THE BERLIN JOURNAL

A Magazine from the American Academy in Berlin

SPRING 2014 Number Twenty-Six Spring 2014 NUMBER 26

THE BERLIN JOURNAL THE BERLIN

michael ignatieff On Putin, Ukraine, and the End of Intervention

claus offe Social Trust and Shared Responsibility

kiran desai Reports on Sex Workers in Peddapurum, India

latoya ruby frazier A Photographic Portfolio of Hometown Decline

brian mcallister linn Recruiting the 1950s Atomic Soldier

jules feiffer Remembers Communism in the Bronx B:216 mm T:210 mm S:204 mm B:286 mm T:280 mm S:274 mm

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focus features notebook 4 22 54

shared social responsibility pushing back inaugurating by Claus Offe by James M. Brophy the richard c. holbrooke forum

norms and statecraft night claims the godavari reluctant hegemons Roundtable by Kiran Desai metaphors run amok the end of intervention? portfolio by Michael Ignatieff by LaToya Ruby Frazier book reviews by Susan Stewart, boomers Andrei P. Tsygankov, by Brian McAllister Linn and Jules Feiffer

alumni books

profiles in scholarship

new trustees

Claus Offe is a professor of political sociol- C. Holbrooke Distinguished Visitor in spring Susan Stewart, a John P. Birkelund Fellow in ogy at the Hertie School of Governance. 2013. James M. Brophy is the Francis H. spring 2014, is Avalon Foundation University Hans-Ulrich Klose was a member of the Squire Professor of History at the University Professor in the Humanities and the director German Bundestag from 1983 to 2013, of Delaware. He was a Nina Maria Gorrissen of the Society of Fellows in the Liberal Arts where he served as chair of the Committee Fellow in fall 2013. Kiran Desai was a Mary at Princeton University. Andrei P. Tsygankov on Foreign Affairs. Ulrich K. Preuss is a Ellen von der Heyden Fellow in Fiction in is a professor of international relations and professor emeritus at the Freie Universität fall 2013. Her novel The Inheritance of Loss political science at San Francisco State Uni- Berlin and at the Hertie School of Gover- won the 2006 Man Booker Prize and the versity. Jules Feiffer, a Richard C. Holbrooke nance, where he taught public law and politi- National Book Critics Circle Fiction Award. Distinguished Visitor in spring 2014, is a cal sociology until 2010. John C. Kornblum LaToya Ruby Frazier, a visual and media cartoonist, playwright, screenwriter, and was United States ambassador to Germany artist, is the Guna S. Mundheim Fellow in the children’s book author and illustrator whose from 1997 to 2001. He is currently a senior Visual Arts in spring 2014. Brian McAllister drawings have appeared in the Village Voice counselor at Noerr LLP and a co-secretary of Linn, a Bosch Public Policy Fellow in spring since the mid-1950s. His forthcoming book, the American Academy’s board of trustees. 2014, is the Ralph R. Thomas Professor a graphic novel, is entitled Kill My Mother. Michael Ignatieff is Professor of Practice at in Liberal Arts and a professor of history Harvard Kennedy School. He was a Richard at Texas A&M University. the berlin journal founder Richard C. Holbrooke founding chairmen Thomas L. Number Twenty-Six Farmer, Henry A. Kissinger, Spring 2014 Richard von Weizsäcker chairman & president publisher Gary Smith A. Michael Hoffman editor R. Jay Magill Jr. vice chair Gahl Hodges Burt managing editor co-secretaries Stephen B. Johana Gallup Burbank, John C. Kornblum associate editor John-Thomas Eltringham trustees Manfred Bischoff, advertising Berit Ebert, Stephen B. Burbank, Gahl Anika Kettelhake Hodges Burt, Caroline Walker design Susanna Dulkinys & Bynum, Roger Cohen, Mathias Edenspiekermann Döpfner, Niall Ferguson, edenspiekermann.com Marina Kellen French, Michael We are deeply E. Geyer, Hans-Michael Giesen, Copyright © 2014 Richard K. Goeltz, C. Boyden grateful to American Academy in Berlin Gray, Vartan Gregorian, ISSN 1610-6490 Andrew S. Gundlach, Helga Haub, Wolfgang A. Herrmann, Cover Image: LaToya Ruby A. Michael Hoffman, Stefan TELEFÓNICA DEUTSCHLAND HOLDING AG Frazier, 1908 Eighth Street von Holtzbrinck, Dirk Ippen, Market, 2007. Wolfgang Ischinger, Josef Joffe, Michael Klein, John C. Kornblum, Printed by Ruksaldruck, Berlin Regine Leibinger, Wolfgang Malchow, Nina von Maltzahn, Julie Mehretu, Christopher the american academy von Oppenheim, Adam Posen, in berlin Jeffrey A. Rosen, Volker Schlöndorff, Peter Y. Solmssen, executive director Kurt Viermetz, Christine I. Gary Smith Wallich, Klaus Wowereit dean of fellows (ex officio), Pauline Yu Pamela Rosenberg chief financial officer / chairman emeritus chief administrative officer Karl M. von der Heyden Christian U. Diehl trustees emeriti John P. and Am Sandwerder 17–19 Birkelund, Diethard Breipohl, 14109 Berlin Gerhard Casper, Wolfgang Tel. (49 30) 80 48 3-0 Mayrhuber, Norman Pearlstine, Fax (49 30) 80 48 3-111 Fritz Stern STEFAN VON HOLTZBRINCK americanacademy.de

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The Responsibility Project

“Politics will, to the end of history, be an area Yale Law School’s Harold Hongju Koh, the Forum’s maiden where conscience and power meet, where the Berlin symposium, in June, on the subject of statecraft and ­ethical and coercive factors of human life will responsibility. interpenetrate and work out their tentative The redesign of theBerlin Journal by our longstanding and uneasy compromises.” collaborators at Edenspiekermann signals a new concep- tual emphasis: by devoting a section to a single theme we — Reinhold Niebuhr, aim to mirror some of the intellectual debates taking place Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932) at our Wannsee villa. This issue’s deliberations on responsi- bility reflect the concerns of the Holbrooke Forum: an essay Richard Holbrooke believed in deploying every kind of by political sociologist Claus Offe, a recent talk by Michael available knowledge in facing seemingly intractable prob- Ignatieff, and an edifying exchange on the vicissitudes of re- lems. His dogged immersion in the historical, economic, sponsibility in global statecraft. We also proudly continue to religious, social, and psychological dimensions of a given feature a diverse mix of scholarly articles, short stories, art- crisis provided the armature of his unconventional, refram- work, and essays by our resident fellows and distinguished ing approach. In this sense he was a student of Sir Isaiah visitors—in this issue represented by James Brophy, Kiran Berlin, who asserted, in 1988, “If we are to hope to under- Desai, Jules Feiffer, LaToya Ruby Frazier, Brian McAllister stand the often violent world in which we live…we cannot Linn, and Susan Stewart. confine our attention the great impersonal forces, natural Our Notebook continues to offer news of internal de- and manmade, which act upon us. The goals and motives velopments, short biographies of our fellows, and coverage­ that guide human action must be looked at in the light of of recent events, including the Met gala and an excerpt every intellectual resource that we have.” from the preceding afternoon’s expert roundtable, chaired Now, in a century already witnessing struggles over by Josef Joffe, entitled “Germany in Europe, the US in the historical borders, proper governance, state sovereignty, World: Two Reluctant Hegemons Who Just Want To Be Left and humanitarian intervention, Holbrooke’s approach Alone.” This section also now includes several lengthy book is sorely missed. For precisely this reason the American reviews by or of works by our fellows and visitors, an ad- Academy launched a new initiative in December 2013: the dition we believe is vital for an institution that has stood Richard C. Holbrooke Forum for the Study of Diplomacy and proudly behind so many book projects. Governance. The Forum will bring the expansive network of I would like to use this space to bid a fond farewell to the American Academy to bear upon the kinds of problems Pamela Rosenberg, our outgoing Dean of Fellows, who over that Holbrooke would have taken up with energetic resolve: the past four years has provided an inspiring intellectual the resilience of authoritarianism, the increasingly fraught and collegial presence. She will be missed, and we wish her realignment of the post-1989 global order, the integration the very best in returning to her passion of early childhood of China into the world’s normative architecture, the en- music education, among her other endeavors. couragement of China, India, Russia, and Brazil to contrib- Finally, as we approach the twentieth anniversary of ute more to the global public goods from which they benefit, our founding—September 9, 1994, the day after the fabled and the problem of differing national legal cultures in their Berlin Brigade marched out of this city and ended almost confrontation with international law. five decades of US military presence—I am proud to report On the evening of December 3 more than two hundred that the American Academy has matured into a robust and guests gathered at the Metropolitan Museum of Art to in- creative institution, possessed of talented management, an augurate the Forum. We are grateful to the extraordinary entrepreneurial staff, and a clear sense of mission. We have generosity of the evening’s benefactors, led by Vincent and a formidable endowment in place, thanks to the generosity Anne Mai, Peter G. Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, Stephen of individuals, foundations, and corporations on both sides Rattner and Maureen White, and longtime supporter of our of the Atlantic. We are especially indebted to Anna-Maria foreign-policy initiatives, David Rubenstein, whose inter- and Stephen Kellen, Nina von Maltzahn, and the other de- view of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was a high- scendants of Hans and Ludmilla Arnhold, all of who took a light of the evening. The stage also welcomed Ambassador chance on an untested idea two decades ago and who con- Holbrooke’s widow, journalist and author Kati Marton, tinue to support the institution in extraordinary ways. the Academy’s vice-chair Gahl Hodges Burt, and Harvard Kennedy School’s Michael Ignatieff, who will co-chair, with Gary Smith FOCUS The Responsibility Project

Shared Social Responsibility Claus Offe describes the manifold tensions created by shifting notions of social responsibility and outlines some crucial first steps toward resolving them. 6

Norms and Statecraft An expert roundtable debates the problems and promises of shared national and global responsibility in the twenty-first century. 10

The End of Intervention? Michael Ignatieff argues that the “responsibility to protect” norm—hobbled by years of failure and misuse—is now being served back to the West as parody. 16

Ai Weiwei, Stools, 2014. Photo © Jirka Jansch, 2014 6 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

SHARED SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

A concept in search of its political meaning and promise. by Claus Offe

here can be no doubt that responsibility and respon- Second, the opaqueness of the question of responsi- sible agents are good things to have. It is always good bility is related to changing institutional realities, to a shift T to know who is responsible, for what they are respon- from government to governance. While “government” de- sible, and to whom. We the citizens can then turn, individu- scribes the clearly demarcated and visible authority of ally or collectively, to the responsible agent and ask for the particular governmental office-holders and parties in leg- correction of things that went wrong, or demand action that islative chambers to make collectively binding decisions, brings things in line with our own notion of the common “governance” describes a matrix of more or less fleeting, good and what is deemed valuable, desirable, and just. We multi-actor alliances spanning the divides between public can also turn to each other and to ourselves. For, ultimately, and private actors, state and civil society, or national and we are responsible for authorizing political authorities to international actors. The more such alliances come to domi- act in our name. Being aware of the institutional location nate public-policy areas such as health, education, trans- of responsibility allows citizens of liberal democracies to portation, housing, and even security, the more difficult it act rationally by correctly addressing their demands, com- is to establish clear links between decisions, their authors, plaints, and expressions of political support. and their outcomes. Yet citizens of European democracies are often at a loss Third, due to the endemic and seemingly chronic fiscal regarding the location of responsibility. Arguably, there was crisis that has befallen virtually every state in Europe, the a time when the question of institutional responsibility and range of matters for which the state and political elites can accountability was comparatively easy to answer. The in- credibly promise to take responsibility has been shrinking cumbent government, which actively sought to be entrust- dramatically. As a consequence, the state can no longer be ed by voters with governing responsibility and risks losing held responsible for the removal of garbage from the streets it on the next election day, was the locus of responsibility. of Naples or snow from German highways, to say nothing Four developments explain why this is no longer the case. of addressing issues like child poverty, the sustainability of First, incumbent political elites are not only the objects financial ­markets, or the environment. of popular scrutiny, held accountable for what they do and Fourth, fiscally starved governments have resorted to fail to do; they are also strategic agents, who spend time and strategies of shedding and re-assigning responsibilities in resources on managing their constituency’s perception of the decades since the ascent of neoliberalism as a hege- responsibility by avoiding blame, claiming credit, and tak- monic belief system guiding public policy. Citizens them- ing popular positions. The ubiquitous use of these patterns selves have been “responsibilized,” and the government’s of strategic communication by political elites does not only remaining role is to activate and incentivize citizens make it easy for ordinary citizens to assess with any degree so that they live up to their individual responsibility rather of certitude who is actually responsible for which outcomes. than expecting government to take responsibility for them. spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 7

Such appeals to the corrective powers of civil society effort and ambition, thereby legitimating it. The worse-off are often little more than an attempt by political elites to are inclined to attribute their condition to circumstances absolve themselves of responsibility for social problems by beyond their control, thereby minimizing their responsi- transferring them to private hands and pockets. As the state bility and justifying claims to compensation. Conversely, withdraws from funding services and entitlements, citizens if the worse-off try to assess the situation of the better-off, are left with no choice but to themselves practice responsi- they will probably tend to magnify the role of luck, while bility for their present and future selves. the wealthy looking at the poor will emphasize the role of The shrinking scope of that for which governments ac- choice, particularly as this allows them to fend off compen- cept responsibility discourages major parts of the electorate sation claims coming from the poor. Individual observers from taking an active interest in political life and holding tend to draw the dividing line between luck and choice at governments accountable. As a result, those in the bottom very different locations. And rightly so. The ability to act third of society in terms of income, education, and securi- self-confidently on the assumption that one’s fate is largely ty have in many countries largely given up exercising their a product of one’s own choice is nurtured and encouraged rights as citizens. They do not know much about politics, do by specific socio-structural conditions. not vote, do not join social or political associations, and do Can a student’s success at school be attributed to volun- not donate to political causes. Our democratic institutions tary effort invested in schoolwork? Or should it be attributed and the political economies in which they are embedded to the fact his family highly values scholastic achievement have failed to provide a vehicle for effectively sharing re- and enforces this valuation very strictly? Perhaps both of sponsibilities through governmental action. the supposed alternatives apply. The student’s effort may be present because of parental strictness, and the distinction he key normative principle of liberalism is that made meaningless because causal responsibility is shared ­individuals should enjoy the legally secured liberty between the two sides. Whatever we do voluntarily is em- T to make choices in life. They are responsible for the bedded in and shaped by patterns of what Michael Walzer consequences of these choices, and outside forces should has called “involuntary association,” such as family, ethnic- not be allowed to interfere. However, the realization of this ity, religion, class, or nationality. ideal of liberty is problematic in two respects. First, individ- Indeed, all of us share—in ways that are immensely uals’ actions affect others as well. If these externalities are complex and hence impossible to disentangle—in the causal negative, adversely affecting the well-being of others, then responsibility for what happens to or is achieved by each of one person’s freedom of choice can be said to constrain the us. Shared causal responsibility, thus understood, is not a freedom of choice of others. Therefore, in order for liberal- lofty ideal. It is simply an important fact of social life. ism’s highest value of freedom to be universally enjoyed, it While it is often not difficult to convince people that must be limited at the level of individuals through statutory causal responsibility is in fact largely collective (think of cli- regulation, criminal law, and other measures. mate change and other cases of environmental disruption), Second, the range of an individual’s free choice is not we need a lot more persuasive power to convince the same just determined by the legal guarantees securing it but also people that remedial responsibility—responsibility to take by favorable or unfavorable conditions, which can dramati- action once things have gone wrong—must also be shared cally expand or severely restrict the range of choices indi- rather than remain individualized and addressed selectively viduals have at their disposal. These conditions arise due to victims and those least able to cope. to pure luck and cannot be attributed to any behavior for Child obesity, drug addiction, violent crimes, and teen- which the individual is causally responsible. age pregnancy are clear examples of individual problems Liberal theorists take care of the first of these two com- that have devastating effects upon the lives and well-­being plications by imposing negative duties upon the uses indi- of individuals but for which causal responsibility does viduals can make of their freedom, prohibiting things like not rest with the individuals and their behaviors alone. theft and the pollution of the environment. They attempt to Statistical and epidemiological analysis suggests that, in deal with the second complication by also imposing positive­ international comparison, the incidence of such social pa- obligations. These collective positive obligations can take thologies increases when the inequality of income and the form of public measures designed to prevent, compen- wealth increases in a society. Since we are all responsible sate for, alleviate, or overcome individual hindrances due to for the prevailing profile of income distribution, as well as luck. The underlying intuition is that only after theequality ­ social and education policies, we are all co-responsible for of opportunity has been secured can individuals seriously the effects that those inequalities generate. be held responsible for the uses they make of their liberty. Any system of social security and services institutional- The rigid dichotomies of luck vs. choice,circumstances ­ izes, under liberal premises, the demarcation between indi- vs. personal responsibility, and structure vs. agency are deep- vidual choice and collective provision. The classical case is ly ingrained in liberal political thought. However clear these the distinction drawn between the “undeserving” poor, who distinctions, their applicability and usefulness is strictly have supposedly made unwise choices, and the “deserving” and increasingly limited. The better-off tend to claim causal poor, who are victims of circumstances beyond their con- responsibility for their advantage, attributing it to their own trol. This line divides categories of risks and contingencies 8 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

with which individuals can be expected to cope by their the positive and negative externalities that we inescapably own means from categories of conditions that require col- cause for others as well as for our future selves. lective arrangements. Yet we should pause to note that ideal practices of as- suming remedial responsibility—precautionary awareness ince about the mid-1970s, powerful economic, po-­ of sustainability issues, solidarity with one’s future self, ci- litical, and philosophical forces—together often sum- vility, attention, and “considerateness”—are themselves Smarily referred to as hegemonic “neo-liberalism”— constrained by conditions, among them the prevailing have drawn European societies ever more in the direction conditions of income, wealth, and access to quality educa- of reading good or bad outcomes as deriving from right or tion. Those least endowed with these critical resources of- wrong choices made by individuals. Therefore, remedial re- ten find themselves in a state that makes their engagement sponsibility must also rest with individuals. Having made in the practice of sharing responsibilities unaffordable or choices, they deserve the associated outcomes, which are otherwise inaccessible. Their time horizon, as well the so- seen as unproblematic in normative terms, as they are the cial horizon of those to whom they feel obligations, is much just manifestation of individuals’ freedom to make choices. narrower than those of the educated middle classes. The implicit warning: to move the demarcation line too far Indeed, poverty can make people act irresponsibly. If in the “wrong” direction—to provide too much space for you have to live on a tight budget and with precarious job collective provisions—would be both fiscally inefficient security, you cannot afford health food for yourself and your and detrimental to the core value of the freedom of choice. children. You are forced to look for the cheapest food, tex- According to this doctrine, social and economic “prog- tiles, and means of transportation you can find. Fighting ress” is measured as nothing but increments of the aggre- poverty should not be a matter pursued for the sake of the gate total of individual incomes. All that you need to control poor but for all of our sakes, as poor people and countries your fate can be purchased—from bonds that provide re- need to be enabled to share long-term responsibilities that tirement income to health food and anti-aging-pills that they otherwise would not have the means to share. The con- postpone retirement for as long as possible. If you happen cept of social progress should be reformulated in ways that to dislike and feel threatened by the people in your neigh- highlight the need to raise the material welfare and security borhood, you can move to a gated compound. If you want of the least well-off first in order to facilitate their readiness to get ahead in your career, you can enroll in commercial and ability to share responsibilities. training courses. If you want to enhance your mobility, you Of course, one individual’s contributions to both caus- can buy a faster car. If you are unhappy with the tempera- ing problems and sharing in the responsibility for imple- ture, cleanliness, and humidity of the air, you can have a menting a solution are infinitesimally small. (Think again of good air conditioning system installed. It is your individual climate change.) It is therefore necessary to trust in the will- choice—and your responsibility—to provide these things ingness of fellow citizens to share responsibility in order to within the constraints of your means. make one’s own efforts meaningful and instrumentally ra- However, this fixation on individual choice as the prime tional. Given the opaqueness and anonymity of “everyone remedy to problems of well-being leads to significant nega- else,” it is not easy for individuals to build, maintain, and tive externalities. The plain absurdity of such individualist restore such trust. and “presentist” thinking is evident if we consider damages Some advocates of remedies to sustainability problems affecting future generations or our future selves. Climate that are grounded in civil society argue that state power change and other aspects of intergenerational justice are should merely “get out of the way.” They argue that any probably the most serious cases in point. The future victims state action is inherently corrupted by interests of gain and of the consequences of our present action and inaction are power, while spontaneous and voluntary communal action not yet present and cannot possibly raise their voices, but emerging from civil society provides a more promising al- the long-term effects of our present action and inaction will ternative to political institutions. Upon closer inspection soon become impossible to reverse or neutralize. this argumentation is a mirror image of the neoliberal cri- The obsolescence of neo-liberal ideology applies both tique of the state. It does not celebrate the liberating poten- to the problems we suffer and the solutions we may find to tial of market forces but of civil society and the communal them. If we succeed in finding and implementing solutions remedies it supposedly harbors. Despite our dissatisfaction to problems for which we are collectively causally respon- with the inadequacies of public policy, we should not forget sible, we will not do so only through coercive regulation that the democratic state and its powers to tax, spend, and or through (dis)incentives addressed at individual utility regulate remain the major instrument for sharing respon- maximizers. We need to strengthen the awareness of ordi- sibility among members of society. This instrument must nary people and their readiness to cooperate in the achieve- not be done away with in favor of either the market or civil ment of common goods, their willingness to “do their share” ­society but rather strengthened and supplemented. even where it is not demanded by legal rules or by a selfish Similarly, we would be ill-advised to leave the sharing calculus of individual gain under politically set incentives. of responsibilities to economic agents, such as investors in Such awareness, most likely generated by associations and the stock market and businesses and their practices of “cor- movements within civil society, relates to knowledge about porate social responsibility.” Socially conscious investors Now I have more time to do discriminate for moral reasons against industries that pro- the things I really want to do duce liquor, tobacco, firearms, and similar products. They do not do business with oppressive regimes or companies that act contrary to environmental or labor protection stan- dards. What they also do, if unknowingly and by implica- tion, is increase the return on investment for investors who are not morally discriminating, since “immoral” companies must offer higher yields per share in order to attract needed capital. All of this suggests that constituted and democratically accountable state power should not be written off as an im- portant approach to solving the problem of sharing social and environmental responsibilities. The democratic state, in spite of its limitations, remains—or must be restored to its role as—a key strategic agent both in containing the negative externalities of individual choice and creating and implementing collectively binding solutions.

any of the most serious problems facing mod- ern capitalist democracies are caused by a logic Mof aggregate external effects. All of us, through the unintended side effects of what we do or fail to do, cause physical and social consequences that are typically impos- sible to trace back to individual wrongdoing. While we are beginning to understand our collective causal responsibil- ity, we are still far from having the ideas and institutions through which we might exercise our shared remedial re- sponsibility. Problems such as environmental destruction, climate change, various kinds of health hazards, financial market crises, the dumping of financial and other burdens on future generations, growing inequality, declining social Tailor-made business travel. cohesion, and political exclusion are caused by the way in which all of us consume, eat, move, invest, relate to others, Services that fi t you perfectly. and make use of our political rights in the perfectly legal and even subjectively innocent conduct of life. The American Academy is all about socio-political and cultural Moreover, we often mandate or allow the holders of exchange at the highest level. governmental office and democratically constituted power to turn a blind eye to our co-produced problems and to fol- FIDES travel understands that and we play our part in ensuring low the patterns of inaction, procrastination, and “demo­ that we can provide you with everything you need. From the cratic myopia.” The greatest deficiency in the conduct of fl ight and entry to Berlin to organising your stay, we like to think governments today is arguably not that they fail to do what that we contribute to the exchange between people and voters want but that they opportunistically follow the given continents. interests and preferences of voters too closely—that is, with- out any attempt to alert and enlighten their constituency as With over 15 years of experience, we truly understand and can to the adequacy and appropriateness of those preferences satisfy the Academy and its fellows’ high standards. in relation to collectively relevant conditions. Our service lets fellows focus on what really matters, while we Needless to say, democratic governments are not—and look after everything else to provide stress-free comfortable travel. should not be—endowed with the authority to determine what the “objective interest” of the political community Put yourself in our hands and we’ll do the rest. should be. But they may assist constituencies in finding for themselves the answer to that question. They can create an Your Travel Management: institutional space for consultation, deliberation, and col- lective self-observation within civil society. □ Fides Reisen Alt-Moabit 90 10559 Berlin Phone: +49 30 399950-20

