesandremovethosebelowquality At 4weeks,removemales25%belowstandard. Separate theheaviestandlightestmalesat3to4weeks. weeks, and stocking densitiestomeetCobbstandards. production. feed cleanuptimes. condition andmonitorbodyweight increasesg/bird/ weighing and feeder spacecalculation.Makesurefeedersare Actions grading whentheflockis7to14days spiking. weighing nipples Breast Conformation Section 10.3.MaleFleshingor During Production Section 10.6.SpikingMales standards See chapter7forwaterquality Separate SexFeeding Section 10.4.MaleFeeding– Feeder spacepage36. intake page31. Feeder ChecksPage17. Management. Sec 2.2. Control, WeighingandAnalysis Chapter 8.Bodyweight Chapter 10. Male Management Control, WeighingandAnalysis Chapter 8.Bodyweight Brooding Designand Reference Feed COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 137 rearing) Reference Biosecurity on the Farm Water Management Page 23 – Lighting ( Section 10.2. Transferring Males to Production Transferring Males Section 10.2. Houses Chapter 1. Management Chapter 14. Ventilation Chapter 14. Ventilation Management. Chapter 7. disease. Notify Actions slats, and 9 to 10 % in houses slats, and 9 mortality and culls, be aware of any mortality and culls, be humidity below 60 to 65 % slats. Record daily related to increases that may be so that health samples can supervisor or veterinarian health status of the flock. be collected to verify in table on page 118. Air quality guidelines Maintain and At 4 days of age, start reducing the light period intensity to 8 hours of light after 14 days. Select enough males for a female/male ratio of 8 males for a female/male Select enough with to 9% in houses without Male Rearing Checklist (cont.) Checklist Rearing Male production farms production Target synchronization is correct synchronization is correct mortality will vary based on mortality will vary based management guidelines in the management guidelines 118. ventilation section page Litter should be dry with no caking. See the lighting program on page 23. Transfer males to Transfer males 3 days before females at least 2 to if sexual between the sexes. Daily flock age. Air quality and temperature air quality, rearing quality? Question rearing lighting program litter quality good and well being used? Is the Cobb Is the maintained? Is the house environment ( Is the house environment temperature) optimal? Is the house free of sanitary problems Is the house free of sanitary that could compromise Are primary males transferred to the males transferred Are primary the correct time? production house at COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 138 sufficient and correct? Is being used? Is theCobb conformation andfatdeposition? to ensurebothweightgain, Is the achieved? Is thetarget through-out Is therequired Is feed stimulation? 20 weeksinpreparationfor standard atkeyagesof12,16,and Are thefleshingscoretargetson correctly? average) categoriesbeingrecovered average) andsuperlight(<20%of Are femalesinthelight(<10%of and 12? What is standard throughout Are bodyweightsontheCobb's on standard? Is theaverageflockweightat28days days? Are femalesselectedbetween7to14 age? uniformity onstandardat7daysof Are femalebodyweightsand light intensityand developer feedbalanced weighing accurate? uniformity inweeks1,4,8 rearing lightingprogram feed distributiontime rearing? Question feeder spacemet uniformity rearing? photo Light See thelightingprogramonpage 23. nutrition recommendations. See supplementsforspecific 3 minutesanddoneinthedark. Feed distributionshouldbelessthan progressive See page36fortherecommended each newflock. Scales mustbecalibratedbefore flock age–Section4.4. score (2to4)and centage (femalesonly)withfleshing See tableofgoalsforflockper- chapter 8. See bodyweightcorrectioncurvesin mean) from3to20weeks. above 70%(±10variationofthe Uniformity in target weights. See thebreedersupplementfor on the4thweekofage(max+/-2%). Flock shouldbeonstandardweight old. grading whentheflockis7to14days Perform a100% ≥80 %. g. Targetflockaverage Target bodyweightrange:150to160 uniformity above 75%. feeder space. rearing shouldbe Target weighing and pelvic fatbasedon uniformity is Female RearingChecklist Classify chicksinheavy,average,lightweightandsuperlight-weight days old. Perform a100% In hours oflightafter14days. At 4daysofage,startreducing thelightperiodandintensityto8 Use thisfeeduntil1steggor5% Check equipmenttoensureitisfunctioningcorrectly. and thefeedamountneededtocoverentiretrack. Gradually increase Monitor specific agestodetermineiftheflockisontarget. The fleshingevaluationscanbecombinedwithpulletweights