Paola Zambelli Alexandre Koyré, UN Juif Errant?

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Paola Zambelli Alexandre Koyré, UN Juif Errant? PAOLA ZAMBELLI ALEXANDRE KOYRÉ, UN JUIF ERRANT? Firenze 2021 L’original italien de ce livre Alexandre Koyré in incognito, paru en 2016 à Florence chez Olschki («Biblioteca di Galilaeana», Série du Museo Galileo), augmenté ici d’une section (I.3 ‘Koyré as a Russian abroad’) a été traduit par Irène Imbart. Pour la mise en ligne de la traduction française je suis redevable aux soins experts et amicaux de Paolo Galluzzi, Stefano Casati, Elena Montali e Monica Tassi. Ce livre est dédié à la mémoire des collègues et amis Sandro Barbera (1946-2009), Claudio Cesa (1928-2014) et Maurizio Torrini (1942-2019) avec lesquels j’ai eu de précieux échanges d’idées et d’informations. Pubblicazione disponibile solo in versione digitale Only available in digital version © COPYRIGHT MUSEO GALILEO 2021 © COPYRIGHT PAOLA ZAMBELLI 2021 PRÉFACE ALEXANDRE KOYRÉ INCOGNITO? Ce livre a été et constitue aujourd’hui encore, au moment où sa rédaction touche à sa fin, une surprise pour son auteur. Jusqu’à présent Alexandre Koyré a été considéré par les spécialistes de l’histoire des sciences et des débats épistémologiques et méthodologiques, qui s’y rattachent, comme un maître auquel on doit une contribution fondamentale, mais personne ne le considère ni le connaît comme un personnage historique, ayant parcouru tout l’arc du siècle bref pendant lequel il a vécu. L’importance des études d’histoire et d’épistémologie publiées par Koyré a été universellement reconnue. Elle n’a jamais cessé d’être analysée, d’autant plus que le cinquantenaire de sa mort est récent (un congrès à Paris-Nanterre en janvier 2012; un colloque et des mélanges à l’Universidad Federal de Goyas au Brésil; une journée à la NYU / Chirrus1, plusieurs sessions académiques aux Canaries ou en Tunisie…). Ces colloques ont comporté des débats au sujet de son épistémologie, de sa version de la phénoménologie husserlienne, de son interprétation de Galilée, Descartes et Newton. Il est juste qu’il en soit ainsi, et j’ai consacré moi-même des essais à ces sujets. Mais l’expérience de Koyré ne se limite pas à cela, elle ne doit pas être ramenée exclusivement à ces aspects. Il en existe d’autres, inattendus, et j’essaierai ici de les reconstituer, même si je me rends compte que, privée d’une partie importante des sources, je n’arriverai pas à fournir une restitution complète. Bien du temps a passé depuis que j’ai commencé pour la première fois à étudier la méthodologie et les ouvrages les plus célèbres d’Alexandre Koyré, qui occupent une place importante dans l’historiographie des sciences exactes, mais également dans celle de la métaphysique et de la mystique populaire. Après un essai général que j’avais préparé pour présenter la traduction italienne des deux essais que Koyré avait publiés dans «Critique», j’ai commencé à reconstituer ses études en Allemagne et en France, ses contacts internationaux, nombreux et complexes, son enseignement et ses recherches aux États-Unis et ailleurs; je donnerai ici une synthèse des principaux résultats de ces travaux, mais au lieu d’insister sur les écrits les plus célèbres de Koyré, et par conséquent les plus exploités et commentés, j’utiliserai des comptes rendus et des écrits mineurs. Mais cela n’est pas suffisant. 1 Je cite d’après l’annonce de ces célébrations à New York (non encore publiées): «In the 1950s, pioneers of the history of the science such as Thomas S. Kuhn, I. B. Cohen, Marshall Clagett, Gerald Holton or Charles Gillispie have all admitted his influence on the discipline. The participants will discuss Koyré’s impact on the American intellectual landscape and the reception of his ideas among the historians and philosophers who sought to profes- sionalize the teaching of the history of science in the United States“. Ont été publiés au contraire les actes d’un colloque à l’Universitad Federal de Goyas. III P. Zambelli, A. KOYRÉ ‘UN JUIF ERRANT’? Les manuscrits conservés au Centre parisien qui porte son nom ne constituent pas une série complète, mais il en ressortait déjà, de sa correspondance comme de certaines pages qu’il avait imprimées, qu’Alexandre Koyré avait eu une vie plus complexe et aventureuse: il avait cultivé des problématiques et des intérêts variés, également dans des domaines imprévus. Pour donner un seul exemple, il y en a un que les spécialistes n’ont pas encore abordé: il s’agit d’un essai sur les principes de la relativité chez Einstein et Hermann Minkowski, qui avait été offert à la revue de Xavier Léon pour y être publié et qui fut refusé. Cela advint avant la fameuse visite d’Einstein à Paris en 1922. Six mois avaient passé depuis le moment où Alexandre Koyré était revenu en France, après ses aventures militaires, politiques et d’espionnage en Russie, qui avaient été suivies de six mois de prison militaire