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Emergence Pattern of Amaranthus Spp. and Impact on Growth and Reproduction

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Emergence Pattern of Amaranthus Spp. and Impact on Growth and Reproduction EMERGENCE PATTERN OF AMARANTHUS SPP. AND IMPACT ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by HEIDI R. DAVIS Dr. Reid J. Smeda, Thesis Supervisor JULY 2015 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled EMERGENCE PATTERN OF AMARANTHUS SPP. AND IMPACT ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION Presented by Heidi R. Davis A candidate for the degree of Master of Science and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Major Professor: _____________________________ Dr. Reid J. Smeda Professor Thesis Committee: _____________________________ Dr. Jason Weirich Adjunct Professor _____________________________ Dr. Mark Ellersieck Research Professor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my major advisor Dr. Reid Smeda for instilling good work ethic and responsibility in his graduate students and for allowing for a strong educational base to carry through our careers. Although some days were long, it makes my degree worth that much more to me. I would also like to thank the United Soybean Board and Soybean Check-off Dollars for their funds. To the faculty at the Bradford Research and Extension Center, the Fisher Delta Research Center, and Lee Greenley Jr. Memorial Research Center, thank you for the plot space and use of equipment. Carey Page, Joe Bolte, Spencer Riley, Gatlin Bunton, and Paige Plier, thank you for all of your time and hard work at all three of my locations. I would also like to extend thanks to my family and especially to my fiancé, Lane, for encouraging me to further my education and for being there during the rough times. You all kept me focused on my end goal. Finally, thank you to all of the guys, past and present, in 205 Waters for the endless entertainment, you all definitely made days go by quicker. Here’s to hoping that “205 WTRS, All Talk Radio” will someday exist. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................................................. vi Chapter I: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Amaranthus Biology ......................................................................................................... 2 Emergence.......................................................................................................... 3 Plant Growth ...................................................................................................... 5 Reproduction ...................................................................................................... 6 Seed Dormancy and Persistence ...................................................................... 12 Amaranthus Competition ................................................................................................ 13 Amaranthus Management ............................................................................................... 17 Effectiveness of PRE Herbicides ..................................................................... 18 Effectiveness of POST Herbicides................................................................... 19 Herbicide Resistance ........................................................................................ 20 Purpose of Research ........................................................................................................ 23 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................... 25 Chapter II: Impact of Tillage on Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) emergence ................................................. 33 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 33 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 34 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 37 Data Collection ................................................................................................ 37 Statistics ........................................................................................................... 38 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 40 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................... 48 iii Chapter III: Impact of emergence date on reproductive potential of Amaranthus .................................................................................................................... 73 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 73 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 74 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 77 Data Collection ................................................................................................ 79 Statistics ........................................................................................................... 83 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................... 83 Vegetative Production ...................................................................................... 83 Flowering ........................................................................................................ 86 Reproduction .................................................................................................... 86 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................... 94 Chapter IV: Initiation of viable Amaranthus seed following flowering ................. 118 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 118 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 119 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 122 Seed Viability................................................................................................ 123 Statistics ........................................................................................................ 124 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................. 124 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................. 128 Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 136 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Chapter II: 2.1 Tillage treatment timings at Columbia, Novelty, and Portageville, MO ........... 51 2.2 Best fit line equations to determine time required for 90% cumulative emergence in 2013 and 2014 ............................................................................................... 52 Chapter III: 3.1 Biological parameters of common waterhemp and Palmer amaranth in 2013 and 2014 ............................................................................................................ 97 3.2 Columbia and Portageville, MO weekly precipitation (cm) .............................. 98 3.3 Columbia and Portageville, MO weekly mean 5 cm soil temperature (C) ........ 99 3.4 Final mean number of nodes per common waterhemp and Palmer amaranth plant in 2013 and 2014 ............................................................................................. 100 3.5 Mean percentage of female plants across emergence timings of common waterhemp and Palmer amaranth in 2013 and 2014 ....................................... 101 3.6 Percent plant dry weight partitioned into seed for common waterhemp and Palmer amaranth in 2013 and 2014 ................................................................. 102 3.7 Viability of common waterhemp and Palmer amaranth seeds produced in 2013 and 2014 ............................................................................................................ 103 Chapter IV: 4.1 Common waterhemp mean percent viability versus days after floral initiation ........................................................................................................... 130 4.2 Palmer amaranth mean percent viability versus days after floral initiation ..... 131 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Chapter II: 2.1 HOBO data logger sensor mean soil temperature (C) at 5 cm for Columbia, Novelty, and Portageville, MO in 2013 and 2014
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