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NORMS AND STATECRAFT

How can we think about responsibility To address these and related questions, in a post-Western world—­responsibility the Academy convened a working round- conceived as moral commitment to table on May 17, 2013, which included people in zones of danger, but also as a sociologist Claus Offe; political ­scientist commitment to generate global public Ulrich K. Preuss; Michael Ignatieff, goods? How do we improve responsi- Professor of Practice at the Harvard bility for the emerging set of critical Kennedy School; Hans-Ulrich Klose, then issues—climate change, energy secu- vice-chair of the Bundestag’s Committee rity, the peaceful management of space on Foreign Affairs, and John C. Kornblum, and cyberspace—that lie beyond the a former US ambassador to Germany. competence of states? How do states and peoples work out solutions in these The following is an excerpt from domains when the instruments of their discussion. responsibility we possess—states and intergovernmental organizations alike— are not always up to the job? spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 11

John Kornblum: If one reads foreign policy literature in to think beyond tomorrow. And then another dimen- America or here, one sees many articles with titles like sion for enlarging the concept and making it more de- “Nationalism in Latin America” or “What we are going manding is the social dimension, not just for yourself to do about Iraq?” But there are few systemic, critical but for your family or mankind or anything in between: discussions about broader questions related to the ap- your fellow human beings. plication of our values. The issue that we would like to The third dimension in which you can make the focus on today, responsibility, is a very important part of concept of responsibility more demanding is the cog- this. Should the West feel obliged to intervene in places nitive dimension—being attentive to things that are like Syria? Can one speak of “Western values” and if so, going on around you. Richard Posner has written an how can they be applied in global affairs? interesting book chronicling the financial crisis, which describes the cause of the crisis as an ongoing atten- Hans-Ulrich Klose: These are interesting questions, espe- tion deficit, cognitive denial, a refusal to take notice of cially if one tries to answer them from the point of view what is going on. So these are three dimensions—tem- of the present situation in Europe. I personally believe poral, social, and cognitive—in which you can extend that the euro crisis is over, but the European crisis is the concept of responsibility. still very real. All the demons of history, the prejudices But what are trends in the real world? Much of the and ressentiments, are back on the table. The happiness philosophical, sociological, and political science lit- of Germans and others with Europe is declining. erature has observed the powerlessness of governing Look at the demography of the world. The Western elites. There has therefore been a powerful trend since countries make up about 12 or 13 percent of the world’s the 1980s to pass on responsibility to individuals, to population right now. At the end of the century that “responsibilize” them. This delegation of responsibil- will be down to about 7 percent. Politically, I draw two ity takes various forms. Labor market legislation is a conclusions from this: Western countries must stick case in point. Or the reform of psychiatric care, mak- ­together, and they must look for partners that might ing families and local institutions responsible for care. become part of Western society. While this is problematic in many ways, it is true that Behind this lies my conviction that even with all governments and governance agents of all kinds are the mistakes we’ve made and with all the problems dependent upon the informed cooperation of target we have, I don’t see much that is better than what the populations. The success of policies depends upon the Western countries have so far achieved. attitudes and dispositions of citizens who are or are not willing to practice responsible lifestyles. But in order for Kornblum: One of the victims of the euro crisis has been people to practice responsibility and to serve as a sub- a sense of consensus. There is a feeling on the part of stitute for insufficiently implemented government, you young people that their governments aren’t very re- need a widespread sense of trust or a sense of contin- sponsible. gent obligation. I do my part only if I can trust in your readiness to do your part. Claus Offe: Responsibility is a key concept not only in Here we have the problem that my fellow citizens, political theory and philosophy, but also in sociology. with whom I am supposedly sharing responsibilities, Who is responsible? To whom are they responsible? For are opaque, are invisible. We do not know what their what are they responsible? Who defines relationships dispositions are, and there are no easy means to find of responsibility? Who monitors whether an actor is liv- out about this. There is a shortage of enlightened and ing up to his responsibility? I have been part of a study informed cooperation within a long-term and atten- group in the Council of Europe that was convened to tive, solidary relationship. This has partly to do with the develop a concept of shared social responsibility as the cognitive inaccessibility of my fellow citizens and the foundation of social order. ­absence of trust relations with them. An important distinction has to be made between causal responsibility and remedial responsibility. In the Ulrich Preuß: I would like to raise two questions. Firstly,­ can case of the euro crisis, we can easily assign responsibil- we suppose, in a globalized world, with such a diver­ ity for such an ill-conceived currency zone as the Euro- sity of moral systems, historical experiences, economic zone. But the question remains: who is actually able to constellations, and so forth, that there is one universal do something about this, to assume the burden? In this idea of trust? Trust has to do with closeness, with famil- case, the consensus converges upon Germany. iarity, and that is exactly what is missing in our present The range of responsibilities can be very narrow— constellation. The problem is that even between Europe everyone is responsible for him or herself—and it can and the United States, there is some degree of alien- be extended by making the concept of responsibility ation due to different cultural traditions—although, of more demanding in the temporal dimension. That is the course, the American tradition originates in Europe. moral of La Fontaine’s fable of the grasshopper and the But even between these two close continents, trust ant: that you need to think about the upcoming winter, has become quite rare. Secondly, is our morality really 12 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

universal? It is not by accident that you mention the West, the definition of responsibility was extremely dif- ­European Council as the source of your very interesting fuse. This is why we speak of China being a free rider, and inspiring insights about responsibility. The Europe- why we speak of so many big powers being free riders. an concept of responsibility includes the responsibility They are riding for free on global public-policy goods to humankind. The whole issue of the “responsibility to created by a Western order. protect” is rooted in the idea that we cannot stay inside I suppose our question is how we think about re- when something like genocide happens in Rwanda­ or sponsibility in a post-Western world, not merely moral other parts of the world, because humankind is one responsibly for people in danger in other places, but re- moral community. Responsibility means we have to sponsibility to generate global public goods for a whole act on behalf of those who suffer. But is this idea of re- set of issues that extend beyond the sovereign state. sponsibility shared in other parts of the world? The idea From the oceans, to the biosphere, cyberspace, and the that humanity is tantamount to a moral community is internet, there are a whole set of non-sovereign areas a European concept, but the world has changed and whose management will be crucial to our survival in this Euro-Atlantic world is no longer the role model the twenty-first century. We could define a whole range for civilization. If this is no longer undisputed, then of of areas that are escaping the sovereign state order, course the basic keystone of the “responsibility to pro- transnational problems that are escaping the responsi- tect” may erode. We live in a world in which we have to bility networks that were created after 1945. develop concepts that are universally valid. Kornblum: We are responsible because we feel responsi- Offe: The opposite of trust is the suspicion that others will ble. Western societies are complex and they are often engage in moral hazard. When I assume responsibility horrible, but when things go wrong in the world, there to serve a concept of the common good or shared moral seems always to be a discussion as to what to do about it. values, I need to trust others that will reciprocate, that Of course, we have very good strategic reasons for feel- I will not be alone, and the beneficiaries of my respon- ing responsible; we have very good economic reasons sibility will not engage in selfish little games. This is the for feeling responsible. But I don’t think most people backdrop of the current euro debate. How can we make talking about it even understand what those interests sure that others will do their share if we engage in some are. It’s that people are being killed and we should do measure of debt mutualization? We cannot trust that something about it. If that’s the case, then to become everyone else, even in Europe, to say nothing of Africa, responsible leaders you have to be able to build this will conform to the same standards. Therefore we have sense of responsibility for one’s fellow human being no reason to accept a moral obligation to serve univer- into a political structure, and that is very hard. salist principles. Ignatieff: What I find exciting is that the locus of respon­ Michael Ignatieff: I approach the issue of responsibility sibility is shifting as we speak. Ten years ago you through the concepts of the “responsibility to protect” wouldn’t have Brazil in the room, and now you’ve got to and sovereign responsibility, but Claus is reframing have Brazil. And ten years ago you wouldn’t have South the individual dimensions of responsibility: Who owes Korea there. The locus of responsibility has been shifted what? Who has to step up for what? This has become a by the transformation of global politics. And that then crucial question in the international order and it is an helps to define the problem. If you are not unipolar, if especially interesting question, because responsibility you are not bipolar, if you are polycentric in some way, used to be defined by an alliance structure: a NATO al- how do we correlate responsibility? You have to con- liance structure, a European alliance structure, a Euro­ sider sovereignty, because whatever else sovereignty pean Union structure that defined the responsibilities is, whether it’s democratic or not, sovereignty is a very of the West in a fairly clear manner. But beyond the clear institutional attribution of responsibility. Particu- lar pieces of real estate get defined as the responsibility of someone—an authori- “Can we extend this rights-and-responsibility story beyond tarian ruler, democratic system, whatever massacre, ethnic cleansing, and slave labor? I want to suggest —and I think we are looking at a world in that we should do that and that there are, perhaps, faint signs which that system of attributing respon- that we are… beginning to move from those three to famine sibility is not adequate to so many of the and malnutrition, which cause even greater numbers of deaths issues that we are facing. each year, and also to pandemic disease. This would commonly be described as a move from negative to positive rights, but I Kornblum: For all its morality, its strength, believe that that’s wrong. All rights are or must become positive its power, the Federal Republic of Germany­ if they are to be effective in the world.” simply refuses to be responsible on a number of issues. It simply says no. Syria — MIchael Walzer, “Human Rights in Global Society” (2005) is one, Libya is another, Mali is another, spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 13

but there are also many more. The foreign minister, a resistance to debt mutualization is founded upon as- good friend of ours, says Germany feels it has other sumptions not just of responsibility and solidarity based ways of dealing with these things. I want to raise this on sovereignty. Whose interests are my interests? Whose because Germany is a very good case of one of the most fate is my fate? This is partly an issue of fellow feeling, responsible countries on earth, without a doubt, pull- partly an issue of common language and common cul- ing back in one major­ part of responsibility. Is that fair? ture. But we are also realizing that the Greek economy is our responsibility in a literal sense, that this tail can Klose: To some extent, but not entirely. Germany hesitates wag the dog in ways that people have not understood to take military responsibility for historical reasons. But before. Germany is discovering its vulnerability with it is also fair to say that we are trying, step by step, to respect to these southern economies. take more responsibility. When you think about what The European project is designed to allow the emer- has happened since 1990, there have been steps in that gence of a hegemonic Germany with a European cover. direction. I would be frightened if Germany all of a sud- This seems like a good thing to me, I don’t have a prob- den became a strong military power again. lem with that. But that’s what is making the discus- sion of responsibility so extremely difficult in Europe. Kornblum: But Germany is an interesting case because it No one in Europe knows who is responsible for what. shows how responsibility is a polycentric phenomenon. Is it Brussels? Is it the national government? Is it sub-­ No country today is more responsible than Germany, regional governments? Is it municipal governments? but they have one major gap in their role. Other coun- The question as to the opacity of responsibility once tries have other gaps. you’ve mutualized debt, fiscal policy, and monetary pol- icies, the question as to who is responsible and whose Klose: We are actually afraid of taking the lead. The mo- interests become your interests, is very confusing to ment we take the lead others will immediately come voters. It is transforming what a German voter thinks and say, “You want to dominate.” his or her responsibilities actually are. The correlation between sovereignty and responsi- Ignatieff: The Syrian crisis brings the German situation bility is such a difficult one to get beyond. It’s not sim- into focus. Nobody thinks Germany, or anyone, is go- ply that Berlusconi is a bad leader, or that Papandreau ing to send a brigade. But if you look at that arc from was a bad leader. Everybody played the system. Nobody ­Morocco in the North Atlantic right through to Pakistan, declared their swimming pools; the unions took more and if you look at Germany’s southern Mediterranean out of the pot than they put in. You didn’t have political frontiers, it’s a whole world out there where the issue of discipline, and suddenly the German voter wakes up responsibility to the evolution of political order is very and thinks: Is this my responsibility? Since when? You unclear. Part of the difficulty here is to think strategi- discover that it’s not merely a transfer of moral respon- cally without thinking imperially, to shift from imperial sibility; it’s a transfer of active risk. When it looked as notions of responsibility, which are territorial control or if the Greek exit would threaten the euro, the Germans manipulation or indirect empire, to some other sense of thought: What are my alternatives? My alternative is the responsibility. And there is a sense that Germans think deutschmark, where every single car I’m trying to sell they have enough problems close to home, enough to China would become uncompetitive overnight. ­domestic responsibilities, enough European responsi- bilities. In the immediate German neighborhood, the Preuss: But Greece was pushed into the Eurozone because dilemma is that there’s no model of imperial or pow- it was thought to be in the interest of Germany as well: er-led responsibility in relation to Eastern Europe, to the bigger the Eurozone, the better for the ­German Ukraine, to all these places. economy. That means that Europe as a whole and ­Germany as a leading power in Europe should assume Offe: There are two obvious obstacles to taking respon- responsibility for the outcome. sibility. One is that, for historical and other reasons, the Germans believe that they will not be given credit Kornblum: The point here is that it is not, in the end, any- for taking responsibility, that there will be suspicions body’s fault, because what we’re talking about is Europe that the hegemonic role they assume is less than be- evolving past the Cold War. They thought that the best nign. There are good reasons for that. The other is that thing to do was to make the European Union stronger. political parties are unable to convince the domestic The problem is that the European Union ran into glo- constituency, particularly ahead of elections, that it is balization. And globalization is the thing which is rip- a good idea to assume responsibility and the costs it in- ping it apart in the end. The Greek economy could hide volves. as long as it could devalue every five years, and now that it can’t devalue, since Singapore and New York Ignatieff: The issue of responsibility is so fascinating in are trading its bonds all day, there’s simply no place Europe because, again, of the moral hazard issues. The to hide. In the end, Mr. Klose has said the right thing: 14 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

the euro crisis has been more or less taken care of, but institutional cornerstone of responsibility toward some the European crisis is just starting. And the question of kind of collectivity which fits the kind of problems you responsibility is going to be the major issue in the years mentioned. to come. Who’s going to be responsible for keeping this important organization running? Offe: The European Union used to be an idea like this, but it is now losing its foundation and its popular sup- Gary Smith: This is the real reason that it is important to port rapidly. So, again, what is needed is vanishing in have this discussion about responsibility in its deploy- a way. Some finalité needs to be defined. Although the ment. In the debate about Greece, recognizing the dis- ­European Union, as Dieter Grimm has pointed out re- tinction between causal and remedial responsibility cently, has relied upon vagueness, there is now a need would change the discussion in a very helpful way. for finalité.

Ignatieff: It seems to me that what is happening is that the Ignatieff: I think one of the issues that has recast our un- anti-imperialist left has joined hands with a lot of the derstanding of responsibility going back a very long conservative right to say, “Cité-jardin, stay home.” There way in classical liberal theory, and that is relevant to is also a demonstrable futility with certain forms of tak- this discussion, is the Invisible Hand. The Invisible ing responsibility for development, which confiscates Hand is a vision of collective outcomes that are not in- responsibility from the agents who ought to hold it. But tended by any single agent and are not produced by any the idea of responsibility does not commit you to a con- single agent and for which no single agent, i.e. a sov- stant defense of liberal interventionism. I actually think ereign or government, takes responsibility. I think the that it doesn’t commit you to any line. reason why the issue of responsibility has returned is that the Invisible Hand looks terrific when you’re expe- Preuss: I want to emphasize one point I think may be a riencing 3 percent growth. Then you wake up one morn- little under-discussed here. I think that the main prob- ing and discover that your pension is worth 25 percent lem is not a lack of moral resources, so to speak, or the less because the entire global market system has been unwillingness of individuals and politicians to assume deregulated in order to accelerate the spread of capital responsibility. I think the problem is rather the institu- and accelerate the provision of credit. tional locations of responsibility. So I agree with what There are lots of ways in which we are ideologically Michael Ignatieff said a few minutes ago: that sover- legitimizing not taking responsibility. Nobody wants a eignty is, so to speak, the basic traditional kind of at- world where from one morning to the next their pen- tribution of responsibility in the political sphere. The sion values are dropping by 25 percent. They go in good problem is that this way of attributing responsibility faith to good German universities, good Greek univer- doesn’t work any longer. First of all, there are many, sities, good French universities, or good Bolivian uni- many states among the 190 states in the world that versities, and are suddenly told that, because of actions are simply not sovereign in the sense that they can as- and trends half a world away, their lives or the premise sume responsibility for their territory, for their popula- on which they built their lives is now over. I’m getting tion, including fulfilling the responsibilities they have to the thing that Claus talks about, fatalism, where you vis-à-vis other parts of the world, or the international just think, “I can’t. I give up. I’m dropping out.” And if community. And second, even if they are like the states you ask me where does fascism return, where does au- of the Western world, they see exactly those problems thoritarian populism return, it returns when political that you mention, that sovereignty is no longer feasible, systems say, “We have no control over your life, smile, that it doesn’t work. There is one prominent example be happy, there is absolutely nothing we can do,” and for the dilemma of sovereignty being collectivized as it when the bad stuff happens to you, and you have to take is in the European Union. This is the Security Council of a wheelbarrow full of money to buy some bread. We’ve the United Nations. And we see it doesn’t work either. been there. That’s the reason there is a tendency toward pull- This is where I think the responsibility issue be- ing back. Giving up sovereignty in an effort to create comes politically so urgent, and I guess I’m saying in a new structure of responsibility has resulted more or some way I’m quite optimistic. I’m optimistic because less in a system of collective irresponsibility, at least in we have no choice about this. We have to have political the European context. So I think this is the dilemma: systems that take responsibility. We have to have politi- sovereignty doesn’t work any longer, but collectivizing cal systems that deliver results. If we don’t, bad things sovereignty doesn’t work either. There are many parts happen, which we’ve been through. So we don’t need of the world that watch the European experiment with to run experiments. We don’t have to get clever about great interest, but they are reluctant. In other words, what might happen. We know what will happen, and we must look for different institutional concepts for we cannot allow it to happen again. □ transcending sovereignty as the key issue, the key spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 15 We create chemistry

... 16 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

THE END OF INTERVENTION?

The following essay by hen I planned this talk, in early March, I had Michael Ignatieff is derived entitled it “Is the Age of Intervention Over?” and Wwas going speak about the West’s failure to take from a talk he delivered on decisive action in Syria. Since then, we’ve had an interven- March 19, 2014, at London’s tion no one expected. Chatham House, home of Russia’s intervention in Ukraine is obviously a hinge the Royal Institute of Interna- moment in the twenty-first century. Anyone who knows Ukraine must have a sense of foreboding about where tional Affairs. The subsequent Russian actions are headed. We in the West have sought to Q&A session was moderated comfort ourselves with the thought that Vladimir Putin is by Lindsey ­Hilsum, Inter- a rational actor, moving his pieces about the geostrategic national Editor of Britain’s chessboard. We deeply want to believe that he knows what he is doing. At one level his strategic intentions seem clear Channel 4 News. enough: to secure the Crimean naval base in perpetuity and Russian access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. From June 5 to 8, Michael Beyond that, his purpose is to prevent Ukraine moving Ignatieff and Harold Hongju into the NATO orbit and to insert a sliver under the finger Koh will co-chair the first of Ukrainian political culture so as to ensure that all politi- cal actors there remain constantly aware of the limits on Richard C. Holbrooke Forum Ukrainian sovereignty. His purpose, in short, is to constrain working group, Statecraft in perpetuity the self-determination of the Ukrainian peo- and Responsi­bility, at the ple. He doesn’t need to annex eastern Ukraine or invade the American Academy in Berlin. whole of the territory to render Ukraine subservient to his sphere of influence. So far, so rational. But why should we suppose that Putin will continue to behave rationally? He has said his aims are confined to Crimea. Who knows whether that is true, or whether success will turn his head and lead him to overreach, since he had also said he wasn’t going into Crimea. We simply don’t know where we are, and we have no reason to trust what he says. www.pwc.de

There is also the question of whether Putin can control the forces he has unleashed. As someone whose Russian ancestors are buried in Ukraine, I would emphasize a point made by Timothy Snyder of Yale. Ukraine forms part of what he calls the “Bloodlands,” the blood-soaked ground of Eastern Europe cursed by a terrible history. What fills any observer with foreboding is the emerging confrontation be- tween Ukrainian nationalists and Russians, both engaged in total denial of each other’s history. Thinking When Putin calls all Ukrainian nationalists “fascists,” he is, of course, evoking 1941 and the collaboration of a tiny ahead for portion of the Ukrainian population in the German mur- der of the Jews in Ukraine. A relatively small number of Ukrainians did collaborate in that horrible crime, but to use tomorrow’s the word “fascist” for all expression of Ukrainian nation- alism is to demonize their politics. The Russian misuse of solutions the word “fascist” evokes the ways in which Serbs called all Croatians fascist in 1991. When political language is used to demonize people and diabolize a cause, violence cannot be far off. The language of fascism also works to conceal a Soviet genocide. Russians and those nostalgic for the Soviet Union use the language of fascism to hide, from themselves and then from others, one of the Soviet regime’s most terrible crimes—the Holodomor—the forced starvation of seven million Ukrainian kulaks and peasants during Stalin’s col- lectivization between 1931 and 1938. So we have in Ukraine an accursed encounter between two languages of genocide that cannot speak truth to each other. This is the single most dangerous thing about the current situation—and why it’s not over. There is simply no way for either side to share truth about the historical reali- ties that are driving the passions, frenzies, and murderous desire for vengeance. In other societies—Germany, South Africa, Argentina, Chile—shared truth has turned enemies into adversaries. Not in Ukraine. Not in Russia. A blood-soaked past remains unacknowledged and unshared. Such pasts are already in- flaming and envenoming the present. Ukraine also casts light on the new shape of the post- Cold War order. With Russia’s unilateral seizure of Crimea, Pioneering developments call for pathfinders the stability of the borders of all post-Soviet states is put in like us: advisors who create a climate for question. No country that borders Russia is not concerned innovation, auditors with a sharp eye for about its territorial integrity and the future of its sover- opportunities and risks, and experts who eignty. A tremor of fear is running down a wide arc of peo- take care of the financial, legal and tax ples from the Baltic to the Black Sea. The denuclearization details. When should we get together and of Ukraine so happily agreed to in 1994 now seems a bitter talk about your company’s future success? irony to Ukrainians. They traded their nuclear weapons for assurances about their territorial integrity from Britain, the Contact: United States, and Russia. There will be some Ukrainian na- Volker Booten, Tel: +49 30 2636-5217, tionalists who now wish they had never given up their nu- [email protected] clear weapons. They would have given them a guarantee of sovereignty worth considerably more than Western assur- ances. Other vulnerable states—Iran perhaps, North Korea certainly—will conclude from the Crimean story that they © 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers Aktiengesellschaft Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft. should accelerate their already advanced nuclear programs. All rights reserved. In this document, “PwC” refers to PricewaterhouseCoopers Aktiengesellschaft Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft, which is a member fi rm of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited (PwCIL). Each member fi rm of PwCIL is a separate and independent legal entity.

