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O Flagelo Humanitario Do Século Xxi: a Crise De Refugiados Do Médio Oriente E O Papel Da Diplomacia Internacional

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O Flagelo Humanitario Do Século Xxi: a Crise De Refugiados Do Médio Oriente E O Papel Da Diplomacia Internacional LUCIEN VILHALVA DE CAMPOS O FLAGELO HUMANITARIO DO SÉCULO XXI: A CRISE DE REFUGIADOS DO MÉDIO ORIENTE E O PAPEL DA DIPLOMACIA INTERNACIONAL Orientador: Prof. Doutor Fernando Rui de Sousa Campos Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Lisboa 2017 LUCIEN VILHALVA DE CAMPOS O FLAGELO HUMANITARIO DO SÉCULO XXI: A CRISE DE REFUGIADOS DO MÉDIO ORIENTE E O PAPEL DA DIPLOMACIA INTERNACIONAL Dissertação defendida em provas públicas para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Diplomacia e Relações Internacionais no Curso de Mestrado em Diplomacia e Relações Internacionais, conferido pela Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias no dia 26 de janeiro de 2017, com o Despacho Reitoral nº 489/2016 com a seguinte composição de Júri: Presidente do Júri: Prof. Doutor Sérgio Vieira da Silva. Arguente: Prof. Doutor Marcos Farias Ferreira. Orientador: Prof. Doutor Fernando Rui de Sousa Campos. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e Administração Lisboa 2017 Lucien Vilhalva de Campos / O Flagelo Humanitário do Século XXI: a Crise de Refugiados do Médio Oriente e o Papel da Diplomacia Internacional EPÍGRAFE “Aparentemente, ninguém quer saber que a história contemporânea criou um novo tipo de ser humano – o tipo que é colocado em campos de concentração por seus inimigos e em campos de internamento por seus amigos” (Hannah Arendt). Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias / Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e 2 Administração Lucien Vilhalva de Campos / O Flagelo Humanitário do Século XXI: a Crise de Refugiados do Médio Oriente e o Papel da Diplomacia Internacional DEDICATÓRIA Primeiramente, dedico este trabalho para todos os refugiados deste mundo. Dedico, também, aos meus queridos pais, o Sr. Claudino Ramires de Campos e a Sra. Solange Vilhalva de Campos, para minha excelentíssima namorada, Cristine Kowalsky Dagnoni, e para minha pequena enteada, Sofia Dagnoni, pelos incentivos e contribuições fundamentais para a concretização deste sonho. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias / Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e 3 Administração Lucien Vilhalva de Campos / O Flagelo Humanitário do Século XXI: a Crise de Refugiados do Médio Oriente e o Papel da Diplomacia Internacional AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus por iluminar meus caminhos, concedendo-me força e energia para concluir este trabalho. Ao meu caríssimo orientador, Prof. Doutor Fernando Campos, pela transmissão dos seus conhecimentos no decorrer do desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Um eterno agradecimento à minha família, em especial meus pais, namorada e enteada, pela compreensão e ajuda recebida durante minha formação acadêmica. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias / Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e 4 Administração Lucien Vilhalva de Campos / O Flagelo Humanitário do Século XXI: a Crise de Refugiados do Médio Oriente e o Papel da Diplomacia Internacional RESUMO A presente dissertação trata sobre o papel da diplomacia na decorrente crise de refugiados do Médio Oriente. Baseando-se na evolução das normas de proteção humana conferidas na ordem internacional humanitária, são analisadas as técnicas diplomáticas que interferem na problemática dos refugiados. Também são identificados os principais eventos e motivações geopolíticas que possivelmente ajudaram a estimular o estalar da violência humana no mundo árabe. Enquadrando os refugiados nas relações internacionais, a dissertação pretende oferecer argumentos para que a comunidade internacional renove um compromisso global assente em valores humanitários a fim de garantir a paz e proteção aos grupos vulneráveis aos atos de beligerância humana. Fenômeno milenar e resultante da guerra, a migração forçada é procedida de más decisões propulsoras de instabilidades e desordens em nome dos interesses de atores internacionais ou grupos sociais. Referente ao Médio Oriente, requer-se um empenho mais efetivo da comunidade internacional face a gravidade das crises humanitárias, bem como se observa uma viragem no quadro geopolítico por efeito de dois fatores: o declínio do poder hegemômico dos Estados Unidos e a nova doutrina militar russa. Estes fatores, por fim, produzem um cenário de imprevisibilidade e impunidade, cujas relações de poder estão deixando de ser claras. Palavras-chave: Diplomacia. Crise de Refugiados. Médio Oriente. Proteção Humana. Relações Internacionais. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias / Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e 5 Administração Lucien Vilhalva de Campos / O Flagelo Humanitário do Século XXI: a Crise de Refugiados do Médio Oriente e o Papel da Diplomacia Internacional ABSTRACT The present study deals with diplomacy in the occurring refugee crisis in the Middle East. Based in the evolution of the human protection laws introduced in the international humanitarian order, diplomatic techniques that interfere with the refugee problematic will be analyzed. There will be also analyzed the main geopolitics events and motivations that most likely stimulated the human violence in the Arab world. Inserting the refugees in international relations, this study pretends to offer arguments for the international community to renew the global compromise set under humanitarian values pretended to guarantee peace and protection to vulnerable groups of human belligerence acts. Millennial phenomenon and resultant of war, the forced migration is proceeded by bad decisions driven by instability and disorder in the name of personal interest or international actors and social groups. In relation to the Middle East, it is required a bigger and more effective effort of the international community facing the gravity of the humanitarian crisis, as well as it is observed a slew in the geopolitical frame for the effect of two factors: the decline of the hegemonic power United States of America and the new Russian military doctrine. These factors, ultimately, create a scenario of unpredictability and impunity, in which the power relations are becoming ever more unclear. Keywords: Diplomacy. Refugee Crisis. Middle East. Human Protection. International Relations. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias / Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e 6 Administração Lucien Vilhalva de Campos / O Flagelo Humanitário do Século XXI: a Crise de Refugiados do Médio Oriente e o Papel da Diplomacia Internacional SIGLAS ACNUDH – Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para os Direitos Humanos ACNUR – Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para os Refugiados ANUAR – Agência das Nações Unidas para Assistência e Reabilitação ARA – American Relief Administration AUMF – Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorist CARE – Cooperation for American Remittances to Europe CIA – Central Intelligence Agency CICR – Comité International de la Croix-Rouge CICV – Comitê Internacional da Cruz Vermelha Co-IRIS – International Relations and Islamic Studies Research Cohort CRS – Catholic Relief Services CWS – Church World Services DIH – Direito Internacional Humanitário ELS – Exército Livre da Síria EUA – Estados Unidos da América FAO – Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e Agricultura FFP – Fund For Peace FMI – Fundo Monetário Internacional G7 – Grupo dos Sete IACG – Inter-Agency Coordination Group IASC – Inter-Agency Standing Committee IDPs – Internally Displaced Persons IMC – International Medical Corps IRCRCM – International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement IRD – International Relief and Development JHAS – Jordan Health Aid Society Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias / Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e 7 Administração Lucien Vilhalva de Campos / O Flagelo Humanitário do Século XXI: a Crise de Refugiados do Médio Oriente e o Papel da Diplomacia Internacional MSF – Médicos Sem Fronteiras OCHA – Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OIM – Organização Internacional para as Migrações OIR – Organização Internacional para os Refugiados OMS – Organização Mundial da Saúde ONGs – Organizações Não-Governamentais ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas ONU Habitat – Programa das Nações Unidas para os Assentamentos Humanos ONU Mulheres – Entidade das Nações Unidas para a Igualdade de Gênero e Empoderamento das Mulheres OTAN – Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte PAM – Programa Alimentar Mundial PNUD – Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento RI – Relief International R2P – Responsibility to Protect UE – União Europeia UNDP – United Nations Development Programme UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF – Fundo Nações Unidas para a Infância UNRWA – United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East URSS – União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas WASH Cluster – Water Sanitation Hygiene WHS – World Humanitarian Summit 3RP – Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias / Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Educação e 8 Administração Lucien Vilhalva de Campos / O Flagelo Humanitário do Século XXI: a Crise de Refugiados do Médio Oriente e o Papel da Diplomacia Internacional ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO ………………………………………………………………... 10 1 ESTADO DA ARTE …………………………………………………...….. 18 1.1 Compreendendo a ordem internacional humanitária …………………. 22 1.2 Geografia da ação humanitária ……………………………………….. 39 2 OS REFUGIADOS NAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS …....……….. 52 2.1 A perspectiva realista …………………………………………………. 56 2.2 Uma resposta cosmopolita ……………………………………………. 66 3 DIPLOMACIA E GUERRA NO MUNDO ÁRABE ……………………… 73 3.1 Revisão
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