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THE UNIVERSITY of HULL the Status of the World THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL The status of the World: Rochdian Creationism and Peripatetic Eternalism Transmission of a Problematic Being a thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the University of Hull by Benhabid Ahmed (B.A, M.A) March 2009 Dedication: To my father, my mother and ail members of my family who devoted some of their precious time to support me, without their constant help and patience, this humble piece of work could not have seen the light. "If it was not the opinion ofAristotle, you must not believe it is a true opinion ". Ibn Rochd "Better to be unborn than untaught, for ignorance is the root of all misfortune ". Aristotle "The material principle of existing things was a certain infinite nature. From it the heavens and the worlds in them come into being. It is eternal and ageless, and it surrounds all the worlds ". Anaximander, Hippolytus Refutation of all Heresies, "Fear is the mother of all gods. " Lucretius (De Rerum Naturae) "The thirst for grasping the real meaning of things was indeed my habit and want from my early years and in the prime of my life.It was an instinctive, natural disposition placed in my makeup by Allah Most High, not something due to my own choosing and contriving. As a result, the fetters of servile conformism fell away from me, and inherited beliefs lost their hold on me, when I was quite young". Al-Ghazali ^4.1-Munqidh min al-Dalal, (The Rescuer from Misguidance) "If we need an atheist for a debate, I go to the philosophy department. The physics department isn't much use ". Robert Griffiths "We are survival machines, robot machines, blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes. This is a truth which still fills me with astonishment" . Richard Dawkins (The Blind Watchman) "The world and its workings were necessary and invariable because God Himself, by definition, had to be and did not change. Informed by the active intelligence of the deity, they could be scarcely be otherwise. The fantastic flight of the mind into a realm of the ultimate, immaterial reality was thereby arrested. A world which had to be could not be at the bottom of the scale of being". Ibn Rochd "Whatsoever is contrary to nature is contrary to reason, and whatsoever is contrary to reason is absurd, and, ipso facto, to be rejected". Baruch Spinoza "Science without religion is lame and religion without science is blind. " Albert Einstein "Open theists do not know the comfort of trusting in God sovereignty and foreknowledge because they do not believe that He knows the end from the beginning and everything in between. They do not believe that God is the God of all comfort, whom we can always rely on to get us through life's struggle ". (J.ligon dunkan table talk, Feb, 2003,(Vol.,27,No. 2), pp.52-53 "The theory of evolution is nothing but a deception imposed on us by the nominators of the world system ". Adnan Oktar (Harun Yahya), (The Evolution Deceit). "A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge " . Carl Sagan "God does not play dice " . Albert Einstein "/believe in God, if by God is meant the embodiment of the laws of the universe." Stephen Hawking When Ibn Rochd died, Ernst Renan wrote, "Arab philosophy lost in him its last representative, and the triumph of the Qu 'ran over free thought was assured for at least six hundred years. "(Fauzi M.Najjar ,Ibn Ruchd (Averroes) and the Egyptian Enlightenment, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.31, No.2 (Nov. 2004), p.203. xjljL-all L_ij*J V p jlua-all <—ij*J V (j-aj p ji-aJl L_ijxj V AKNQWLEDGEMENTS: I have to thank very much my supervisor Dr Daniel Mariau for granting me with his inestimable advices, and for devoting his time and effort to provide me with all the relevant information badly needed to successfully accomplish this modest work. His critical acuity, brilliant guidance and constant help were of a paramount importance to the development of my thesis from the beginning to the end. I am also grateful to Professor Lester L. Grabbe, the postgraduate Director of Studies in Theology and to Dr Steve Burwood, in the department of philosophy, who read some parts of my work and granting me with their invaluable suggestions and constructive remarks. I have also to thank Dr Sara McNamee, Dr Derek Colquhoun, Dr David Pennie, Dr Matthew Eddy, and Dr James Wilson from the Easter School. Special thanks to Professor Kevin Bales, free the slaves president, Dr Nicholas Evans from WISE Institute for the Study of Slavery and Emancipation for their useful comments on my work. I have also to express my gratitude to Dr Darlene Bird, Dr Clare Saunders, Dr Kathleen Lennon, Jonathan Tallant, Dr Hugh Pyper, Dr David Efird and Professor Tom Baldwin from the Arts and Humanities Research Council for providing me with the relevant techniques useful to come out with brilliant research results. I have to express my deep indebtedness to the British Association of Health Services in Higher Education in the name of Mrs Sandra Furmston, Administrative Secretary and Mrs Val king and Mrs Lisa Green for their help. I am deeply indebted to the Snowdon Award scheme in the name of Lord Snowdon, founder president and trustee, Helen Lampard the financial administrator and to London Westminster local Education Authority for their financial assistance. Without it, this humble piece of work could have never become a reality. I am also aware of my debt to London University of Westminster assessment centre in the name of Mrs Sarah Palmer for her help in assessing my needs. They all did not spare any effort to present their guidance, help and suggestions that were helpful to me, in some way or another, throughout the whole period of my research. VI ABSTRACT In this thesis, we aim to explore whether the world is eternal or created through the eyes of the Hellenes and especially Aristotle and the Muslim theologians led by Ibn Rochd. Such exploration would be a sort of comparative study between religion and philosophy, and we do mean by religion here the monotheistic tenets represented by the Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam and we do mean by philosophy, mainly the ancient wisdom presented by the Greek philosophers. No one would deny that the doctrine of the eternity of the world is a complex doctrine, as there is a sort of overlap between all the subjects discussed within it. hi other words, these subjects are themselves doctrines inside the main doctrine, which is the eternity of the world. This overlap is obvious when we raise subjects like the architecture of the cosmos, the basic elements that the world is made up of, God's existence, God-world relationship, eternity of time and motion and the immortality of the soul. When we do look at all these topics, the first idea that jumps into our mind is the big convergence between all these topics, in the sense that the discussion of one of them entails the discussion of the other one in some way or another. In the middle of all these discussions, it is vital to raise the pluralist and monistic theories, the plurality of the worlds theory, Ibn Sina's necessary existent theory, Ibn Rochd's principle of corruptibility and Socrates' doctrine of the individuality and the transmigration of souls. Likewise, we have to raise Plotinus' theory of emanation, Aristotle's doctrine of the co- eternity of matter and God, the theory of substance and the theory of hylomorphism. After the exhibition of all these divergent stances and different views of the nature and the last fate of our astonishing universe, the result that we do come out with is that there is no opposition between philosophy and religion, as they are two different disciplines using different mental tools to achieve the same goals. Hence, the revealed materials can support the philosophical findings and vice versa. Revelation only interferes when philosophy fails to explain unseen phenomena or supernatural occurrences. That is why, the eternity of the world doctrine can never be well understood without the combination of what is religious and what is philosophical. The Holy Scriptures themselves do address the human mind and urge it to use reason and the weapon of observation and contemplation to achieve a better understanding of all incidents and events occurring around human beings. This compatibility between religion and philosophy in particular and all sciences in general was the magnum opus of Ibn Rochd who elaborated his doctrine of the agreement between religion and philosophy and passed it on to Western Scholasticism. vn TABLE OF CONTENTS: Acknowledgements....................................................vi Abstract.................................................................vii Contents................................................................viii List of Abbreviations................................................xiv Transliteration........................................................xv Preface..................................................................xvi INTRODUCTION Parti Historical and Cultural Context: 1.1 The Islamic Contributions to Scientific Discoveries..............................! 1.2 The Historical Circumstances Surrounding the Emergence of Philosophy in the Muslim World:....................................................4 1.3 The Flourishing of Philosophy in the Iberian Peninsula (Al- Andalus)........
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