Siapa Yang Tak Kenal Dengan Imam Al-Ghazali. Ia Dikenal Sebagai Ulama Tasawuf Dan Paham Filsafat

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Siapa Yang Tak Kenal Dengan Imam Al-Ghazali. Ia Dikenal Sebagai Ulama Tasawuf Dan Paham Filsafat Siapa yang tak kenal dengan Imam Al-Ghazali. Ia dikenal sebagai ulama tasawuf dan paham filsafat. Sosok yang besar sumbangannya terhadap khazanah intelektual Islam ini, memiliki nama lengkap Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Ta’us Ahmad al-Tusi al-Shafi’i. Ia lahir pada 450 H/1058 M di Tabaran, Khurasan. Sejak kecil kecintaannya terhadap ilmu pengetahuan terlihat dari kesenangannya dalam menggembara dan merantau dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain untuk berguru ke ulama-ulama. Ketika berada di Baghdad, Al-Ghazali dilantik sebagai Mahaguru Universiti Baghdad, Irak. Selain belajar dan mengkaji ilmu, Al-Ghazali juga banyak menulis. Karyanya mencapai 300 buah buku seperti ilmu mantik, akhlak, tafsir, ulumul Quran, falsafah, dan sebagainya. Namun, sebagian karyanya itu telah hangus dibakar tentera Moghul ketika menyerang kota Baghdad. Kitab yang musnah tersebut, yaitu 40 Jilid Tafsir, Sirrul Alamain, al-Madhnuuna bihi ala Qhairiha, dan lainnya. Yang terselamatkan hanya 84 buku seperti Al-Munqiz Mm al-Dhalal, Tahafut al-Falasifah, Mizanul Amal, Ihya Ulumuddin, Mahkun Nazar, Miyarul Ilmu, Maqsadil Falasifah, dan lainnya. Meskipun Al-Ghazali banyak menulis mengenai filsafat, tapi ia tak dianggap filsuf. Kebanyakan peneliti menggolongkannya sebagai orang yang mengkritisi filsafat yang berkembang di zamannya. Hal ini terlihat dalam buku Tahafut Falsafah yang mengkritik filsafat karena dianggap menggoyahkan sendi-sendi keimanan. Meskipun Al-Ghazali kurang senang dengan pemikiran filsafat dan para filsuf, tapi dalam buku Maqasid al Falasifah, ia mengemukakan kaidah filsafat untuk menguraikan persoalan yang berkaitan dengan logika, teologi, dan metafisika. Setidaknya, ada tiga pemikiran filsafat metafisika yang menurut Al-Ghazali bertentangan, yaitu qadimnya alam ini, Tuhan tak mengetahui terhadap perkara dan peristiwa yang kecil, dan pengingkaran terhadap kebangkitan jasad. Al-Ghazali menganjurkan untuk mencari kebenaran dengan menjadikan al- Quran sebagai sumber yang utama. Sikap kritis dan kecerdasannya itulah yang mengantarkan Al-Ghazali digelari Hujjatul Islam. Ia dikagumi penguasa Nizam al-Mulk sehingga dilantik sebagai professor Ushuluddin di Universitas Nizamiyyah, Baghdad, tahun 484 H/1091 M. Waktu itu ia baru berumur 34 tahun. Ketika memangku jabatan inilah timbul keresahan diri atas berbagai pemikiran yang menyelinap dalam pikiran dan hatinya, karena ia tak menemukan kebahagiaan. Untuk itu, ia kemudian meninggalkan jabatan terhormatnya itu dan uzlah (menyendiri) di sebuah menara Masjid Umayyah di Damsyik, lalu ia pergi ke Jerusalem untuk melakukan tafakur di Masjid Umar dan Qubbat al-Sakhr (The Dome of the Rock). Dalam masa pengembaraan itu, ia mengarang kitab-kitab selain dari Ihya Ulumuddin seperti seperti al- Iqtisad fi’l-I’tiqad, al-Fad’ih al-Bataniyyah dan Faisalat al-Tafriqah bainal-islam wa’z-zanadiqah. Setelah sebelas tahun berada dalam pengembaraan, Al-Ghazali kembali ke kota kelahirannya, Tus, tahun 499 H/1105 M. Di sini ia hidup dengan aman bersama para muridnya dengan mengisi hidupnya