34_RZ_AZ_Berlin_Magazin_Thinking_ahead_105x280mm_ENG.indd 1 31.03.14 14:4 18 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

utin’s normative justification for the sei- the constitutional order of Ukraine, but also of Canada, zure of Crimea was “to protect” ethnic Russians and the United Kingdom, and Spain. This is a counterintuitive PRussian language speakers from imminent danger. thought but a deeply important one. Why are seceding The protection language is a language with which I have a groups bound to respect the constitutional ­order of a state certain association, since I was a member of the Interna- they wish to leave? To avoid civil war. There are twenty oth- tional Commission on Sovereignty and Intervention that er reasons I could offer, but that’s the one that ­matters. devised the notion of the “responsibility to protect” (R2P). The unilateral secession of Crimea is unacceptable to The language of responsibility to protect has now been the majority of the Ukrainian people. It’s force majeure, and served back to us in the form of mocking parody. the long-term consequences of this are explosive, not just Those of us who have defended the language of human- for Ukraine, but for other small nations in Europe that may itarian intervention to protect civilians need to purify it of want to leave their constitutional homes. Look no further the grotesque caricature of its principles. than the United Kingdom. A Scottish referendum is legiti- Three clarifications seem in order. First, if you’re going mate: both sides agreed to its terms and will abide by its to advance the normative justification of protection when ­result. Were the Scots to decide to secede in September— you use military force, then a normative criterion you must and don’t exclude that as a possibility—what then must meet is that you must protect everybody. What is parodic follow is a protracted negotiation about borders, defense in- about Putin’s language is that he is using force to protect just stallations, national debt, and currency. It would be painful one group of human beings. Secondly, protection has nor- work, but it would be negotiated by both parties, and thus, mative validity only when those protected are threatened if successful, would avoid civil war. Unilateral secession of with ethnic massacre or genocide. That was what the R2P Crimea, followed by unilateral secession of eastern Ukraine, criteria were, and they’re worth restating, since a lot of peo- would plunge the country into civil war. ple think if you say, “We must use force to protect civilians,” that you can use that language when their democracies are overthrown, when they’ve got bad governments. Not so. et me come to Syria since Syria and Ukraine are The triggering conditions for justified protection were that linked. It was always going to be difficult to get any civilians must be in mortal threat of their very lives. In the Lcommon action by Russia and the US to stop the kill- case of the ethnic Russians, there was no such threat. ing there, but now it seems to me to be absolutely impos- Protection was in the UN Security Council mandate to sible. I understand that the Americans and the British are authorize the intervention in Libya. There, protection of ci- deeply reluctant to intervene. The democratic ­constituency vilians morphed very quickly into regime change. In Crimea, for humanitarian intervention has evaporated—and for what has bounced back to us has been Russian fury, some good reason: because of well-founded disillusion about Iraq, of it justified, at the ways in which “protection” in Libya ­Afghanistan, and the costs of both. was used to justify regime change. So, moving forward into So obvious are these costs that the public has turned the future, if we’re going to protect civilians, let’s protect against intervention altogether. I wish to remind you, though, ­civilians; let’s not make it a cover for regime change. that no one is dying today in Kosovo or in Bosnia. Some­ The use of protection language in Libya created a prec- times interventions do work. Nevertheless, the ­democratic edent Putin was happy to exploit. The question we need to legitimacy for the use of force has collapsed in Western ask now is whether protection of civilians in Crimea is go- states. ing to become the justification for Russian regime change in As the bodies pile higher in Syria, however, sooner or Ukraine. If “protection” of Russian civilians in Ukraine were later Western governments will be faced, once again, with to be turned into a justification for regime change in either the question of what to do to stop the carnage. The age of eastern Ukraine or in the country as a whole, that would be humanitarian intervention to protect civilians is not over, a recipe for civil war. For Ukraine will have no choice but to because civilians keep dying. Massive civilian death is more fight. than a matter of shame. When it occurs in a geostrategically Events in Ukraine also force us to be clear about the in- important region of the world, it imposes geostrategic costs ternational law of secession. Putin is saying unilateral seces- on everybody, even the Russians. Sooner or later, Syria will sion of Crimea is mandated by the popular consent shown demand action once again. in the referendum. With Spetsnaz [Russian Special Forces] If you ask me what to do about Syria: I would engage in watching over the voters going to the polls, this was con- air interdiction to stop Assad from using air power—barrel­ strained consent at the very best. But even if it was genu- bombs, helicopters—to torment and kill civilians. The only ine consent, the fact that it was unilateral, without the defensible purpose for the use of force in Syria would be to consent of all of the Ukrainian people, is bound to store up stop the massacre of civilians and to force Assad to deliver trouble for the future. The normative principle we need to a ceasefire. We would use force to say to Assad, “You can’t reaffirm in international affairs is that you can’t compel a win. You can hold onto what you’ve got, but you can’t win, people to remain inside another country if they withdraw so come to Geneva and negotiate a ceasefire.” A government their consent, but if they leave they retain obligations to ceasefire would give the rebels an incentive to impose one the normative and constitutional order they wish to leave: of their own, and once the killing stopped and civilians Deutsche Bank Corporate Citizenship 14th/15th June 2014

the Kulturforum,Festival Berlin at could be relieved of their torment, talk at Geneva might consolidate the ceasefire, leaving everyone in possession of Passion for25 Music years what they hold, into something more permanent. That, and not regime change, is the best we can hope for.

n 2014, we’re in a new world, split in two between au- thoritarian regimes and democratic ones, a world so split Passion for music Iover the use of force to protect civilians that both sides serve each other parodic versions of the other’s argument. It’s a new world but also a return to a very old one indeed, For 25 years, Deutsche Bank and the the one described in the Melian dialogue in Thucydides’ Berliner Philharmoniker have enjoyed a ­History of the Peloponnesian Wars, where “the strong do close partnership. Through the Berliner what they can and the weak suffer what they must.” From the Baltics to the Black Sea coast in southern Europe, all the Philharmoniker’s Education Programme, countries that face Putin will now want security guarantees we encourage young people to get from us. Those in NATO will get them. Those without will involved creatively with classical music. not. The weak will suffer what they must. And with the unique Digital Concert Hall, It’s a good thing that, thus far, the strong have not pushed their argument to the edge of war. It is a good thing we open the doors for music lovers all that mutual economic dependence—on finance and energy around the world to experience the —restrains hotter heads, but let us not be so naïve as to be- Berliner Philharmoniker playing live on lieve either that economics will trump politics or that all the Internet. the actors in this drama will remain rational chess players. The world is too dangerous for us to entertain such illusions. More at db.com/music Lindsey Hilsum: You said the Scottish referendum was legit- imate because both sides agreed. The Serbs didn’t agree on Kosovo’s independence.

Michael Ignatieff: No. We are paying in Crimea for the con- sequences of unilateral military, or non-Security Council approved, action in Kosovo, and we’re paying the price of the ICJ’s [International Court of Justice] judgment in 2010 that unilateral declarations of independence by seceding states are not violations of international law. I felt as a Canadian that that was a catastrophic judgment. The Kosovo judgment served to rationalize Putin’s case, and Putin is serving up a series of inter- national law justifications that are parodic versions of some of the ones that he didn’t like in the 1990s.

Hilsum: But you were a big supporter of the intervention in Kosovo, and surely the secession was the logical cul- mination of that intervention. I remember going and spending time in Kosovo, and people were saying, “Well, we’re neither a state nor not a state. The banking sys- tem doesn’t work and nothing works because we can’t relate to the state of which we are part, which is Serbia, and yet we’re not independent.” So, you can argue that that was all our fault for the intervention.

Ignatieff: I don’t think it was our fault. I think it was ­[Slobodan] Milošević’s fault. The action we took, the reason why Kosovo had to secede is that the MUP (Min- istry of Interior) and the Serbian military were killing Kosovars.

404_995_DB_ANZ_VOKALHELDEN_105x280.indd 1 23.04.14 10:30 20 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

Hilsum: That was earlier, but when Kosovo actuallyseceded, ­ three or four weeks ago saying he wouldn’t go into Serbs were no longer killing Kosovars. At the time it Crimea. He did. He says he doesn’t want to divide seceded the war had stopped and it was effectively no Ukraine, and analysts including those in Ottawa and longer connected to Serbia, apart from in Mitrovice. elsewhere have been working on certain assumptions about what logical normative analysis is; that’s been Ignatieff: Well, the question is whether you could maintain overturned considerably. a sub-state, Taiwan-like, non-fully sovereign Kosovo, and, on balance, the judgment was that you couldn’t. Ignatieff: Normative thinking is in trouble in a world in I was in fact part of an international commission that which you have Spetsnaz airlifted into ­Simferopol and recommended what we called “conditional indepen- you have coercion of a free election and you have no dence” for Kosovo—that is, not fully sovereign inde- guarantee that Putin doesn’t go into Donetsk. But I pendence, precisely for the reasons that you advise, and still think it’s extremely important for us to figure out it seems to me in the future we may have to look at that what principles actually matter to us, what red lines kind of thing. we can’t actually have crossed, and one of them is uni- lateral secession under force. We don’t want that. We Hilsum: You certainly were somebody who believed—from want, I think, to reflect seriously about other things. a moral perspective and political perspective—in hu- Don’t make promises you can’t keep. There’s something manitarian intervention. Do you think that you were normatively embarrassing to me that we signed the wrong? Do you no longer believe what you used to be- ­Budapest Declaration guaranteeing the territorial integ- lieve because of what’s happened? rity of a state [Ukraine] and had absolutely no intention of ­doing so. That’s the function of normative thinking Ignatieff: I think I was certainly wrong—I’ve said lots of here: to clarify what we should care about. times I think I was wrong—about Iraq. There’s no ques- tion about that. Question Two: It has been suggested that there was a lot of frustration in the corridors of the European Union Hilsum: You were in favor of the intervention in Iraq? because the technocrats in charge of negotiations with Ukraine forgot to check on Russia’s likely reaction. But Ignatieff: Well, it’s a long story but the short answer is yes, surely they have a responsibility to know the history and the reason was I had been up to see what Saddam and to make some effort in this regard, given the trou- Hussein had done to the Kurds, and if you’ve seen a ble we’re now in. people who have been hit with poisoned gas, it sears you all the way down, and this is an object lesson in the Ignatieff: One of the problems that Europe had was not effect of strong emotion on political judgment. I had simply that they didn’t get a credible offer to Ukraine such strong emotions about the Kurds that it led me to in time. They didn’t have an interlocutor whom any rea- accord trust to agents, Rumsfeld and Bush, and so on, sonable person could trust. Remember that they were who deserved no trust at all. (The only thing I’d say is negotiating with [Viktor] Yanukovych, who’s a crook. that the Kurds are living the best hours of their history That’s the problem. You can criticize Catherine­Ashton as a consequence. That’s not a justification for the mis- and the Europeans all you want, but you can’t get a deal takes or the cost. I still think it was a mistake.) So yes, of until you’ve got an interlocutor you can trust. You’ve course, you learn. We should be extremely circumspect now got that possibility—and I don’t want to sweep by about the use of force. It should always be a last resort. the difficulties about the current interim regime—but, It wasn’t the last resort in this case, and the evidence by God, we ought to be stepping up now with some was systematically falsified. One of the deepest reasons loan guarantees and some stabilization and also to ac- why people have backed off from intervention was that knowledge what is a fact: that Ukrainian membership in they feel their consent was manipulated. The wells NATO is perceived by Russia to be a strategic threat. So of democratic trust were poisoned by Blair and Bush, we need to understand the complex reality we’re deal- and that means that in Syria—when people are being ing with here. We need to protect Ukrainian sovereignty massacred and there’s a genuine case to interpose and from further incursion but not provoke the Russians by stop them dying—we won’t be there because the wells giving Ukraine NATO associate-status tomorrow. were poisoned. My point is not that military interven- tion isn’t dangerous. It certainly is. Not that it can’t go Question Three: Michael, do you at this point think that the wrong. It certainly can. I just don’t want us to back our- concept of responsibility to protect has actually taken­ selves into a position where we refuse an instrument us any further forward in the practical discussion of when last resort really requires it. intervention? I was hopeful when the report appeared that it moved us beyond what had become a rather ster- Question One: Is the age of normative thinking over? What ile debate about military humanitarian intervention. is normative analysis? Because we listened to Putin It now seems to me that that debate is in exactly the same place as it was, and I don’t find that in any other way the concept has helped me as a practitioner decide what in practice to do across the broad area of preven- tive diplomacy, peace-building, et cetera.

Ignatieff: I think the honest answer is that at the very least R2P is in very serious trouble. What I tried to do in this talk is rescue the concept of protection, and to attempt to define what the normative criteria are that you would have to apply if you’re going to use the word “pro- tection” in UN resolutions or in any operation to come. But I would freely concede that we don’t know what the operational correlates of R2P are at all. In each different situation you can get some normative language (of the kind I’m trying to provide) about your objective being to protect civilians. How you actually do it on the ground varies in each case, depends on your capabilities. The only thing I’ve learned about this is that if you make protection of civilians the mandate, don’t make prom- ises you can’t keep. That means you have to have the military capability to return fire. “Protection is a prom- ise,” and if you make a promise, it has to be correlated to capabilities that are actually robust. Getting those capabilities from states is extremely difficult. So to your question, “Has R2P taken us forward?” I would say: a millimeter and a half.

Hilsum: Is this an end to humanitarian intervention? Did we kill it? Did Putin kill it? Or is it just very sick at the moment, but with enough hope and enough nurturing and healing we can cure it?

Ignatieff: There is no doubt that Putin has poisoned the WilmerHale provides legal counsel to clients in language and poisoned the wells. We on the Western side are also paying the consequence of Kosovo and and around Germany’s key financial, political and other actions. I defend Kosovo, but you pay a price industrial centers. With offices across the globe, we are when you step outside international legality. I’m trying not to be an apologist for humanitarian intervention. strategically positioned to provide counsel on complex I don’t care about R2P. What I care about is UN missions international matters affecting your business. that work, civilians that actually get protected. Thanks to our interventions there, nobody is dying in Kosovo or Bosnia. And they are dying in Syria. So all I care about is consequential inter­national action that is clear about its moral purpose, limited in its expectations, adequately staffed with competent, capable, hardworking people who have the equipment to do the job—and the job is to protect human beings from horror. □

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Pushing Back James M. Brophy explains how a new breed of publishers combined pluck and ingenuity to undermine the regime of nineteenth-century censorship in Germany and Austria. 24

Night Claims the Godavari Kiran Desai illuminates the stories of sex workers in Peddapurum, India, whose lives are complicated by the paradoxes of agency and exploitation, tradition and taboo. 30

Portfolio For over a decade, LaToya Ruby Frazier has been photographing the slow and painful dissolution of a town and family in Pennsylvania: her own. 38

Boomers Brian McAllister Linn details how the US Army of the 1950s faced a challenge far greater than how to make weapons for the atomic age: how to recruit and train soldiers smart enough to launch them. 48

Myoung Ho Lee, Tree #5, 2007, from the Tree series. Archival Inkjet Print © Myoung Ho Lee. Courtesy Yossi Milo Gallery, New York 24 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014 PUSHING BACK

How some clever ollowing the official ban editors, and publishers in Central German publishers F on his popular but short-lived Europe, and for good reason: in reac- monthly Die Lokomotive, tion to the liberal impulses awakened evaded the crackdown in 1844, the German writer in Germany’s wars against Napoleon, on their trade. Friedrich Wilhelm Held published in the years 1813–19, Austria and Prussia a booklet entitled Censuriana, oder pressed the German Confederation by James M. Brophy Geheimnisse der Censur (The Secrets of to pass the Carlsbad Decrees, in 1819. Censorship) to vent his rage against the These confederal laws rolled back rights German Confederation’s machinery of assembly, speech, and print as well of repression. He noted that whereas as establishing a ­police apparatus to authors used to disregard state edicts investigate sub­versive political activity. on the control of information, now an Moreover, the resurgence of “army of censors” had honed its craft to constitutional liberalism after the “horrible perfection” so it could destroy July Monarchy and the 1832 Hambach thought at will. Censorship, he wrote, Festival—Germany’s first political was the “arsenic of science”—a lettre demonstration for constitutional de cachet issued by despotic rulers, rights—compelled Austria’s foreign a “literary Herod” who “era­dicated all minister, Klemens von Metternich, newborns” in order “to kill the new- to initiate tighter restrictions. The born king of Intellect,” and, not least, Confederation not only intervened to the “vulture of Prometheus,” inflicting rescind the city of Baden’s recently daily pain on the heroic author for enacted law of freedom of the press, delivering the flame of truth. Held it also passed the “Six Articles” of likened Germany’s intellectual state to June 1832, which further restricted a “misshapen cripple” who was nothing para­meters for citizenship. Add to more than an “object of pity among these measures the secret resolutions its free neighbors.” of Vienna in 1834; the banning of the Held’s literary indignation resonated Young Germany group in December with a larger chorus of fellow authors, 1835; the flight of German authors into spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 25

exile; and the constant revisions of careers of Young Germany authors Julius Campe mastered the art of pack- censorship laws throughout Germany (Karl Gutzkow, Heinrich Laube, aging oppositional literature: he offered in the 1840s, and a picture of a repres- Theodor Mundt), of the Left Hegelian 146 works from 36 banned authors, sive cultural climate takes shape. intellectuals (Arnold Ruge, Bruno Bauer, including 22 titles by Heinrich Heine in Indeed, the magnitude of state in- Moses Hess, Ludwig Feuerbach), and of seventy editions. Or the remarkable tervention in Germany’s public sphere exiled writers (Jakob Venedey, August Carl Joseph Myers, from the tiny state could be downright grim. Friedrich Ludwig von Rochau, Ludwig Börne, of Sachsen-Meiningen, who unleashed Ludwig Weidig, the democratic theolo- Karl Heinzen, Heinrich Heine) rested a new era of popular print in 1826: gian and teacher who co-authored Der on the moral and material support of a “miniature library of German classics” Hessische Landbote with Georg Büchner a breed of publishers who combined that went for two groschen apiece and in 1834, was mentally and physically commercial savoir faire with a high sold hundreds of thousands of copies abused by Hessian officials: no heat, no regard for a free press. These publishers through colportage. light, no correspondence, no visitors. were also the entrepreneurial minds One of the icons of the industry Weidig was found with a slashed jugu- who brought penny magazines and il- was Friedrich Perthes, the author of lar vein in February 1837, left to bleed lustrated weeklies into German homes. the canonical Der deutsche Buchhandel to death. Contemporaries regarded his They were the commercial geniuses als Bedingung einer deutschen Literatur death as either suicide or murder. who branded great writers as “classics” (German Book Trade as a Necessity for and introduced the era of “complete German Literature), whose gravitas was erman authors like works.” And they developed a circula- a driving force in organizing the central g Friedrich Wilhelm Held tory system of newspapers, weeklies, association of German book traders were wont to lavishly under- monthlies, philosophical journals, (Der Börsenverein für den deutschen score their status as victims, brochures, lithographs, and caricatures Buchhandel) in 1825. A staunch mon- but both they and their influential that pumped the oxygen of political archist in favor of censorship, Perthes German publishers presided over the modernity directly into Central Europe. lifted book dealing above the fray of largest print market in Europe, wield- There were many types of publish- mere commerce, portraying the trade ing unquestionable communicative ers—then, as now: ennobled elites, pre- as a noble vehicle of culture, civiliza- power. In fact, in the first half of the modern bourgeois patricians, market- tion, and progress. Finally, there was nineteenth century, the convergence driven speculators, grub street hacks, Otto Wigand, the first-look editor of of mechanized printing, rising literacy, incorrigible scoundrels, and many radical democracy, a bookmaker who and an irrepressible appetite for fiction small-scale provincial printers. In early cut his teeth in Pressburg and Budapest and ephemera pushed the number of nineteenth-century Germany, this but settled in Leipzig as a wealthy new titles by German publishers from diversity was doubly rich; there were publisher. He not only supported 2,500 in 1817 to over 11,000 titles in the well-known names like Johann Feuerbach, Bauer, Ruge, and Engels 1846. They rolled out more new books Friedrich von Cotta, one of the leading but also published the first Hungarian in more formats for more audiences publishers of Weimar Classicism and encyclopedia and popularized the than any other European country. In the founder of Germany’s most influ- Enlightenment with countless trans­ meeting demands for knowledge and ential nineteenth-century newspaper, lations from French and English. entertainment, the publishing industry Augsburg’s Allgemeine Zeitung. He and These German print middlemen, confronted the glaring contradiction Carl Bertuch, the esteemed Weimar and the many more of them who have of post-Napoleonic Germany: the free publisher, attended the Congress of been forgotten, internationalized their movement of individuals and goods Vienna in 1814–15, dined with Europe’s century of words. During the period alongside the establishment of restric- leading statesmen, and parlayed for 1770 to 1815, there were roughly 16,000 tive political regimes. It is within this freedom of the press. (15,936) translations from French into world that a cadre of publishers trans- Less polished but equally influ- German: 6,600 monographs and 9,300 formed Germany’s information order ential was the publishing outsider essays. (Many of these translations into a recognizably modern public Friedrich Arnhold Brockhaus, whose were English books, telling us how sphere. speculative energies were matched Anglophone ideas entered into Central Publishers of this era were entre­ with a defiant spirit to sell books, Europe.) Some 261 book dealers in preneurs who packaged print in whether governments liked it or not. 91 German cities corresponded with innovative ways. They scouted talent, Between 1818 and 1820, Brockhaus Parisian publishing houses. The scale promoted trends in literature and relied upon eight publishing houses and scope of such transfers increased journalism, speculated on translations, and their forty presses to produce after 1815; the “translation factories” of and linked German print circuits with his ten-volume encyclopedia with a the Franckh brothers in Stuttgart, J. P. those of Western Europe and North first run of 12,000 for a sensationally Sauerländer in Frankfurt, and Bernhard America. Above all, they were intellec- low price. The edition moved 150,000 Tauchnitz in Leipzig typified publishers tual midwives who made the careers copies, thus heralding mass-market who translated Victor Hugo, Eugène of freelance authors or journalists. The print. The storied Hamburg publisher Sue, Honoré de Balzac, Georges Sand, 26 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell— Confederation placed a “total ban” on malice and oppositional spirit, is en- novels whose social criticism reframed the five authors of the Young Germany couraged to read between the lines and the “horizon of expectations” of readers. group—Heine, Gutzkow, Laube, Mundt, to extract more poison than was origi- Between 1827 and 1829, the Franckh and Ludolph Wienbarg—because of nally intended.” In publishers’ terms, brothers sold over three million copies their irreverence for religion and moral- this means that censorship enhanced of Walter Scott and went on to trans- ity. Book dealers and commissioners attraction to—and the increased sale— late dozens of other authors. Other were also threatened with fines and of books. Campe, for example, rumi- publishers translated forbidden texts prison sentences for handling their nated on his own incongruous relation- from France’s revolutionary ­tradition: texts. Nevertheless, between 1836 and ship to censorship. Jean-Paul Marat, François Noël Baboeuf, 1841, Gutzkow published at least a dozen It sounds frivolous and yet it is Louis Blanc, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, books—a mélange of fiction, drama, plausible: without the conditions Auguste Blanqui, Félicité Lamennais, ­reviews, biographies and essays. He of German censorship, without the Henri de Saint-Simon, and a raft of also edited and wrote for three news- sustained threat of bans, ­confiscations, works by and about Napoleon. In the papers: two in Frankfurt and one in and court verdicts, Julius Campe years between 1791 and 1848, there were Hamburg, the Telegraph für Deutschland. would have never attained the signifi- at least 13 translated publications of Laube was no less active, publishing cance that the brand name Hoffmann Thomas Paine, which is perhaps why over a dozen titles in the same period, & Campe possesses. Paine earned a bit part in Georg Büchner’s among them a four-volume history of Alongside irony, censorship also revolutionary drama, Dantons Tod literature, in addition to novels, travel encouraged innovative print formats (1834). Indeed, entangled discussions literature, and social commentary. As with hybrid functions to market political of the American Revolution, the French for Heine, the most famous of the ideas: almanacs, calendars, handbooks, Revolution, the Cadiz Constitution of group, he regarded the ban as a “lot of yearbooks, lexica, and travel literature Spain, and the Latin American Revo­ noise and of little consequence.” For all became highly politicized genres. lution coursed through Germany’s an author who had long perfected an It is perhaps the calendar Der Wanderer various print markets. Even Alexis de “aesthetic of censorship,” Heine was am Rhein that most threatened the Tocqueville made his way to Germany. only minimally affected by the ban. “information order.” For it was here that All of this publishing and trans­ What these sweeping ­prohibitions farmers and laborers encountered lation activity raises some obvious did accomplish, however, was not democracy and socialism as reasonable questions: How much did censorship quite what they intended: the creation alternatives. Through this format, the actually work? How decisive was cen- of a tense, complex cultural climate ordinary German joined the political sorship in shaping Germany’s public that generated an even more barbed nation. sphere? Was it successful in insulating style of satirical journalism, which, in German readerships from oppositional turn, spawned a market for camou- ll states in the German and subversive political literature at flaged political discussion. The sensa- A Confederation required home and abroad? tion of “the ban” awakened a sustained prepublication ­censorship, States of the Holy Roman Empire appetite for satire, innuendo, allusion, but some states were had long claimed regulatory rights equivocation, political verse, and more strenuous than others, enabling of print. And generations of printers philosophical journalism throughout certain publishers to present works to had handled censorship in due course the 1840s. Under censorship, readers milder censors in the cities of Bremen, and successfully vended forbidden came alive to critical nuance and Hamburg, Holstein’s Altona, Saxony, books in semi-legal ways, in semi- irony’s edge. Baden, Sachsen-Altenburg, Sachsen- public places, over very porous borders. Moritz Saphir, Adolf Glassbrenner, Meiningen, Weimar, Brunswick, or German particularism fostered a and Albert Hopf represented a new Württemberg to receive the all-impor­ formidable repertoire of tricks that generation of wits whose social sarcasm tant imprimatur: the right to sell. But enabled publishers and book dealers to proved devilishly difficult to censor. publishers also gamed the system to distribute forbidden material: foreign How does one police an idiom whose sell books without such permission. imprints, commissioned printings, meaning is opposite of what it states? Many states required a censor’s review shrewd middlemen at book fairs, reli- Such innovations aren’t marginalia but of the final version of a text to guaran- able smuggling routes, flat-out bribery. rather central points to understand- tee that the necessary changes were Building upon generations of ing how political culture developed made. But publishers in Saxon received experience, German book dealers were different registers to accommodate transit permits immediately upon masters of loopholes—so much so the expansion of reading publics. “The depositing their copy, which enabled that we need to readjust our perception author is induced, provoked, even them to ship books before the censor of censorship’s effects. Many “banned” necessitated to write in a manner that could review the text. The Prussian state or censored authors were actually is hidden and ambiguous, subversive stipulated a 24-hour review period be- published and widely read. Between and vicious,” remarked a contemporary,­ fore books were transported, but here, 1835 and 1842, for example, the “and the reader, accustomed to such too, publishers deployed shenanigans— submitting books late in the day, or having the carts loaded and ready to go aided in their distribution before the machinery of confiscation was set in motion. Once the books were bound and ready, they found their way into circulation, banned or not. The process of evasion was not easy or simple, and to understand the success of circulation, one must acknowledge the hundreds of book dealers, printers, typesetters, binders, carters, porters, warehouse owners, and book-fair commissioners who participated in this time-honored con- spiracy. As one of Metternich’s agents complained in 1833: Bookstores ... are connected togeth- er in a network bound by protection and trust. They constitute their own special form of state, through which they spread their commercial influence. They mutually support one another through every conceiv- able means at their disposal…. It is therefore all the more difficult to trace the secret deliveries of banned books, especially when thousands of complicit souls offer a helping hand to this form of smuggling…. In this way, book smuggling and its many You need commitment, preparatory phases are carried out with incomparable cleverness. focus and passion to find

