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SUFISM TODAY: Contemporary Interpretations of the Sufi Community and Its Different Patterns Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan National Library Submission No SUFISM TODAY: Contemporary Interpretations of the Sufi Community and Its Different Patterns Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan National Library Submission No. (2020/12/5356) Abu Rumman, Mohammed Sulaiman Sufism Today: Contemporary Interpretations of the Sufi Community and Its Different Patterns (390) pages Deposit No.: 2020/12/5356 Descriptors: Sufism//Sufi Order//Religious Parties//Islamic Sociology The author bears full legal liability for the content of his work. This work does not reflect the opinion of the Department of the National Library or any other government authority. Publisher: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Jordan and Iraq Office Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung – Amman Office PO Box 941876, Amman 11194, Jordan Email: [email protected] Website: www.fes-jordan.org Not for sale © Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Amman Office All rights reserved. This book may not be reprinted, stored, reproduced, or transmitted in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, including by electronic means or computer –such as photocopying, recording, or using any information storage and retrieval system– without prior written authorization from the publisher. The views contained in this study do not necessarily reflect the views of Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung or the editor. Each writer is personally responsible for the content of the portion he or she wrote. • Cover design: Huda Khalil Al Sha’ir • Design of interior: Eman Khattab • Printer: Alam Alfiker Printing Press • ISBN: (978-9923-759-22-6) SUFISM TODAY: Contemporary Interpretations of the Sufi Community and Its Different Patterns Editor: Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman FOREWORD By Tim O. Petschulat, Resident Director, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Jordan & Iraq “Sufism Today” is a collection of articles on different aspects of contemporary Sufism. Carefully selected and edited by Dr. Moham- mad Abu Rumman, they represent academic insights from many countries including Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt, Senegal, Bos- nia and Herzegovina. Originally the authors were planning to congre- gate in Jordan in the Summer of 2020 for a FES-conference on con- temporary Sufism. While the Corona pandemic made it impossible to physically meet, the conference still took place virtually. The online meetings allowed for rich discussions, debate and a critical exchange of ideas and opinions that are reflected in “Sufism Today”. A clear point of agreement was that Sufism has become shrouded by misinformation underscoring the need for solid and im- partial research on the subject. The ultimate aim is to reach and in- form audiences beyond the usual constraints of such a discussion traditionally limited to the desks of specialised researchers. FES is a value driven organisation. We believe in social democ- racy. Our activities around the globe promote social justice, human rights and a thriving but sustainable economy. Our research activity on the various Islamic traditions and their footprints on society is aimed at providing needed background information on the social, religious and cultural fabric of contempo- rary society for all those with an interest in positive development. 6 • Sufism Today: Contemporary Interpretations of the Sufi Community and Its Different Patterns We hope that this book will contribute to a better understand- ing of a major spiritual and mystic manifestation of Islam. May it also serve as a beacon of light in the dark forest of misinformation on Suf- ism. Speaking of enlightenment in the context of Sufism I would like to recommend the following two FES-Publications as well: Mohammad Abu Rumman: Mysteries of the Sufi Path, FES Am- man, 2020 Hassan Abu Hanieh: Sufism and Sufi Orders, God’s Spiritual Path; Adaptation and Renewal in the Context of Modernisation. FES Amman, 2012. All of our publications can be downloaded from: www.fes-jordan.org/publication TABLE OF CONTENT Foreword 5 About This Book 9 First Chapter: Sufism and Mysticism: Contemporary Interpretations 15 Sufism is an Inspiring Vision 17 What it Means to be a Sufi Today 39 Sufism as a Universal, Spiritual Doctrine 59 The Abdal in Sufism 77 Second Chapter: Return to Sufism: Various Patterns 97 The Search for Inner Peace: The Return to Sufism and Shifts in Religiosity in Syria 99 The Arab Spring and Transformations in Sufi Discourse in Morocco 131 The Landscape of Sufism in Senegal 155 The Story of Sufism in Bosnia 163 Third Chapter: Feminist Sufism and Sufi Feminism 177 What can Sufism and feminism learn from each other? 