at 2 weekstorecoverbodyweightdevelopmentuntil8ofage. the standardandincreasefeedallocationsamepercentagefor Increase feedamountbasedonpercentageofbodyweightbelow uniformity isbelow65%. Perform 100%flockgradingsat4,8and12weeksofageorwhen Perform uniformity isbelow65%. Perform 100%flockgradingsat4,8and12weeksofageorwhen categories. rearing, 2to4lux (0.2to0.4fc). weighing procedureand weighing weeklywithmanualor weighing and feeder spaceafter Actions grading whentheflockis7to14 production. feed cleanuptimes. placement, basedonbirdage automatic scales. Page 23–Lighting ( Page 23–Lighting( nutrition Page 32-Theimportanceof Cobb females progressive Page 36-recommended Cobb females progressive Page 36-recommended Page 31- Page 17- Growth (16to20weeks) Section 4.5Phase5-Accelerate weeks) Controlled Growth(12to16 Section 4.4Phase4- Control, WeighingandAnalysis Chapter 8.Bodyweight Breeders Chapter 9.MethodsforGrading Grading Breeders Chapter 9.Methodsfor supplements fortargetweights. See theCobbbreeder Grading Breeders Chapter 9.Methodsfor Grading Breeders Chapter 9.Methodsfor Weighing andAnalysis Chapter 8.BodyweightControl, Reference Feed intake Feeder Checks feeder spacefor feeder spacefor rearing) rearing) COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 139 Flock Transfer Reference Biosecurity on the Farm Water Management Section 4.9 Preparation for Photo Stimulation (20 to 24 weeks) See chapter 7 for water quality standards Chapter 1. Chapter 14. Ventilation Management Chapter 14. Ventilation Management. Chapter 7. Chapter 9. Methods for Grading Methods for Grading Chapter 9. Breeders Chapter 4. Breeder Management Accelerated Section 4.5 Phase 5 - Growth (16 to 20 weeks) Section 4.7 Breeder Section 4.9 Preparation for Photo Stimulation (20 to 24 weeks) crop nipples feeder grading. uniformity drops to 65 % or uniformity drops to 65 cleanup time. Check uniformity intake by conducting uniformity intake by feed sorting and Actions sorting, weighing and analysis, and methods for weighing and analysis, disease. mortality and culls, be aware of any increases that may mortality and culls, be aware of any increases humidity below 60 to 65 %. uniformity to decline to a normal level of 70 to 72 % as level of 70 to 72 % to decline to a normal uniformity Air quality guidelines in table on page 118. Maintain Be sure to maintain good feed Be sure to maintain good Observe checks after feeding. heights. a minimum of 42 % (or 6 % higher than Increase feed allocations the bodyweight increase). See bodyweight control, 8 and 9. grading breeders – chapters 50 birds) and measure Sample at least 3 % of flock (minimum of weekly weights. stimulation. Review If fat deposition is not adequate, delay light program for future flocks. or blocked Monitor drinkers for signs of low water pressures and correct height. Test water at least annually. Record daily be related to samples can be Notify supervisor or veterinarian so that health collected to verify health status of the flock. Expect re-established competition become order and feed pecking (social) first within pens. If after the below, per-form an additional CV <10 %. Female Rearing Checklist (cont.) Checklist Rearing Female uniformity at nipple or 75 birds Target uniformity of > 90 % uniformity pelvic fat or a prominent drinker. uniformity greater than 70 %. uniformity greater than mortality will vary based on CV below 6 %. bell per Daily flock age. Air quality and temperature management guidelines in the ventilation section page 118. Litter should be dry with no caking. Acceptable minimum Acceptable minimum a transfer of >70% with First light stimulation should be between 147 (2.5kg) and maxi- mum 154 days of age depending on conditioning and fleshing. 95 % of the hens should have a fleshing score of 3 to 4, and 85 % with fat vein. 8 to 10 birds per Target pen Target pen and Flock increase A minimum bodyweight 16 to 20 of 36 % is needed from weeks. drinker air quality, CV on target rearing Question uniformity and litter quality good and well Is the maintained? Is the house environment ( temperature) optimal? Is the house free of sanitary problems that could compromise production quality? Are the Cobb female space and water quality standards met? Are pullets photo stimulated when they have the correct fat deposition and fleshing? Are pullets photo stimulated at the right time ? at transfer? between 16 and 20 weeks between 16 and 20 weeks satisfactory? Are the Is bodyweight highly variable? Is bodyweight highly gain Is the accelerated weight selection according to standard? selection according