anned books even under- new ways to fight the b went second printings. Börne’s Parisian Letters diseases of this world: was banned with great fanfare, but the first run of 2,000 sold innovation is at the out immediately, and so the printer Johann Friedrich Pierer, in Altenburg, heart of it. printed 1,500 more for the Hamburg publisher Julius Campe. Hoffmann von Fallersleben’s Unpolitical Songs Innovation for better health. Our commitment is to bring was banned in most north German to patients around the world quality medicines for use in states, but the book sold more than diag nosing, combating and preventing disease. Every day 20,000 copies. The Prussian state was we work against time, researching new pathways, new apoplectic about Johann Jacoby’s molecules, new technologies – complementing our own capabilities with exper tise of innovative partners from subversive Four Questions of 1841, but science and industry. Jacoby was fortunate to have a Leipzig publisher, Georg Wigand, who used the The success of this work is evidenced in new med i cines forged imprint of a Mannheim printer for areas with significant unmet medical need such as to facilitate transportation, circulation, oncology, cardiovascular and blood diseases, as well as and sale of the work. gynecology and ophthalmology. Our aim is a better quality How many books were banned? of life for all. The variation of crackdown is wide. In Saxony, a mild censorship regime, www.bayerhealthcare.com www.bayerpharma.com

29409014_BHC_Imageanzeige_105x280_mm_RZ_HiN_20140408.indd 1 08.04.14 11:48 28 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

its collegia banned 53 books over the learnedly predisposed toward authors’ and J. P. Grohe all served customary period 1833 to 1843—an average of five needs. sentences of two to three weeks. But books a year, a low number that does The claim of porousness gains the courts often went easy. In Leipzig not include bans at the confederal level. greater traction when considering and Mannheim, they reduced fines In Prussia, the numbers were tenfold, the scale and scope of smuggling. to paltry sums and divided jail times to the tune of fifty or so books a year; in Publishers moved forbidden literature into short installments so as not to 1845, Berlin’s censorship court banned into the Habsburg territories by the adversely affect business. Less happily, 53 books, and an 1846 document lists horse-drawn cartload. In a letter of sentences could also extend to years, 46. In Austria, the numbers were much March 1832 to Friedrich Brockhaus, as experienced by the Augsburg printer greater. Between 1750 and 1850, the Carl Friedrich Wigand, a book dealer Gottfried Eisenmann, whose constitu- Habsburg Empire banned over 50,000 in Pressburg, waved off censorship in tionalism landed him 11 years in prison. books. In the years 1830 to 1848, banned Hungary as “mild” and “not of much State government harassment forced books ranged from 900 to 1400 per consequence” and ordered hundreds the closure of some presses, such as annum. of copies of banned books. Although Zacharias Löwenthal and Julius Fröbel’s It would seem that Austrian the Austrian government banned the Literarisches Comptoir, and complete censorship was the most extreme, but entire list of Hoffmann & Campe, Julius bans of a publisher’s list was chilling. this must be qualified by noting the Campe still managed to ply a lively Most cases, of course, involved numerous exemptions available to the trade in Austria. In a three-month pe- less permanent erasure. In December Austrian middle classes to gain access riod in 1843, for example, he sold 6,000 1842 the Prussian government banned to banned books. Thousands of texts copies of Viktor von Andrian-Werburg’s the sale of the Leipziger Allgemeine doomed under damnatur still found Österreich und dessen Zukunft, thus Zeitung, spelling certain economic ruin government exemption. The next severe confirming the reports of August Prinz for the paper. Heinrich and Friedrich category, ergat schedem, yielded to a —another Vormärz book dealer—who Brockhaus, the paper’s publishers, had qualified and certified readership. The observed that whole warehouses of to choose between closing down the transeat allowed the sale but not the forbidden books existed in Vienna. paper, thus taking a principled politi- public notice of certain books, and Campe estimated 25 percent of a book’s cal stance, or recasting it with a more the permittitur authorized reprints of cost to bribe officials. But once invested, guarded liberal tone. They chose the foreign books—another way of smug- books went their merry way. Campe, latter. In doing so, Heinrich wrote in gling ideas. Brockhaus, Wigand, Reclam, and other his diary: These figures portray three dif- publishers smuggled large volumes of A newspaper is too weak against ferent scales of censorship. Saxony printed matter with a confidence, work a kingdom…. Our newspaper is deliberately dragged its feet with any ethic, and rational calculability that perhaps in the right, but a ban form of compliance, largely because would have pleased Max Weber. would only silence us. The ­weapons the book industry was too important The historian Frank Lorenz Müller are uneven, and it’s therefore cor- to its economy. For Prussia, historians recently characterized the Confedera­ rect to avoid open war. One can typically invoke its ruthless bureau- tion’s censorship laws by the mid- also reach a destination slowly, and cratic practice, but as recently argued 1840s as something of a “paper lion”: where there are no laws, one must by Bärbel Holtz, a censorship expert at ineffectual statutes. On the one be clever. the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of hand, publishers flouted laws—and Sciences and Humanities, characteriz­ indeed, the institution of preventive he mood and strategy ing Prussian censorship as a well-oiled censorship was in disarray by 1845. t outlined here encapsulates machine is inaccurate. Its censorship Publisher’s contested state fiats before a motif one might call administration remained understaffed, municipal courts and city councils “shades of gray.” For it is the underfinanced, and chronically unable and often received fair hearings, often ingenuity in “reaching their destination to execute its duties. At the central level, receiving full satisfaction or reduced slowly” and using legal loopholes that the Ober-Censur-Collegium (1819–43) fines and sentences. Prussia proposed characterizes the dogged ­determination lacked executive authority, its own of- a Confederal bill in 1846 to enact post- of publishers to maximize their lever- fice, its own budget, and even a proper publication juridical review; and in age. The media landscape these German job description. Coordination between January 1848, Bavaria actually abol­ publishers forged was far from perfect, local, regional, and central ranks was ished prepublication review. short of the freedom for which they poor and prone to enormous delay. The On the other hand, the laws still clamored. Nevertheless, these com- entire system’s preference for individ- had teeth. Most of the publishers men- municative arenas entangled Germany ual judgment over normative guide­ tioned were imprisoned at some point in European and global print circuits lines was perhaps its fundamental flaw, for trading in illegal books: Campe, for good. resulting in widespread inconsistency Brockhaus, both of the Wigand brothers, True, much was banned, redacted, among local censors, who could be Anton Philipp Reclam, Heinrich Hoff, confiscated, and censored—not to incompetent, officious, or, by contrast, Johann David Sauerländer, Franckh, mention self-censored—but it is equally pertinent to underscore the enormous gains of publishers who pushed back: the accretion of developed political literacies, an articulated ­ideological landscape, and the anchoring of Western democratic political discourse in German popular culture. Their bra- zenness ended pre-publication censor- ship as practiced in the first half of the century, compelling governments to switch tactics and enter into the arena of public opinion as aggressive partici- pants. As a new era of news manage- ment and state-sponsored harassment under Otto von Bismarck emerged, their influence endured through the 1860s and into the German Empire, providing arenas for oppositional opinion. Because overarching interpreta- tions of modern Germany must search for the seeds of illiberalism, scholars treat the cultural bridges between Germany and the Atlantic world as anomalies. But liberal and democratic printers clearly thrived in Germany and produced impressive networks of communication. Exposed to the critical political impulses of the Age of Revolution, these publishers shaped reading constituencies whose regard for constitutional participatory politics is attested not only in the Revolution of 1848–49 but also in the democratic principles of liberal, Catholic, and Social Democratic parties in the German Empire. These interpretive ­communities, which entwined German letters with other European democratic polities, merit our abiding attention. The legacy The DOW Diamond Logo, Solutionism and design are are design and Solutionism Logo, Diamond DOW The ™ of these publishers and their print ® trademarks of The Dow Chemical2014 Company © markets point to a pluralism and diver- sity in their political culture that only sharpens and intensifies the tragedies of twentieth-century fascism and DRINKABLE genocide. □ WATER. FOR A THIRSTIER PLANET. 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www.dow.com NIGHT CLAIMS THE GODAVARI

Lives lived beyond ordinariness on the edge of Indian society.

by Kiran Desai spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 31

“Hindu vegetarian breakfast,” prof- Nigeria. Together in a broken parking and Eréndira in a grand bed carried fered the stewardess, but a cold wind lot—men and women doing namaaz; by porters. had blown the fog from about the sleeping by the defunct fountain; Delhi airport, and before we’d finished, a train station’s worth of bedraggled a bit wobbly in the soul, I travelled the plane landed, unexpectedly on bundles lying about—we waited hour to coastal Andhra Pradesh, to the delta time. The city was dug up for the new upon hour for the loudspeaker to region of the Godavari river. On the metro, looking subversive, broken. announce the name of a relative in streets of a village we drove through, We drove past the sadness of poverty at emergency. I noticed an overabundance of beds. night, slums of plastic bags barely off Our family coordinates, first Beds being delivered, new old beds, the ground, gunnysack doors battened ­displaced by migration, were being makeshift stage set beds, cheap beds against the freeze. I climbed up the ­displaced again. This illness—it felt being varnished in the sun, mattresses stairs between houses all turned into like leaving home in the first place. in the dust. Around this strangeness of apartments since my childhood. When I came back from the hos­ beds proliferating, village life seemed Where one family had lived there were pital, I was quite alone with the family as benign as Narayan’s Malgudi stories, now mostly eight, with offices in the bookshelves. The library now relied on which had created my idea of what ­basement, servants on the roof, under- memory and love; to find a book you’d it meant to be Indian in this world, in ground, atop the have to have known the titles from the sweetest incarnation possible. water tanks. before the orange and pale green-blue Little shops for cigarettes and sweets; He I climbed to spines faded. It was still an antidote cows wandering; men riding cycles was our flat, sure that to open those pages now smelling of on their way to the banana market by it remained as tobacco, dust, a mustardy pungency the river’s edge, bananas tied to the ­sinking; always: the in- distilled by age. handlebars, their color macaw-shocking­ authentic, but I remembered how an educated —green and yellow, green and yellow, the beautiful painting madman living in the ruined seam of the greenest green and the yellowiest body of a blue-robed a mosque behind our house used to yellow. Sound of water pouring into scholar painted pee an arc under the moon and scream pails, out of pails. A jeep going by with gives over an old “India-Pakistan—Arrrghaaa!” probably some policemen poking their heads Persian manu- in reference to an anguished journey out. This world was normal. way so script; my narrow that never resulted in a home. In Except it was really entirely some- fast. bed with its mat- the distance, there was still the familiar thing else. tress worn into grinding of trucks driving turnips and The women getting children ready my childhood shape; the photograph cement, chickens and bathroom tiles, in tiny shorts and mini-ties on elastic of all of us before we left: two silent across the nation; unsettling the bands were all sex workers. The brothers, two talkative sisters, and a night with the sound of endless, rush- ­children with their homework were dog who is smiling, his teeth a shining, ing travel. the children of men who stayed five grinning star. Our love for him was the I read a Marquez story my mother minutes for a “shot.” The cycle rickshaw love that first taught us about death. had admired: The Incredible and men were pimps who’d found extra My father was waiting in his Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and her business when auto rickshaws drove brown dressing gown, familiar to me Heartless Grandmother. Exhausted down their income; the gas station over years, but oddly, he was also Eréndira, who has labored hard men were also pimps, and so were the wearing gloves and a hat. His smile to bathe her fat and terrifying granny, dhaba men. A 20 percent or 30 percent arrived slowly, as if from far away. falls asleep with her candle burning, cut. The truck drivers, the coolies— Tonics didn’t help, nor the homeo- and a wind of misfortune catches were clients. Others in the street were pathic, the ayurvedic, the herbal. He flame to the curtain. To repay the debt “brokers,” some three hundred of was sinking; the body gives way so of the cindered hacienda, she is pros­ them. Men coming back with groceries fast, so fast. We lived in hospitals that tituted across the landscape; she were “temporary husbands.” The old were in a constantly unsettled state services client after client, but never lady at her gate was a brothel madam, between decay and renovation, throng- makes enough; across the desert they haggling over the price of girls she was ing with people from all over the third go, following men, being followed; buying from desperately poor parents. or renegade world—Afghanistan, Iran, the granny-pimp holding a giant cross, Colored Christmas stars over bunga- 32 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

lows revealed a missionary drive to and black—on every man’s face. A state “No tricks. We are known for our save the fallen. The policemen were famous for pickles and chutneys. good manners. We treat a man like a slowing down, hoping to catch some- king. We’ll cook non veg; we’ll give oil one soliciting. They’d let her go again “And other hot stuff.” Frank humor massages and baths. We turn on the in exchange for free sex. of women with other women. fan. The men bring the whiskey, the Say “Peddapurum,” and every man “It’s the chillies.” McDougal’s—but everything else we grins. This is a village of “high-class” “No, it is the music. The beat of provide, and when they leave we beg, sex workers from the Kalavanthalu the music.” ‘Don’t go, please don’t, oh, don’t go, oh…’ subcaste, hered­itary courtesans and “And who likes the sex?” asks one —we do all of that play acting. We spoil of the aid workers. “Any of you girls?” them.” “She! She! She! She does!” they Andhra point at one woman with frustrated, Inside a brothel so high-class they say is red accusing faces. film stars and even Americans go there The woman begins shouting, was the stuffiness of a middle class earth; “Why do you all say that? I don’t.” home: melamine; fridge; food smells; “Yes, you do! Admit it.” cabinets full of plastic flowers and chillies; china dolls; bed done up in pink with virile At the moment it seems it will break a poster of the Sydney Harbor over it. out into a bitter row, the accused The only odd thing was that, for privacy, mous- begins to laugh and cover her mouth, sheets printed with flowers and zebras and they all convulse into giggles while had been tied across the grill gates, taches still attempting to maintain anguished blocking anyone attempting to peep — lush, and stern expressions. into the compound. The brothel owner, The statistics indicate Andhra like a prosperous and overly mannered verdant, Pradesh is at the top of the list in housewife, large tummy spilling over people having multiple sexual partners. her sari. “Don’t even call them sex moist, In rural Andhra Pradesh, 24 percent workers; don’t mention prostitution and of men and 9 percent of women claim here,” I was warned. Her parents were to indulge themselves beyond the oriented toward each other in the black. restrictive­ parameters of marriage, up ­manner of people who’d been married from the meager national average most of their lives, and were finishing temple dancers famous for their elegant of 10 percent of men and 2 percent of lunch thalis of rice. beauty. Almost every family is involved ­women.1 in the trade. They trace their lineage But I wondered if, more than from the days when they were pro- titillation, Peddapurum proffered home They tected by royalty, priests, and landown- comforts. I had imagined stripy tiger look ers, all the way downhill to a franker sheets, spooky and suggestive lighting, prostitution as patronage crumbled in mirrors in strange places, women for a modernizing India of another shade posturing with bottoms and breasts of morality. “There is still a lot of money first—my naiveté? But there wasn’t the a girl in this dhanda”—in this business. slightest attempt at titillation or mys- who The price of a high-class sex worker tery. The women were in conservative in Peddapurum: all the way from 200 sari blouses, almost no makeup, gold is rupees ($5) a shot and 1500 rupees ($37) and diamond nose rings and earrings for a night to 1000 rupees ($25) a shot in traditional flower shapes. beautiful and 10,000 rupees ($250) for a night— Peddapurum strove to provide simple and depending on beauty, fairness of skin. middle class contentment on the road. “Shot” always said in English, with movie “We are famous because we are the poor. swagger. All ages were sought after, from descendants of courtesans and royalty, teenagers to “auntys”—for younger men so we have that poise, those fine looks,” “There is a temple where the Godavari feel safer with “auntys,” explained a sex the Kalavanthalu women say. meets the sea. Here, each year, a worker. And, guffawing hard: “Those “No special tricks?” Kalavanthalu girl is married to Shiva. policemen are smiling at you because That night she spends alone with the they think maybe you’re a new girl deity.” This I’m told at a gathering of sex with lipstick on especially for them.” workers training to distribute informa- 1 Andhra Pradesh State AIDS Control Andhra is red earth; chillies; virile ­Society (APSACS), TRU Behaviour tion about HIV prevention. “Every moustaches—lush, verdant, moist, ­Surveillance Survey, 2003. year they select one girl. Her family is spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 33

given two, three acres of land by the rice and turmeric over each others’ If they are not married to the deity, village council. They look for a girl who heads; or cumin, jaggery, flowers; we or to their aunty, they are married to a is beautiful and poor, so she will fetch don’t bow to the Arundhati star.” sword. At least seven in a group of fifty a good price and so her family will One family of sex workers—grand- sex workers claimed this initiation. benefit. The ceremony was just held— mother, mother, several daughters— “At puberty, I was asked if I pre- on December 11—celebrated lavishly proudly displayed each picture in huge ferred marriage or the dhanda,” said a as any wedding by the elders of the albums of the “regular marriage” they girl in pink chiffon embroidered with Kalavanthalu community. We heard had worked to give one daughter, no mirrors. “My mother eventually mar- she was bid on for 5 lakhs ($12,500). sign of resentment at the vast cost of ried, but her husband drank, and they She spends that night sleeping in the this sister’s beaming happiness, paid were very poor. She learned it was temple; the next day she goes to the for by the rest of them. better for a woman to make her own man who won the auction for the ‘first They told me they trace their money; no man would support you, night.’” “First night” is always said in lineage all the way to the three celes- you’d just be in the dhanda anyway, English. “The girls dance in traditional tial dancers who tried to distract the and supporting him as he drank and festival melas to advertise themselves. sage Vishwamitra from his meditation. visited prostitutes. So at 14, they put In the old days, they would put a betel Today, the women dance at fairs the mangalsutra first around the sword, leaf in the girl’s hand to indicate a to advertise themselves, but in the old then around my neck.” future assignment, now they exchange days, the first performance was the What choice could she have at 14? cell phone numbers.” gajjela puja—the anklet puja—when a Of course her mother took the “first A sex worker named Ragini, charg- girl, ready for market, danced before night” money. She is a sixth-generation ing her phone from a socket behind the Shiva lingam. sex worker. “My great-great-great- her chair, tucked it back between her great-great grandmother was the dasi breasts and departed to cook goat curry. [courtesan] of the king.” Her home, “Meat from the legs,” she specified, for Laxmi which she built herself, is airy, all white, her “temporary husband” to take with says steps rising steeply above the dirt. him on a trip to Hyderabad. “Temporary Even the light appears to be at peace husband” is another English phrase, she here. Peddapurum is full of proud always uttered with pride at having women, women who build their own attracted loyalty within a system is 18; homes. conjured for betrayal. she But there are homes and homes. Most Kalavanthalus are no longer On the other side of Peddapurum, in a married in temples—the symbolic looks dusty patch full of rubbish, lives Laxmi, ceremony attempts to bring a whiff all alone. She says she is 18, she looks of distinguished past, of religious far far younger. Laxmi grew up in nearby ­approval, to the present. Mostly they young- Kakenada, mother a maid, father a are married off to their father’s sister. rickshaw puller. A woman from their Marrying deities and banana trees, I’d er. town took her to Bombay promising to heard of before, but not one’s aunty! find her work; took her to a club; told “Yes, the father’s sister is the one One grey-haired lady took us to her to wait; vanished. A while later, who gives the mangalsutra.” the temple where she had performed the brothel seth entered and informed A tremendous amount of discus- at the age of 11. Her house is hung with Laxmi, entirely innocent of sex, that sion about mangalsutras. It seems portraits of Jesus, John David (a local the woman had been paid for Laxmi so sad. All the sex workers have this missionary), Sai Baba, and a temporary to work into the future without pay. necklace, this sign of a married woman, husband. Four good men, all of whom, A police raid uncovered her after a year about their necks. Everywhere you obviously, could not save her. and sent her home, whereupon she was sense a desire for structure and ritual, But even now, the priest’s wife thrown out by her ashamed parents. for normality in lives singularly with- greets her as “sister-in-law” and She came to Peddapurum. out it. ­applies the tika, indicating how much The “class” girls don’t talk to her, “The whole family—grandmother, these women are accepted. she says; they resent others muddying mother, even the father if he is “For us, the first man would give the famous Kalavanthalu name; around—decides who will have ‘first the mangalsutra. Unless the first man they have glamour and “color,” name night.’ The nails are filed; the married was the raju”—the king—she said themselves Kareena Kapoor and uncle gives the toe rings. We do most optimistically. She herself was sold to Sonali Bendre after film stars, without things just like any other wedding. a chowdhary—a landowner—for it seeming absurd; they leave the Three things we do not do. We don’t 500 ­rupees ($12.50), 55 years ago. He brothel only if a client sends for them step on each others’ feet, which is part had sex with her for a few days, then in an air-conditioned Maruti car— of a usual ceremony; we don’t shower left her to solicit. otherwise you never see them. 34 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