hanya dengan pendidikan dan ibadah kepada Allah SWT hingga wafat pada 14 Jamadil-Akhir tahun 505 H/19 Desember 1111 M. Seorang ulama mazhab ahlussunnah Ibn al-Jauzi, meriwayatkan, dalam kitab al-Thabat ‘Inda al- Mamat, sebuah kisah dari Ahmad (saudara Imam al-Ghazali) bahwa pada hari Senin, 14 Jamadil-Akhir, waktu masuk Subuh, saudaraku Abu Hamid berwudhu dan melakukan shalat Subuh, lalu berkata, “Bawa kepadaku kain kafanku”. Beliau mengambil kain itu, menciumnya, dan meletakkannya pada matanya, sambil berkata, “Kami mendengar dan taat dengan penuh persediaan untuk hadir ke hadirat Allah, Raja Yang Mahaberkuasa.” Kemudian beliau melunjurkan kakinya, menghadap kiblat, dan menghembuskan nafas terakhirnya sebelum matahari naik. iapa yang tidak mengenal Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (w. 505 H)? Semua orang Islam mengenalnya, mulai dari kaum awam hingga para ulama dan kaum terpelajar. Kemasyhuran al-Ghazali bahkan merambah kalangan di luar Islam, terutama para orientalis. Karya tulis al-Ghazali sangat banyak dan mencakup berbagai disiplin ilmu. Ada tasawuf, filsafat, ushul fikih, ilmu jiwa, fikih, logika, perbandingan agama dan masih banyak lagi (hal. 22-24). Menurut Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Badawi, karya tulis yang dinisbatkan kepada al-Ghazali mencapai 445 kitab maupun risalah (Ali al-Mahdeli: 1997). Jumlah yang sangat luar biasa bagi seorang al-Ghazali yang hanya hidup selama 55 tahun. Karena ranah pengetahuannya yang sangat luas itulah, para ulama menyebutnya sebagai Ensiklopedia Zaman ( Mausu’ah al-‘Ashr). Kehebatan dan pujian yang ditujukan kepada al-Ghazali tidak hanya sampai di situ. Sejarah mencatat, ada banyak tokoh yang memperoleh gelar serupa. Namun, hanya al-Ghazali yang beroleh gelar Hujjatul Islam. Dan ia pula yang menyandang titel Pembaharu Abad ke-5 H. Kita melihat, para pakar sejarah berbeda pendapat mengenai siapa para pembaharu setiap abad. Akan tetapi, mereka sepakat bahwa pembaharu abad pertama adalah Umar bin Abdul Aziz; pembaharu abad kedua adalah Imam Syafi’i; dan pembaharu abad kelima adalah Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (hal. 26). Gelar Hujjatul Islam dan pembaharu abad kelima tidak diperoleh al-Ghazali dengan cuma-cuma. Ketika itu dunia Islam sedang dilanda krisis. Ajaran islam telah terinfiltrasi oleh filsafat yang menyimpang dan mendapat rongrongan dari aliran kebatinan. Maka dengan segenap kemampuan yang dianugerahkan kepadanya, al-Ghazali tampil ke depan untuk membersihkan ajaran Islam dari kerancuan-kerancuan filsafat dan prasangka-prasangka kebatinan. (hal. 27-42) Untuk menghadapi filsafat, setidaknya al-Ghazali telah menulis dua buah buku, Tahafut al-Falasifah (kerancuan-kerancuan para filsuf) dan al-Munqidz min al-Dhalal (penyelamat dari kesesatan). Dalam tahafut ia menjelaskan bahwa kesalahan-kesalahan para filsuf terletak pada 20 permasalahan pokok. 