to Are weights uniform in each pen after uniform in each pen Are weights COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 140 Male breastconformationcorrect? correctly andatthecorrecttime? Are malesin feeders? Are themaleseatingfromfemale weeks? increase inthemalefeedfrom24to30 Are malesreceivingthecorrectenergy in thecorrectmalediet? Are theenergyandcrudeproteinlevels standard intermsofg/bird/day? Is feedconsumptioninlinewithCobb feeders? Is malefeedevenlydistributedin Is feed correct? Are male densities (males/m Are Cobbmale weighing accurate? feeder spacingrequirements production selected Question production 2 ) beingused? stocking increasing slowlyovertime. Keep males constantly. Fixed programtoevaluatethequalityof Restrict maleaccesstofemalefeeders. conditioning and to 350kcal(1.331.46Mj)preventlossof Week 24to30increasefeedenergyfrom320 crude protein&0.50%dig.lysine. around 2,700kcal(11.25Mj)and13%of Male dietswithmetabolizableenergylevels Refer toCobbsupplementsforourmalelines. trough inlessthan3minutes. simultaneously orthethroughoutfeed Feed shouldbedistributedtoallpans weighing systemisessential. An accurateandregularlycalibratedfeed males peroval feeders or8malesperround 20 cm(77/8in)ofspacingpermaleforchain slats, and9to10%inhouseswithout a female/maleratioof8to9%inhouseswith In general,attransfer,selectenoughmalesfor fleshing scoresbetween2.5and 3.0 feeder. mortality increases. Target Male ProductionChecklist feeder or10 slats. and malecross. The maletofemaleratiowilldependonsexual every 2weeks. Evaluate malebreast mating oroutofsemen Every 2weeksintheafternoon,removeallmalesincapableof the bestmalefeedingprogramto Train themalestoeatfromtheirfeedingsystemanddetermine Refer toCobbSupplementsformalefeedformulations. Check feedformulation. operation duetoexcessfeedstealing. feeding planiftheCobbstandardisnotworkingforyour Consult yourCobbTechnicalRepresentativetodevelopa system loweredafterallfemalesareeating. lines arewinchedup,priortoturninglightson.Malefeeding Feed distributiontobedoneinthedarkifpossibleorwhilefeed weighing procedureand Scales mustbecalibratedbeforeeachnewflock.Monitor crop heightofthemales. comfortably. Normallyapplyaheightthatisclosetotheupper feeder heightofthe Ensure exclusionsystemsonfemale feeder systemforallthemalestoeat condition togetherwithweekly production. feed cleanuptimes. Actions peak feeder arecorrectandthe production. synchronization weighing or Breast Conformation 10.3 MaleFleshingor Section 10.1MaleRearing – SeparateSexFeeding Section 10.4MaleFeeding Trends DuringProduction Section 10.5MaleWeight Trends DuringProduction Section 10.5MaleWeight for ourmalelines. Refer toCobbsupplements – SeparateSexFeeding Section 10.4MaleFeeding Feed intakepage31. Feeder ChecksPage17. – SeparateSexFeeding Section 10.4MaleFeeding Houses Males toProduction Section 10.2Transferring Reference COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 141 fertility rates Reference Water Management Water Management hatch and See the Cobb breeder supplement for target Section 10.6. Spiking Males During Production Chapter 14. Ventilation Management Chapter 14. Ventilation Management. Chapter 7. Chapter 7. Section 10.6 Spiking Males During Section 10.6 Spiking Production Males During Section 10.6 Spiking Production See Cobb supplements for male lines hatch. These fertility and Actions spiking methods to improve nipples and correct height. Test water at humidity below 60 to 65 %. air quality guidelines in table on page 118. spiking and inter- Maintain Monitor drinkers for signs of low water pressures or blocked least annually. other houses or pens on the same farm. other houses or pens males during the entire Remove unproductive (every 2 weeks). production phase consistently evaluate bodyweight If excess males are available are on and testicle weights to confirm that males standard. Continue to evaluate flock results should not alter basic male management practices. Use fertility and hatchability. Follow Remove all primary males meeting quality standards Remove all primary males pen, and intra-spike with the from a single house or Male Production Checklist (cont.) Checklist Production Male nipple or 75 birds per Target fertility rates. fertility rates. spiking can be done every 4 weeks be done every 4 weeks spiking can drinker. Air quality and temperature management guidelines in the ventilation section page 118. Litter should be dry with no caking. 