Her friend Sridevi comes over to Generations of struggle, and this Captain’s Table. It is painted brightly in share a bit of winter sun. Sridevi’s is what they have: one trunk; a few an attempt to be jaunty, but nothing mother is a brothel madam, and while battered pots; an ancient, dusty, cloth can rid it of a flavor of something else. she takes a 50 percent cut on the girls umbrella; a black-and-white TV, picture Tinted glass in the windows; mosqui- who work for her—or takes them on wavering, from the first days of televi- toes coming at you through slowly contract, paying their parents, say, sion; a few cosmetics, safety pins, a swirling cigarette smoke. The night has 10,000 rupees ($250) for two to three toothbrush lying on the earth; all in a claimed the Godavari. months of their daughters’ sex work— hovel of ruined thatch and mud, more A nice waiter says: “No, no no, oh with her own daughter she can recoup sieve than shelter, two dark holes into no, we don’t make tandoori, as nobody 100 percent of the girl’s earnings. which they carry a mat should a client asks for it and if you want continental, Sridevi seems too overcome by this appear. it will take twice as long, as, you see, simple sense to be resentful. About her In homes all over the district, continental takes so much longer to neck: a Virgin Mary in gold. They are secret housewife sex workers wait for cook.” And so we are all eating the same both Christian converts. their cell phones to ring. One woman fish curry, with not enough liquor to “Do you go to church?” and her daughter-in-law transform drown out this diseased gloom, and “How can we go to church?” they their home into a brothel as soon as any attempt to lighten things sinks one laugh. “We are prostitutes!” the son and husband leave for work. deeper, because of course, the truth is Opposite, they say, lives a girl with “There is so much demand, and not that there is something else going on a temporary husband who stays with everyone can afford a Kalavanthalu.” in this bright, rich India. This taking-off her because her earnings allow him to “Do the men know?” India, this rising giant, this Incredible play cards: “He blows 1000 rupees ($25) “They don’t know, or maybe they India!—seems heavy. Eastern Europeans, a time.” know and don’t ask. You see, they can’t men from Japan and Hong Kong, For love, or at least company, they earn enough to pay the bills.” Russians, American desis—they are will support married men, drunks, travelling, the news is spreading, they gamblers. Their clients are students, daily wage have arrived for it—and the new India No simple emotions result. One laborers, stone cutters, fishermen, is often nowhere. woman said she had sex once with a factory workers, hawkers, farmers, port In the rooms, hotel TVs play music man who, ever since, has sat outside workers, coolies, sari purchasing videos that show half-clad bodies, her door crying. But she has a tempo- businessmen, plant nursery men, Oil tongues and fingers doing gasping, rary husband as well as clients. “One of and Natural Gas Commission men, grasping things. them I love, and one I cannot bear to water engineers who work at the On the highway, truckers go barrel- see sad.” How to work one’s heart out barrage, the military and navy, sailors ing through the void, their minds of that predicament? So the man who from China, South Africa, Croatia, becoming convinced of rumors. If you cries continues to cry. Sri Lanka, Madras—ships docking for sleep with a virgin and a donkey, you Another woman, you can see how weeks sometimes, transporting urea won’t get AIDS. beautiful she must have been once— from Nagarajuna Fertilizers, sugar from And in the dark, by the side of the before she desperately slashed her arms Deccan Sugars, rice, smuggled DVD road, invisible women are signalling and wrists upon seeing her temporary players, imported beer, and “drugs!”— with torches. “We’ll go into the jungle.” husband flirt with another girl. the women assure me. Enough of several languages to say When we visit Ragini (preparer of Brokers arrive in towns like this much. Of about six million truck- the goat curry) in her village of Peddapurum; take the girls out to the ers and helpers, 30–34 percent of them Dowleswaram, thirty kilometers from ships in little boats. The captains get have commercial sex.2 Two million Peddapurum, it turns out her tempo- the Kalavanthalu girls. The drudge truckers may be on the road, away rary husband is also her blood uncle. sailors get Laxmi or Sridevi. “We depend from their homes, for as long as one A child, who must be 12 or 13, is sitting on sign language, don’t understand to two months at a time—away from in Ragini’s lap; like sisters they have what they say, but we like to go—they their homes. their arms about each other. The girl pay us with lipstick, perfume, and Andhra Pradesh is the Indian state ran away from home with a man who dollars.” with the third largest number of mi- seduced her with stories of love and grants. Sex workers cater to them, but then sold her to Ragini’s mother, the Our hotel, by the side of the Godavari they are also part of this migration, haggard, unsmiling owner of one of river, offers a “torpedo deck” for busi- travelling to towns like Peddapurum to five brothels near a cinema house. They ness conferences and “mind-boggling work off its fame, travelling so they tell me of another child forced into sex water slides” in a water park, “a scintil- work by her parents to earn her own lating place to while away your time dowry. She’d marry and hope her with the near and dear ones.” It is full 2 Family Health International (FHI), Department for International Development husband would never uncover the of businessmen on their own and (DfID), Healthy Highways Behavioural truth. they are mostly at the bar above the Surveillance Survey, August 2000. spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 35

might be anonymous, travelling to Two times a month, they gather up air, balanced on a single point. Through urban centers where women from the women scattered on the highway, summer they travel from village to coastal Andhra are considered desirable, searching for “hot spots” near petrol village in a caravan, performing. In madams dropping off girls in Bombay, pumps, eating stalls. Sometimes they winter, they make palm mats to sell— Hyderabad, Chennai, Goa, for lucrative find forty to sixty women, or twenty to we are sitting on them now. They come contract work—20,000 to 30,000 rupees 25. The HIV prevalence among female from nomadic communities now ($500–750) a month. Of sex workers sex workers in East Godavari is re- settled into villages like Chilakaluripet from East Godavari, 95.4 percent have ported at 26.3 percent,4 compared to in Guntur district. The women are moved once; 90.4 percent have moved 1.25 percent in the general population.5 forced to have sex for free, and the at least twice.3 They do not automatically do HIV community is paid collectively from We travel more; the world grows testing in these clinics, as they do not the village fund. lonelier and bigger; a disease like AIDS offer treatment, and the logic is simple: “The men?” waits for the spaces between us, for how would anyone survive a loss of “Men don’t work in their commu- people displaced, for so many not livelihood, a life of pus and ruin, if you nity,” the outreach workers say matter- travelling in the way of shiny advertis- offer no medicines and no alternate of-factly. Yamini tells me she was ing, whose journeys income? performing gymnastics when a me- are not about freedom Yet, on the other hand, the cost of chanic gave her parents 300 rupees AIDS and pleasure in the discretion: AIDS is flaming down these ($7.50) for first sex. is wide world—but highways. Four to ten clients a night, But they insist other sex workers about being squeezed sometime twenty, sometimes forty. exist in much more desolate vulner- flam- into a small place. More traffic on festival days. Pongal, for ability. Such as the women by the sea. In the past, there were example, when women traditionally Eight women, holding used rice ing repressive regimes; visit their mothers’ homes. sacks, work from a sliver of jungle down there was slavery, the “Don’t you get tired?” between the highway and a flat, dead- Holocaust—terrible “When I see the money, I don’t looking ocean; middle-aged women these methods of dehuman­ get tired.” with heavy bodies. Jayati began at ization. In today’s Many of the women are balding, twenty, when her husband abandoned high- world, we have bitter with weeping sores, blisters ringing her and their children. She’s been here ways. patterns of migration, their mouths. Some with a dullness every day for 15 years, working for of illegality. Refugees about their beings, an inside-out look 50 rupees ($1.20) a shot. There are no and exiles of war and to their eyes, as if they are gazing brokers, for there is no money to be poverty, moving from rural landscapes beyond the highway, the table with the made off these women. But a merry to urban centers, from poor countries speculum in the ruined hut, and the toddy seller has set up his stall near to rich countries—the kind of journey broom by the side of the rubbish it has them, a frothy, batty expression on his that undoes one’s spiritual, one’s just swept up. Who would pay to have face. The women come out of the forest personal place in the world, making sex with them? They are checked for like refugees, tentative, shy—then in a anyone uprooted from home exchange- STIs, given condoms, released back to rush of affection and eagerness—ready able with anyone else, ­leading to the highway. for photographs, jokes, to tell abso- betrayal in myriad forms, economic to lutely everything. They pull me by the sexual. If you have sex with a Dommarisani— hand down the network of paths, to a sex worker from the Dommari street shallow pits in the sand. “This is how.” Off the highway, a group of women acrobat community—your crops One woman lies down on her rice carry a folded examining table, a will be good and you will be healthy sack—an old, fat, sad woman lying in a sterilized speculum, a flashlight, and all year. pit among plastic packets, cigarettes a broom, into a derelict weed-filled “Wives invite us in for their scattered about, with legs spread, sari compound belonging to the forest ­husbands.” pushed aside to reveal breasts poking department. They are followed by a Some of the women in this high- up. A lifetime of this, and each year she young doctor, an ophthalmologist. way clinic are skilled in somersaults will be more worn; the rash will spread “But this is my interest,” she smiles. and back flips. They can slither up a like a fungus; the sari will have more How many would volunteer for this? perpendicular stick and revolve in the holes and stains; she will have more

3 [Indian] Population Council, “The ­Patterns 4 “Integrated Behavioural and Biological 5 [Indian] National AIDS Control Organi­ and Drivers of Migration and Mobility of Assessment, Round 1 (2005–2007),” in zation (NACO) and Ministry of Health and Sex Workers and Male Migrant Workers on National Interim Summary Report: India Family Welfare, “HIV Fact Sheets Based on the Move and Examining the Links with (New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical HIV Sentinel Surveillance Data, 2003–2006” HIV Risk” (2008). Research and Family Health International (November 2007). 360, 2007). 36 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

gray in her hair, more wrinkles—and own, negotiating out of hunger and men washing, washing; so much her price will drop. debt, dropping their price, as even the washing going on, it seemed a meta- As the stories mount in an over- climate conspires against them? In phor for cleaning deeper things. He whelming tidal wave of disaster, I think the monsoon, they say, they go from said there was a Telugu saying that of the sadness and defeat inherent in 50 rupees ($1.25) to 25 rupees ($0.63) translated: “Well, you go all the way feminism, the humiliation of waving a to 15 rupees ($0.38)—anything to pay to work so as to eat, and by the time banner: “Well, I believe women should their rent. Go out with their sacks over you’ve come all the way home, you’ve earn as much as men, and men should their heads in vicious rain. undone the food in your tummy.” help with housework etc.”—when men Then, their voices suddenly hush. Turning away from the water, the from Oslo to Rajamundry are walking They are not the most desolate of sex landscape is overrun by red again. out the back door, in fact, out of the workers, they tell me. There are mythic “The beloved may absent herself front door, to seek out girls sold for less creatures of misfortune that actually from existence, but love does not,” than the cost of a bottle of beer. exist—doomed creatures even the sex John Berger quotes Naguib Mafouz, Yet these women have not suc- workers hesitate to speak of, as if doing while meditating on the emotion cumbed. Their friendship gives them so would make it impossible to con- of the color red. dignity. They used to suffer terrible tinue their own lives with any life “Could it be that red is the one violence, they say, drunken men in spirit. These are theyoginis : branded color,” he wonders, “that is continually gangs coming to the forest, demanding witches, chased to the outskirts of the asking for a body?” That refers always certain angles, postures, roughing village, often widows whose property to the human form? The emotional them up. A sex worker can’t go to the music of love and the end of love blares police. from every truck. River, sea, road travel The lady who runs the center that His beyond the eye’s horizon. Coconut opened to help them presents herself poor palms reach extravagantly all to the as an ordinary middle-class woman, in right or all to the left. sari and glasses—but she is extraordi- mind And a delicate sex worker sings nary enough to travel away from her in Kakenada, “Why aren’t you singing? cricketer husband and her son to was Why aren’t you singing to my eyes? protect the women from thugs in this seeking To fill the vacuum my heart cannot desolate place. The sex workers at least express.” have each other, their children, and the their toddy friend coasting upon his My father, now sadly diagnosed with personal wave. She lives in one dim-lit refuge cancer, opened one wise eye when room at the unbuilt edge of town; no of I saw him again in his hospital bed. The company for a woman like her here. nurses, he told me, were really skilled She invites us in; the emptiness gapes; imagina- actresses, temple dancers being trained nobody about in the silent night; and by the government toward a new not even a television. One cannot tion. vocation. Every evening they had put overestimate her chosen loneliness. on a play, he said, philosophical dis- “Do you use condoms?” she asks, is then stolen by greedy relatives. They courses, songs—and he watched for seriously, but with a sort of introverted are considered communal property, hours; he got no sleep. Their unusual humor. free for any man to enjoy. “But not talent, he felt, might take them all the “Yes, yes, yes!” The jungle sex common here. Inland. In Karnataka…” way to England. His poor mind was workers pull out the packets from seeking the refuge of imagination. between their breasts and wave them The morning I left, I woke up early. What I had seen, really seen, were madly like flowers in a festival. At first light, the Godavari river is the lives lived with the intensity of art; There is buoyancy about this color of widowhood, a final departure. rife with metaphor, raw, distilled. The answer that suggests the truth may be Spilling over sand banks, it is wide emotions of love and friendship, you’d otherwise. This is so we can all be happy enough, pale enough to soothe difficult assume would be missing or rotten, together. Some 76 percent of sex work- human emotions, to suggest a journey in these communities—existing even ers from East Godavari report consis- more peaceful than this earthly one. more so for their being sought amid tent condom usage,6 but what happens Many people are gathered here, staring illegality, fragmentation, and betrayal. when women like these are on their out. These were lives lived beyond ordinari- Some buffaloes interrupt the scene, ness, insisting on a personal story, not though, swimming out to a grassy exchangeable with any other. “Tell each island. A priest sat on the bank, in the one properly,” said the women in the 6 “Integrated Behavioral and ­Biological ­Assessment, Round 1 (2005–2007)” sun, in front of the over pink Krishna jungle by the ocean. □ (see note 4). Consciousness Center, amid washer- THE CAPITAL'S SHOW HOTEL ESTREL BERLIN

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LaToya Ruby Frazier

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Braddock, Pennsylvania, is located on the Monongahela River, nine miles east of Pittsburgh. It is where Andrew Carnegie decided to build his first public library and his first steel mill, the Edgar Thomson Works. Once a bustling home to over 20,000 people, Braddock is now inhabited by 2,000 predominately elderly, ill, underemployed working-class residents. For the last decade, LaToya Ruby Frazier has been documenting her family and the withering of ­industry in her hometown. Frazier (b. 1982), her mother (b. 1959), and her Grandma Ruby (1925–2009) have collectively witnessed the prosperity of the early twentieth century, white flight in the 1950s and 1960s, the collapse of the steel industry in the 1970s, and the war on drugs in the 1980s and 1990s. A century of pol- lution has left a toxic legacy: Grandma Ruby died of pancreatic cancer; ­Frazier’s mother suffers from an unknown neuro- logical disorder and cancer; and ­Frazier was diagnosed with lupus 13 years ago. Braddock Hospital, once the hub of treatment and Braddock’s largest em- ployer, was demolished in 2010. A new, $250-million facility was built in a nearby affluent suburb. Frazier’s forthcoming book, The Notion of Family, she writes, “tells the story of economic globaliza- tion and the decline of manufacturing through the bodies of three generations of African-American women.” It will be published in fall 2014 by the Aperture Foundation.

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[1] Huxtables, Mom and Me, 2009 [2] Grandma Ruby and Me, 2005 [3] Momme Portrait Series (Shad- ow), 2008 [4] Self-Portrait (March 10 am), 2009 [5] Mom’s Friend Mr. Yerby, 2005 [6] Aunt Midgie and Grandma Ruby, 2007 [7] Grandma Ruby and U.P.M.C. Braddock Hos- pital on Braddock Avenue, 2007 [8] Mr. Jim Kidd, 2011 [9] Fifth Street Tavern and U.P.M.C. Braddock Hospital on Braddock Avenue, 2011 48 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014 BOOMERS

The transformation of the dissolution small, dispersed American military the US Army, courtesy of SINCE of the Soviet organizations using “information age” Union, the greatest debate within the technology annihilated much larger atoms and Elvis. American national security commu- but less advanced enemy military nity has centered on the nature of the forces, all the while remaining virtually by Brian McAllister Linn post-Cold War military environment. invulnerable to counterattack. This Both civilian and military authorities ideal of a rapid, decisive, and surgically generally concede that the US armed precise future battlefield significantly forces must radically change—or influenced the Bush administration’s “transform”—to face the challenges conduct of its wars in Iraq and of the twenty-first century. For the Afghanistan, and it still shapes the re- last two decades many of the loudest cent Department of Defense’s strategic voices in the “transformation debate” guidance, which asserts that the United are those who assert that an “informa- States “is at a strategic turning point tion age revolution in military affairs” after a decade of war, and, therefore, has rendered most, if not all, earlier [requires] a Joint Force for the future military concepts obsolete. These advo- that will be smaller and leaner but cates argue there are obvious historical will be agile, flexible, ready, and tech- parallels between recent developments nologically advanced.” Whereas the in information technology—comput- pre-Iraq/Afghanistan vision was one ers, satellites, digital communications, of unlimited faith that transformation and so forth—and the three previous­ would allow smaller American military military revolutions inspired by forces to wage rapid, decisive, and gunpowder, the internal combustion cheap wars, the vision now appears to engine, and the atomic bomb. More be that transformation will allow the extreme advocates have claimed that nation’s armed forces to recover from if the United States transforms its the overstretch of the last decade. armed forces to take advantage of the Contrary to the claims of some information revolution, it will be able defense analysts, history does not to wage rapid, decisive, and cheap actually provide specific lessons suit- wars, and maintain global dominance able for ready application by today’s in the twenty-first century. policymakers. But history can inform In 1996, the US Department of our understanding of current affairs, Defense placed the information providing both examples and analyti- revolution at the center of something cal frameworks to better understand called Vision 2010: a massively trans- causes and consequences. In the past, formative plan for the post-Cold War advocates sought to establish an American armed forces. Vision 2010 almost lineal connection with World portrayed a future battlefield in which War II’s blitzkrieg. Today, however, if spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 49

military and civilian policymakers are The US Army leadership, of much about public relations as about seeking a historical case of both the course, viewed the New Look as an military effectiveness. In this context, potential and dangers of military trans- existential threat, and it actively everything relating to transformation formation, there is no better case than worked to undermine the change. —from the design of the officer’s uni- the US Army’s attempt in the 1950s to Army intellectuals argued that short form to the development of an atomic create the equipment, concepts, and of a direct attack on the continental missile—was worthy of the Chief’s organization to allow it to wage atomic United States, American policymak- attention. warfare. ers would never unleash the nation’s One of Taylor’s first steps was to strategic nuclear arsenal for fear the reorganize the Army’s combat divi- the early Soviets would turn Washington, New sions into “Pentomic Divisions”—a DURING Cold War, York, and other cities into radioactive name he admitted was inspired by a atomic weapons and nuclear conflict ash. Knowing that massive retaliation Madison Avenue-like wish to market were so much a part of American was a bluff, the Soviets would build up the Army’s ability to fight atomic war. everyday life and imagination that their conventional forces and eventu- He also authorized radical changes in they were subjects in children’s comic ally invade Western Europe, quickly Army technology with the purpose books. For scientific research and fund- conquering West Germany and much of expanding the atomic arsenal and ing it was a boom time. But for the US of France. Unable to halt the massed providing increased mobility. Perhaps Army, the atomic bomb was a disaster. Soviet tank columns, the United States most notable was replacing much Convinced that nuclear weapons would have the impossible choice of of the artillery with atomic-capable provided cheap and total security, the dropping atomic bombs on its allies, missiles and rockets. Under Taylor’s American public and its political repre- killing millions of civilians, or accept- direction, the US Army’s research and sentatives slashed the Army’s budgets ing Communist control of Western development budget for missiles in and personnel, leaving it with aging Europe, leading to the regime’s global fiscal year 1958 was $170 million. In and obsolete World-War-II equipment, supremacy. Having dismissed the New contrast, only $10 million was allotted scattered across the globe in occupa- Look as a deterrent, Army intellectuals to artillery. In the following fiscal year, tion garrisons. It was given virtually no focused instead on how much smaller missiles accounted for 40 percent of role in any future war with the Soviet NATO and American land forces could the Army’s budget for weapons and Union. And though the Korean War defeat a Soviet invasion. equipment. To provide more prestige led to the US Army almost tripling its Army tacticians, in response, ar- and publicity for its atomic missile personnel, it was a frustrating war of gued that mobile, dispersed American program, the Army drew up a special attrition that did not result in a clear forces equipped with new technology insignia displaying a helmeted soldier, victory. In most ways the war did little could actually avoid the Soviet armored atomic helix, and rocket, displayed on to improve the army’s prestige. columns and then destroy them with a pentagram background to symbolize When he became president, in small-yield (1-to-50-kiloton) atomic the new Pentomic Division. 1953, former Army general Dwight warheads. This scenario—known as For much of the 1950s, the Army’s D. Eisenhower declared he intended Tactical Atomic War, or Limited Atomic transformation to atomic-war readiness to give a “New Look” to national War—allowed the US Army to assert appeared not only possible but also suc­ security: both improving US defenses that it was the only armed force that cessful. In 1950, it began serious devel­ and slashing skyrocketing military could prevent nuclear holocaust. This opment of a long-range cannon that expenditures. He was determined the vision of Limited Atomic War became a fired a shell with the destructive impact United States would fight no more key part of the transformation program of the Nagasaki bomb (21 kilotons; 7050 Koreas—by which he meant no more of a key figure of the era: Army Chief degrees Fahrenheit; 624 mph winds). long, bloody, indecisive land wars of Staff Maxwell D. Taylor. A primary justification for this project against Soviet proxies. Instead, in the Like many senior officers, Taylor was to target Soviet armored columns event of Russian provocation, the believed the New Look might destroy in Europe. In 1953, a 280mm cannon, United States would unleash its full the Army’s ability to wage war. But nicknamed “Atomic Annie,” fired an nuclear arsenal in an all-out attack on his own survey research showed atomic warhead in a spectacular public Soviet cities and industry. To enforce that Eisenhower’s policies reflected relations event, and within two years this doctrine of “massive retaliation,” the views of the public and its politi- a battery of these super weapons Eisenhower funded an increase in the cal representatives. The solution, in had been deployed to Europe. During nuclear arsenal and a new ­generation Taylor’s view, was to “sell the Army” to the 1950s the Army also unveiled, of intercontinental bombers and the American public—to make the citi- with great fanfare, an arsenal of atomic- missiles. But the New Look also cut the zens realize the service was a modern, capable missiles with nicknames such US Army’s budget, slashed manpower efficient, and effective force that could as Honest John, Little John, Redstone, almost in half, and gave the service fight atomic war without nuclear an- and Corporal, all intended to provide an virtually no role beyond policing the nihilation. As a result, Taylor’s transfor- atomic umbrella for the dispersed, mo- American public. mation initiative was in many ways as bile units harassing Soviet aggressors. 50 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