dans une forteresse d’Istanbul, sous la menace d’une condamnation à mort. Cet article aurait dû marquer sa rentrée dans le débat épistémologique, mais il n’avait pas réussi à le faire publier parce qu’il présentait de grands inconvénients. Koyré y avait repris le fil de sa méditation préférée, qui s’appuyait encore – comme dans les années de Göttingen – sur les fondements des mathématiques de Hilbert et les dernières leçons de Minkowski. Mais presque aussitôt ses études se tournent vers les preuves de l’existence de Dieu et ensuite également vers les mystiques, spirituels et alchimistes. C’est là un tournant surprenant, mais qui trouve peut-être une explication si l’on pense qu’il a pu lui être suggéré par les intellectuels qu’il fréquentait à Paris. Étant retourné aux études qui lui avaient permis d’obtenir en 1913 un simple diplôme d’études supérieures en philosophie, Koyré avait repris pour ses thèses Anselme et surtout Descartes, qui dans la thématique universitaire de son pays d’adoption était un auteur central et même, d’après Étienne Gilson, «un fétiche national»2. Celui-ci et Lévy-Bruhl l’avaient soutenu au moment de renouer avec sa carrière académique, qui se révéla pauvre et difficile, mais surtout incertaine: en effet Koyré – pendant cinq ans – resta dans le doute quant à la possibilité d’obtenir sa naturalisation en France, bien qu’il pût s’honorer du fait de s’être porté volontaire dès que la guerre éclata. À partir du moment où grâce à diverses protections il obtint enfin la nationalité française, sa carrière progressa sans encombre, jusqu’à sa fuite de la France occupée et son exil, d’abord en Égypte, puis à New York où il avait été chargé d’un rôle important dans le cadre de l’enseignement francophone, de la propagande du mouvement de de Gaulle, des invitations comme conférencier ou plus tard comme visiting professor le long de toute la East Coast. Sur la métaphysique cartésienne et de l’âge moderne en général, Koyré au cours de sa maturité avait combiné les perspectives de Lévy-Bruhl et de Gilson avec celles de Husserl, privilégiant peut-être même ces dernières par fidélité envers sa formation phénoménologique. Le cours cartésien, déjà dans la version qu’il en donna au Caire en 1937, est l’un des textes dans lesquels Koyré formule son idée de révolution intellectuelle3. Lorsque sur son conseil Husserl fut invité par Henri Lichtenberger à Paris en 1929, Koyré (son «Adlatus») sera chargé de la médiation laborieuse entre le professeur de Göttingen et les Parisiens; Koyré révisera radicalement la traduction des Méditations cartésiennes, il en sera pratiquement le véritable traducteur, comme le reconnaissait Malvine Husserl. Dès qu’il eut fini de lireSein und Zeit Koyré projeta la même opération pour Heidegger, qu’il avait conseillé d’inviter à la troisième décade de Pontigny en 1929 pour discuter avec Whitehead et Eddington. 2 Je résume ici ce qui est développé plus amplement au chap. II.3 sur les rapports biographiques et historiogra- phiques de Koyré avec Gilson, qui avait été considéré par Richard Mc Keon, Albert Salomon et d’autres profes- seurs américains comme le maître de Koyré: mais il faut rappeler également parmi ses modèles un cours de leur professeur Lévy-Bruhl, qui était resté inédit mais avait inspiré les deux érudits ainsi que divers autres spécialistes. 3Cf. infra, chap. II.7. IV PRÉFACE - ALEXANDRE KOYRÉ INCOGNITO? Cette initiative ne put être réalisée. Ensuite, une fois qu’il eut constaté l’orientation nazie de Heidegger (probablement lorsqu’il l’avait rencontré au sein du comité pour la publication posthume de l’œuvre de Max Scheler, peu après 1928 et avant 1933), il l’avait rendue publique en France. Mais c’est l’autre versant de son activité qui paraît encore plus surprenant et a représenté pour moi une source de difficultés imprévisibles: je suis la première à reconnaître que dans de nombreux cas je me suis trouvée face à des questions au sujet desquelles je n’étais pas compétente, mais que je ne pouvais négliger sans renoncer au projet d’une biographie intellectuelle globale et exhaustive. Je veux dire qu’au cours de mes recherches de documentation, des développements évidents, mais dont je n’avais pas prévu initialement qu’ils dussent être rattachés à l’image circulant officiellement, m’ont obligée à affronter des problèmes et des domaines disciplinaires dans lesquels je n’aurais pas voulu m’aventurer si j’avais pu l’éviter. Je parle de la vie active de Koyré: il a été actif tant comme conspirateur dans la Russie tzariste que – sous différentes formes – au début de l’époque soviétique. Il a été probablement aussi un important go between: il servit de médiateur et organisa des contacts pour de nombreux intellectuels nés juifs comme lui-même (pendant presque toute sa vie il fut un Juif non observant) et qui connurent des tribulations à travers toute l’Europe.
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