8 to 10 birds per bell At 28 weeks of age, males need an At 28 weeks of age, males average of ≥40 g of testicle weight or ≥1 % of bodyweight. See the breeder supplement for target hatch and See the breeder supplement for target hatch and Intra- age. is >35 weeks of when the flock groups by breast Categorize males into fine and 2.5 conditions (2 to 2.5 medium by bodyweight (light, to 3 medium full) or medium and heavy) categories. cannot stay in Unproductive males be removed the flock and need to immediately. fertility air quality, hatch and Question drinker space and water litter quality good and well Are the Cobb quality standards met? Is the maintained? Is the house environment ( temperature) optimal? Is hatchability below the standard? What are weekly trends? Are testicle weights correct based on Are testicle weights correct bodyweight? the flock? Are unproductive males removed from Are unproductive males Are intra-spikings performed at the Are intra-spikings performed correct time? COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 142 correct? post peakthrough endof Is thefeedreductionpercentage between 25and32weeks? Is cumulative weeks? Is theflock Are hensweighedweekly? uniformity)? Is henbodyweighthighlyvariable(poor productivity andweight? allocations areadjustedwithhens' throughout Crude protein,Lysine)correct Are thefeednutrientvalues(Energy, correct forthefeedpresentationtype? Are throughout thefeeders? Is thefemalefeedevenlydistributed Is feed Feeder spacerequirement? from onsetoflaytopeak Is thecorrectfeedingprogramfollowed feed cleanuptimesin weighing accurate? production ontargetat25 production andfeed mortality belowstandard Question production production concept fromstartto Apply the Feeder pans:3to4hours. Chain For mashfeed: Feeder pans:2to2.5hours Chain For crumblefeed: minutes andpreferablyinthedark. throughout thehouseinlessthan3 Feed shouldbedistributedtoallbirds feed An accurateandregularlycalibrated female persideofchain Minimum of15cmchain to 1.95Mj). typically between435and470kcal(1.81 on thefeedformandenergyvalue, The maximumfeedamountwilldepend Target reduction of7%to10%. Below 2.47%. Target birds weeklythroughweek40. Weigh 1to2%oftheflockor60100 Flock weighing systemisessential. uniformity greaterthan70%. feeder: 2to3hours feeder: 1.5to2hours production isbetween2to5%. peak production feeding Target Female ProductionChecklist peak feeder. production. feeder per production. recommended feedspecificationstomaximizeegg flocks goinginto Ensure quality determine reductions infeedamounts. Periodic handling ofthehens,alongwith correct matingratio.Donotoverfeed. feed formulation.Synchronize male andfemalematuritywith Check thefeedingprogramfor overstimulation.Usecorrect program. specifications, feedingprogram,bodyweights,andlighting bodyweights andfleshingat Delays in allocations accordingly. Calculate bodyweightandrecord time. Checkfeedheights. conducting Be suretomaintaingoodfeed between 40and80% % until45daily 40 %ofthedifferenceintotalfeedincreaseisgivenfrom5 Be presentduringfeedingtimetomeasurecleanuptimes. functioning correctly. Check weighing procedureand Scales mustbecalibratedbeforeeachnewflock.Monitor of thechain Adjust chain feed distribution.Checkequipmenttoensureitis production areprimarilyduetoincorrect crop checksafterfeeding.Observe feeder. feeder spaceto15cmperfemaleoneachside feed ingredientsarebeingusedfor peak production and60%ofthefeedallocation production. ApplythelatestCobb production. feed cleanuptimes. Actions photo stimulation.Checkfeed uniformity intakeby fleshing scores.Adjustfeed weighing to feed cleanup Feed Reduction Section 5.5Post PeakFeeding– Trends Influence onWeeklyMortality Section 5.2FeedingandIts weeks) Photo Stimulation(20to24 Section 4.9Preparationfor Management Chapter 5.Female Stimulation toOnsetofLay Management fromPhoto Section 5.1Female Page 31– Stimulation toPeakProduction Management: fromPhoto Chapter 5–Female Page 31– and LateMorningFeeding Transfer andinProduction:Early Section 5.3FeedingHensafter Feed intakepage31 Feeder ChecksPage17 Recommendations Page 36– female lines See Cobbsupplementsforour Reference Feed Intake Feed Intake Feeder Space Feed Feed Feed COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 143 Reference Water Management Biosecurity on the Farm Water Management Chapter 7. Chapter 6. Lighting Program Chapter 6. Management Chapter 6. Lighting Program Management Chapter 1. Management Chapter 14. Ventilation Chapter 14. Ventilation Management Chapter 7. Actions disease. mortality and culls, be aware of any increases that may mortality and culls, be humidity below 60 to 65 %. Minimum of 50 lux (5 fc) and ideally 70 lux (7 fc). Minimum of 50 lux (5 Record daily be related to so that health samples