The logical extension of the atomic ar- Army planners, most of them prod- missiles or electronics took thirty or senal was the Davy Crockett, so small ucts of the pre-World War II peace- more weeks, this meant that by the and mobile it could be transported and time force, recognized they could not time a draftee had been processed and fired by a three-man jeep unit. By 1960 fill the new Atomic Army with the then undergone basic and specialist the US Army could put the equivalent same marginal men who had filled the training, he had only a few months to of a Hiroshima-size bomb in the hands army’s ranks for the previous 150 years: perform the mission the Army had of an infantry company. men who often had less than a sixth- trained him for. One study found that For as radical as the 1950s arsenal grade education, few technical skills, in such skilled positions the Army got was, Taylor and others saw it as just and, when not under strict military dis­ the same level of effective performance the first wave of even more trans- cipline, were prone to drinking, fighting, from one three-year enlistee as it formational technology that was to and getting into trouble. Planners recog­ did from four two-year draftees. The include an armada of vehicles with nized the Atomic Army didn’t just need obvious solution was to reserve high- self-fueling engines, energy weapons, soldiers who were tough in combat; skilled technical positions for volun- and impervious armor. Project 80, a it needed soldiers who were educated, teers, thus encouraging recruiting of 1958 study to determine the weapons innovative, and motivated, with the skilled personnel and getting more and tactics of the future, envisioned skills to use a computer, repair a rocket’s of their service. But this impacted the that within twenty years there would electronic guidance system, and fill morale and training of the combat be no battle lines—just perhaps a dozen out requisition forms in triplicate. forces. Because it took only some 16 or so vehicles (ground and air) engag- The Atomic Army placed unprece- weeks to train an infantry or armor- ing Soviet columns at ranges up to dented demands on administrative and branch soldier, the combat units filled 20,000 meters, with everything from technical personnel. Clerks, computer up with short-service draftees while atomics to machine guns. operators, and other paper shufflers the volunteer technical specialists and All told, the US Army of the 1950s became as pervasive as infantrymen. career soldiers remained in support, had “transformed” itself from the one In 1955, US Army Europe Headquarters maintenance, and administrative that fought against fascism in World processed 22,000 messages in one positions. War II with foot soldiers, tanks, and 12-hour shift: one cable was nine pages If the draftees’ short service was planes, to one now prepped for ground- long and took 18 hours to type and ten one source of the Atomic Army’s based atomic war with futuristic hours to process. The demands for personnel problems, its career soldiers weapons. It also initiated revolutionary technical specialists to maintain and were another. As a means of encourag- changes in doctrine (Limited Atomic use the complicated equipment Taylor’s ing high quality, the Army insisted that War), organization (the Pentomic initiative called for was equally great. for any soldier to re-enlist he had to be Division), and new technology (rockets, In 1956, on any day there were 30,000 promotable to non-commissioned atomics). personnel (or 3 percent of the entire officer (a so-called NCO). Unfortunately, Despite its sweeping and impres- Army) undergoing technical ­specialist in World War II and the Korean War, sive vision, the entire plan failed training at one of the service’s 150 thousands of soldiers were quickly within a year of Taylor’s retirement. schools. Yet an equal percentage of promoted to NCO rank to fulfill im- One 1963 Army public-relations Army personnel were functionally mediate personnel vacancies. In 1954, survey concluded the plan had gone illiterate, and another 3 percent had a soldier could jump from the lowest “overboard” and “tried to find room for not even completed grade school. The to the highest NCO rank in little more the Army on the massive retaliation Army was simultaneously training than three years. Most of these high- bandwagon. . . . In hindsight, we can microwave repair experts and teaching ranking NCOs remained in the service see now that in pressing our claims to rudimentary spelling. and re-enlisted. More than any other these rather unnatural missions, we The Korean War tripled the size of group, they were the human face of diverted public attention and scarce the US Army. More importantly, how- the Atomic Army, typified by popular resources from our traditional primary ever, it changed the Army personnel culture figures like TV’s Sergeant Ernest role of seizing and holding ground.” system from one based on voluntary J. Bilko, the do-nothing, rear-echelon The Army had still not recovered from enlistment to one based on conscripts career soldier who had managed to find the effects of its flirtation with atomic who served a two-year tour of duty. a comfortable posting, simply collect- war when it was deployed to Vietnam. The repercussions of this were truly ing a salary at the taxpayer’s expense, transformational—far beyond those and Sergeant Orville Snorkel, from the 1950s “Atomic Army” caused by doctrine, organization, comic strip Beetle Bailey, who under­ THE experiment failed for a and technology. The draft meant that mined the Army system with his number of reasons, but the primary any time during the 1950s about 30 stupidity, brutality, and poor leadership cause was one that has been virtually percent of Army-enlisted personnel skills. ignored by both military and civilian were either entering or leaving the A 1955 survey revealed that 65 per- transformation advocates: how to recruit, service. Since much of the Army’s cent of enlisted men had little or no train, and retain the “atomic soldier.” most essential specialist training in respect for their NCOs, and that only 4 percent of the officers rated their NCOs as “adequate.” Army educational reports consistently revealed that NCOs were deemed to be “Category IV” (func- tionally illiterate) in disproportionately high numbers and had disproportion- ately low levels of education. Many could not read technical manuals or lead combat units, and they tended to Wherever congregate in low-skill jobs in supply, cooking, transport, or, perhaps worst of all, training the draftees or supervising soldiers in meaningless duties. you are, Throughout the 1950s, when both draftees and first-term volunteers were surveyed about why they would not re-enlist, the most common single we’re at reason was not food, physical hardship, low pay, or bad working conditions—it was bad leadership. What was the Army to do with these marginal soldiers— home. especially those who remained in the service? One solution was for the Army to dumb down its technical instruction. One manual, Preventative Service, was in a comic book designed for soldiers with the equivalent of an eighth-grade education and featuring the voluptuous “Connie Rodd,” who explained such basic precautions as engaging the tank’s safety brake before working on its transmission. But the Atomic Army was also faced with another big task in mid- twentieth-century America: how to socially indoctrinate a new generation White & Case is a global law firm with of recruits into the military virtues of patriotism, morality, and discipline. longstanding offices in the markets that But this was not only because so many matter today. Our on-the-ground experience, of the troops were unwilling partici- pants. It was rather because military our cross-border integration and our depth officers and much of the public of local, US and English-qualified lawyers believed that American society—its schools, churches, and civic leaders— help our clients work with confidence in were failing to teach young people the any one market or across many. virtues that had made the military— and America—great. With other social We do what it takes to help our clients institutions shirking their patriotic achieve their ambitions, here in Germany duty in favor of, in part, the shiny new world of consumer goods available to and worldwide. the burgeoning middle class, the Army became the “last hope” of socializing the American male teenager. ▷ Berlin Düsseldorf Frankfurt Hamburg Munich

whitecase.com 52 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

he was drafted outside his quarters and was always during the Army’s Atomic Age Trans- WHEN into the US Army, agreeable to photographs and signa- formation. In interviews before his in- in 1958, 22-year-old Elvis Aron Presley, tures. When the US Army had to move duction, Elvis stressed that he intended US # 53310761, had been singing and a German memorial honoring World to follow orders and do his duty. In an performing for just four years. He was War I dead, they sent Elvis to partici- interview immediately after his return already an international sensation and pate as a sign of respect. Throughout to Memphis, he was asked what advice already a Cold War icon, having the his service, Presley was “officially” he would give teenagers about to enter distinction of being condemned by photographed only in roles that em- the service. His response—play along, both communists and conservatives. phasized that his military experience don’t stand out, do your time—might He had just made two controversial was the same as every other enlisted have been echoed by tens of thousands movies, Jailhouse Rock and King draftee. of other citizen-soldiers. Creole, in which he played a juvenile Elvis went out with his unit when And this response illustrates the delinquent fighting against ­authority. it trained, and he did some very hard essential dilemma of the mid-twenti- But in barely two years, the US Army duty. He served in the Third Armored eth-century Army: Taylor’s transforma- re-made Elvis Presley. It made him Division, an elite combat unit, at a tion initiative was dependent on the respectable, moral, and patriotic, time of great Soviet-American tension Pentomic organization, an arsenal of symbolized best by the last scene of over Berlin—tension that would esca- atomic weapons, and a doctrine of G.I. Blues, where the erstwhile rebel late into the “Berlin Crisis” only a few limited atomic war—but it was even stands in full uniform, saluting a giant months after he left. Had war occurred, more dependent on an “Atomic Army” American flag. Fans and scholars of the most conservative estimates, based of highly motivated, skilled, ­selfless, social history agree that it was Elvis’s on war games, were two million dead dedicated technician-warriors who military service, more than anything, almost immediately and millions more were completely committed to execut- that made him a working class icon. dead in the coming weeks. Elvis, and ing its ideal of Limited Atomic War. It By joining the Army, cutting his all those who served at that time, faced needed soldiers able to repair missiles hair, and doing his duty, Elvis proved dangers that today’s military—and and operate computers, who were dis­ he was not only patriotic but that today’s academics—can hardly even ciplined and fearless enough to charge he was also just a typical American imagine. His risk increased his appeal. into the searing blast of an atomic boy who never let fame detract from The 1960 filmG.I. Blues, which in bomb. What it got were soldiers like basic decency. But like much of Germany is titled Kaffe Europa, is em- Elvis Presley, whose attitude to military Taylor’s transformation initiative and blematic of Elvis and the Army in many service remained at best one of passive “Pentomic Division,” Elvis’s military ways—marking the transformation acceptance, at worse one of passive service was also a public relations of Elvis from the rebellious delinquent aggression. campaign, a conscious effort by both of Jailhouse Rock to the fun-loving Those who served in Elvis’s Army the Army and Presley’s management but decent all-American boy he played did not protest openly, as some of their team to “sell” the star and the service in virtually every subsequent movie. successors would do in the 1960s, but to the American public, and especially The repackaging of Elvis forG.I. Blues they resisted both the Army and its to teenagers. The Army planned for was the result of close cooperation ideal of atomic warfare in a far more “Operation Elvis” with the attention between the studio, Elvis’s managers, insidious fashion: by refusing to reen- usually reserved for military cam- and the US Army. Each wanted to con- list. One indirect result of this refusal paigns, assigning over a dozen public nect Elvis to the Army, to demonstrate was that much of Taylor’s transfor­ relations officers to draw up detailed that Elvis and the Army were both mation agenda was repudiated. A far schedules and protocols and to coordi- military and moral, and to publicize more ominous legacy was the Army’s nate with the media and Presley’s advi- Elvis and the Army’s role as ambas- conduct of the war in Vietnam, and the sors. Presley’s induction was a news sadors in Germany. All these agendas service’s soon-toxic relations with its event, and photographers documented came together in a scene where Elvis draftees. For today’s promoters of mili- his receiving vaccines, taking the oath, sings a Swabian folk song, “Wooden tary transformation agendas—agendas and, most memorable, sacrificing his Heart” (in German, “Muss i denn?”), that are based only on technology, famous pompadour to an Army ­barber. with a blond-haired German mari- concepts, and organization—it would (In truth, Elvis had already had a hair­ onette to children at a puppet show— be wise to remember one essential dresser give him a haircut that met winning over both German civilians truth: is it humans, not weapons, who Army requirements.) and the girl. wage war. □ Elvis’s arrival in Germany, where Elvis rarely spoke about his mili- he was to be stationed, horrified con- tary experience. But two interviews he servatives and inspired teenagers. The gave are significant, not only because rock-n-roll outlaw proved was a good of what they tell us about Elvis but ambassador for the US in Germany. He because of what they tell us about the went out to meet fans who appeared attitudes of the majority of soldiers CLIMATE PROTECTION

We have a clear goal...

By the year 2020 the Tengelmann Group intends to significantly reduce its emission of CO2. This private-sector commitment follows the guidelines of the Kyoto Protocol. For a continuous monitoring of these emissions we annually set up greenhouse gas inventories since 2007.

As part of its climate initiative, Tengelmann opened Germany’s first supermarket specifically designed to be climate-friendly in Mülheim an der Ruhr where the company has been based since 1867.

THE TENGELMANN GROUP

AZ_CLIMATE_PROJECT_E_210x280mm.indd 1 06.05.14 11:59 NOTEBOOK News from the Hans Arnhold Center

Inaugurating the Richard C. Holbrooke Forum A gala dinner with Hillary Clinton at the Metropolitan Museum of Art 56

Reluctant Hegemons A panel discussion on Western reticence, Russian and Chinese ambitions, and the uncertain future of Europe 60

Metaphors Run Amok The uncanny worlds of writer Ben Marcus 62

book reviews The Way Hope Builds His House Susan Stewart on the first compendium of Emily Dickinson’s “envelope” poems 63

On Common Ground Andrei P. Tsygankov on Angela Stent’s Limits of Partnership 65

Seeing Reds Jules Feiffer on Jonathan Lethem’s Dissident Gardens 67

Alumni Books 69

Profiles in Scholarship 70

New Trustees 71

David M. Rubenstein speaks with Hillary Rodham Clinton at the Inauguration of the Richard C. Holbrooke Forum in the European Sculpture wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, December 3, 2014. Photo © Brian Palmer. 56 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

Michael Ignatieff spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 57

INAUGURATING THE RICHARD C. HOLBROOKE FORUM

n the evening of sometimes disconcerting to hopes for the Forum named The gala raised more than December 4, 2013, the colleagues in the government, for her late husband: “The $3 million, and the Forum’s OAmerican Academy in but Richard was absolutely essence of Richard, his brand first two working groups will Berlin launched the Richard C. unfazed.” of diplomacy—which was convene in 2014. The first, Holbrooke Forum for the Study Holbrooke’s approach to really problem-solving—will Statecraft and Responsibility, of Diplomacy and Governance diplomacy inspired the Forum, continue on,” Marton said. co-chaired by Michael Ignatieff with a 220-guest gala dinner which will take the form of a “That is what the Holbrooke and Harold Hongju Koh, will at the Metropolitan Museum series of working groups Forum in Berlin will distill and examine the consequences of Art. Welcoming remarks by on topics of global concern. analyze and, most importantly, of globalization for the reallo- Academy Chairman A. Michael The chairperson will render pass on to the next generation cation of responsibility in a Hoffman were followed by a Holbrooke’s “method” into of policymakers and diplo- “post-Western” world order. screening of David Holbrooke’s frank discourse across disci- mats.” Marton also thanked The second, The Legal Advisers’ film-in-progress about his late plinary lines, question conven- Vincent A. Mai, Peter G. Project, to take place later this father. Former Secretary of tional wisdom, and encourage Peterson and Joan Ganz Cooney, year, will explore how national State Hillary Rodham Clinton the sort of startling insights for and David M. Rubenstein, cultures can adapt their differ- was then interviewed by David which Holbrooke was known. who chaired the dinner, and ing legal processes to approach M. Rubenstein. As Clinton The gala’s stage also acknowl­edged the generous common international law- remarked, “Richard’s person- welcomed scholar Michael support of Steven Rattner and making challenges. ality, which was by any de- Ignatieff, former US Ambas­ Maureen White, Eric E. Schmidt, scription outsized, took some sador to Germany Philip D. and the Kellen and Arnhold For more information people a little aback. He was Murphy, and journalist Kati families. “Thank you all for re- please visit a force of nature…. That was Marton, who articulated her membering Richard,” she said. holbrookeforum.org.

James Wolfensohn, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Christopher Hill 58 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

Steven Rattner, Tammy Murphy, A. Michael Hoffman

Kati Marton

Jeffrey A. Rosen, Andrew Gundlach Gahl Hodges Burt spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 59

A. Michael Hoffman, Gary Smith

Donors to the Richard C. Holbrooke Forum

$500,000 + $5,000 + Joan Ganz Cooney & Peter G. Diana L. & Dick Beattie, Ellen Peterson, Vincent A. Mai Chesler & Matthew J. Mallow, Paul Fribourg, Jane Hartley & $250,000 + Ralph Schlosstein, Celerie Kemble Airbus Group, The Estate of & R. Boykin Curry, Alexandra & Richard C. Holbrooke, David M. Nader Mousavizadeh, Thomas Rubenstein, Maureen White & Schick, Arthur O. Sulzberger, Jr., Steven Rattner James D. Wolfensohn

$100,000 + $1,000 + Henry H. Arnhold, Leonard Stephen B. & Ellen C. Burbank, Blavatnik, HBO, Tammy S. & Avna Cassinelli, Vishakha N. Philip D. Murphy, Eric E. Schmidt Desai & Robert B. Oxnam, Philip D. Murphy, Henry Arnhold Deutsche Post World Net USA/ $50,000 + DHL, Susanna Dulkinys & Erik Federal Foreign Office, A. Michael Spiekermann, Vartan & Clare & Mercedes Hoffman, James R. Gregorian, Louise Grunwald, A. Johnson, Anna-Maria and Maria Eugenia & William A. Stephen Kellen Foundation, Haseltine, Larry J. Hochberg, PricewaterhouseCoopers AG WPG Severa & Matthew H. Hurlock, Lena & Gilbert E. Kaplan, $25,000 + David Knower, Charles S. Levy, Richard C. Blum, Daimler AG, Maya Lin & Daniel Wolf, Emily C. Boyden Gray, Helga & McAllister, Norman Pearlstine & Erivan Haub, Nina & Lothar von Jane Boon Pearlstine, Veronique & Maltzahn, Mars, Noerr, Bernard Robert W. Pittman, Stacey Reiss, L. Schwartz, Siemens, Sarik Tara Ricki E. Roer & Paul McIsaac, Mr & Mrs Jeffrey A. Rosen, Jane $10,000 + Rosenthal, Elizabeth G. & Henrik Aldinger, BASF, Wolfgang George Stevens, Louis Venezia / Beck, John P. & Constance Pilot NYC, Enzo Viscusi, Jill J. & Birkelund, Mary & David Boies, Roger M. Witten Katherine B. & David G. Bradley, Gahl Hodges Burt, Mark F. Dalton, Richard Karl Goeltz & Mary Ellen Johnson, Linda & Morton Janklow, Catie & Donald Vali Nasr, Rina Amiri, Maureen White B. Marron, Fritz Stern, Kurt F. Viermetz, White & Case All photos © Brian Palmer 60 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

RELUCTANT HEGEMONS

and that is psychologically important to them. The way Russia’s hegemonic ambitions play out will actually be deci- sive in the US-China relation- ship as well as in the German– US relationship going forward. Ignatieff: I think there are a few things that ought to be added to that. If you ask who’s cleaning up the Philippines, it’s the US Pacific fleet. If you ask who just did the six-month deal with Iran, the United States was crucial. If the global economy is being managed at all, it’s being managed large- ly by the United States with the tacit cooperation of the Chinese. You see the United States continuing to provide very important public goods, and I don’t see anybody else doing this. I get the feeling that he seeming reticence of Joffe: The topic, ­reluctant actually been promoting its the Chinese are not contribut- two major world powers hegemons, came to me when reluctance as a new foreign ing to global public goods. T—the United States and I looked at these two coun- policy doctrine. It also prefers Is there a second game Germany—was the focus of tries, Germany and the United to think that it’s not unique going on? Yes. When you go a panel discussion hosted by States, which are both the last in being reluctant, but I’m to Europe you get the ­feeling the American Academy at the man standing in their particu- not sure that that necessarily­ that there exists a kind of Roosevelt House at Hunter lar arena: the US in the global holds. China is beginning to ­utopia of a world coordinated College, in New York City, on arena, and Germany in the assert hegemonic interest in by international law, conven- the afternoon of December 4, European. Both could be ex- the East China Sea and the tional agreement, ratification. 2013. The discussion, con- pected to assume leadership South China Sea, and very In The Hague you’re in a kind ceived of and moderated by in their arenas and both seem soon we’re going to see it of paradise beyond power. longtime Academy trustee to be eschewing it. But if you on the borders of India and Is it fading? Is it weakening? Josef Joffe of Die Zeit, ad- think in terms of classic world Central Asia as well. We can I don’t necessarily think so. dressed an issue at the core politics, global order doesn’t think of the Chinese as grad­ But there are some public of the Richard C. Holbrooke produce itself; there has to ual expansionist hegemons. goods that are absolutely go- Forum. be somebody who produces Russia is a very enthusi- ing begging. The most obvious it, somebody who takes care astic hegemon. Its ambitions one is that the planet is heat- The panel was comprised of business. The United States may be outsized in relation ing up, and no one is grabbing of Michael Ignatieff, Nader already once refused to take to its capacity, but it has all that. Here’s where we’ve dis- Mousavizadeh, Vali Nasr, care of business in the 1920s— the right relationships. It has covered that the world of con- Michael Schaefer, and Anne- with pretty nasty consequenc- a strategic understanding vention and agreement and Marie Slaughter. They were es. And the Germans, if I may with China over Central Asia negotiation and multilateral- joined by an audience that put it euphemistically, have and over Asia itself. It is de- ism has failed utterly. It seems included Harold Hongju Koh, taken too much care of busi- veloping a relationship with to me sovereigns are going to Padma Desai, Jagdish ness in their past, trying twice Germany and Europe on the have to start taking sovereign Bagwhati, Maureen White, to tether Germany and Europe, back of oil and gas, particu- decisions to change their do- Gahl Hodges Burt, Roger with more painful outcomes larly on gas, which is much mestic policies and then that Cohen, and several dozen each time. more important than we un- will spread. That strikes me others. The following is an Is it correct to describe the derstand. Russia is very well as one place where we have excerpt from their discussion. situation as I just did, or am poised to create hydrocarbon ­neither hegemony nor multi- I off the mark? Vali, why don’t hegemony over Europe. They lateral agreement. you? You wrote the book. have the right relationships in Schaefer: China will re- Nasr: The United States the Middle East. They bet on sist more global responsibility is a reluctant hegemon. The the country that now looks unless it has clearly defined American people are reluctant, like the rising power there: national interests at stake. and the US government has Iran. They are well positioned, Africa, Iran, Central Asia are spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 61

theaters in which China has towards a broader equilib- Slaughter: Richard in place is the US. And the US an obvious interest in energy rium of power, which I think Holbrooke would not be happy is likely to remain the only and resource security. That is is more sustainable and more with the image of the United world power for a long time. and will remain the key driver resonant with the politics of States in some kind of long- China will not be a great pow- for Chinese foreign policy in the these countries. term decline. He would say, er; India will not be a great decades to come. It will also Nasr: More often than not, “I believe this is a cycle.” This power for a long time—reluc- determine its relationship people talk about hegemony is a cycle of overextension tant or not. But the rules of the with Russia, which is subject in neighborhoods and not at and then retrenchment. But game in the twenty-first cen- to conflicting interests regard- a global level. But the United even the retrenchment is a tury are likely to be different ing Central Asia. China is also States has prevented countries military and not a diplomatic from those in the twentieth reluctant to accept a conven- such as India and Iran from retrenchment. The military century. The power game will tional framework that has establishing regional hegemo- use of power looks like hege- not be military-strategic, in been built by Western powers. ny. It’s not allowing China to mony, but it bleeds us in the the old sense. It will be about And China is not alone. Other establish hegemony in its own long term, and so we’ve pulled licenses, about credits, about emerging economies are ar- region, and it didn’t want to back and put diplomacy first. economic influence. riving at a point where they ­allow the Russians to establish­ That’s messy and it’s slow and Mousavizadeh: The most say, “Yes, we want to engage hegemony in their region. sometimes it doesn’t work significant event of 2013 was in conventional frameworks, So if America is withdrawing, at all. But I still don’t see any the revelation of the absolute- but [they] cannot be dictated many countries are going to other nation that can occupy ly unbound US data-surveil- by the West alone anymore.” assert themselves. the center. Certainly other na- lance system. What this has Mousavizadeh: There is China is not putting the tions can join us, but the idea revealed, certainly in the eyes a danger of false nostalgia for issue of hegemony on its that Russia or China is going of most countries, is not a the world that we’ve left. And mastheads going forward, but to play that role diplomatically­ United States that’s about set- it’s certainly a false nostalgia looking at the way China does is just unthinkable. ting rules that respect every- if you’re at the other end of the economics, it’s inevitable that Joffe: Is perhaps Germany, one’s privacy and sovereign Western stick. Now, we can it goes down that road, be- which has forsaken warfare rights, but which is sweeping say there has been a creation cause its whole approach to completely for welfare at home, ­every country. And so I think of global public goods that has global economics is mercantil- the avant garde of the West? we face a much ­higher hurdle benefited everyone, not just ist. In other words, it’s based Slaughter: No. Look at to convincing the world that the West. But from the per- on dominating the relation- the United States tying itself we are actually about setting spective of Beijing, the entire ship of resources, investment, in absolute knots because fair rules when nothing would postwar structure was created and trade. The Chinese are we’ve taken one small step suggest that we are. by someone else and largely to not interested in buying oil or closer to providing health Schaefer: The NSA ­affair sustain Western dominance. buying cotton on global mar- insurance for a country that has deepened the gap of mis- In the future there are kets; they want to structure has thirty or fourty-odd mil- trust between Europe and the going to be many more play- a relationship directly with lion people without it. I don’t United States. But it has not ers around the table. You now South Sudan. Eventually they think a European-style welfare triggered this process; it start- have Brazil, Indonesia, Nigeria, will have to protect those re- state can be attained through ed during the conflict over and a whole range of other lationships. reform. I think they got there Iraq. We were side-by-side go- countries that are economi- Aside from the US, the through a very distinct pattern ing into Afghanistan, but the cally empowered to assert scramble for Africa right now of cataclysm and rebuilding, Bush administration’s deci- their political interests in a involves Brazil, Turkey, and and critical rebuilding, in the sion to invade Iraq resulted in way they haven’t done before. China, and there might be shadow of American power. a split within the EU and be- They will question the system others coming in. The Turks Ignatieff: The idea of a tween Europe and the US. This that they have inherited and have decided Somalia belongs cycle is premised on twen- trust gap has widened since. that we would like them to to them. They are signing all tieth-century thinking and We are in serious danger of sustain. And I think they will the oil deals, they’re ­investing; American dominance at the losing sight of the importance question it for good reasons. it’s the Chinese model. At some end of World War II. I agree of the transatlantic partner- I also think there is a dan- point they become committed that we don’t see any sign of ship, and that between the ger in assuming that there is to protecting that economic American economic decline or largest European country and too much to lose in the United relationship. They’re trying to military decline. What’s hap- the US. States not playing its hege- establish these nineteenth-cen- pening is we’ve got a fantas- Koh: The fact that the US monic role. There is something tury economic relationships, tically more pluralist world has extraordinary capabilities to be gained from having re- and economic imperialism with a multi-power center that doesn’t mean that it doesn’t gional actors step up. What turns into political imperialism. we didn’t have in 1945. The believe in rules. It has to both you’re seeing in the Middle Joffe: We’ve been talking twenty-first century will not use its hegemonic power to East now is actually a much about the kind of games played allow America to go through build systems of rules and more pragmatic approach to in this world. Is it the European that cycle again, because work with others who believe finding accommodation with no-power institutional game, the power configuration is so in law to enforce systems of Iran. It is a healthy thing that or is it the Russian-Chinese ­different. rules through processes that the United States is “leaving” revisionist balance-of-power Schaefer: This is a period don’t look self-serving. If you the region, certainly ­relative game? Is America retracting, characterized by a difficult don’t take up this challenge, to its presence in the last forty bowing to the inevitable, or is search for identity by most people will say, “You’re just years. It is an unstable tran- America still, in a weird way, of the potential global play- like China.” And I think that’s sition, but it’s a transition pulling the strings? ers. The only global player still a very dangerous equivalence. 62 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