179 Feminist Thought and Sufism 195 Fourth Chapter: Jordanian Sufism: Questions of Revival and Societal Shifts 209 Sufism in Jordan: From Tariqa-Based to Network-Based Sufism 211 The Shadhili-Yashruti Order and Modernization 243 Changes in Youth Religiosity: Individualist Spiritual Tendencies 265 The New Sufis: The Search for Spiritualities and Inner Peace 283 Fifth Chapter: Sufism and Politics: Power and Opposition 297 Political Features of Sufi Discourse 299 Al Ghazali and the Political 325 Renunciation and Opposition: Early Sufism and Political Power 337 Islamic Sufism: Between Spiritual Manifestation and Political Performance 357 Notes on Contributors 385 8 • Sufism Today: Contemporary Interpretations of the Sufi Community and Its Different Patterns ABOUT THIS BOOK Dr. Mohammad Abu Rumman These pages comprise a series of specialized studies on Sufism and the social, cultural, and political manifestations of Islamic mystic- ism in the world today. The authors are a group of leading experts on the matter hailing from seven different countries – Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt, Senegal, and Bosnia and Herzegovina – and they broach a broad array of social, political, and cultural issues re- lated to Sufism, in terms of both its intellectual and spiritual thought and its concrete realizations. The idea for this book emerged amid resurgent talk of Sufism and mysticism, or what some scholars have called an ongoing global “Sufi awakening.” This revival can be seen in the remarkable wave of interest for the sayings and writings of Sufism’s emblematic histori- cal figures – such as Muhyi al-Din ibn ‘Arabi, Jalal al-Din Rumi, Ibn ‘Ata’ al-Iskandari, Dhu al-Nun al-Misri, Abu al-Yazid al-Bistami, al- Hallaj, and others. It also is present in the flurry of activity and at- tempts at renewal among many Sufi orders and institutions that can be witnessed at various local, regional and global levels, as well as in the worldwide resurgence of spirituality. At the same time, mystic Muslimcurrents have been subject to international and regional attempts at politicization. Sufi orders have thus been cast as alternatives to political Islam, even bulwarks against Islamism – a position conspicuously advocated by American think tanks. Regional policies have espoused Sufism in an attempt to counter of Salafism (to which some proponents of these policies have 10 • Sufism Today: Contemporary Interpretations of the Sufi Community and Its Different Patterns ascribed responsibility for the ideological incubation of ISIS and oth- er jihadist movements) or political Islam. These positions have ac- companied the emergence of conflicting regional alliances in the Arab region. It was such a political and intellectual climate, extending from local matters to regional and international affairs that served as a catalyst for the German Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung’s decision to hold a focused international conference to discuss “Sufism Today,” in all its intellectual, political, social, and cultural manifestations. The prepa- rations for the conference took place over the course of the current year and in coordination with the relevant experts, in order to de- mystify the subject of Sufism and offer deeper readings of its related issues in the contemporary world. Naturally, there were other reasons and motivations behind this conference, opportunities to spread knowledge and enlighten- ment. Among them was the stigma that has burdened Sufism over the past decades – particularly in the era of modernity and its various schools of thought – that casts a disdainful eye toward spiritual be- liefs in general, writing them off as a bunch of unscientific and un- substantiated superstitions and fables. Likewise, other schools of Is- lam view Sufism and so-called “traditional Islam” more generally as conservative, inert, and unable to keep up with the questions and is- sues of the times. 1. Objectives and Concerns of the Book On this basis, the conveners of the conference set their eyes on certain key objectives, first and foremost how to understand or in- terpret Sufism in its contemporary form. Does Sufism have answers to contemporary concerns such as the relationship between religion and society, politics, and life in general? Can we discern a certain Sufi ideology on these matters, as it were, or are we faced with a set of disparate ideas, movements, and cultures? The conference organizers also sought to gauge the extent to which there exists a Sufi awakening or revival. If such a phenomenon ABOUT THIS BOOK • 11 is in fact observable, what form does it take? Is it merely a reacquain- tance with the sayings of the great Sufi shaykhs? Or an invigoration of Sufi zawaya , orders, and hadra rituals? Or are there attempts to re- new and develop Sufi concepts and suffuse them with new meanings and an awareness of the contemporary world, its problems and its transformations? If we are not dealing with a single homogenous case, a mono- lithic global Sufi scene, let us then present a variety of examples of diverse Sufi manifestations across Arab and Muslim countries.
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