can be Notify supervisor or veterinarian status of the flock. collected to verify health in table on page 118. Air quality guidelines Maintain or blocked Monitor drinkers for signs of low water pressures least annually. nipples and correct height. Test water at Light intensity is important to encourage male activity. If feather male activity. is important to encourage Light intensity procedure. reduced as emergency intensity can be pecking occurs Female Production Checklist (cont.) Checklist Production Female nipple or 75 birds Target drinker. uniformity above 75 %. uniformity above 75 mortality will vary based on mortality will vary based bell Air quality and temperature Air quality and temperature in the management guidelines 118. ventilation section page Litter should be dry with no caking. 8 to 10 birds per per Minimum of 50 to 70 lux Minimum of light period. throughout Light Daily flock age. air quality, uniformity production? light intensity light intensity drinker space and Question litter quality good and well light intensity and Are the Cobb water quality standards met? Is the maintained? temperature) optimal? Is the house environment ( Is the house environment Is the house free of sanitary Is the house free of sanitary compromise problems that could production quality? Is sufficient and correct? Is the minimum Is the minimum during sustained COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 144 mum frequency perday? Are day? collected ataminimumfrequency per Are eggsfrommanualnestsbeing gradually after28weeks? nests alwaysonthefloorandraised In theearly members walkthroughthehouse? In thefirstweeksaftertransfer,dostaff hens innests? in amannerthatpreventsdisrupting Are Are eggconveyorbeltsclean? area? Is correct? Is thebeddingamountin according toCobb'sstandard? Is Is thecorrect litter depthcorrectinthe nest cleannessand nest belts activated consistently and floor eggsbeingcollectedata mini- production, aremanual nesting spaceused? Question disinfection scratch nest in afternoonordernottoscarethe Belts shouldbeactivated(normally) hens fromusingthenests. matter asdirtyeggbeltscandis-courage All eggbeltsshouldbefreeoforganic floor andnestingsystem. Litter depthwilldependonthetypeof concave instep heightforthehentomakea minimum 1/2toamaximum2/3ofthe Fill thenestswithmaterialthatisa condition and Keep Community =200to260per nest Individual Mechanical=5.5hensper Manual =4hens, In general: width and of nestingsystem, Birds perm²willdependonthetype eggs areproduced. but dependsstrongly onhowmany collections dailyuntil Minimum ofatleast3flooregg day. Minimum ofatleast6collections per increase themanual Depending onthecross,gradually starts. day beginning1weekbefore walk throughthehouse3to8times/ slats. Dependingonnestingsystem, Females shouldbeabletojumponto females. nest padsclean, nest. ventilation capacity. Egg ProductionandQualityChecklist slats dry. Target feeder space,house nest systemheight. production peak litter ingooddry nest production floor space. Follow manufacturerandCobbrecommendationsfornesting Increase number ofdailycollectionsifnecessary. Minimum ofatleast6collections perday. that theycaneasilyaccessthenests. Train femalescorrectlyin that theycaneasilyjumpontothe Train femalescorrectlyin moving flaps arenotcurledordamagedsohenscannotseethe Activate nestsatthesametimeeveryday.Ensureplastic Keep beltscleanandfreeoforganicmaterial. Dirty eggbeltsareasignofhygieneissues.Clean the creased Too much Measure beddingamountandadjustifnecessary. can bere-moved,cleanedandreplacedonaregularbasis. extra are asignofdirty Dirty eggsinbothmechanicalandmanualcollectionsystems litter depthandreduceby2to3cm(3/41in). nest padsavailableasreplacementssothat belt. floor eggs,especiallywithcommunitynests.Measure litter placedinthefloorareacanresultin- nest padsornestingmaterial.Have20% rearing tobeactiveandmobileso rearing tobeactiveandmobileso Actions slats toaccessthenests. nest pads. nest pads solutions for Page 106-Causesofandpossible Section 12.1EggCollection Page 47-Manualnestingsystems Section 4.7Breeder and timing Pages 99to100-Egg Section 12.3EggHygiene solutions for Page 106-Causesofandpossible Transfer andProduction Section 4.6HousePreparationfor Section 12.3EggHygiene Transfer andProduction Section 4.6HousePreparationfor Reference floor eggs floor eggs Flock Transfer belt speeds COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 145 Reference for eggs after laying through storage. Section 12.3 Egg Hygiene See Breeder Supplements for quality targets based on line and flock age. 12.5 Egg Storage Consult Cobb Breeder