The question then becomes: to be enforced? China’s push- and France, has lost its warrior years trying to do that, and it is who enforces existing interna- ing the boundaries there, but culture; it has lost its interest leading the world in that way. tional law, and who creates new we don’t have a multilateral in expansion and using mili- It is, in my view, a grand des- international laws in a world of process at the moment that’s tary action for political gains. tiny. You can see the ways in reluctant hegemons? Obviously set up to push back against all The Clausewitzian connection which it’s changing identities, China does not want us to create the different unilateral asser- has been broken, and this in a changing cultures. rules on cyber warfare. China tions of power. chunk of the world that looks Germany has not, I think, does not want us to create Joffe: You say, “enforce.” back on an ancient history of decided whether it will drive rules on global climate change. How does one enforce inter­ imperialism, aggression, ex- the creation of a post-sovereign Germany is promoting a system national law? pansion, war. Does this devel­ order in Europe, come hell or of restraint but assuming some- Koh: Diplomacy is at the opment tell us something high water. If it makes the right body else will enforce these front, but as Richard Holbrooke about how a whole culture can decisions, there’s an enormous rules. And the United States often said, diplomacy has to be shed a strategic identity? strategic prize for Europe in ends up in a position where they backed by other smart-power Ignatieff: Europe ­actually the twenty-first century. The don’t enforce these rules either. resources, and one of them is has an enormous strategic alternative is to re-sovereign- So what do we do about force in the background. That’s identity and an enormous stra- tize Europe because you can’t the chemical weapons in Syria what brings people to the table tegic role, not simply through mutualize risk. That’s a future or the situation we’re now and allows you to create a the sheer size of its market but that I think Europe ought to facing in the South China Sea, ­regime like Dayton. also through the creation of refuse. It seems it is ultimately where there are obviously rules Joffe: Europe, with the a political order beyond sov- going to be Germany’s role to of international law that need ­occasional exception of Britain ereignty. It’s spent fifty, sixty prevent this from happening.

in his 2012 novel, The Flame would not be simulated so METAPHORS RUN Alphabet, it is a necessary often until the difference protective measure against ­between simulation and real AMOK an ­ominous disease. Without disaster was rendered moot. A warning, the speech of children man suffering from a self-diag- had become toxic to adults. nosed, possibly imaginary ill- espite his weariness the focus almost entirely to White noise is used to drown ness would not be subjected to with such categorization, the concrete and purely situ- out the poisonous language a questionable treatment. And DBen Marcus’s reputation ational. Periodically interposed in the streets. So-called “anti- a disgruntled lecturer would as a crafter of experimental glossaries lexicalize shifts in comprehension pills” can only likely not give a course in cre- prose was secure long before the meanings of certain words. delay the physical decline of ative writing on a cruise ship. his much-ballyhooed feud What at first appears to be con- adults. As the pandemic begins In the cruise-ship seminar,­ with Jonathan Franzen. When ventional English is soon re- to decompose the inorganic it is noted of an ambitious Franzen, between writing the vealed to be the indecipherable environment, the well-inten- pupil: “His metaphor was out bestsellers The Corrections diction of another life form. tioned quarantine of children of hand, running amok.” The and Freedom, began to argue Marcus demonstrates turns into a macabre intern- fact that this may also ­apply in favor of narrative realist, in his second book, Notable ment of adolescent disease to Marcus, who, ­incidentally, mass-market fiction, Marcus American Women—supposedly carriers. The dark fable marks teaches creative writing at countered with an extensive the story of his own family in many respects a develop- Columbia University, is most and oft-quoted 2005 essay on —that his literary craft is inevi- ment toward greater narrative clearly illustrated by the title experimental fiction inHarper’s tably tied to the deconstruc- stringency. For the first time, story. In a single sentence, Magazine. Subsequently editing tion of genres, in this case, the Marcus transcends his fear metaphors cascade across an anthology of short stories memoir. In the work’s episto- of the dialogic and provides, nearly ten pages, until the by authors including Jhumpa lary preface, the father of the all scurrility aside, sensitive breathless narrator is finally Lahiri, George Saunders, and book’s fictional Ben Marcus ­insight into a torn family. worn down by the “noise” of Lydia Davis, Marcus highlighted makes a series of statements With the exception of two his own breathing. Though the multifaceted innovations that draw the narrator’s reli- fictitious interviews, Marcus’s Marcus’s horrific passages are of his generation of writers. ability into doubt: “How can a latest work, Leaving the Sea brilliantly crafted, one could— In his preface he proclaimed: single word from Ben Marcus’s (2013), can be safely catego- blunted by their graphic suf- “A writer has to believe, and rotten, filthy heart be ­trusted?” rized as a collection of short fering—long for more subtle prove, that there are, if not The false autobiography stories. Its title alludes to “the ellipses if it were not in these new stories, then new ways ­describes a cult that aims to evolutionary mistake made passages that his subtly am- of telling the old ones.” achieve a state beyond verbal by prehistoric species of leav- bivalent humor most clearly Ten years earlier, in 1995, and gestural communication, ing the primordial waters.” invites identification with the Ben Marcus had published The and to which the self-sacrific- The longing for a thoughtless, plight of humanity. Age of Wire and String, a collec- ing mother has succumbed. harmonious aquatic existence tion of cryptic miniatures that If the rejection of language can be understood after read- By Jan Bender defies attempts to distinguish bears the promise of happiness ing the volume’s 15 ­stories: From the Neue Zürcher a plot and characters, shifting in Notable American Women, The evacuation of a small town Zeitung, March 22, 2014 spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 63

BOOK REVIEWS

THE WAY HOPE BUILDS HIS HOUSE BY SUSAN STEWART

A review of The Gorgeous Nothings

Edited by Marta Werner and Jen Bervin Preface by Susan Howe New Directions/ Christine Burgin, in association with Granary Books October 2013 255 pages

Perhaps the most lasting legacy of the late eighteenth-century Jena circle of German Romantics and their short-lived journal, Athenaeum, has been the high regard they brought to Like most nineteenth-century “common meter”—a poetry of radi- the fragment. Conceiving of the liter- North American intellectuals, the cally individual, and deeply critical, ary or artistic fragment as a “partial great poet Emily Dickinson absorbed ­perceptions makes her an excellent whole,” August and Friedrich Schlegel, the ideas of the German Romantics practitioner of the Jena unsystematic Novalis, Ludwig Tieck, Friedrich von through the translations of Thomas system. In her personal library she Schelling, and other philosophers and Carlyle and via the German influence kept volumes of the adages of Martin artists of their circle sought a way to upon the American Transcendentalists Tupper and the hymns of Isaac Watts. live both with and without a system, and the English Romantics, particu- But there is a world of difference to find a unifying means of artistic larly Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy between Tupper’s “A good book is the production that remained open to Shelley, and, of special importance for best of friends, the same today and what we might call the potential of the Dickinson, Emily Brontë. One German forever,” or Watts’s “How doth the little part. If fragments such as inscriptions Romantic who had a direct ­influence busy bee improve each shining hour” from ruined monuments or the folk upon her, and whose words she some­ and Dickinson’s poems based upon proverbs of oral tradition seemed to times incorporated into her poems, such thoughts as: promise an aphoristic sense of comple- was one of her favorite novelists: Jean tion, the Jena Romantic fragment, in Paul [Richter]. Jean Paul, at the mar- Publication—is the Auction contrast, framed an opening to infinity. gins of the Jena group, took a stance Of the Mind of Man— These writers and thinkers envisioned against what he thought to be their Poverty—be justifying the very incompletion of the fragment, nihilism. For so foul a thing its unfinished, nascent, quality, as If not a proponent of Weltschmerz the source of its power. Today their herself, Dickinson nevertheless pur- or the insight beginning one of her aesthetic of the fragment haunts sued in the form and content of her most powerful elegiac verses: the displays of our archaeological work a way of writing that was deeply museums, our reverence for the “un- alienated from the sentimental truisms After great pain a formal finished” sculptures of Donatello and and thumping narrative verse forms feeling comes— Michelangelo, our taste for sketches, of her time. Her fundamental choice The nerves sit ceremonious and the twentieth-century century to write in the meter and stanzas of like tombs; invention of “found” and “process” art. congregational hymns—the English 64 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

The relevance of the aesthetic of the between poems and between fascicles? A preface by Howe and thoughtful es- fragment and the unsystematic system Were her unique means of inscribing says by both Bervin and Werner provide to Emily Dickinson’s work is most and punctuating her work with dashes, further context. The book concludes evident, however, in the longstanding dots, and other marks, and her inclu- with a set of indices that group the controversies regarding the reception sion of variants on the same page with fragments in alternative ways: by page of her poetry. During her lifetime, only what seemed to be finished works, a shape, addressee, the presence of era- a few of her poems appeared in print, matter of haste and or a concerted turn sures and cancellations, the direction of and she never had an opportunity toward a Gesamtwerk? the writing, and other textual features. to edit their final appearance. When Susan Dickinson’s manuscripts The result is a book of surprises she died, in 1886, her sister, Lavinia, were sold to Harvard University in and pleasures, both visual and verbal, fulfilled a promise she had made to 1950, and Harvard has closely guarded on every page. Readers can gain a new Emily to burn a large set of her letters, their publication by its own press ever sense of the topography of Dickinson’s but Dickinson left behind hundreds of since, first in Thomas Johnson’s 1955 work. We see how she thinks through poems in manuscript, hundreds more Complete Poems, which included 1,775 themes of motion, conceiving the en- woven into her letters to her many cor- works and their variants, and then in velopes’ parts as wings and arrows, as respondents, and eight hundred poems Ralph Franklin’s 1998 monumental she also confronts or ignores the limits gathered into forty hand-sewn small variorum edition of 1,789 poems, based of folds, lines, seams, and edges. She pamphlets, or “fascicles.” Her sister-in- on careful study of the fascicles and ex- sometimes pins fragments together in law, Susan Gilbert Dickinson, to whom tant manuscripts. The remaining works, an effort somewhere between frugal she had sent poems and letters on a the manuscripts held by Mabel Todd nineteenth-century American “salvage near-daily basis, held a trove of her and her descendants, were donated crafts,” such as quilt- and rug-making, work. Lavinia possessed yet another to Amherst College in 1956. This year, and the by-now-longstanding avant- vast cache—drafts and fair copies of after some continuing battles between garde practice of newspaper and paper poems on sheets of writing paper in the two archives, Amherst and Harvard assemblages. multiple versions, and many other finally have agreed to put all of the Are these quick drafts for “fuller” drafts written on scraps of envelopes, extant manuscripts on-line with free works, which may or may not have old letters, margins of newsprint, and access to anyone who wants to study been completed? Or are they artworks pieces of brown wrapping paper. In a them, at edickinson.org. in themselves? Howe, Werner, and falling out with Susan, Lavinia turned We will never have the poems that Bervin would argue the latter. Indeed, to her Amherst neighbor Mabel Loomis lived in Dickinson’s burned letters and a number of the pieces only can be Todd and to Dickinson’s friend and we will never know the exact order or read, pin-wheel fashion, by turning correspondent, the prominent editor dates of her work; we can only guess the paper. In “A 821,” a work closely and journalist Thomas Wentworth how many of her poems have been lost tied to passages in one of Dickinson’s Higginson, for help in editing and or destroyed. Yet her reputation has only extant letters, this becomes a theme: publishing her sister’s work. Todd was grown since the 1950s, and Dickinson “Clogged/ only with/ Music, like/ the the wife of an Amherst astronomy scholarship has continued to flower Wheels of/ Birds.” Later in the collec- professor and the mistress of Susan’s in recent decades, furthered by the tion an open flap gives an envelope husband, Austin Dickinson—Lavinia pioneering textual and material studies a house-shape, and we find a work and Emily’s brother. of the manuscripts by the poet Susan beginning “The way/ Hope builds his/ The archive of Emily Dickinson’s Howe and the scholars Marta Werner, House.” (A 450). poetry was thereby split and incom- Sharon Cameron, Cristanne Miller, and Perhaps Dickinson saw the envelope plete from the start. In the late nine- others. as a canvas for poems immediately, teenth and first half of the twentieth Now, collaborating with the artist perhaps gradually. This beautiful book, centuries, more than a dozen editions Jen Bervin in what was at first a limited appearing at the same time as the new of her work appeared under the edito- edition artists’ book with Granary Books comprehensive website of her manu- rial hands of Todd, Higginson, and in New York, Werner has produced a scripts, may be the first of many full- others. Editors invariably made their handsome full-color facsimile edition of color facsimile editions of Dickinson’s selections and “corrections” in confor- all the known Dickinson manuscripts manuscripts. Important insights into mity with contemporary taste, taking written on envelopes and parts of her work are sure to follow. What we the work far from its appearance envelopes. Drawn almost entirely from already know is that she was a genius in manuscript form and turning its the Amherst archive, with only one of the fragment in every aspect of her unconventional visual arrangements example from Harvard, The Gorgeous practice. It is only now that her letters are into conventional printed wholes. Nothings gives a vivid sense of these truly approaching their destination. □ Questions of Dickinson’s intention 52 works. The book provides a page for became impossible to address: Which each envelope poem, accompanied by a were the final versions of her work? facing page transcription of Dickinson’s How did she envision the relations famously hard-to-read handwriting. Get Old ON COMMON GROUND BY ANDREI P. TSYGANKOV

A review of The Limits of Partnership: US–Russian Relations in the Twenty- First Century

By Angela Stent Princeton University Press January 2014 384 pages

The political crisis in Ukraine has demonstrated the importance of the United States and the European Union’s engagement with Russia for facilitating a power transition and stabilization of the Ukrainian economy. It has also revealed a number of serious problems that the Western nations and Russia must resolve if they are to establish trust and a last- ing partnership. Immediately following the Ukrainian revolution in February 2014, the two sides pursued mutually exclusive interpretations of the event. Russia defined the revolution as an “anti- constitutional coup” and withdrew its support for Kiev, while the West endorsed the new government as legitimate and provided it with political and economic assistance. We’re getting older. This new book by Angela Stent, which documents US relations with Russia after the end of the Cold War, could not And that’s good news. be timelier. Relations remain tense and difficult to understand. Since 1989, the It’s the little moments that mean so much to us. We want two nations have made several attempts to be able to cherish those moments for many tomorrows to put their relations on stable footing, to come. Pfizer is working around the world to this end. each time discovering major differences For more than 160 years, we have been researching in perceptions, worldviews, and interests. and developing innovative drugs to help people improve The two countries contribute greatly to their health and quality of life at all ages. Every day, we shaping the world from Europe to Eurasia make every effort to put our vision into action: Working and the Middle East. Yet, despite these together for a healthier world. two nations’ significance, there are few studies available that systematically assess the nature and dynamics of their relationships. Stent’s book seeks to fill this gap. It is based on interviews with American and Russian officials and experts and the author’s long experience of closely observing the two countries’ ­relations, including as a policymaker and as a participant in expert forums. The book’s strengths include clarity of presen­ tation, attention to important details, knowledge of specific relevant contexts, and logical organization of material. www.pfizer.de

PFI_ANZ_GETOLD_BerlinJournal_105x280mm_RZ.indd 1 17.04.14 13:43 66 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

Stent identifies several cycles interests include, among others, coun- rising status of non-Western powers, in US–Russia relations, from George terterrorism, nuclear arms ­control, and the objective needs of the United H.W. Bush’s attempt to strengthen ties counter-proliferation of nuclear weap- States and Russia in each other’s with Russian leadership to Bill Clinton’s ons, and regional security in Europe cooperation. engagement with Boris Yeltsin, from and the Middle East. Today, one might The biggest limitation ofThe Limits to George W. Bush’s relations with add, these interests also include a stable of Partnership is that it is based on Vladimir Putin to, finally, Barak Obama’s Ukraine. analyzing mainstream political percep- ties with Dmitri Medvedev. Each time Alas, the United States and Russia tions and discourses in Washington and expectations were high on both sides expect more than the other side can Moscow. Beyond occasional references and each time the relationships soured deliver. While Russia desires extensive to realists and critics of Realpolitik, and ended at a low point. According to cooperation with the West on the there is no systematic analysis of differ- Stent, these cycles of rise and decline basis of respect for its interests and ent schools and approaches to the two can be traced to differing worldviews, values, Western nations have their countries’ relations. The Russian side unrealistic expectations, and wrong own global interests and are frequently is especially poorly documented, perceptions of each other’s intentions. uncomfortable with Russia’s strong- and there are few works by Russian While Moscow wanted to build a state system. As a result, the agenda academics cited, although experts, strategic partnership with the United of Russian–West relations tends to be particularly those associated with the States on principles of sovereignty and narrower than desired by either side. Carnegie Endowment for International equality, Washington aimed at having In addition, the institutional frame- Peace, are consulted. Russia as a junior partner supportive of work for working together is typically This oversight is regrettable be- America’s global values and interests. weak, and each time, presidential com- cause, outside mainstream discourses The Kremlin insisted on the legitimacy mitment is required for moving the in the two nations’ political capitals, of its interests and principles even from relationship forward. Now that Russia the spectrum of attitudes is much a position of weakness, but the White is moving in the direction of further broader, and it extends beyond realists House failed to acknowledge those consolidating its strong-state system and value-based critics of each other’s interests and principles to the extent and is openly proclaiming that its systems. In addition to critics who that Russia expected. Each time, Stent values diverge from those of the West, proceed from the assumption of incom- argues, the US either didn’t understand one can expect further worsening of patible values and interests or who Russia’s claims to equality and respect the US–Russia relations. advocate muscular, hegemonic action or found those claims to be unreason- Stent did not, of course, have the rather than engagement or partnership, able. opportunity to explore these points there are those who argue for develop- On the recommendations side, with respect to the Ukraine crisis, but ing a strong partnership between the Stent cautions against unrealistic she has written elsewhere that she two nations that will need each other in expec­tations and advocates that the expected such worsening to continue, an increasingly unstable world—schol- US build a selective or limited partner- and that yet another reset would not ars such as Robert Legvold at Columbia ship with Russia. She recognizes the take place. “Unless and until both University, Anatol Lieven at King’s importance of the countries’ relations countries move beyond the legacies of College London, or Sergei Karaganov at and acknowledges that Russia will the Cold War, the 1990s, and today’s the Higher School of Economics.­ These remain essential for addressing vital crisis,” Stent wrote, on March 27, 2014, people are currently in the minority, issues, including nuclear proliferation in the Azerbaijan News, “any reset, but with growing effects of the above and arms control, regional stability in regardless of whether it originates in factors, they may develop a platform Europe, Eurasia, and the Middle East. the White House or the Kremlin, can at from which to influence formation and But she finds it impossible to move be- best manage more effectively what will outcomes in these countries’ relations. yond the limited partnership given the remain a limited and trying relation- So, contrary to understandably two countries’ differences in political ship.” If the United States and Russia are pessimistic mainstream thought on true systems, perceptions, and worldviews. to make progress, in other words, their partnership, and in contrast to some Overall, the book’s narrative is forward agenda must be set in narrow of the recommendations The Limits of solid and balanced. The theory that and limited terms in order to be realistic. Partnership makes, a successful reset varying worldviews and expectations Though her pessimism is under- must be based on a broadened agenda, are shaped by the countries’ histories standable, there are factors that, in the not a limited one. It should incorporate and political systems also has some longer run, will push against further issues related to the development of predictive power, even though it worsening of relations—and should be the Far East, Eurasia, and the arctic, as remains undeveloped. In particular, considered by future scholars of this well as the increasingly vital security the theory implies that, while the two topic. These factors include the relative and stability of the Asia-Pacific region. nations’ interests are compatible, they decline of US global power and influ- By expanding the purview and geogra- are interpreted through a conflictual, ence, preservation of the EU–Russia phy of this dialogue, common ground rather than a cooperative, lens. These economic and energy interdependence, might just be found. □ spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 67

SEEING REDS BY JULES FEIFFER, Ch��ter �ne: �ittle Annie �annig�n AS TOLD TO THE BERLIN JOURNAL