17 di antaranya adalah perkara bid’ah dan 3 yang lain bisa menyebabkan seseorang yang meyakininya menjadi kafir. Tiga masalah itu adalah pernyataan mereka bahwa jasad manusia tidak dibangkitkan pada hari pembalasan; Allah tidak mengetahui perkara-perkara yang parsial (juz’iyyat), hanya yang universal (kulliyyat); dan alam bersifat kekal-azali. (hal. 39) Adapun melalui al-Munqidz, al-Ghazali memaparkan cabang-cabang ilmu yang termasuk dalam filsafat. Ilmu-ilmu itu adalah matematika, logika, ilmu alam, teologi, politik dan etika. Dari enam cabang ilmu tersebut, yang membahayakan hanya teologi, terutama yang bersifat metafisik. Pada bagian inilah para filsuf banyak menyeleweng dari ajaran agama. Dalam membongkar kerancuan filsafat, ada beberapa hal menarik – setidaknya menurut saya – dari diri al-Ghazali yang patut kita ambil sebagai teladan. Pertama, al-Ghazali tidak memulai serangannya terhadap filsafat kecuali setelah mempelajari dan memahaminya dengan baik, sampai-sampai ia layak disebut sebagai salah satu filsuf itu sendiri. Hal ini konsisten dengan pernyataannya dalam al-Munqidz, “Orang yang tidak menguasai suatu ilmu secara penuh, tidak akan bisa membongkar kebobrokan ilmu tersebut.” Dan sebagai bukti penguasaan al-Ghazali terhadap filsafat adalah buku Maqashid Al- Falasifah (maksud-maksud para filsuf) yang oleh al-Ghazali dimaksudkan sebagai pengantar terhadap Tahafut, di samping buku-buku yang lain. Kedua, ia mengetahui benar medan yang dihadapinya. Ia tidak menyerang filsafat sebagai satu kesatuan utuh, tetapi hanya metafisika yang menurutnya (bisa) membahayakan Islam. Musuh al-Ghazali yang lain adalah aliran kebatinan. Untuk menghadapi mereka, al-Ghazali menulis lebih dari satu kitab yang di antaranya adalah Fadhaih al-Bathiniyah (keburukan-keburukan aliran kebatinan), Hujjah Al-Haq (dalil kebenaran) dan Mawahim Al-Bathiniyah (prasangka-prasangka kebatinan). Aliran ini lebih berbahaya dari pada filsafat karena mereka – sebagaimana disitir al-Ghazali dan Ibnul Jauzi – menggunakan Islam sebagai kedok, padahal keyakinan dan prilaku mereka yang sebenarnya bertentangan dengan ajaran-ajaran Islam. Kalau filsafat hanya berada di menara gading dan bersifat elitis, maka aliran kebatinan bisa merasuki masyarakat luas dalam berbagai bentuk sesuai dengan yang dirasukinya. (hal. 57-62) * * * Kritik yang ditujukan al-Ghazali kepada para filsuf di masanya, kadang-kadang menimbulkan persepsi yang salah mengenai sikap al-Ghazali berkaitan dengan akal. Ada yang berpandangan bahwa dengan kritik tersebut al-Ghazali telah melarang (ber)filsafat. Sebagian lain mengatakan, akal harus tunduk di bawah kuasa hati. Dan pandangan-pandangan lain yang pada intinya berusaha meng-subordinasi akal. Serangan al-Ghazali terhadap filsafat sebenarnya tidak dimaksudkan untuk menyerangnya sebagai suatu pemikiran rasional yang mencari hakikat sesuatu. Tidak. (hal 158). Ia mengkritik para filsuf karena mereka telah menyalahgunakan akal. Atas nama akal, mereka telah menetapkan sesuatu (di bidang metafisika) yang seharusnya dinafikan dan menafikan sesuatu yang eksistensinya didukung oleh dalil-dalil dan argumen-argumen. (hal. 47). Kalau kita meneliti Ihya’, Al-Munqidz, Al-Mustashfa, Tahafut dan karya-karyanya yang lain, maka bisa dikatakan bahwa al-Ghazali lebih dekat sebagai seorang Filsuf Muslim dari pada sebutan-sebutan yang lain. Reinan mengatakan, “Belum ada filsuf arab yang memiliki pemikiran lebih orisinil dari pada al- Ghazali.” (hal 54). Al-Ghazali tidak pernah mengeliminasi peran akal sebagai salah satu sumber pengetahuan. Bahkan dalam Ma’arij al-Quds, ia mengumpamakan akal sebagai pondasi dan syariat (wahyu) sebagai bangunannya. Akal adalah pondasi wahyu. Tanpa akal, tidak
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