supplements for egg weights specific to each line. Section 5.4 Bodyweight In-crease Section 5.4 Bodyweight Peak Production from Onset of Lay to Quality Section 12.5 Eggshell Page 98 - Egg packing Page 105 - Ideal temperature curve hatchery production. hatchery. Actions grading guide page 102 to 103 grading guide sanitation program for the egg packing room. sanitation program for the egg packing room. uniformity of frame size in first 8 weeks of uniformity of frame size See hatching egg See hatching See egg hygiene recommendations on page 102 See egg hygiene recommendations eggshell quality at least monthly. Measure egg weights and eggshell quality at least monthly. Measure daily egg weights. Check female at least monthly. Communicate with Measure shell quality loss. regarding egg moisture the egg room conditions. Check packing machine, procedures and temperatures. Use Monitor farm storage and transportation temperature data loggers. Audit and adjust Measure plot daily. Monitor floor egg numbers daily. to the Increase number of shipments from the farm weigh. Plot and monitor Collect 90 eggs after second collection and uniformity of HE Target Egg Production and Quality Checklist (cont.) Checklist Quality and Production Egg quality targets based on line and flock age. 7 days maximum for farm storage. Egg weight should be within +/-2% of Cobb standard. 1070 to 1085. Eggs need to be packed dry and without dust or feathers. Truck target temperature range: 20 to 23 °C (68 to 73 °F). Egg packing room should be clean and free of clutter. See Breeder Supplements for After 28 weeks Egg color is needs to be > 88%. line. related to the genetic range from Specific gravity should hatchery production? hatchery and Question floor eggs adequate? density checked regularly? disinfection process and disinfection process egg weight follows Cobb's eggshell Do standards through Are eggs stored on the farm under the correct conditions? Are egg quality checks conducted on farms and/or communicated between the two facilities? Is egg packaging room sanitary and free of clutter? Is egg transportation to the climate controlled? Does the packaging of eggs in the farms meets Cobb's standards? Is Is egg color normal and uniform? Is egg color normal and Is egg cleaning of Does egg classification and quality and quality Does egg classification Cobb’s standards? criteria follow COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 146 APPENDICES 1 mile =1.609 km 1 mile m =0.9144 1 yd cm =30.48 1 ft cm =2.54 1 in m=0.6215 =1000 1 km miles ft =3.2808 =1.09361 m=100 yd cm =10 in 1 cm =0.3937 mm in =0.0394 1 mm distance and Length 1 yd 1 ft 1 in 1 m 1 cm Area 1 lb = 0.4536 kg =453.5924 g kg =0.4536 1 lb g 1 oz =28.35 =1.016 lb =2000 =1016.05 ton ton kg 1 short =907.185 ton =0.9072 lb =2240 ton 1 long kg =1.1023 (USA) tons (British) tons short long =0.9842 kg =1000 1 ton lb =2.2046 1 kg oz = 0.0353 lb 1 g=0.002205 Weight and mass 2 2 2 2 = 0.0929 m =0.0929 =6.4516 cm =1.196 yd 2 = 0.8363 m =0.8363 =0.155 in 2 2 =10.7639 ft 2 2 2 2 1 ft candle =10 lux candle 1 ft =1.8 BTU/lb 1 kcal/kg kcal/m 1 =4.184 kcal MJ 1000 =3.97 BTU 1 kcal Energy 1 m/sec = 196.85 ft/min =196.85 1 m/sec 1 m 1 ft 1 m rate Flow MEASUREMENTS ANDCONVERSIONS 3 3 3 /lb/h = 0.0624 m =0.0624 /lb/h /kg/h =16.016 ft /kg/h /h = 0.5886 cfm =0.5886 /h 3 =0.1123 BTU/ft 3 3 /kg/h /lb/h 3 To calculate Fahrenheit from Celsius (X °C × 9/5) +32 =X°F ×9/5) °C (X Celsius from Fahrenheit To calculate =X°C −32) °F ×5/9 (X Fahrenheit from Celsius To calculate Temperature 1 gal (USA) =3.7853 liter (USA) 1 gal liter =4.54596 (Imp) 1 gal liter =0.9463 (USA) 1 qt =1.1365 (Imp) 1 qt liter liter =0.4732 (USA) 1 pt liter =0.5682 (Imp) 1 pt gal =0.2624 US gal Imp =0.22 1 liter Volume COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 147 APPENDICES 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Weeks 322 329 336 343 350 357 364 371 378 385 392 399 406 413 420 427 434 441 448 231 238 245 252 259 266 273 280 287 294 301 308 315 Days 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 10 11 12 Weeks Days / Weeks conversion chart Days / Weeks 0 7 91 98 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189 196 203 210 217 224 Days /bird 2 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.55 0.83 ft ======2 20.0 20.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 13.0 birds/m /bird 2 /bird MEASUREMENTS AND CONVERSIONS MEASUREMENTS 2 1.02 0.98 0.94 0.90 2.69 2.41 2.15 1.96 1.82 1.67 1.54 1.43 1.35 1.27 1.20 1.13 1.08 3.08 ft 0.86 ft ======2 2 9.0 9.