A review of Dissident Gardens And no� fo� your li�tening By Jonathan Lethem ple�su�e- Doubleday September 2013 384 pages Miss Ginger �oge�s sings her ne� hit �ro� he� new mu�i�al, “The Gol� Diggers.” �ing� Ginge�! Berlin Journal: Did you know ­Jonathan Lethem before coming Annie, you� mothe�’s �hut u�� to Berlin? gonn� kill us if �he �rtie, �nd finds u�� �ust try to Jules Feiffer: We had never met, but �eep up! he wrote a lovely quote for the jacket of my memoir, Backing­ into Forward, back when it was published in 2010, and I thought it was quite wonderful. I was already an admirer of his writing. Then I saw theNew York Times re- view of ­Dissident Gardens­ , which sounded like my own back- ground so I immediately went out and bought it. I started read- ing and felt an immediate affinity We’re out of �oney, for the work. Not just because it described a time and a place that No money honey� I had lived through, but because �rin at the b�d ne�s� the name of one of the characters, Just laugh it away! Rose, was the name of a character in my play about a communist family that was performed in 2003 —I guess I wrote it in 2001 or 2002 —called A Bad Friend. In my play, 1 Rose was the daughter of a com- From Jules Feiffer’s Kill My Mother (W. W. Norton/Liveright), August 2014. munist family, and in Lethem’s­ book, Rose is the mother. He hasKill My Mother.indb 1 3/5/14 2:11 PM another character named Miriam, Jules Feiffer: When I arrived at the Because my relationship with called Mimi, which is the name Academy, in early April, Gary Smith my communist sister was the key of my sister, who was the real and Ron Suny said that Jonathan relationship of my youth, to have communist in my family and who had told them he had seen my play Jonathan write a very different I had talked about and written and it gave him the idea for doing version of this in which these core about in interviews. So I thought, the book. And when we finally characteristics remain the same, “Could this be a coincidence?” met, during my first week here, we yet with a very different kind of talked about it, and it felt great. family, was fascinating and trans­ Berlin Journal: But it wasn’t a coinci­ To help launch, in whatever small portive. So much of it struck similar dence, was it? He had been inspired way, something this ambitious, chords. I ate it up. I just devoured by your work. Have you spoken with language this remarkable, the whole book. with him about that? was extraordinarily flattering and I had read books like this be- pleasing. fore, books that dealt with “Reds,” 68 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

as they were called, and more often quality about them that I found where that will go, but I’m look- than not, they felt unconvincing to immensely appealing. ing forward to it. His going from me. But this book was absolutely realism to something beyond that, convincing, and written by a young Berlin Journal: Jonathan entitled the which I cannot label. man who could not in any way first part of his book “Borough- Perhaps this stylistic malle- have experienced any of this, or phobia,” which could probably ability comes from his being of a even known a lot of it, unless he describe both the fear of crossing very different generation. He was had grandparents in the Party, the boundaries of and the fear of in on the change in the culture which he didn’t. It was all home- entrapment within the boroughs. from the beginning, the change work! I found that simply amazing:­ Is the New York that Jonathan in music from the beginning, and, that he could pull this off, and describes the New York that you of course, these things are always make it feel authentic, without any know? happening. Just as a young writer hands-on experience. today, twenty years Jonathan’s Jules Feiffer: Jonathan comes from junior, is comming out of another Berlin Journal: A Bad Friend and Dissi­ Brooklyn and clearly has a love of world with a different language dent Gardens both address prob- Brooklyn, as so many people from and a different take on all these lematic interrelationships between Brooklyn do. I came from the Bronx things. Just as I came out of the ideology and family. What is it about during the 1930s, during the Great Depression and the Cold War 1950s. this topic that resonates with you? Depression, which is a long time I was a witness to everything before Jonathan came along. And I ­being shaken up. Everything was Jules Feiffer: In Dissident Gardens, despised every second of it. I have undergoing change, and nobody Rose dominates her daughter, no nostalgia for that period. For realized it until it was almost Mimi. But my parents were not as long as I can remember being over, but the entire first half of communists, so my sister didn’t conscious, I remember thinking,­ the twentieth century was being get it from them. I wasn’t dominat- “I have to break out of this jail.” overturned—new theater, new art, ed by the ideological pressures—­ I wanted out. I wanted to go to Abstract Expressionism—into new other than having this very Manhattan, which I knew only writing and new attitudes. This, dominating sister, this explosive, from the movies. It seemed a mil- while McCarthyism was going on, voluble, bad-tempered, at times lion miles away, even though it and black lists, and sympathy terrifying creature. At the same was only a half-hour subway ride ­ oaths—all going on at the same time she was very charming and —but who knew how to ride the time. This war that the culture had supportive of me and of my work, subway? But I found Manhattan— with itself exploded in the 1960s. of my ambitions to be a cartoonist. again from the movies—exotic, But the whole young generation When I grew up and she was glamorous, fit for someone with of the 1960s never knew about in high school—she was four years my ambitions, not one of which the repression, never knew there my senior—she brought her friends had been acted upon yet. I wanted was a time when you couldn’t around who were high-school Reds, to be anywhere in the city but the go around expressing your ideas. who were very entertaining and Bronx. And Brooklyn, I had only It was an extraordinary shift in interesting—and interested in been there once or twice in my life the culture, and the book is able to comics! They looked at my comic until I was insane enough to date capture its layered, comical, and books, and Mimi got pissed off girls who lived in Brooklyn. Then I strange complexity. □ at me because they were more would take these endless subway involved with me than they were rides, and I would leave Brooklyn­ with her. But they were funny and at night as fast as possible so I they were bright and they were wouldn’t get mugged. witty and they had iconoclastic styles. I think a lot of the role mod- Berlin Journal: Where would you like els I was looking to grow into were to see Jonathan Lethem go next? these Jewish, commie wise-guys and girls that she always brought Jules Feiffer: What impressed me as home. After all, I had found very much about the content of Dissi­ few other role models in the Bronx, dent Gardens was the writing style. neither in my family nor among It is very different from some of the people around me in the his earlier work. Even within the neighborhood. But these guys had book he changes styles. I find that a sort of swashbuckling, happy-go- rather stunning. You know, these lucky-but-serious-about-the-issues adventures in style. I have no idea spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 69

ALUMNI BOOKS

Daniel Albright Lothar Baumgarten / Wendy Lesser Lance Olsen Panaesthetics: On the Unity Benjamin Buchloh / Why I Read: The Serious [[ there. ]] and Diversity of the Arts Gunda Luyken Pleasure of Books Anti-Oedipus Press, Yale UP, March 2014 Candida Höfer: Düsseldorf Farrar, Straus and Giroux, January 2014 Richter/Fey Verlag, January 2014 Karen Alter March 2014 Theories of Forgetting The New Terrain of Lawrence Lessig Fiction Collective 2, International Law: Joy H. Calico The USA is Lesterland: February 2014 Courts, Politics, Rights Arnold Schoenberg’s The Nature of Congressional Princeton UP, A Survivor from Warsaw Corruption Philip Phan / Jull Kickul / January 2014 in Postwar Europe CreateSpace Independent Sophie Bacq / Matthias University of California Publishing Platform, Nordqvist (Eds.) Sinan Antoon Press, March 2014 February 2014 Theory and Empirical The Poetics of the Obscene Research in Social in Premodern Arabic Poetry: Hal Foster Evonne Levy / Kenneth Mills Entrepreneurship Ibn al-Hajjaj and Sukhf Barkow Leibinger (Eds.) Edward Elgar Publishing, Palgrave Macmillan, Hatje Cantz, May 2014 Lexicon of the Hispanic April 2014 February 2014 Baroque: Transatlantic Rivka Galchen Exchange and W. S. Di Piero Barry Bergdoll American Innovations Transformation Tombo Schinkel, Persius, Stüler: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, University of Texas Press, McSweeney’s, Buildings in Berlin and May 2014 January 2014 January 2014 Potsdam Edition Axel Menges, Richard Hawkins Ben Marcus Karen Russell February 2014 Fragile Flowers Leaving the Sea Sleep Donation Les Presses Du Reel, Knopf, January 2014 Atavist Books, March 2014 Philip V. Bohlman (Ed.) February 2014 (digital-only novella) The Cambridge History Charles Marsh of World Music Esperanza Rosales / Strange Glory: A Life of Gary Shteyngart Cambridge UP, Samantha Topol Dietrich Bonhoeffer Little Failure: A Memoir January 2014 Leslie Hewitt: Knopf, April 2014 Random House, Sudden Glare of the Sun January 2014 David Bollier Contemporary Art Museum Elizabeth McCracken Think Like a Commoner: St. Louis, February 2014 Thunderstruck & Angela Stent A Short Introduction to Other Stories The Limits of Partnership: the Life of the Commons John B. Judis The Dial Press, April 2014 U.S.-Russian Relations New Society Publishers, Genesis: Truman, American in the Twenty-First Century March 2014 Jews, and the Origins Christopher Middleton Princeton UP, January 2014 of the Arab / Israeli Conflict Collected Later Poems Svetlana Boym / Hans Ulrich Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Carcanet Press Ltd, Camilo José Vergara Obrist / Philip Monk February 2014 January 2014 Harlem: The Unmaking Raqs Media Collective: of a Ghetto Casebook Ward Just Tal Ben-Zvi / Kamal Boullata / University of Chicago Press, Art Gallery of York American Romantic W. J. T. Mitchell December 2013 University, March 2014 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Asim Abu Shaqura April 2014 Charta, February 2014 70 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

PROFILES IN SCHOLARSHIP

The American Academy is Composer, improviser, and ative of the impact of Army in the mid-1990s—and to proud to present the spring sound artist Matthew socialization on American Afghanistan and Pakistan, 2014 class of fellows and Goodheart has developed a youth. Bosch Fellow Brian Holbrooke’s last diplomatic distinguished visitors. wide body of work that explores McAllister Linn, the Ralph R. mission. Packer is a staff the relationships between Thomas Professor in Liberal writer at the New Yorker. The American civil rights performer, instrument, and Arts and Professor of History at movement was profoundly listener. His diverse musical Texas A&M University, exam- In 1999, the University of shaped by William Stewart creations range from large- ines how the 1950s US Army Michigan’s Abydos Middle Nelson. Siemens Fellow scale microtonal compositions became the “school of the Cemetery Project, directed by Dennis C. Dickerson ­describes to open improvisations and nation,” teaching American Janet Richards, rediscovered how Nelson, dean of the immersive sound installations. males not only military skills, the lost tomb of Weni the Elder, School of Religion at Howard During his time at the Academy, but social religion, patriotism, a court official of the Sixth University during the 1940s, Goodheart will compose and anti-communism. Dynasty of ancient Egypt. The promoted a doctrine of nonvi- For Five Scattered Ensembles, Abydos excavations provide olence and peace drawn from a work that combines strict Photographer and Dirk Ippen the point of departure for her his association with Quakers, notation, structured impro- Fellow Dominique Nabokov current project as Ellen Maria interactions with Mahatma visation, and real-time algo- divides her time between Gorrissen Fellow of History. Gandhi, and encounters with rithmic composition. the United States and France, “Writing Ancient Lives: Weni the sacred texts of “the great where she was raised and the Elder and Ancient Egyp- living ­religions.” Dickerson is Ellen Maria Gorrissen Fellow began her career in fashion tian Responses to Political the James M. Lawson, Jr. Pro­ Linda Henderson’s Academy photography. She returns Crisis” uses textual and spatial fessor of History at Vanderbilt project, “The Energies of to the Academy to work on her biographies to explore how University. Modernism,” is the first major book project Berlin Living ancient Egyptians crafted and study of the science and Rooms, the third in her trilogy manipulated narratives of indi- On the eve of 9/11, Daimler occultism that were central of interiors, after New York vidual and political identity. Fellow Leslie Dunton-Downer to modern artists’ understan­ Living Rooms and Paris Living Richards is professor of Egyp- encountered the singing voice ding of reality and to the Rooms. tology at the University of of a young Muslim man, new languages they invented Michigan’s department of Near Aqnazar, in the mountainous to embody it. Her project In her Academy project, “End- Eastern studies and curator Gorno-Badakhshan region looks to two central concepts game: Soviet Collaborators, for dynastic Egypt at its Kelsey of Tajikistan. Her Academy animating the popular mind Spies, and Agents of Influence Museum of Archaeology. project recounts the reper­ of the time: the “ether” and at the End of WWII,” Holtzbrink cussions of the meeting: she the spatial fourth dimension. Fellow Sylvia Nasar, the John S. Independent journalist and learns classical Persian and Henderson is the David Bruton, and James L. Knight Professor Axel Springer Fellow Laura Tajik, writes and directs a play Jr. Centennial Professor in of Journalism at Columbia Secor has spent nearly a for Aqnazar and others to Art History and Distinguished University, tells the story of decade researching and writing perform in Paris, co-produces Teaching Professor at the some privileged, highly about Iran. This spring, she will a documen­tary film, and University of Texas at Austin. educated men and women— complete her book Fugitives accompanies him on tour economists, mathematicians, from Paradise, which chronicles through the United States. Mary Ellen von der Heyden scientists—who were singled the emergence of the move- Fellow in Fiction Jonathan out for success in their own ment for democratic reform Visual media artist and Lethem is the author of nine countries but chose to collab- within the Islamic Republic of Guna S. Mundheim Fellow novels, including, most orate with the other side. Iran. LaToya Ruby Frazier has recently, Dissident Gardens always moved freely among (2013) and Chronic City (2009). Richard Holbrooke’s life and Poet, critic, and John P. photo­graphy, performance, During his stay at the Academy work encompassed many Birkelund Fellow Susan and video. In her Academy he is outlining a series of of the crises, triumphs, and Stewart is writing The Ruins project,­ “Framework: Activism, intersecting novels and novel- tragedies of American foreign Lesson, a work on the repre- Memory and the Social las. Lethem is the Roy Edward policy over the past two sentation and function of Landscape,” she continues to Disney Professor of Creative generations. Axel Springer ruins in Western art and explore the power of photo- Writing at Pomona College. Fellow George Packer’s new literature. Stewart is also graphic images to capture book project, Richard resolving the structure for her and explain social change, The public transformation of Holbrooke and the End of the new collection of poems, most prominently in her Elvis Presley from the rock- American Century, traces Bramble, which she describes hometown of Braddock, and-roll rebel of Jailhouse the storied diplomat’s career as “a book concerned with Pennsylvania. Rock to the clean-living all- from Vietnam in the early history and the imagination American of G.I. Blues is indic- 1960s through the Balkans by using the dual concepts of spring 2014 · twenty-six · the berlin journal 71

thickets and clearings, juxta- were seen as an existential Richard C. Holbrooke Kurt Viermetz posing dense and musical pas- threat to the Empire and the Distinguished Visitors Distinguished Visitor sages.” Stewart is the Avalon Turkish people. Suny is Charles Jules Feiffer, Cartoonist, C. Fred Bergsten, Senior Foundation University Profes­ Tilly Collegiate Professor of Playwright, and Screenwriter Fellow and Director Emeritus, sor of the Humanities, profes- Social and Political History at Jane Holl Lute, President Peterson Institute for sor of English, and director of the University of Michigan. and Chief Executive Officer, International Economics the Society of Fellows in the Council on CyberSecurity; Liberal Arts at Princeton and former Deputy University. lloyd cutler Secretary, US Department For complete ­bio­graphies distinguished visitors of Homeland Security of the spring 2014 fellows Instead of looking at the Richard N. Haass, President, George Rupp, Former and distinguished visitors, deportations and massacres Council on Foreign Relations President and Chief please visit our website, of Armenians and Assyrians Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Executive Officer, americanacademy.de. in Eastern Anatolia in 1915 as Justice, Supreme Court of International Rescue the outcome of nationalist­ or the United States Committee; Former religious conflict, Anna-Maria President, Columbia Kellen Fellow Ronald Suny Marina Kellen French University argues that state authorities Distinguished Visitors Frank G. Wisner, Foreign acted to realize a number of Thomas P. Campbell, Affairs Advisor, Patton strategic goals. He employs Director, Metropolitan Boggs LLP; former US the concept “affective dispo­ Museum of Art Ambassador to Zambia, sition” to explain an environ- Roberta Smith, Co-Chief Egypt, the Philippines, ment in which the Armenians Art Critic, New York Times and India

and served as a member of the cited German chemists, with WELCOMING monetary policy committee roughly 740 scientific publica- of the Bank of England. He also tions and eighty patents. NEW has co-authored, with Ben Bernanke, a reform program Roger Cohen is a columnist TRUSTEES for Fed policy, and he ­currently and foreign correspondent advises the US Congressional for the New York Times. He Budget Office. Posen was a began his career as the news- Bosch Public Policy Fellow at paper’s European economic Christine I. Wallich is a nance. Wallich and her family the Academy in spring 2001. correspondent in Paris before ­senior advisor at the World have strong ties to Germany: covering the Bosnian War as Bank’s Center on Conflict, her grandfather Paul Wallich Wolfgang A. Herrmann Balkan bureau chief. He also Security, and Development, was one of the founding has been president of the served as the bureau chief in Nairobi, Kenya. She joined directors of Deutsche Bank. Technische Universität in Berlin from 1998 to 2001, the World Bank in 1977 and München since 1995 and is after which he became foreign has served as lead economist Adam Posen is president of one of Germany’s leading editor of the New York Times’ for Europe and Central Asia, the Peterson Institute for chemists. Following professor- head office. Cohen was country director for Bosnia International Economics. He ships in Frankfurt am Main awarded the Joe Alex Morris Herzegovina—where she is an expert on macroeconom- and Regensburg, he joined Lectureship for distinguished represented the World Bank ic policy, resolution of finan- the Technische Universität foreign correspondence by at the Dayton Peace negotia- cial crises, central banking München in 1985. A member of the Nieman Foundation tions—and country director policy, and the economies of numerous academic societies for Journalism at Harvard for Bangladesh and the South Europe, Japan, and the United and committees, Herrmann University and has served as Asia Regional Office. She States. Posen wrote the defini- has served as the chairman of Ferris Professor of Journalism has written on post-conflict tive book on Japan’s 1990s the supervisory board of the at Princeton University. reconstruction in Bosnia, economic crisis, Restoring Deutsches Museum in Munich He was a Bosch Public Policy reform in transition econo- Japan’s Economic Growth (1998), since 1998. He holds honorary Fellow at the Academy in mies, economic prospects in counseled the Koizumi govern- doctorates from 11 universities spring 2006. Asia, and corporate gover- ment that led Japan’s recovery, and is one of the most highly 72 the berlin journal · twenty-six · spring 2014

SUPPORTERS AND DONORS

The American Academy in Berlin is funded The Hermes Foundation, Karl & Mary Ellen almost entirely by private donations from in- Individuals and Family von der Heyden, Gudrun & Eberhard Jaeschke, dividuals, foundations, and corporations. We Foundations Roe Jasen, Josef Joffe, KfW Bankengruppe, depend on the generosity of a widening circle Ulrich Kissing, Marion Knauf, Evi Kurz, of friends on both sides of the Atlantic and Regine Leibinger & Frank Barkow, Jan Tibor wish to extend our heartfelt thanks to those FOUNDERS’ CIRCLE Lelley, Nicole & Alexander P. Letzsch, Ellen who support us. This list documents the con- $1 million and above Levy & Gregg Horowitz, Nina & Daniel tributions made to the American Academy Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Foundation Libeskind, Quincy Liu, Charles Maier, Detlef from May 2013 to May 2014. and the descendants of Hans and Meinen, Thomas Menzel, Lisa F. & David J. Ludmilla Arnhold Miller, Michael Münchehofe, Kathryn & Peter Nixdorff, Wolfram Nolte, Barbara & Rolf Fellowships and Distinguished CHAIRMAN’S CIRCLE Nonnenmacher, Beatrice Reese, Christa Visitorships $100,000 and above Freifrau & Hermann Freiherr von Richthofen, Nina & Lothar von Maltzahn, Maren Otto Joanna S. & Daniel Rose, Alison P. & Jeffrey A. Rosenberg, Ruth & David Sabean, Henry ESTABLISHED IN PERPETUITY DIRECTOR’S CIRCLE Sapparth, Ulrike & Tom Schlafly, Volker John P. Birkelund Berlin Prize in the $25,000 and above Schlöndorff, Harald Schmid, Pamela & Philipp Humanities Lester Crown, Werner Gegenbauer, Richard Scholz, Geraldine Schroeder, Sky Deutschland Daimler Berlin Prize Karl Goeltz & Mary Ellen Johnson, A. Michael AG, Monika Sprüth, Maren & Joachim German Transatlantic Program Berlin Prize & Mercedes Hoffman, Stefan von Holtzbrinck, Strüngmann, Sycamore Tree Trust, The Teagle supported by European Recovery Christopher Freiherr von Oppenheim Foundation, Hans Thümmel, Christian Program funds granted through the Tomuschat, Verband der Automobilindustrie Transatlantic Program of the Federal TRUSTEES’ CIRCLE e.V., Paul A. Volcker, Stanford Warshawsky, Republic of Germany $10,000 and above Sabine & Edwin Wiley, Pauline Yu Nina Maria Gorrissen Berlin Prize Gahl Hodges Burt, Hans-Michael & Almut in History Giesen, Peter Jungen, Henry A. Kissinger, Mary Ellen von der Heyden Berlin Prize Wolfgang Malchow, Alfred Freiherr von Corporations and Corporate in Fiction Oppenheim-Stiftung im Stifterverband Foundations Holtzbrinck Berlin Prize für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, Si & Dieter Dirk Ippen Berlin Prize Rosenkranz, Kurt F. Viermetz Guna S. Mundheim Berlin Prize PRESIDENT’S CIRCLE in the Visual Arts PATRONS $25,000 and above Airbus Group Distinguished Visitorship $2,500 and above Airbus Group, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Max Beckmann Distinguished Visitorship Robert Z. Aliber, Heinrich J. Barth, Volker BASF SE, Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA, Marcus Bierich Distinguished Visitorship Booten, Georg Graf zu Castell-Castell, Norma Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert Bosch Stiftung, Lloyd Cutler Distinguished Visitorship Drimmer, Jutta von Falkenhausen & Thomas Cerberus Deutschland Beteiligungsberatung Marina Kellen French Distinguished van Aubel, Michael Geyer, Vartan & Clare R. GmbH, Daimler AG, Daimler-Fonds im Visitorship for Persons with Outstanding Gregorian, Lily & Klaus Heiliger, Erika & Jan Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, Accomplishment in the Cultural World Hummel, John C. Kornblum, Jürgen Leibfried, Deutsche Lufthansa AG, Dussmann Stiftung Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Visitorship Mehretu-Rankin Family, Carmen & Klaus & Co. KgaA, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP, Stephen M. Kellen Distinguished Visitorship Pohle, Jutta & Hans-Joachim Prieß, Ulrich Fritz Henkel Stiftung, Hewlett-Packard GmbH, Kurt Viermetz Distinguished Visitorship Quack, Annette & Heinrich von Rantzau, KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft, Richard von Weizsäcker Distinguished Thaddaeus Ropac, Stefanie & Martin Seyfarth, Liberty Global B.V., Sal. Oppenheim-Stiftung im Visitorship Bernhard Speyer, Katharina & Wolf Spieth, Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, Richard von Weizsäcker Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Porsche AG, Susanna ANNUALLY FUNDED Dulkinys & Erik Spiekermann Edenspiekermann, Bosch Berlin Prize in Public Policy FRIENDS Telefónica Deutschland Holding AG, White & Ellen Maria Gorrissen Berlin Prize Up to $2,500 Case LLP Anna-Maria Kellen Berlin Prize Hans Amann, American International Yacht Berthold Leibinger Berlin Prize Club, The Atlantic Philanthropies Director/ BENEFACTORS Inga Maren Otto Berlin Prize Employee Designated Gift Fund, Manfred Up to $25,000 in Music Composition Bischoff, Bernd Bohse, Mark Evan Bonds, BMW AG, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Siemens Berlin Prize Bernd Braun, Leopold Bill von Bredow, Deutsche Bundesbank, Dürr AG, Fresenius Axel Springer Berlin Prize Diethart Breipohl, Irene Bringmann, Emily Medical Care AG & Co. KGaA, GIESEN Allianz Distinguished Visitorship Freeman Brown & Samuel Adler, Christian HEIDBRINK Partnerschaft von Rechtsanwälten, Bunsen, Stephen B. & Ellen C. Burbank, GÖRG Partnerschaft von Rechtsanwälten, ENDOWMENT GIVING Caroline Bynum, Candia Clark, CNC – Google Germany GmbH, Hotel Adlon, Max Beckmann Distinguished Visitorship Communications & Network Consulting AG, Investitionsbank Berlin, Berthold Leibinger Gahl Hodges Burt, Betsy Z. & Edward E. Richard Cohen, Georg Crezelius, Barbara Stiftung, MSD Sharp & Dohme GmbH, Cohen, Deutsche Börse AG, A. Michael & David Detjen, Remmel T. Dickinson, Astrid Waldorf Astoria Berlin, WilmerHale & Mercedes Hoffman, Dirk & Marlene & Detlef Diederichs, Margrit & Steven Ippen, Michael S. Klein, Renate Küchler, Disman, Brigitte Döring, Elizabeth & Jean- Nina von Maltzahn, Achim Moeller, Marie Eveillard, Steven Gangstead, Bärbel Hartley & Virginia Neel, Mr & Mrs Jeffrey & Ulrich Gensch, Marie Louise Gericke, A. Rosen, Mary Ellen von Schacky-Schultz Golf- und Land-Club Berlin-Wannsee e.V., & Bernd Schultz, Galerie Aurel Scheibler, Jan Groscurth, Thomas Grube, Nancy & Clemens Vedder Mark Gruett, Ralf Gütersloh, Donald Hagan, Marcus Bierich Distinguished Visitorship Carl H. Hahn, Jörg Menno Harms, Robert Robert Bierich L. Harrison, Volker G. Heinz, Gabriele Henkel, We don’t know what the car of the future looks like. But we know how it will be built. Making things right. Answers for the future of manufacturing.

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