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 12.0 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 birds/m 12.5 birds/m °F 28.40 26.60 24.80 23.00 53.60 51.80 50.00 48.20 46.40 44.60 42.80 41.00 39.20 37.40 35.60 33.80 32.00 30.20 77.00 75.20 73.40 71.60 69.80 68.00 66.20 64.40 62.60 60.80 59.00 57.20 55.40 95.00 93.20 91.40 89.60 87.80 86.00 84.20 82.40 80.60 78.80 2 1 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 9 Temperature -5 -1 -2 -3 -4 °C 15 14 13 12 11 10 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 35 34 33 32 31 30 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 148 APPENDICES kilowatt(s) kilogram(s) kilocalorie(s) Joule(s) inch(es) ofwatercolumn inch(es) hour(s) hatching eggs gallon(s) gram(s) foot candles foot (feet) feet perminute Fahrenheit day(s) cubic feetperminute Colony FormingUnits coefficient ofvariation Centigrade centimeter(s) bodyweight kW kg kcal J in wc in hrs HE gal g fc ft fpm F d cfm CFU CV C cm BW ABBREVIATIONS Mega Joule(s) liter(s) Total ViableCount standard errorofthemean standard error standard deviation second(s) relative pounds persquareinch pound(s) percent per parts permillion Pascals ounce(s) minute(s) millimeter(s) milliliter(s) milligram(s) meter(s) humidity (TVC) SEM SE SD sec RH psi lb % / ppm Pa oz min mm ml mg m MJ L COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 149 APPENDICES Telephone Number Telephone BREEDING FARM CONTACTS BREEDING Name Contact QA / AW support staff Gas services Water services Cobb representative Laboratory manager Veterinary service Equipment supplier Electricity services Breeder flock manager Feed Mill Hatchery manager COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 150 CV 64,78,79,82,84,85,139,148 culling 5,43,58,63,89,93,94,96 crop 3,27,34,42,51,54,70,85, 91,106,107,139,140,142,150 condition 28,33,34,37,38,42,43,44,46,50,51,52,53,54,62,64, 69,75,77,80,87, coccidiosis 12,150 cleanup time31,40,42,58,62,79,96,139,142 cleaning 4,5,14,18,31,73,83,108,109,110,111,113,145 circulation fans105,114,115 chlorine 71,73,74,112 chick distribution25 chain catching 37,76,87,107 carbon dioxide14,116 calcium 33,58,59,70,72,74,103,104,112,150 C brown out20,55,56,65,66,67 brooding 3,12,14,15,17,19,21,23,25,26,27,30,34,38,66,107,114,123,136,150 brooders 14,15,21 Breeder 233,58,61,62 Breeder 133 biosecurity 2, 3, 4, 6, 13, 18, 21, 22, 46, 77, 94, 95, 106, 107, 108, 110, 113, 137, 139, 143 biofilm 6,73,109 belt 99,100,106,144 bell drinkers17,29,45,69,136,139,141,143,150,150 beak 28,62,86 bacteria 6,59,70,71,72,73,74,113 B automatic 29,47,75,76,77,83,84,87,102,138 ammonia 112,116 alternative feedingprogram31,33,42 air quality20,25,114,116,117,118,137,139,141,143 A feeder 35,106,142 88, 89,90,92,93,94,114,136,140, 144 INDEX depletion 33,92,107 density 19,20,28,33,38,40,47,48,49,50,84,86,145 dark out20,28,52,59,65,66,67,123,132 D feeding programs38,39,40,41, 42,54,55,150 feeder space20,34,35,36,37,39, 40,47,49,50,62,82,84,91,136,138,142,144,150 feeder 5,17,18,20,21,23,34,35, 36,37,40,45,47,49,50,51,58,62,79,82,84,87,88, feed distribution17,37,39,40,42, 58,59,79,82,91,106,126,138,142 feed cleanup31,39,40,42,58,62, 66,79,136,138,139,140,142,150 Feed 3,18,31,32,33,37,38,39,40,41,51,54,55,56,57,59, 60, 61,62,75,85,89, feathering 3,52,53,62,100,150 fat vein44,53,139 fast feather33,60,62,67,150 fans 8,16,18,65,105,109,110,114,115,116,117,118,120,121, 122,123,124,125, F evaporative coolpad128 evaporative cooling114,123,127,128,130 enrichments 5,22,94,150 egg weight33,62,75,96,100,101,104,145 eggshell 33,59,101,102,104,145 egg packer98,99,100 E drinker height29,70 drinker 17,18,20,21,28,29,43,45,46,49,51,69,70,73,74,84,106,130,136,139, double yolks54,64,68,101 dominant 87,88,93,94,95 disinfection 3,4,14,18,71,102,108,110,111,144,145 disinfectant 3,109,110,111,112,113 disease 2,3,4,5,6,15,19,26,51,72,79,94,101,104,108,116,137,139,143 dimmer 63 developer 33,138,150 91, 106,136,138,139,140,142, 150, 151,152 92, 96,106,107,108,136,138,140,142,149 127, 133 141, 143 COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 151 nest 47 nest 47 72, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 105, 120, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143 72, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 95, 97, 106, 108, 109, 114, 115, 116, 120, 127, 137, 139, 141, 143, 144 120, 127, 137, 139, 108, 109, 114, 115, 116, 95, 97, 106, feeder 35, 106, 142 O open sided 20, 55, 56, 65, 66, 67 oval M manual mechanical minerals 33, 70, 111 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121 minimum ventilation mites 9 58, 63, 64, 68, 11, 22, 28, 30, 33, 42, 44, 45, 51, 54, 55, 56, mortality 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, N natural daylight 66, 67 106, 107, 123, 124, 126, 144, 151 nest 9, 45, 47, 48, 51, 54, 59, 61, 97, 102, 104, nesting space 49, 144 136, 139, 141, 143 nipple 17, 19, 23, 29, 34, 45, 69, 70, 73, 106, nipple drinkers 17, 29, 45, 69, 106, 151 139, 141, 143 nipples 17, 18, 19, 21, 34, 69, 79, 109, 136, nitrates 70, 74 nutrition 13, 32, 54, 104, 138 litter 3, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 34, 45, 49, 50, 51, 63, 69, 76, 84, 49, 50, 51, 63, 69, 76, 23, 24, 28, 29, 34, 45, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, litter 3, 8, 12, 114, 116 litter moisture 131, 137, 139, 141, 143, 148 142, 151 LED 63, 66, 67, 68 133, 138, 143 light 1, 23, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 85, 109, 123, 132, light intensity 23, 28, 31, 45, 52, 63, 66, 67, 68, 88, 132, 138, 143 light trap 123, 132, 133 I 122, 123, 124, 133 inlet 15, 58, 65, 109, 114, 117, 119, 120, 121, Insect 3, 7, 8 L hatch 8, 26, 30, 89, 96, 100, 101, 104, 107, 141 108, 145 hatchery 2, 3, 12, 28, 52, 86, 98, 101, 102, 105, heater 14, 16, 151 hopper 58, 76, 77 111, 114, 116, 118, 120, 123, 127, 128, humidity 9, 14, 16, 26, 27, 49, 63, 102, 105, grading and sorting process 84 grading machines 83, 87 grower 33, 62, 151 H flow rate 27, 28, 29, 70, 129 flow rate 27, 28, 29, G 84, 85, 87, 102, 103, 136, 138, 139, 145 grading 23, 37, 82, 83, feed intake 16, 23, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 55, 69, 83, 86, 121, 123 136, 138, 140, 121, 123 136, 138, 140, 34, 42, 55, 69, 83, 86, 16, 23, 27, 31, 32, 33, feed intake feed withdrawal 62, 107 74, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 107, 141 fertility 28, 58, 61, 62, 44, 87, 89, 90, 140, 142 fleshing scores 38, 43, flesh scoring 51, 95 144, 151 flock transfer 3, 51, 139, 59, 61, 68, 69, 97, 104, 106, 144, 145 floor eggs 22, 45, 47, feed ingredients 32, 55, 142, 144 feed ingredients COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 152 slats 9,18,22,45,46,47,49,50, 51,77,87,88,94,106,107,108,109,110,124, slat height46, sexing error52 scratch feed40,58, scratch area45,46,47,49,51,88, 107,126,144 scales 3,9,17,18,75,76,77,83,84,85,138 sanitation 4,8,9,72,73,74,108,113,145 S rodent 3,7,108,113,152 records 51,96,105 rearing 11,13,19,20,22,23,28,30,31,32,34,36,37,38,39,40, 42,49,51,52, R production house22,51,52,69,87,88,91,107,121,125,126,137 production 1,4,7,20,22,26,30,31,32,33,36,37,39,40,43,44,45,46,47,49, pressure 17,29,34,43,63,69,70,72,82,87,109,110,114,117,119,120,121, placement 3,5,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20,21,23,24,25,27,29,34,35,37,70, photo stimulation23,31,32,33,38,42,43,44,53,54,55,58,62,63,64,66,67, pH 71,74,111,112,127 perimeter inlets65,117,119,120 pelvic fat43,44,51,53,64,67,68,138,139 peak production31,33,40,44,47,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,65,68,77,80, pathogen 4 parasite 3,9,11,152 pan P feeder 35,106,142 126, 137,140,144 121, 123,132,133,136,137,138,139,144 59, 60,62,63,65,66,67,69,70,75,82,83,85,86,88,91,94,106, 107, 108, 121,124,125,126,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145 75, 77,80,81,87,88,89,90,91,92,94,95,96,97,99,100,101,106,107, 51, 52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,72, 123, 124,129,130,132,133 77, 84,108,117,126,138 68, 81,92,100,106,136,138,142 91, 97,100,101,140,142,144 starter 24,32,33, standard deviation78,84,148, spiking 54,87,89,93,94,95,136,141 sorting 82,83,84,85,139 slow feather33,52,60,62,67, ventilation 14,18,20,21,22,45,46,49,50,65,67,79,106,110,114, 116,117, vaccination 2,3,5,6,12,23,28,39,51,73 V uniformity 15,16,20,23,27,28,30,32,33,34,37,38,40,42,43, 44,51,52,54, U tunnel ventilation49,50,121,123,124,125,126 tunnel fans65,124,127,133 trough 58,91,140 transition ventilation121,122 transfer 51,95 total dissolvedsolids72 toes 29,52,86 T synchronization 20,44,51,87,88,137,140 supplemental 14,21,29 stocking density19,20,28,33,38,40,47,48,49,50,84,86,145 stocking 19,20,28,47,49,79,127,136,140 stir fan115 sterilize 73,113 144 118, 119,120,121,122,123,124, 125,126,127,132,137,139,141,143, 139, 142,143,145 60, 62,64,65,68,75,77,79,82,83,84,85,86,87,106,121,126, 136, 138, COBB BREEDER MANAGEMENT GUIDE 153 141, 143, 149 139, 140, 142 87, 95, 108, 114, 116 worms 11, 94 W 139, 137, 131, 130, 129, 28, 29, 34, 69, 70, 72, 73, 96, 109, water 3, 3, 6, 15, 17, 18, 101, 136, 138, 30, 37, 58, 60, 62, 70, 76, 77, 82, 83, 85, 100, weighing 3, 17, 18, 23, 46, 52, 53, 84, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 31, 38, 39, 42, 44, welfare 1, 2, 5, 14, 17, www.cobb-vantress.com L-009-01-20 EN